tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76603663435743937622023-06-20T06:01:56.447-07:00HukumpediaPertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-42694064546601752492009-01-23T20:35:00.000-08:002009-01-23T21:56:57.517-08:00Hukumpedia 2009<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wikipedia-logo-en-big.png/489px-Wikipedia-logo-en-big.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 315px; height: 386px;" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wikipedia-logo-en-big.png/489px-Wikipedia-logo-en-big.png" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Dengan semakin perkembangnya Informasi teknoogi semakin penting penggunaan media internet dalam pembelajaran hukum di Indonesia maupun di dunia. Akses terhadap informasi merupakan kunci sukses dimasa depan dan akan menjadi dasar dalam bersikap dan bertindak. Apabila kita membandingkan belajar melalui buku dan internet maka terdapat beberapa manfaat dengan beajar dari internet yaitu:<br /><br />1.akses terhadap informasi 24 jam sehari<br />2.informasi yang didapatkan bisa lengkap dan uptodate<br />3.penggunaan multimedia dan interaktif<br /><br />Oleh karena penulis mempunyai ide untuk menulis buku tentang hukum yang bersumber dari internet yaitu berasal dari website www.wikipedia.org. Website ini bermanfaat karena terdapat berbagai macam artikel yang dapat dibaca dan banyak informasi yang bermanfaat dari website. Khususnya mengai hukum. Sayang sekali bahwa aartikel hukum yang ada di dalam wikipedia berbahasa inggris dan sangat miskin arikel yang tertulis dalam bahasa indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penulis bermaksud menjerjemahkan artikel dari wikipedia.org ke dalam bahasa indonesia dan memberimasukan tentang konteks artikel tersebut di dalam permasalah hukum di indonesia agar artikel itu tetap releven di baca oleh pembaca dari indonesia.<br /><br />Buku ini berasal dari inisitif dari website www.studihukum.wordpress.com. Ini adalah sebuah website yang bertujuan untuk bisa mempelajari hukum melalui internet. Ini adalah tindak lanjut dari perkembangan websie studihukum. Salah satu kelemaha studi hukum adalah di dalam kontent dan materi. Disana hanya menjelaskan banyak pertanyaan dan jawaban atas permasalahan hukm yang di hadapi. Dengan demikian maka materia hukum dalam website itu sangat kurang. Dalam kesempatan ini maka ada upaya untuk membuat sebuah website yang baru yang lebih menekankan pada materi hukum yang dalam bahasa indonesia yaitu dalam website: www.hukumpedia.blogspot.com.<br /><br />Buku ini bersifat sebagai panduan untuk mempelajari hukum melalui internet pada khususnya tentang informasi hukum yang berasa dari wikipedia.org. Penting untu mengingat adalah bahwa proses penerjemahan dari artikel yang dalam bahasa inggris menggunakan Automatic Translation yang merupakan language tools dari googles. Fungsi penulis dalam hal ini bukan sebagai penerjemah namun sebagai editor penerjemahan dari google.com. Oleh karena itu, apabila kita hanya mengandalkan hasil penerjemahan dari bahasa ingrris ke indonesia dengan Automatic translation dari googles tanpa proses edit maka hasil penerjemahan tersebut akan sulit untuk dipahami.<br /><br />Wikipedi memang udah memiliki bagian hukum khusus tentang indonesia namun masih belum lengkap dan tda melihat sisi dari perkembangan hukum di negara lain. Dengan artikel yang di terjmahkan daam bahasa indonesia maka kita akan memeliki perspektis yang lebih lengkap tentang perkembang hukum di dunia dan tidak hanya menjadi jago di dalam kandang dan mempunyai pandangan yang sempit yaitu hukum di indonesia saja namun agar memiliki pandangan yang lebih luas dan mendalam tentang hukum indonesia di dalam konteks perkembangan hukum di dunia.<br /><br />Buku ini akan di sesuai kan dengan curricuum di kampus fakultas hukum agar bisa mendukung proses perkuliahan. Buku ini ditulisan agar mahasisw a menjadi aktif learners dan independent learnders. Apa yang dimaksud dengan aktif learners yaitu mahasiswa yang belajar secara aktif, bukan hanya membaca tapi juga menulis yang produktif. Aktif learners adalah mereka yang kritis terhadap gagasan yag disapaikan dan bukan hanya konsumsi materi saja seperti bayi yang di suap makanan pagi siang dan sore, aktif berarti produktif. Dalam hal ini produktif dengan cara menulis, berfikir, perpendapat, berdiskusi dan berbuat. Kunci dari aktif learners adalah dengan adanya perbuatan, pasif earners adalah mereka yang belejar dengan tingkat perbuatan yang minimal. Oleh karena itu apabila kita ingin membangun sebuah legal culture kita harus memperssiapkan diri dengan baik di kampus untuk membangun legal culture harus disertai dengan legal actions dan bukan hanya legal thinking ataupun reasoning.<br /><br />Ada kalangan tertentu yang menyatakan bahwa di hukum penuh dengan orang yang dapat di gambarkan dengan kalimat “ tong kosong yang nyaring bunyinya” atau dalam bahasa inggris N.A.T.O. Yaitu singkatan bukan dari North Amerika Treatiy Organization namun untuk ungkapan yang sinis yanitu No Action Talk Only. Mungkin hukum di indonesia bisa di anggap sebagai meliki difungsi ereksi karena tidak bisa ditegakan leh karena itu hukum di Indonesia membutuhkan jamu khusus mungkin yang dibuat mak Erot agar bisa ditegakkan namun pada intinya yang harus di jaga adalah adanya ada hukum ada pula penegakan. Jangan bikin hukum impoten. Oleh karena itu pentingnya membudayakan proses pembelajaran aktif learners yait dengan belajar secara interatif di dunia maya dan yang lebih penting di dunia nyata.<br /><br />Selain itu mahasiswa yang menempuh kuiah di fakultas hukum haaarus menjadi berjiwa sebagai mahasiswa yang merupakan independent learners. Apa yang dimaksud dengan independent learners? Pelajar yang mandiri belajar tidak perlu pimbingan yang 100% dari dosen dosen hanya akan mengarahkan dan membei dasar dasar karena yang penting itu apa yang kita pahami secara sendiri dan apa yang kita buat sendiri. Ini menuntut kita bekerja secara mandiri. Apakah beljar mandiri itu penting? Bagi ku ini sangat jelas bahwa pelajar tidak boleh hanya dilakukan didalam ruangan kuliah saja di depa dosen namun proses pembelajaran harus terjadi tanpa pengawasan dosen dan tanpa bimbingan dosen. Orang yang mandiri mempunyai inisiatif untuk lebih berkembang dan mempunai potensi untuk menjadi lleih kreatif karena tidak di kengkang atupun di rantai dengan aturan aturan namun kemandirin dalam belajar itu memberi kebebasan kepada mahasiswa hukum untuk menjadi lebih baik dan menjadi pengadi sejati bagi bangsa. Ini sini independent learners harus menjadi kunci dalam pembangunan hukum d indonesia karena apabila tidak mandiri dan bebas maka hukum akan mudah tergouahkan dengan berbagai kepentingan. Kekuasan yang korup dan kecenderungan pada materi adalah hal hal yang membuat kita terjebak pada hukum di Indonesia yaitu membela yang bekuasa atau dalam ata lain menjilat penugasa atau malah menindas yang miskin dan memihak yang membayar.<br /><br />Disini jiwa mahasiswa di masa depan harus menjadi aktif dan mandiri. Dengan tidak ada ketergantungan pada dosen maka ini akan menjadi dasar dan fondasi bagi mahasiswa hukum untuk masa depan dan perkembanga hukum di indoneisia. Mereka bukan hanya menjadi budak pada kekuasaan ataupun materi namun mereka akan berjiwa kritis terhadap kekuasaan yang tiran dan penguasa yang korup. Pentingnya hukumpedia bagi mahasiwa hukum adalah agar kita menjauhkan pemikiran yang dangkal bagi mahasiswa dan menjauhkan sifat mahasiswa yang anarkis menjadi mahasiwa yang intelektual. Sayang sekali mahasiswa yang serig di tampilkan di media masa adalah saat mahasiwa melakukan demo dan berbuat anarkis dan pada akhirnya sifat akademis mahasiswa di perkosa oleh kekerasasn kemampuan intelektual hilang atas dasar fustrasi tidak bisa berbuat apa apa dan tidak mempunyai aternatif tindakan biasanya membuat mahasiswa memilih jalur pintas yaitu menggunaakan kekesaran. Anggapa yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa adalah apabila kita tidak didengarkan maka kita harus perbuat kerusuhan dan kekerasan agar kita di dengar. Mahasiswa yang melangsungkan demonstrasi adalah mahasiwa yang kurang akal dan hanya mempunyai satu solusi atas semua permasalahan yaitu dengan kekerasan. Sangat mudah untuk menggunakan kekersaan untuk mendapatkan yang ita inginkann namun llebih susah untuk menggunakan logika dan argumen dan intelektuaslitas. Mahasiswa sekarang terjebak pada diktomi antara otot dan otak. Yang punya otak tidak berani bersuara dan bertindak dan yang punya otot nya tanpa banyak berifikir. Hukum pedia bertujuan untuk memberi informasi kepada mahasiswa dari semua pihak baik yang berotot dan berotak.. untuk menggunakan energi secara positif. Untuk ini sebagi penutup dari pengantar website ini have something useful tosay and do something usefull. Ini adalah moto dari hukumpedia yaitu katakan sesuatu yang bermanfaat dan melakukan sesuatu yang bemanfaat”.<br /><br />Semoga website ini bisa bermanfaatPertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-5182308136186206532009-01-23T20:09:00.000-08:002009-01-23T20:12:51.661-08:00Hukum Perdata<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Hukum perdata</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhi1XFV6efhW6LJW-9mUq7eqGG64lQ#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhi1XFV6efhW6LJW-9mUq7eqGG64lQ#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhi1XFV6efhW6LJW-9mUq7eqGG64lQ#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhi1XFV6efhW6LJW-9mUq7eqGG64lQ#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg&usg=ALkJrhily9pK7k2DqRl_QLLsDOw6yytg8Q" class="image" title="Pertanyaan buku-new.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="39" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This article <b>does not <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhi6KprYNYTvDsuoi1qOm0G-4moBIA" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhjmrE-Y1f5D7Be6zGSJyJjZI_CF4Q" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">references or sources</a></b> .</span> Artikel ini <b>tidak <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhi6KprYNYTvDsuoi1qOm0G-4moBIA" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">menyebut</a> apapun <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhjmrE-Y1f5D7Be6zGSJyJjZI_CF4Q" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">atau sumber referensi.</a></b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Please help <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPrivate_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiB6Z-DCPyB-LQwxd7y800SQuI3tQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhh1mFKxt5g4EDTkPZOXqc8iCyhW5A" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">reliable sources</a> . <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhjmrE-Y1f5D7Be6zGSJyJjZI_CF4Q" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> material may be challenged and removed. <i><small>(October 2007)</small></i></span> Harap membantu <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPrivate_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiB6Z-DCPyB-LQwxd7y800SQuI3tQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> dengan menambahkan citations ke <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhh1mFKxt5g4EDTkPZOXqc8iCyhW5A" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">sumber terpercaya.</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhjmrE-Y1f5D7Be6zGSJyJjZI_CF4Q" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> bahan mungkin cacat dan dibuang. <i><small>(Oktober 2007)</small></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Private law</b> (Civil law) is that part of a <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system&usg=ALkJrhiR0buTmqjUXERBHFXk7jX9hOShqw" title="Sistem hukum" class="mw-redirect">legal system</a> that involves relationships between individuals.</span> <b>Hukum privat</b> (hukum sipil) adalah bagian dari <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system&usg=ALkJrhiR0buTmqjUXERBHFXk7jX9hOShqw" title="Sistem hukum" class="mw-redirect">sistem hukum</a> yang melibatkan hubungan antara individu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This includes the <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhiEJddDQwzHQTeWvKvgBoYJvIaC-A" title="Hukum">law</a> of <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhiMwran-ppDeqUSA_4JXvhq5HUvQw" title="Kontrak">contracts</a> or <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhj0gdobAI4nwRtfikcY89ZxvYFKHA" title="Tort">torts</a> and the <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhgCKEmJmQ-zn9ZdcoHf9GJvxPB1QA" title="Kewajiban hukum">law of obligations</a> .</span> Ini termasuk <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhiEJddDQwzHQTeWvKvgBoYJvIaC-A" title="Hukum">hukum</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhiMwran-ppDeqUSA_4JXvhq5HUvQw" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> atau <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhj0gdobAI4nwRtfikcY89ZxvYFKHA" title="Tort">torts</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhgCKEmJmQ-zn9ZdcoHf9GJvxPB1QA" title="Kewajiban hukum">kewajiban hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is distinguished from <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhhnJ5qk61T-dmvgVzn8DWV1Ipfvww" title="Hukum publik">public law</a> , which deals with law involving the <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhg2GBXYa8Bb0wWgVj8rcAZLKz3AKw" title="Menyatakan">state</a> , including regulatory <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhjyQdZCjjyv23iKkkyAfhikELiiSQ" title="Statuta">statutes</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_law&usg=ALkJrhgvE4TrwQsyQ8BKEL7tgVjydziYLg" title="Kepidanaan">penal law</a> and other law of <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_order&usg=ALkJrhjYUa_P7Y5lNqGd7xRzApQrXS_RUA" title="Ketertiban umum">public order</a> .</span> Hal ini dibedakan dari <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhhnJ5qk61T-dmvgVzn8DWV1Ipfvww" title="Hukum publik">masyarakat hukum</a> yang berurusan dengan hukum yang melibatkan <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhg2GBXYa8Bb0wWgVj8rcAZLKz3AKw" title="Menyatakan">negara,</a> termasuk peraturan <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhjyQdZCjjyv23iKkkyAfhikELiiSQ" title="Statuta">statutes,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_law&usg=ALkJrhgvE4TrwQsyQ8BKEL7tgVjydziYLg" title="Kepidanaan">kepidanaan</a> lainnya hukum dan <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_order&usg=ALkJrhjYUa_P7Y5lNqGd7xRzApQrXS_RUA" title="Ketertiban umum">ketertiban masyarakat.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In general terms, public law involves interrelations between the state and the general population, whereas private law involves interactions between private citizens.</span> Dalam istilah umum, hukum publik interrelations melibatkan antara negara dan masyarakat umum, sedangkan hukum swasta melibatkan interaksi antara warga negara pribadi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The concept of private law in <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjFdG0iXX97EZ2ht-xxJNxqpcHbuw" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> countries is a little more broad, in that it also encompasses private relationships between governments and private individuals or other entities.</span> Konsep hukum swasta dalam <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjFdG0iXX97EZ2ht-xxJNxqpcHbuw" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> negara yang sedikit lebih luas, karena juga swasta meliputi hubungan antara pemerintah dan swasta perorangan atau badan lainnya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">That is, relationships between governments and individuals based on the <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhiEJddDQwzHQTeWvKvgBoYJvIaC-A" title="Hukum">law</a> of <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhiMwran-ppDeqUSA_4JXvhq5HUvQw" title="Kontrak">contract</a> or <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhj0gdobAI4nwRtfikcY89ZxvYFKHA" title="Tort">torts</a> are governed by private law, and are not considered to be within the scope of <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhhnJ5qk61T-dmvgVzn8DWV1Ipfvww" title="Hukum publik">public law</a> .</span> Artinya, hubungan antara pemerintah dan individu-individu berdasarkan <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhiEJddDQwzHQTeWvKvgBoYJvIaC-A" title="Hukum">hukum</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhiMwran-ppDeqUSA_4JXvhq5HUvQw" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> atau <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhj0gdobAI4nwRtfikcY89ZxvYFKHA" title="Tort">torts</a> swasta diatur oleh undang-undang, dan tidak dianggap dalam lingkup <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhhnJ5qk61T-dmvgVzn8DWV1Ipfvww" title="Hukum publik">hukum publik.</a></span> </p><hr /><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another, more specific meaning of <b>private law</b> is a <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_bill&usg=ALkJrhhDaI44He9Xwzg0nq20BfMS6hCsiA" title="Swasta tagihan">private bill</a> enacted into law.</span> Lain, lebih spesifik arti <b>hukum swasta</b> adalah <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_bill&usg=ALkJrhhDaI44He9Xwzg0nq20BfMS6hCsiA" title="Swasta tagihan">swasta tagihan</a> ditetapkan menjadi undang-undang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <i>private law</i> , in this sense, is a law enacted to be applied to a specific individual or corporation, as opposed to <i>public law</i> , which has a broader application and affects the general public. <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://community.livejournal.com/vote_smart/5896.html&usg=ALkJrhimbliStgxKmP8ijht2bqJazOhb8w" class="external autonumber" title="http://community.livejournal.com/vote_smart/5896.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> Examples: <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.house.gov/hensarling/rsc/doc/Private%2520Relief%2520Bills%2520Passed%2520by%2520House.pdf&usg=ALkJrhgMe6In2cCdY1fLqKyw_2ZxSqhE0g" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.house.gov/hensarling/rsc/doc/Private% 20Relief% 20Bills% 20Passed% 20by% 20House.pdf" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> .</span> J <i>hukum swasta,</i> dalam pengertian ini, adalah hukum yang berlaku harus diterapkan tertentu individu atau korporasi, karena bertentangan dengan <i>hukum publik,</i> yang memiliki aplikasi yang lebih luas dan mempengaruhi masyarakat umum. <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://community.livejournal.com/vote_smart/5896.html&usg=ALkJrhimbliStgxKmP8ijht2bqJazOhb8w" class="external autonumber" title="http://community.livejournal.com/vote_smart/5896.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> Contoh: <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.house.gov/hensarling/rsc/doc/Private%2520Relief%2520Bills%2520Passed%2520by%2520House.pdf&usg=ALkJrhgMe6In2cCdY1fLqKyw_2ZxSqhE0g" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.house.gov/hensarling/rsc/doc/Private% 20Relief% 20Bills% 20Passed% 20by% 20House.pdf" rel="nofollow">[2].</a></span> </p><p><a name="Areas_in_private_law" id="Areas_in_private_law"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPrivate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiIpMqWHRHYNaVunLhsJog-kD0AVA" title="Sunting bagian: Wilayah dalam hukum swasta">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Areas in private law</span></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPrivate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiIpMqWHRHYNaVunLhsJog-kD0AVA" title="Sunting bagian: Wilayah dalam hukum swasta"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Wilayah hukum swasta</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhiHiccj6eBx8WuqU_iGfCbDfiAOwA" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">Civil law</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhiHiccj6eBx8WuqU_iGfCbDfiAOwA" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">Hukum perdata</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhjPllljtILY82F7IE8S2aQeRUlnGw" title="Hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">Contract law</a> or <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhgCKEmJmQ-zn9ZdcoHf9GJvxPB1QA" title="Kewajiban hukum">law of obligations</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhjPllljtILY82F7IE8S2aQeRUlnGw" title="Hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">Hukum kontrak</a> atau <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhgCKEmJmQ-zn9ZdcoHf9GJvxPB1QA" title="Kewajiban hukum">kewajiban hukum</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_torts&usg=ALkJrhhuwkdqwj_yMyVQcCmf73w_VTAsoQ" title="Hukum torts" class="mw-redirect">Law of torts</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_torts&usg=ALkJrhhuwkdqwj_yMyVQcCmf73w_VTAsoQ" title="Hukum torts" class="mw-redirect">Hukum torts</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law of <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhiisS4GFPYvJtFJqeUnACli8ZoRXg" title="Properti">property</a></span> Hukum <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhiisS4GFPYvJtFJqeUnACli8ZoRXg" title="Properti">properti</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law&usg=ALkJrhiFrSFMWjHO6Eq04qOkFyf16sMyVQ" title="Hukum keluarga">Family law</a> family-related issues and domestic relations including, but not limited to marriage, civil unions, divorce, spousal abuse, child custody and visitation, property, alimony, and child support awards, as well as child abuse issues, and adoption.</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law&usg=ALkJrhiFrSFMWjHO6Eq04qOkFyf16sMyVQ" title="Hukum keluarga">Hukum keluarga</a> keluarga yang berhubungan dengan isu-isu domestik dan mitra termasuk, namun tidak terbatas pada perkawinan, serikat sipil, perceraian, spousal penyalahgunaan, penjagaan anak dan kunjungan, properti, alimony, anak dan dukungan penghargaan, serta masalah penyalahgunaan anak, dan adopsi.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_law&usg=ALkJrhiEq4rM1JtYJ0KTeXTdN-djxlaHKw" title="Suksesi hukum" class="mw-redirect">Succession law</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_law&usg=ALkJrhiEq4rM1JtYJ0KTeXTdN-djxlaHKw" title="Suksesi hukum" class="mw-redirect">Suksesi hukum</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhjkfnAMzdTQ9b_Nts3S1M5PCrKLiw" title="Hukum perburuhan">Labour law</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhjkfnAMzdTQ9b_Nts3S1M5PCrKLiw" title="Hukum perburuhan">Hukum perburuhan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhpt9Hno0r5PEdVdCjUkS83VkWR9w" title="Hukum komersial">Commercial law</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhpt9Hno0r5PEdVdCjUkS83VkWR9w" title="Hukum komersial">Hukum komersial</a></span> </li><li> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporations_law&usg=ALkJrhjbiWEpYs2QZB5F3n5XjVWod3LCwg" title="Hukum perusahaan" class="mw-redirect">Corporations law</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporations_law&usg=ALkJrhjbiWEpYs2QZB5F3n5XjVWod3LCwg" title="Hukum perusahaan" class="mw-redirect">Hukum perusahaan</a></span> </li><li> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhg0kEOJeT8aDim1a7S94LLoSbX-ig" title="Hukum persaingan">Competition law</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhg0kEOJeT8aDim1a7S94LLoSbX-ig" title="Hukum persaingan">Hukum persaingan</a></span> </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-72469645691114174262009-01-23T20:02:00.000-08:002009-01-23T20:09:35.582-08:00Hukum Sipil<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><div class="dablink"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For other uses of "civil law", see <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law&usg=ALkJrhgYA0tmfEUGaTY1VobJ5Dlq6YitsQ" title="Hukum perdata">civil law</a> .</span> Untuk kegunaan lain dari "hukum perdata", lihat <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law&usg=ALkJrhgYA0tmfEUGaTY1VobJ5Dlq6YitsQ" title="Hukum perdata">hukum perdata.</a></span> </div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg&usg=ALkJrhjAxizLwdJ84txc0Ve4zPwIL2erzw" class="image" title="Pertanyaan buku-new.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="39" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhglKrwwG3OV-b-l6fkqE1hLcZC17A" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhisn43uhQe45F040fP96AASF-AOOQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">verification</a> .</b> Please help <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiorlR2qSLMbutTSntDgX76w7_nDw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_law_ (legal_system) & action = edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhjoTHw2d384C1jlrLcmBnLDC-YlDw" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">reliable references</a> .</span> Artikel ini <b>memerlukan tambahan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhglKrwwG3OV-b-l6fkqE1hLcZC17A" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">citations</a> untuk <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhisn43uhQe45F040fP96AASF-AOOQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">verifikasi.</a></b> Harap membantu <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiorlR2qSLMbutTSntDgX76w7_nDw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_law_ (legal_system) & action = edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> dengan menambahkan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhjoTHw2d384C1jlrLcmBnLDC-YlDw" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">referensi yang handal.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unsourced material may be <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fact&usg=ALkJrhhOoWptcgQzFdCR1pQMkQWes-S-5g" title="Template: Fakta">challenged</a> and removed. <i><small>(July 2008)</small></i></span> Unsourced bahan mungkin <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fact&usg=ALkJrhhOoWptcgQzFdCR1pQMkQWes-S-5g" title="Template: Fakta">cacat</a> dan dibuang. <i><small>(Juli 2008)</small></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-move" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svg&usg=ALkJrhhFpvSbBeK1oWFGPBA9_m7iITu9Nw" class="image" title="Mergefrom.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="20" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It has been suggested that <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-Germanic_law&usg=ALkJrhjinL2MOXm4pguVDPsokygZ5PCYUw" title="Romano hukum-Jerman"><i>Romano-Germanic law</i></a> be <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging_and_moving_pages&usg=ALkJrhjPJSFflGvY8CTFwF7GhPXxwL76ww" title="Wikipedia: Penggabungan dan pemindahan halaman" class="mw-redirect">merged</a> into this article or section.</span> Telah menyarankan bahwa <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-Germanic_law&usg=ALkJrhjinL2MOXm4pguVDPsokygZ5PCYUw" title="Romano hukum-Jerman"><i>Romano-Jerman hukum</i></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging_and_moving_pages&usg=ALkJrhjPJSFflGvY8CTFwF7GhPXxwL76ww" title="Wikipedia: Penggabungan dan pemindahan halaman" class="mw-redirect">terserap</a> ke dalam artikel atau bagian ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">( <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgdD2yYlEzw8eLQMDh6VTRY7OQGWw#Merge_proposal" title="Talk: Sipil hukum (sistem hukum)">Discuss</a> )</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgdD2yYlEzw8eLQMDh6VTRY7OQGWw#Merge_proposal" title="Talk: Sipil hukum (sistem hukum)">(Diskusikan)</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Civil law</b> or <i>Romano-Germanic law</i> or <i>Continental law</i> is the predominant <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world&usg=ALkJrhjNAok4oo_P4IDGEb4HktUO3DfN1w" title="Sistem hukum di dunia">system of law in the world</a> , in which an abstract <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_law&usg=ALkJrhgMG0CnLZ2bPR7lbPyf7ICxZCzGPw" title="Kode hukum" class="mw-redirect">code of law</a> rules, which judges apply to the various cases before them.</span> <b>Hukum perdata</b> atau <i>Romano-Jerman Benua hukum</i> atau <i>hukum</i> yang utama adalah <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world&usg=ALkJrhjNAok4oo_P4IDGEb4HktUO3DfN1w" title="Sistem hukum di dunia">sistem hukum di dunia,</a> di mana sebuah abstrak <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_law&usg=ALkJrhgMG0CnLZ2bPR7lbPyf7ICxZCzGPw" title="Kode hukum" class="mw-redirect">kode hukum</a> aturan, hakim yang berlaku untuk berbagai kasus sebelumnya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is often distinguished from <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhhlNXZBrExQJzwI6X38h0Z3ffaXEA" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> , in which abstract rules are derived from specific cases.</span> Hal ini sering dibezakan dari <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhhlNXZBrExQJzwI6X38h0Z3ffaXEA" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum,</a> di mana aturan-aturan abstrak yang berasal dari kasus-kasus tertentu.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Civil law has its roots in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgtPCi8L3luWVRtiOZIiKLFmsHCXw" title="Roma hukum">Roman law</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law&usg=ALkJrhjugzoY9Yi32ps3jWatKdUwOMAAFQ" title="Hukum agama">Canon law</a> (Christian, especially Catholic law) and the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment&usg=ALkJrhgm1JMmjQu1TbQRRVJx3m8kD1t5vA" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> , alongside influences from other <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhh1fFeTnrTkLuF4dv_AaIuxdIShZA" title="Hukum agama">religious laws</a> such as <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhgEDt9UIKcis5v9VLj_ad-6lmZFvw" title="Syariah">Islamic law</a> . <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-Badr-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Badr_1-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-Makdisi-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi_2-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-Boisard-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Boisard_3-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a> The legal systems in many civil law countries are based around one or several codes of law, which set out the main principles that guide the law.</span> Hukum perdata memiliki akar di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgtPCi8L3luWVRtiOZIiKLFmsHCXw" title="Roma hukum">Roma hukum,</a> <span><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law&usg=ALkJrhjugzoY9Yi32ps3jWatKdUwOMAAFQ" title="Hukum agama">Canon hukum</a> (Kristen, khususnya Katolik hukum) dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment&usg=ALkJrhgm1JMmjQu1TbQRRVJx3m8kD1t5vA" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment,</a> di samping pengaruh dari <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhh1fFeTnrTkLuF4dv_AaIuxdIShZA" title="Hukum agama">hukum agama</a> seperti <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhgEDt9UIKcis5v9VLj_ad-6lmZFvw" title="Syariah">hukum Islam.</a> <span><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-Badr-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Badr_1-0" class="reference">[2]</sup></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-Makdisi-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi_2-0" class="reference">[3]</sup></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-Boisard-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Boisard_3-0" class="reference">[4]</sup></a></span> The sistem hukum di banyak hukum perdata negara didasarkan sekitar satu atau beberapa kode hukum yang ditetapkan dengan prinsip-prinsip utama yang panduan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most famous example is perhaps the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhhYIGoq0PbDhHx7rKbXEaGZcI1sxg" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code</a> , although the German <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhjT8qySTtD0ioG2wmKBZNW0oxsj1g" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> (or BGB) and the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code&usg=ALkJrhjiuA5l8PUnDm4cev_nmbWqR5wc_g" title="Swiss Civil Code" class="mw-redirect">Swiss Civil Code</a> are also landmark events in the history of civil law.</span> Yang paling terkenal mungkin adalah contoh yang <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhhYIGoq0PbDhHx7rKbXEaGZcI1sxg" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code,</a> walaupun Jerman <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhjT8qySTtD0ioG2wmKBZNW0oxsj1g" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> (atau BGB) dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code&usg=ALkJrhjiuA5l8PUnDm4cev_nmbWqR5wc_g" title="Swiss Civil Code" class="mw-redirect">Swiss Sipil Kode</a> juga tengara peristiwa dalam sejarah hukum perdata.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The civil law systems of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland&usg=ALkJrhgHxeHJ4V9lXuXD4rbBiV8imeQHNw" title="Skotlandia">Scotland</a> and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa&usg=ALkJrhg_F5zBtsqmSRwjE7Jh4kLNh9CkTw" title="Afrika Selatan">South Africa</a> (which both coexist with common-law systems) are <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhhjnM2iUm_GczDCoPvmTaAUzKzwUg" title="Kodifikasi">uncodified</a> , and the civil law systems of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia&usg=ALkJrhjRzTR8bVmHFUVls_awTiB5CFiHAg" title="Skandinavia">Scandinavian</a> countries remain largely uncodified. <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Februari 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhgb7-m11-eE9eOsIMTPscUI-LGyTA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> <span title="Bahan-bahan di sekitar tag ini mungkin tidak akurat atau faktual dari Maret 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template">[ <i><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement&usg=ALkJrhinSLLSWv1zE7WuKMdiG6f0mXSbEQ" title="Wikipedia: sengketa pernyataan">dubious</a> <span class="metadata">– <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgdD2yYlEzw8eLQMDh6VTRY7OQGWw#Dubious" title="Talk: Sipil hukum (sistem hukum)">discuss</a></span></i> ]</sup></span></span> Dengan sistem hukum perdata <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland&usg=ALkJrhgHxeHJ4V9lXuXD4rbBiV8imeQHNw" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa&usg=ALkJrhg_F5zBtsqmSRwjE7Jh4kLNh9CkTw" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a> (yang hidup bersama dengan kedua-hukum umum sistem) adalah <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhhjnM2iUm_GczDCoPvmTaAUzKzwUg" title="Kodifikasi">uncodified,</a> dan hukum perdata sistem <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia&usg=ALkJrhjRzTR8bVmHFUVls_awTiB5CFiHAg" title="Skandinavia">Skandinavia</a> negara tetap besar uncodified. <i><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhgb7-m11-eE9eOsIMTPscUI-LGyTA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Februari 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[Kutipan diperlukan]</sup></span></a> <span title="Bahan-bahan di sekitar tag ini mungkin tidak akurat atau faktual dari Maret 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement&usg=ALkJrhinSLLSWv1zE7WuKMdiG6f0mXSbEQ" title="Wikipedia: sengketa pernyataan">[ragu-ragu</a> <span class="metadata">- <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgdD2yYlEzw8eLQMDh6VTRY7OQGWw#Dubious" title="Talk: Sipil hukum (sistem hukum)">mendiskusikan]</a></span></sup></span></i></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The so-called <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhippqts--gLT_i_3xyCQO4IY-eikA" title="Sosialis hukum">Socialist law</a> is often considered to be a particular case of the Romano-Germanic civil law, though in the past it was sometimes classified as a separate legal system. <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Desember 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhgb7-m11-eE9eOsIMTPscUI-LGyTA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span></span> Yang disebut <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhippqts--gLT_i_3xyCQO4IY-eikA" title="Sosialis hukum">Sosialis hukum</a> sering dianggap sebagai suatu hal yang Romano-Jerman hukum perdata, meskipun di masa lalu itu terkadang diklasifikasikan sebagai sistem hukum yang terpisah. <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Desember 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhgb7-m11-eE9eOsIMTPscUI-LGyTA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><i>[Kutipan diperlukan]</i></sup></a></span></span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Sejarah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#Civil_versus_common_law"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Civil versus common law</span></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#Civil_versus_common_law"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sipil versus umum hukum</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#Subgroups"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Subgroups</span></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#Subgroups"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Subgroups</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliografi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg5d-Imy6K-SlsAKDIz4o4dfAa46g" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg5d-Imy6K-SlsAKDIz4o4dfAa46g" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sejarah</span></span> </h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LegalSystemsOfTheWorldMap.png&usg=ALkJrhgUEdtoIW9teaxKXJ0RlrU1DEvwCA" class="image" title="Sistem hukum di seluruh dunia. hukum perdata hukum umum dicampur umum hukum perdata dan hukum adat fiqh"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LegalSystemsOfTheWorldMap.png/300px-LegalSystemsOfTheWorldMap.png" class="thumbimage" width="300" border="0" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LegalSystemsOfTheWorldMap.png&usg=ALkJrhgUEdtoIW9teaxKXJ0RlrU1DEvwCA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Legal systems across the world.</span> Sistem hukum di seluruh dunia.</span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;"><span style="border: medium none rgb(68, 170, 204); background-color: rgb(68, 170, 204); color: rgb(68, 170, 204);"> </span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink"><span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;">civil law</span></strong></span> <strong class="selflink"><span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;">hukum perdata</span></strong></span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;"><span style="border: medium none rgb(204, 119, 102); background-color: rgb(204, 119, 102); color: rgb(204, 119, 102);"> </span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhhlNXZBrExQJzwI6X38h0Z3ffaXEA" title="Umum hukum">common law</a></span></span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhhlNXZBrExQJzwI6X38h0Z3ffaXEA" title="Umum hukum">umum hukum</a></span></span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;"><span style="border: medium none rgb(153, 119, 85); background-color: rgb(153, 119, 85); color: rgb(153, 119, 85);"> </span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;">mixed civil and common law</span></span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;">dicampur umum dan hukum perdata</span></span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;"><span style="border: medium none rgb(51, 102, 51); background-color: rgb(51, 102, 51); color: rgb(51, 102, 51);"> </span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law&usg=ALkJrhhsibv5LVpIMMjkl99PCnxfCdbbrQ" title="Hukum adat" class="mw-redirect"><span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;">customary law</span></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law&usg=ALkJrhhsibv5LVpIMMjkl99PCnxfCdbbrQ" title="Hukum adat" class="mw-redirect"><span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;">hukum adat</span></a></span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;"><span style="border: medium none rgb(255, 187, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 187, 51); color: rgb(255, 187, 51);"> </span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhiUBTH6wDCmEP7jTmFWtMU8OmW-xg" title="Fiqh"><span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;">fiqh</span></a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhiUBTH6wDCmEP7jTmFWtMU8OmW-xg" title="Fiqh"><span style="margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 1px; font-size: 90%; display: block;">fiqh</span></a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The civil law system is based on <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgtPCi8L3luWVRtiOZIiKLFmsHCXw" title="Roma hukum">Roman law</a> , especially the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis&usg=ALkJrhhEKPctiSMKnofB9t8diTUl7g3k5Q" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> of Emperor <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I&usg=ALkJrhjtqoWgNBwYll3ViCOSp_3YZSz1Xg" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> , as later developed by the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages&usg=ALkJrhgTZAfRtWxBBaDfPfHfrmIiTjg6Lg" title="Abad">Middle Ages</a> . <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Hukum perdata yang didasarkan pada sistem <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgtPCi8L3luWVRtiOZIiKLFmsHCXw" title="Roma hukum">hukum Romawi,</a> terutama <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis&usg=ALkJrhhEKPctiSMKnofB9t8diTUl7g3k5Q" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> dari Kaisar <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I&usg=ALkJrhjtqoWgNBwYll3ViCOSp_3YZSz1Xg" title="Justinian I">Justinian,</a> karena nanti dikembangkan oleh <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages&usg=ALkJrhgTZAfRtWxBBaDfPfHfrmIiTjg6Lg" title="Abad">abad.</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[5]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The acceptance of Roman law had different characteristics in different countries.</span> Penerimaan hukum Roma telah karakteristik yang berbeda di berbagai negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In some of them its effect resulted from legislative act, ie it became <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_law&usg=ALkJrhgxUZPZ-uQuj8xydDQcov_HiCTjIA" title="Hukum positif">positive law</a> , whereas in other ones it became accepted by way of its processing by legal theorists.</span> Dalam beberapa dari mereka yang dihasilkan dari efek tindakan legislatif, yakni menjadi <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_law&usg=ALkJrhgxUZPZ-uQuj8xydDQcov_HiCTjIA" title="Hukum positif">hukum positif,</a> sedangkan yang lain menjadi diterima oleh cara pengolahan dan oleh hukum theorists.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consequently, Roman law did not completely dominate in Europe.</span> Akibatnya, Roma hukum tidak sepenuhnya mendominasi di Eropa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Roman law was a secondary source that was applied only as long as local customs and local laws lacked a pertinent provision on a particular matter.</span> Roma hukum adalah sumber sekunder yang hanya diterapkan selama adat dan undang-undang lokal yang relevan penyediaan kekurangan pada hal tertentu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, local rules too were interpreted primarily according to Roman law (it being a common European legal tradition of sorts), resulting in its influencing the main source of law also.</span> Namun, aturan lokal yang terlalu terutama diinterpretasikan menurut hukum Roma (ia menjadi tradisi hukum Eropa umum kesal), sehingga dalam mempengaruhi sumber utama hukum juga.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A second characteristic, beyond Roman law foundations, is the extended codification of the adopted Roman law, ie its inclusion into <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">civil codes</a> .</span> Kedua karakteristik, landasan hukum di luar Roma, adalah perpanjangan dari kodifikasi hukum yang diadopsi Roma, yakni dengan dimasukkan ke dalam <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">kode sipil.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The concept of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhhjnM2iUm_GczDCoPvmTaAUzKzwUg" title="Kodifikasi">codification</a> dates back to the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhjshhVXXNFnrFmW5r1W4O1Cg0iXFA" title="Kode Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> in ancient <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon&usg=ALkJrhgobawrAvJ1zmbljlPQblrF6oxeuA" title="Babel">Babylon</a> .</span> Konsep <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhhjnM2iUm_GczDCoPvmTaAUzKzwUg" title="Kodifikasi">kodifikasi</a> tanggal kembali ke <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhjshhVXXNFnrFmW5r1W4O1Cg0iXFA" title="Kode Hammurabi">Kode Hammurabi yang</a> kuno di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon&usg=ALkJrhgobawrAvJ1zmbljlPQblrF6oxeuA" title="Babel">Babel.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The concept of codification was further developed during the 17th and 18th century, as an expression of both <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Law&usg=ALkJrhizZhb4t9Clclp3rPZ3rZhFvOoK3w" title="Hukum alam" class="mw-redirect">Natural Law</a> and the ideas of the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment&usg=ALkJrhgm1JMmjQu1TbQRRVJx3m8kD1t5vA" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> .</span> Konsep kodifikasi telah dikembangkan lebih lanjut 17. Dan selama abad 18, sebagai ekspresi dari kedua <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Law&usg=ALkJrhizZhb4t9Clclp3rPZ3rZhFvOoK3w" title="Hukum alam" class="mw-redirect">Alam Hukum</a> dan ide dari <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment&usg=ALkJrhgm1JMmjQu1TbQRRVJx3m8kD1t5vA" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The political ideal of that era was expressed by the concepts of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy&usg=ALkJrhgvHB7_htHSYzkynfrnYCqJ-DP47Q" title="Demokrasi">democracy</a> , protection of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhjzdTye9LkEOhvni1O8zfS4rmkRuw" title="Properti">property</a> and the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law&usg=ALkJrhjH49RnfpNbb1Cy0i7CvGa-t1kYjw" title="Supremasi hukum">rule of law</a> .</span> Politik yang ideal dari era yang telah dinyatakan oleh konsep-konsep <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy&usg=ALkJrhgvHB7_htHSYzkynfrnYCqJ-DP47Q" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi,</a> perlindungan terhadap <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhjzdTye9LkEOhvni1O8zfS4rmkRuw" title="Properti">harta benda</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law&usg=ALkJrhjH49RnfpNbb1Cy0i7CvGa-t1kYjw" title="Supremasi hukum">supremasi hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">That ideal required the creation of certainty of law, through the recording of law and through its uniformity.</span> Ideal yang dibutuhkan penciptaan kepastian hukum, melalui rekaman hukum dan melalui keseragaman.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">So, the aforementioned mix of Roman law and customary and local law ceased to exist, and the road opened for law codification, which could contribute to the aims of the above mentioned political ideal.</span> Jadi, aforementioned campuran Roma dan hukum adat dan hukum lokal tidak ada, dan membuka jalan bagi kodifikasi hukum, yang dapat memberikan kontribusi kepada tujuan ideal politik yang disebutkan di atas.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another reason that contributed to codification was that the notion of the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state&usg=ALkJrhggc4tVIPFZHm13Eik3Jhj1vpBzkA" title="Bangsa negara">nation state</a> , which was born during the 19th century, required the recording of the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhjZ3zdRfiMakbGjjjvJ2PP5zL8Ug" title="Hukum">law</a> that would be applicable to that state.</span> Alasan lain yang memberikan kontribusi untuk kodifikasi adalah bahwa gagasan tentang <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state&usg=ALkJrhggc4tVIPFZHm13Eik3Jhj1vpBzkA" title="Bangsa negara">negara bangsa,</a> yang lahir pada abad ke-19, diperlukan perekaman <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhjZ3zdRfiMakbGjjjvJ2PP5zL8Ug" title="Hukum">hukum</a> yang akan berlaku bagi negara itu.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Certainly, there was also reaction to the aim of law codification.</span> Tentu saja, ada juga reaksi terhadap tujuan kodifikasi hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The proponents of codification regarded it as conducive to certainty, unity and systematic recording of the law; whereas its opponents claimed that codification would result in the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ossification&usg=ALkJrhgtQO2639Q9Ua9Dkxvds3tPvMjktw" class="extiw" title="wikt: hal mengeras">ossification</a> of the law.</span> The proponents dari kodifikasi dianggap sebagai kondusif untuk kepastian, kesatuan dan sistematis rekaman hukum; sedangkan lawan yang menyatakan bahwa kodifikasi akan menyebabkan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ossification&usg=ALkJrhgtQO2639Q9Ua9Dkxvds3tPvMjktw" class="extiw" title="wikt: hal mengeras">hal mengeras</a> hukum.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At the end, despite whatever resistance to codification, the codification of European private laws moved forward.</span> Pada akhirnya, walaupun apapun perlawanan terhadap kodifikasi, maka kodifikasi hukum Eropa swasta dipindahkan ke depan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The French <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhhYIGoq0PbDhHx7rKbXEaGZcI1sxg" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code ( <i>code civil</i> )</a> of 1804, the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhiE2-Vd6Fmb1xvMWHMMKDnASOwtVQ" title="Jerman">German</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">civil code</a> ( <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhjT8qySTtD0ioG2wmKBZNW0oxsj1g" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch"><i>Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</i></a> ) of 1900 and the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZGB&usg=ALkJrhhtRWrAWXe5zBKufFJ_NhDjufAQIQ" title="ZGB" class="mw-redirect">Swiss codes</a> were the most influential national civil codes.</span> Perancis <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhhYIGoq0PbDhHx7rKbXEaGZcI1sxg" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code <i>(kode sipil)</i> pada</a> 1804, <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhiE2-Vd6Fmb1xvMWHMMKDnASOwtVQ" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">hukum perdata</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhjT8qySTtD0ioG2wmKBZNW0oxsj1g" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch"><i>(Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch)</i></a> pada 1900 dan di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZGB&usg=ALkJrhhtRWrAWXe5zBKufFJ_NhDjufAQIQ" title="ZGB" class="mw-redirect">Swiss kode</a> adalah yang paling berpengaruh nasional sipil kode.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Because Germany was a rising power in the late 19th century and its legal system was well organized, when many Asian nations were developing, the German Civil Code became the basis for the legal systems of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan&usg=ALkJrhjjbiH-hOOKBQn9cfO96OFGJSo91g" title="Jepang">Japan</a> and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea&usg=ALkJrhi6xjPRYriKl5wmVw_kaAf1lGCmrg" title="Korea Selatan">South Korea</a> .</span> Karena Jerman adalah meningkatnya daya pada akhir abad ke-19 dan sistem hukum yang terorganisasi dengan baik, ketika banyak negara-negara Asia yang berkembang, Jerman Sipil Kode menjadi dasar bagi sistem hukum di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan&usg=ALkJrhjjbiH-hOOKBQn9cfO96OFGJSo91g" title="Jepang">Jepang</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea&usg=ALkJrhi6xjPRYriKl5wmVw_kaAf1lGCmrg" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China&usg=ALkJrhiElo8WlmfbCfJv0HYoyKQzo1_3lg" title="Cina">China</a> , the German Civil Code was introduced in the later years of the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty&usg=ALkJrhj_vGupoxFY1to1t6YCmPFI_KApYg" title="Dinasti Qing">Qing Dynasty</a> and formed the basis of the law of the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhiG53ndx76Lu9O3D0t_RfLSXCkPFg" title="Republik Cina">Republic of China</a> , which remains in force in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan&usg=ALkJrhhQX0eL5lC3_mzfAVc0-sXe8hy_eQ" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> .</span> Di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China&usg=ALkJrhiElo8WlmfbCfJv0HYoyKQzo1_3lg" title="Cina">Cina,</a> Jerman Sipil Kode diluncurkan pada tahun kemudian dari <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty&usg=ALkJrhj_vGupoxFY1to1t6YCmPFI_KApYg" title="Dinasti Qing">dinasti Qing</a> dan membentuk dasar hukum <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhiG53ndx76Lu9O3D0t_RfLSXCkPFg" title="Republik Cina">Republik Cina,</a> yang tetap berlaku di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan&usg=ALkJrhhQX0eL5lC3_mzfAVc0-sXe8hy_eQ" title="Taiwan">Taiwan.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some authors consider civil law to have served as the foundation for <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhippqts--gLT_i_3xyCQO4IY-eikA" title="Sosialis hukum">socialist law</a> used in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism&usg=ALkJrhhSAzV4qk6nxVdP_ikNHxa18I5eWQ" title="Komunisme">Communist</a> countries, which in this view would basically be civil law with the addition of Marxist–Leninist ideas.</span> Mempertimbangkan beberapa penulis hukum perdata untuk menjabat sebagai dasar untuk <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhippqts--gLT_i_3xyCQO4IY-eikA" title="Sosialis hukum">sosialis hukum</a> yang digunakan dalam <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism&usg=ALkJrhhSAzV4qk6nxVdP_ikNHxa18I5eWQ" title="Komunisme">Komunis</a> negara, yang dalam pandangan ini pada dasarnya akan menjadi hukum perdata dengan penambahan Marxist-Leninist ideas.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Several legal <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution&usg=ALkJrhgygdIa0ApCc585LZJojWSE7I6ysA" title="Lembaga">institutions</a> in civil law were also adapted from similar institutions in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhgEDt9UIKcis5v9VLj_ad-6lmZFvw" title="Syariah">Islamic law</a> and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhiUBTH6wDCmEP7jTmFWtMU8OmW-xg" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> during the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages&usg=ALkJrhgTZAfRtWxBBaDfPfHfrmIiTjg6Lg" title="Abad">Middle Ages</a> .</span> Beberapa hukum <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution&usg=ALkJrhgygdIa0ApCc585LZJojWSE7I6ysA" title="Lembaga">dalam</a> hukum perdata juga diadaptasi dari lembaga serupa dalam <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhgEDt9UIKcis5v9VLj_ad-6lmZFvw" title="Syariah">hukum Islam</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhiUBTH6wDCmEP7jTmFWtMU8OmW-xg" title="Fiqh">yurisprudensi</a> selama <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages&usg=ALkJrhgTZAfRtWxBBaDfPfHfrmIiTjg6Lg" title="Abad">abad.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, the Islamic <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala&usg=ALkJrhjuJrICBBxfr6fZGavSWXaWhN8avg" title="Hawala"><i>Hawala</i></a> institution is the basis of the <i>Avallo</i> in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhg86HsFabMSRO0CyDwiE-LANLe3Zg" title="Italia">Italian</a> civil law and the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aval&usg=ALkJrhic7dTC2NLGnYokJ_hy-6kS9PxkIw" title="Aval"><i>Aval</i></a> in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_civil_law&usg=ALkJrhiv7W5GKtOjJfpV6cyzH8zFjfRAcQ" title="Prancis hukum perdata" class="mw-redirect">French civil law</a> . <sup id="cite_ref-Badr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-Badr-1" title=""><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></a></sup></span> Misalnya, Islam <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala&usg=ALkJrhjuJrICBBxfr6fZGavSWXaWhN8avg" title="Hawala"><i>Hawala</i></a> lembaga adalah dasar dari <i>Avallo</i> di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhg86HsFabMSRO0CyDwiE-LANLe3Zg" title="Italia">Italia</a> hukum perdata dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aval&usg=ALkJrhic7dTC2NLGnYokJ_hy-6kS9PxkIw" title="Aval"><i>Aval</i></a> dalam <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_civil_law&usg=ALkJrhiv7W5GKtOjJfpV6cyzH8zFjfRAcQ" title="Prancis hukum perdata" class="mw-redirect">undang-undang sipil Perancis.</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Badr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-Badr-1" title=""><span>[2]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p><a name="Civil_versus_common_law" id="Civil_versus_common_law"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhimxV5FZZwKh4ksVCQdLuYMpWO96w" title="Sunting bagian: Sipil versus umum hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Civil versus common law</span></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhimxV5FZZwKh4ksVCQdLuYMpWO96w" title="Sunting bagian: Sipil versus umum hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sipil versus umum hukum</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Civil law is primarily contrasted against <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhhlNXZBrExQJzwI6X38h0Z3ffaXEA" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> , which is the legal system developed among <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophone&usg=ALkJrhj7aSUOJLJakTC9nqJfjlm8Ocaz2Q" title="Anglophone">Anglophone</a> people, especially in England.</span> Hukum perdata adalah terutama contrasted melawan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhhlNXZBrExQJzwI6X38h0Z3ffaXEA" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum,</a> yang merupakan sistem hukum yang dikembangkan antara <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophone&usg=ALkJrhj7aSUOJLJakTC9nqJfjlm8Ocaz2Q" title="Anglophone">Anglophone</a> orang, terutama di Inggris.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The original difference is that, historically, common law was law developed by <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_%28norm%29&usg=ALkJrhjuHvReKft-7i4Awd1R1zSlBBQKLA" title="Konvensi (norma)">custom</a> , beginning before there were any written laws and continuing to be applied by <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts&usg=ALkJrhiHhjI5uHE3YfgXieyn15zq7FE0Wg" title="Pengadilan" class="mw-redirect">courts</a> after there were written laws, too, whereas civil law developed out of the Roman law of Justinian's <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis&usg=ALkJrhhEKPctiSMKnofB9t8diTUl7g3k5Q" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> ( <i>Body of Civil Law</i> ).</span> Perbedaan yang asli adalah bahwa, sejarah, hukum umum yang dikembangkan oleh hukum <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_%28norm%29&usg=ALkJrhjuHvReKft-7i4Awd1R1zSlBBQKLA" title="Konvensi (norma)">adat,</a> awal sebelum ada peraturan dan tertulis untuk terus dapat diterapkan oleh <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts&usg=ALkJrhiHhjI5uHE3YfgXieyn15zq7FE0Wg" title="Pengadilan" class="mw-redirect">pengadilan</a> setelah ada undang-undang tertulis, terlalu, sedangkan hukum perdata yang dikembangkan dari Roma hukum Justinian's <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis&usg=ALkJrhhEKPctiSMKnofB9t8diTUl7g3k5Q" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <i>(Body of Civil Law).</i></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In later times, civil law became codified as <i>droit coutumier</i> or customary law that were local compilations of legal principles recognized as normative.</span> Di kemudian waktu, hukum perdata menjadi dikodifikasikan sebagai <i>Droit coutumier</i> atau hukum adat yang lokal compilations hukum diakui sebagai prinsip-prinsip normatif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sparked by the age of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment&usg=ALkJrhiKDe5g_Pl5tNSsipfy4ET5Vkzl7Q" title="Age of Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect">enlightenment</a> , attempts to codify private law began during the second half of the 18th century ( <i>see</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">civil code</a> ), but civil codes with a lasting influence were promulgated only after the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution&usg=ALkJrhielRR-yfJ7YRfcKq2FLZLtis7tSw" title="Revolusi Perancis">French Revolution</a> , in jurisdictions such as <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhhwKncvruTzRQPuYwIG0j76XBqj0Q" title="Prancis">France</a> (with its <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhhYIGoq0PbDhHx7rKbXEaGZcI1sxg" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code</a> ), <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria&usg=ALkJrhiEZG-18l4IvDwu2Rf01mSYvVSaYw" title="Austria">Austria</a> ( <i>see</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABGB&usg=ALkJrhhXrXl0lyqiYiCOGoud8d1-DIgPiw" title="ABGB" class="mw-redirect">ABGB</a> ), <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec&usg=ALkJrhhJfZLUesuAZq2ef4gBtEFFQS3Lrw" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> ( <i>see</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec&usg=ALkJrhgef_aLX5T-gclFvpIdmQxDoP2BNQ" title="Sipil Kode Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a> ), <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhg86HsFabMSRO0CyDwiE-LANLe3Zg" title="Italia">Italy</a> (Codice Civile), <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&usg=ALkJrhi70evGReZh1TKjvhXvvHzeQ7xnYA" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> ( <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25B3digo_Civil&usg=ALkJrhhZ_Vve8iTx9m44dLGl8O1WkkTntg" title="Código Sipil" class="mw-redirect">Código Civil</a> ), <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain&usg=ALkJrhjtVum1Zf_H4Uva30YR4w4t7a8UkA" title="Spanyol">Spain</a> ( <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DC%25C3%25B3digo_Civil_%28Spain%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiZK5pxJco6lBDG1sZSSz2tk-dZzw" class="new" title="Código Sipil (Spanyol) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Código Civil</a> ), <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhgjJOIgzrZF_bUfKOBzmiAjTg1kwA" title="Belanda" class="mw-redirect">the Netherlands</a> ( <i>see</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgerlijk_Wetboek&usg=ALkJrhjeL8FdWV9dGCoYFbgPR14aw93ulw" title="Burgerlijk Wetboek">Burgerlijk Wetboek</a> ), and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhiE2-Vd6Fmb1xvMWHMMKDnASOwtVQ" title="Jerman">Germany</a> ( <i>see</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhjT8qySTtD0ioG2wmKBZNW0oxsj1g" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> ).</span> Menyulut berbagai macam oleh usia <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment&usg=ALkJrhiKDe5g_Pl5tNSsipfy4ET5Vkzl7Q" title="Age of Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect">pencerahan,</a> mencoba untuk mengkodifikasikan hukum swasta mulai selama dua setengah dari abad 18 <i>(lihat</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">hukum perdata),</a> tetapi dengan kode sipil yang telah berlangsung mempengaruhi promulgated hanya setelah <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution&usg=ALkJrhielRR-yfJ7YRfcKq2FLZLtis7tSw" title="Revolusi Perancis">Revolusi Perancis,</a> di wilayah hukum seperti <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhhwKncvruTzRQPuYwIG0j76XBqj0Q" title="Prancis">Perancis</a> (dengan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhhYIGoq0PbDhHx7rKbXEaGZcI1sxg" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code),</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria&usg=ALkJrhiEZG-18l4IvDwu2Rf01mSYvVSaYw" title="Austria">Austria</a> <i>(lihat</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABGB&usg=ALkJrhhXrXl0lyqiYiCOGoud8d1-DIgPiw" title="ABGB" class="mw-redirect">ABGB),</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec&usg=ALkJrhhJfZLUesuAZq2ef4gBtEFFQS3Lrw" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> <i>(lihat</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec&usg=ALkJrhgef_aLX5T-gclFvpIdmQxDoP2BNQ" title="Sipil Kode Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec),</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhg86HsFabMSRO0CyDwiE-LANLe3Zg" title="Italia">Italia</a> (Codice Civile), <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&usg=ALkJrhi70evGReZh1TKjvhXvvHzeQ7xnYA" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25B3digo_Civil&usg=ALkJrhhZ_Vve8iTx9m44dLGl8O1WkkTntg" title="Código Sipil" class="mw-redirect">(Código Sipil),</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain&usg=ALkJrhjtVum1Zf_H4Uva30YR4w4t7a8UkA" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DC%25C3%25B3digo_Civil_%28Spain%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiZK5pxJco6lBDG1sZSSz2tk-dZzw" class="new" title="Código Sipil (Spanyol) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">(Código </a><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhgjJOIgzrZF_bUfKOBzmiAjTg1kwA" title="Belanda" class="mw-redirect">Sipil),</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhgjJOIgzrZF_bUfKOBzmiAjTg1kwA" title="Belanda" class="mw-redirect">Belanda</a> <i>(lihat</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgerlijk_Wetboek&usg=ALkJrhjeL8FdWV9dGCoYFbgPR14aw93ulw" title="Burgerlijk Wetboek">Burgerlijk Wetboek),</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhiE2-Vd6Fmb1xvMWHMMKDnASOwtVQ" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> <i>(lihat</i> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhjT8qySTtD0ioG2wmKBZNW0oxsj1g" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch).</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhhjnM2iUm_GczDCoPvmTaAUzKzwUg" title="Kodifikasi">Codification</a> , however, is by no means a defining characteristic of a civil law system.</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhhjnM2iUm_GczDCoPvmTaAUzKzwUg" title="Kodifikasi">Kodifikasi,</a> bagaimanapun, adalah tidak berarti mendefinisikan karakteristik dari sistem hukum perdata.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, the statutes that govern the civil law systems of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden&usg=ALkJrhjGoKvPK8KPzXHrY5R8gjnGJZjcnw" title="Swedia">Sweden</a> and other <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries&usg=ALkJrhhquF2xjp5jW8CcR7opCitQdQQotw" title="Negara-negara Nordik">Nordic countries</a> are not grouped into larger, expansive codes like those found in France and Germany. <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a> Furthermore, many common law jurisdictions have codified parts of their laws, for example, the federal statutes in the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Code&usg=ALkJrhjsuYrLU6EBkDYOp2-uUDdicdRZ-Q" title="Amerika Kode">United States Code</a> , and much <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhgOBUjD5--Q7VgMybdODLr5dMlboQ" title="Hukum pidana Australia">Australian criminal law</a> .</span> Misalnya, statutes bahwa pemerintah sipil sistem hukum <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden&usg=ALkJrhjGoKvPK8KPzXHrY5R8gjnGJZjcnw" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries&usg=ALkJrhhquF2xjp5jW8CcR7opCitQdQQotw" title="Negara-negara Nordik">negara-negara Nordik</a> tidak menjadi lebih besar, luas kode seperti yang ditemukan di Perancis dan Jerman. <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[6]</span></sup></a> Selain itu, banyak hukum umum memiliki jurisdiksi mereka dikodifikasikan bagian hukum, untuk contoh, federal statutes di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Code&usg=ALkJrhjsuYrLU6EBkDYOp2-uUDdicdRZ-Q" title="Amerika Kode">Amerika Serikat Code,</a> dan masih banyak <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhgOBUjD5--Q7VgMybdODLr5dMlboQ" title="Hukum pidana Australia">hukum pidana Australia.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are also so-called "mixed systems" that combine aspects of both common and civil law systems, such as the laws of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland&usg=ALkJrhgHxeHJ4V9lXuXD4rbBiV8imeQHNw" title="Skotlandia">Scotland</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana&usg=ALkJrhgpUzD1mE7MuPeVHqIvoiMP5yzDcQ" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec&usg=ALkJrhhJfZLUesuAZq2ef4gBtEFFQS3Lrw" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> , the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines&usg=ALkJrhidUYF0TOqJIj1c2y7kPyduZLBjkA" title="Filipina">Philippines</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia&usg=ALkJrhifxNfyjdD9Jrzh0hslKesfi9Jcxw" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa&usg=ALkJrhg_F5zBtsqmSRwjE7Jh4kLNh9CkTw" title="Afrika Selatan">South Africa</a> .</span> Ada juga yang disebut "sistem campuran" yang menggabungkan aspek baik umum dan sistem hukum perdata, seperti undang-undang <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland&usg=ALkJrhgHxeHJ4V9lXuXD4rbBiV8imeQHNw" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana&usg=ALkJrhgpUzD1mE7MuPeVHqIvoiMP5yzDcQ" title="Louisiana">Louisiana,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec&usg=ALkJrhhJfZLUesuAZq2ef4gBtEFFQS3Lrw" title="Quebec">Quebec,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines&usg=ALkJrhidUYF0TOqJIj1c2y7kPyduZLBjkA" title="Filipina">Filipina,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia&usg=ALkJrhifxNfyjdD9Jrzh0hslKesfi9Jcxw" title="Namibia">Indonesia</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa&usg=ALkJrhg_F5zBtsqmSRwjE7Jh4kLNh9CkTw" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Thus, the difference between civil law and common law lies not just in the mere fact of codification, but in the methodological approach to codes and statutes.</span> Dengan demikian, perbedaan antara hukum perdata dan hukum umum tidak hanya terletak pada fakta hanya dari kodifikasi, tetapi dalam metodologi dan pendekatan kode statutes.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In civil law countries, legislation is seen as the primary <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_of_law&usg=ALkJrhgcywBQ817p1b0UiDjPBYyNBSM8UQ" title="Sumber hukum" class="mw-redirect">source of law</a> .</span> Sipil di negara-negara hukum, undang-undang ini dianggap sebagai <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_of_law&usg=ALkJrhgcywBQ817p1b0UiDjPBYyNBSM8UQ" title="Sumber hukum" class="mw-redirect">sumber</a> utama <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_of_law&usg=ALkJrhgcywBQ817p1b0UiDjPBYyNBSM8UQ" title="Sumber hukum" class="mw-redirect">hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By default, courts thus base their judgments on the provisions of codes and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhjHwkxF4yuVLV8paOpu7Densj4WBQ" title="Statuta">statutes</a> , from which solutions in particular cases are to be derived.</span> Secara default, pengadilan sehingga mereka dasar Hukum pada ketentuan dan kode <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhjHwkxF4yuVLV8paOpu7Densj4WBQ" title="Statuta">statutes,</a> dari yang solusi dalam kasus tertentu yang harus diambil.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Courts thus have to reason extensively on the basis of general rules and principles of the code, often drawing <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy&usg=ALkJrhg05kkjXLikoJOlpEUYxwbSeWCizw" title="Analogi">analogies</a> from statutory provisions to fill <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhg6YpkT_LgRsbU7fe9-WCBY0COYrA" title="Kekosongan (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">lacunae</a> and to achieve coherence.</span> Pengadilan sehingga ada alasan untuk secara berdasarkan aturan umum dan prinsip-prinsip kode, sering menggambar <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy&usg=ALkJrhg05kkjXLikoJOlpEUYxwbSeWCizw" title="Analogi">analogies</a> dari ketentuan undang-undang untuk mengisi <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhg6YpkT_LgRsbU7fe9-WCBY0COYrA" title="Kekosongan (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">lacunae</a> dan untuk mencapai koherensi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By contrast, in the common law system, <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law&usg=ALkJrhgu_S1HA3ZkC7b9nEOdw0S55Q4ULA" title="Kasus hukum">case law</a> is a major <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_of_law&usg=ALkJrhgcywBQ817p1b0UiDjPBYyNBSM8UQ" title="Sumber hukum" class="mw-redirect">source of law</a> , while statutes are often seen as supplemental to <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_opinions&usg=ALkJrhgK_56ZQMa-45hPiF0MGUUfbEQdPw" title="Pendapat hukum" class="mw-redirect">judicial opinions</a> and thus interpreted narrowly.</span> Dengan kontras, di dalam sistem hukum umum, <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law&usg=ALkJrhgu_S1HA3ZkC7b9nEOdw0S55Q4ULA" title="Kasus hukum">kasus hukum</a> merupakan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_of_law&usg=ALkJrhgcywBQ817p1b0UiDjPBYyNBSM8UQ" title="Sumber hukum" class="mw-redirect">sumber hukum,</a> sedangkan statutes seringkali dianggap sebagai tambahan untuk <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_opinions&usg=ALkJrhgK_56ZQMa-45hPiF0MGUUfbEQdPw" title="Pendapat hukum" class="mw-redirect">peradilan pendapat</a> sehingga diinterpretasikan sempit.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The underlying principle of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers&usg=ALkJrhiwNt3VMD0iz4svDSR8qePKJMFYBA" title="Pemisahan kekuasaan">separation of powers</a> is seen somewhat differently in civil law and common law countries.</span> Dengan prinsip yang <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers&usg=ALkJrhiwNt3VMD0iz4svDSR8qePKJMFYBA" title="Pemisahan kekuasaan">pemisahan kekuasaan</a> terlihat agak berbeda dalam hukum perdata dan hukum umum negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In some common law countries, especially the United States, judges are seen as balancing the power of the other branches of government.</span> Hukum umum di beberapa negara, terutama Amerika Serikat, yang dianggap sebagai hakim balancing kuasa dari cabang lain dari pemerintah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By contrast, the original idea of separation of powers in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhhwKncvruTzRQPuYwIG0j76XBqj0Q" title="Prancis">France</a> was to assign different roles to <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhjlVQsycH1X-t-ALKG9NEg-fOT9rQ" title="Perundang-undangan">legislation</a> and to <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhi1YIgypd_fUyx8siVjwGv78V7zKg" title="Hakim">judges</a> , with the latter only applying the law (the judge as <i>la bouche de la loi</i> ; 'the mouth of the law').</span> Dengan kontras, asli dari ide pemisahan kekuasaan di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhhwKncvruTzRQPuYwIG0j76XBqj0Q" title="Prancis">Perancis</a> adalah untuk memberikan peran yang berbeda untuk <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhjlVQsycH1X-t-ALKG9NEg-fOT9rQ" title="Perundang-undangan">undang-undang</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhi1YIgypd_fUyx8siVjwGv78V7zKg" title="Hakim">hakim,</a> yang kedua hanya dengan penerapan hukum (hakim sebagai <i>la bouche de la loi;</i> 'mulut hukum').</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This translates into the fact that many civil law jurisdictions reject the formalistic notion of binding <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent&usg=ALkJrhgjPrhU7Qw8ZOytEmqKrcrJa00aPg" title="Preseden">precedent</a> (although paying due consideration to settled case-law), or restrict the power to set precedents to a competent Supreme Court.</span> Menterjemahkan ini menjadi kenyataan bahwa banyak jurisdiksi hukum perdata menolak formalistic gagasan mengikat <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent&usg=ALkJrhgjPrhU7Qw8ZOytEmqKrcrJa00aPg" title="Preseden">preseden</a> (walaupun karena pertimbangan untuk membayar lunas-kasus hukum), atau membatasi kekuasaan untuk menetapkan preseden yang kompeten ke Mahkamah Agung.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are other notable differences between the legal methodologies of various civil law countries.</span> Terkemuka lainnya terdapat perbedaan antara metodologi hukum dari berbagai negara-negara hukum perdata.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, it is often said that common law opinions are much longer and contain elaborate reasoning, whereas legal opinions in civil law countries are usually very short and formal in nature. <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Mei 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhgb7-m11-eE9eOsIMTPscUI-LGyTA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> This is in principle true in France, where judges cite only legislation, but not prior case law.</span> Misalnya, sering mengatakan bahwa pendapat umum hukum yang lebih lama dan rumit berisi alasan, sedangkan pendapat hukum dalam hukum perdata negara biasanya sangat singkat dan formal di alam. <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Mei 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhgb7-m11-eE9eOsIMTPscUI-LGyTA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><i>[Kutipan diperlukan]</i></sup></a></span> Hal ini benar prinsip di Perancis, di mana hakim mempercontohkan hanya perundang-undangan, tetapi tidak sebelum kasus hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(However, this does not mean that judges do not consider it when drafting opinions.) By contrast, court opinions in German-speaking countries can be as long as English ones, and normally discuss prior cases and academic writing extensively.</span> (Namun, ini tidak berarti bahwa hakim tidak mempertimbangkan ketika rancangan pendapat.) Dengan kontras, pengadilan Jerman-pendapat di negara-negara dapat berbicara selama orang Inggris, dan biasanya sebelum membicarakan kasus dan menulis secara akademik.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are, however, certain sociological differences.</span> Namun, ada beberapa perbedaan sosiologis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In some Civil law countries judges are trained and promoted separately from attorneys, whereas common law judges are usually selected from accomplished and reputable attorneys.</span> Di beberapa negara hukum Sipil hakim dilatih dan dipromosikan secara terpisah dari attorneys, sedangkan hakim hukum umum biasanya dipilih dari tercapai dan bereputasi attorneys.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia&usg=ALkJrhjRzTR8bVmHFUVls_awTiB5CFiHAg" title="Skandinavia">Scandinavian</a> countries judges are attorneys who have applied for the position, whereas <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhhwKncvruTzRQPuYwIG0j76XBqj0Q" title="Prancis">France</a> has a specialized graduate school for judges.</span> Di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia&usg=ALkJrhjRzTR8bVmHFUVls_awTiB5CFiHAg" title="Skandinavia">Skandinavia</a> negara attorneys hakim yang telah diterapkan untuk posisi, sedangkan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhhwKncvruTzRQPuYwIG0j76XBqj0Q" title="Prancis">Perancis</a> memiliki lulusan sekolah khusus bagi hakim.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">With respect to criminal procedure, certain civil law systems are based upon a variant of the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system&usg=ALkJrhi1QPAq-7-wOEjRDGF_PX-OYtCeDg" title="Melit sistem">inquisitorial system</a> rather than the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversarial_system&usg=ALkJrhhkRRdSd9-FxpqJlEGdkS6c-5c7NQ" title="Adversarial sistem">adversarial system</a> .</span> Sehubungan dengan prosedur pidana, beberapa sistem hukum perdata yang didasarkan pada varian dari <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system&usg=ALkJrhi1QPAq-7-wOEjRDGF_PX-OYtCeDg" title="Melit sistem">melit sistem</a> bukan pada <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversarial_system&usg=ALkJrhhkRRdSd9-FxpqJlEGdkS6c-5c7NQ" title="Adversarial sistem">sistem adversarial.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This kind of judicial organization is sometimes criticized as lacking a <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence&usg=ALkJrhhngq8s7nPz5qmqPoHz8dGcC3p9Pw" title="Dugaan of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> .</span> Semacam ini kadang-kadang lembaga peradilan dikritik sebagai sebuah kurang <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence&usg=ALkJrhhngq8s7nPz5qmqPoHz8dGcC3p9Pw" title="Dugaan of innocence">dugaan of innocence.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most European countries, however, are parties to the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiXDyct-mj92_K2CbibtkpCgrpqKQ" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">European Convention on Human Rights</a> and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiXDyct-mj92_K2CbibtkpCgrpqKQ#Article_6_-_right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">Article 6</a> guarantees "the right to a fair trial" and the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence&usg=ALkJrhhngq8s7nPz5qmqPoHz8dGcC3p9Pw" title="Dugaan of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> .</span> Sebagian besar negara-negara Eropa, bagaimanapun, adalah pihak untuk <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiXDyct-mj92_K2CbibtkpCgrpqKQ" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">Konvensi Eropa tentang HAM</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiXDyct-mj92_K2CbibtkpCgrpqKQ#Article_6_-_right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">Pasal 6</a> menjamin "hak untuk yang adil" dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence&usg=ALkJrhhngq8s7nPz5qmqPoHz8dGcC3p9Pw" title="Dugaan of innocence">dugaan of innocence.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Convention is ratified by all the members and as such part of their national legislation.</span> Meratifikasi Konvensi ini oleh semua anggota dan oleh karena itu bagian dari legislasi nasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some Civil law nations also have legislation that predates the Convention and secures the defendant the presumption of innocence.</span> Beberapa Sipil bangsa juga ada hukum perundang-undangan yang predates Konvensi dan akan mengamankan pengiriman yang terdakwa dugaan of innocence.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Amongst them <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway&usg=ALkJrhhtIC-uHsF6HP_xHB_pyPUktdjiXw" title="Norwegia">Norway</a> where the presumption is guaranteed by uncodified <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law&usg=ALkJrhhsibv5LVpIMMjkl99PCnxfCdbbrQ" title="Hukum adat" class="mw-redirect">customary law</a> and validated theory <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a> recognized by the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norway&usg=ALkJrhhyPWSld2bMkh0EQ5pt-8UznFzoLA" title="Mahkamah Agung Norwegia">Supreme Court</a> in plenary (effectively forming a <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent&usg=ALkJrhgjPrhU7Qw8ZOytEmqKrcrJa00aPg" title="Preseden">precedent</a> ).</span> Antara <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway&usg=ALkJrhhtIC-uHsF6HP_xHB_pyPUktdjiXw" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a> dimana praduga uncodified dijamin oleh <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law&usg=ALkJrhhsibv5LVpIMMjkl99PCnxfCdbbrQ" title="Hukum adat" class="mw-redirect">hukum adat</a> dan divalidasi teori <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7]</span></sup></a> diakui oleh <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norway&usg=ALkJrhhyPWSld2bMkh0EQ5pt-8UznFzoLA" title="Mahkamah Agung Norwegia">Mahkamah Agung</a> dalam paripurna (efektif membentuk <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent&usg=ALkJrhgjPrhU7Qw8ZOytEmqKrcrJa00aPg" title="Preseden">preseden).</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While the presumption of innocence is present, what distinguishes the more inquisitorial system is the frequent lack of a jury of peers, which is guaranteed in many common law jurisdictions.</span> Sementara dugaan of innocence ada, apa lagi yang membedakan adalah sistem melit sering kuranganya juri dari rekan-rekan yang dijamin di berbagai jurisdiksi hukum umum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Inquisitorial systems tend to have something akin to a "bench" trial made up of a single judge or a tribunal.</span> Melit sistem cenderung memiliki sesuatu yang serupa dengan sebuah "bangku" percobaan yang terdiri dari satu hakim atau pengadilan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some Scandinavian nations have a tribunal that consists of one civilian and two trained legal professionals.</span> Beberapa negara Skandinavia ada suatu tribunal yang terdiri dari satu orang sipil dan dua hukum profesional terlatih.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One result of the inquisitorial system's lack of jury trial is a significant difference in the rules of trial evidence.</span> Salah satu hasil melit sistem kurangnya juri pengadilan adalah perbedaan yang signifikan dalam aturan persidangan bukti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Common law rules of evidence are founded on a concern that juries will misuse, or give inappropriate weight to unreliable evidence.</span> Aturan hukum umum bukti yang didirikan pada kekhawatiran bahwa Juri akan penyalahgunaan, berat atau tidak patut untuk memberikan bukti diandalkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In inquisitorial systems the rules of evidence are sometimes less complicated because legal professionals are considered capable of identifying reliable evidence.</span> Melit dalam sistem aturan bukti kadang kurang profesional hukum rumit karena dianggap mampu mengidentifikasi bukti diandalkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most noteworthy of these is the lack of a hearsay rule.</span> Paling penting ini adalah kuranganya desus aturan.</span> </p><p><a name="Subgroups" id="Subgroups"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhgleOjidmhGXtN_67ptQLymu5MNhQ" title="Sunting bagian: Subgroups">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Subgroups</span></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhgleOjidmhGXtN_67ptQLymu5MNhQ" title="Sunting bagian: Subgroups"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Subgroups</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The term "civil law" as applied to a legal tradition actually originates in English-speaking countries, where it was used to lump all non-English legal traditions together and contrast them to the English common law.</span> Istilah "hukum perdata" sebagai diterapkan ke tradisi hukum sebenarnya berasal di negara-negara berbahasa Inggris, di mana ia digunakan untuk benjol semua non-Inggris hukum dan tradisi bersama mereka kontras dengan bahasa Inggris umum hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, since continental European traditions are by no means uniform, scholars of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_law&usg=ALkJrhikwGq_9omLF2tekAXAMNXh5RJg8g" title="Perbandingan hukum">comparative law</a> and economists promoting the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_origins_theory&usg=ALkJrhiiSn1seAq7fq2iVCAZXgzEG4SJEw" title="Hukum asal teori">legal origins theory</a> usually subdivide civil law into four distinct groups:</span> Namun, sejak tradisi Eropa kontinental sekali-kali tidak seragam, akademisi dari <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_law&usg=ALkJrhikwGq_9omLF2tekAXAMNXh5RJg8g" title="Perbandingan hukum">perbandingan hukum</a> dan ekonom mempromosikan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_origins_theory&usg=ALkJrhiiSn1seAq7fq2iVCAZXgzEG4SJEw" title="Hukum asal teori">hukum asal teori</a> hukum perdata biasanya lagi menjadi empat grup:</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_law&usg=ALkJrhjwBeqPgIWpZGHgBj2j5ui4uefuJw" title="French hukum" class="mw-redirect"><b>French civil law</b></a> : in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhhwKncvruTzRQPuYwIG0j76XBqj0Q" title="Prancis">France</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium&usg=ALkJrhjgqOYhxUiIXjstwu2ZdbeCusEQWw" title="Belgia">Belgium</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg&usg=ALkJrhhx_2Bn3oYmj7hVclrgQjHqThz9zw" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> , the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian&usg=ALkJrhiYHI5YHTU-7kU3s2N5ePvEaE8Tyg" title="Kanada" class="mw-redirect">Canadian</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province&usg=ALkJrhhGwOAnOFmgSVhaugwrDBWb11aYjA" title="Propinsi">Province</a> of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec&usg=ALkJrhhJfZLUesuAZq2ef4gBtEFFQS3Lrw" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> , the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state&usg=ALkJrhgMLHHVbm95WURtZaZP-S8gObawyw" title="AS">US state</a> of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana&usg=ALkJrhgpUzD1mE7MuPeVHqIvoiMP5yzDcQ" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhg86HsFabMSRO0CyDwiE-LANLe3Zg" title="Italia">Italy</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain&usg=ALkJrhjtVum1Zf_H4Uva30YR4w4t7a8UkA" title="Spanyol">Spain</a> and former colonies of those countries;</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_law&usg=ALkJrhjwBeqPgIWpZGHgBj2j5ui4uefuJw" title="French hukum" class="mw-redirect"><b>Hukum perdata Prancis:</b></a> di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhhwKncvruTzRQPuYwIG0j76XBqj0Q" title="Prancis">Perancis,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium&usg=ALkJrhjgqOYhxUiIXjstwu2ZdbeCusEQWw" title="Belgia">Belgia,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg&usg=ALkJrhhx_2Bn3oYmj7hVclrgQjHqThz9zw" title="Luxembourg">Luksemburg,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian&usg=ALkJrhiYHI5YHTU-7kU3s2N5ePvEaE8Tyg" title="Kanada" class="mw-redirect">Kanada</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province&usg=ALkJrhhGwOAnOFmgSVhaugwrDBWb11aYjA" title="Propinsi">Provinsi</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec&usg=ALkJrhhJfZLUesuAZq2ef4gBtEFFQS3Lrw" title="Quebec">Quebec,</a> the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state&usg=ALkJrhgMLHHVbm95WURtZaZP-S8gObawyw" title="AS">US state</a> of <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana&usg=ALkJrhgpUzD1mE7MuPeVHqIvoiMP5yzDcQ" title="Louisiana">Louisiana,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhg86HsFabMSRO0CyDwiE-LANLe3Zg" title="Italia">Italia,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain&usg=ALkJrhjtVum1Zf_H4Uva30YR4w4t7a8UkA" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> dan bekas koloni dari negara-negara;</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhh9bdlKC-_fhVTbwgpa-HYBLfPnOg" title="Hukum di Jerman"><b>German civil law</b></a> : in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhiE2-Vd6Fmb1xvMWHMMKDnASOwtVQ" title="Jerman">Germany</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria&usg=ALkJrhiEZG-18l4IvDwu2Rf01mSYvVSaYw" title="Austria">Austria</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland&usg=ALkJrhhI-e67Qp6WweTnEp830n7uGSK6yw" title="Swiss">Switzerland</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&usg=ALkJrhiqcGLSG89D5llHr7P_1C-68Mlmrg" title="Yunani">Greece</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil&usg=ALkJrhghvFVC09DCBLSNy0Us2XFTLM4XpQ" title="Brasil">Brazil</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&usg=ALkJrhi70evGReZh1TKjvhXvvHzeQ7xnYA" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey&usg=ALkJrhgnsI1gbbPWd3aTd9-UQYaZ3P22oA" title="Turki">Turkey</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan&usg=ALkJrhjjbiH-hOOKBQn9cfO96OFGJSo91g" title="Jepang">Japan</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea&usg=ALkJrhi6xjPRYriKl5wmVw_kaAf1lGCmrg" title="Korea Selatan">South Korea</a> and the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhiG53ndx76Lu9O3D0t_RfLSXCkPFg" title="Republik Cina">Republic of China</a> ( <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan&usg=ALkJrhhQX0eL5lC3_mzfAVc0-sXe8hy_eQ" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> );</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhh9bdlKC-_fhVTbwgpa-HYBLfPnOg" title="Hukum di Jerman"><b>Jerman hukum perdata:</b></a> di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhiE2-Vd6Fmb1xvMWHMMKDnASOwtVQ" title="Jerman">Jerman,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria&usg=ALkJrhiEZG-18l4IvDwu2Rf01mSYvVSaYw" title="Austria">Austria,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland&usg=ALkJrhhI-e67Qp6WweTnEp830n7uGSK6yw" title="Swiss">Swiss,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&usg=ALkJrhiqcGLSG89D5llHr7P_1C-68Mlmrg" title="Yunani">Yunani,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil&usg=ALkJrhghvFVC09DCBLSNy0Us2XFTLM4XpQ" title="Brasil">Brazil,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&usg=ALkJrhi70evGReZh1TKjvhXvvHzeQ7xnYA" title="Portugal">Portugal,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey&usg=ALkJrhgnsI1gbbPWd3aTd9-UQYaZ3P22oA" title="Turki">Turki,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan&usg=ALkJrhjjbiH-hOOKBQn9cfO96OFGJSo91g" title="Jepang">Jepang,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea&usg=ALkJrhi6xjPRYriKl5wmVw_kaAf1lGCmrg" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhiG53ndx76Lu9O3D0t_RfLSXCkPFg" title="Republik Cina">Republik Cina</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan&usg=ALkJrhhQX0eL5lC3_mzfAVc0-sXe8hy_eQ" title="Taiwan">(Taiwan);</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DScandinavian_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjPfdh7JWV2TnOK_-_h6ZiheSUWiw" class="new" title="Skandinavia hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><b>Scandinavian civil law</b></a> : in <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark&usg=ALkJrhh41nLAQ8O6zwLd4lGhrGuDcGjGrQ" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland&usg=ALkJrhif0KD-eu9MtQT1GcnYt4oHEQqogA" title="Finlandia">Finland</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland&usg=ALkJrhgROeaZ3t-RWX5Lg7u9URocbBJkiQ" title="Islandia">Iceland</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway&usg=ALkJrhhtIC-uHsF6HP_xHB_pyPUktdjiXw" title="Norwegia">Norway</a> and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden&usg=ALkJrhjGoKvPK8KPzXHrY5R8gjnGJZjcnw" title="Swedia">Sweden</a> .</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DScandinavian_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjPfdh7JWV2TnOK_-_h6ZiheSUWiw" class="new" title="Skandinavia hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><b>Skandinavia hukum perdata:</b></a> di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark&usg=ALkJrhh41nLAQ8O6zwLd4lGhrGuDcGjGrQ" title="Denmark">Denmark,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland&usg=ALkJrhif0KD-eu9MtQT1GcnYt4oHEQqogA" title="Finlandia">Finlandia,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland&usg=ALkJrhgROeaZ3t-RWX5Lg7u9URocbBJkiQ" title="Islandia">Islandia,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway&usg=ALkJrhhtIC-uHsF6HP_xHB_pyPUktdjiXw" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden&usg=ALkJrhjGoKvPK8KPzXHrY5R8gjnGJZjcnw" title="Swedia">Swedia.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_law&usg=ALkJrhiZnClQLkJ68FQ-bXwweL3U_udhXg" title="Cina hukum"><b>Chinese law</b></a> is a mixture of civil law and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhippqts--gLT_i_3xyCQO4IY-eikA" title="Sosialis hukum">socialist law</a> .</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_law&usg=ALkJrhiZnClQLkJ68FQ-bXwweL3U_udhXg" title="Cina hukum"><b>Cina hukum</b></a> merupakan campuran dari hukum perdata dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhippqts--gLT_i_3xyCQO4IY-eikA" title="Sosialis hukum">hukum sosialis.</a></span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&usg=ALkJrhi70evGReZh1TKjvhXvvHzeQ7xnYA" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil&usg=ALkJrhghvFVC09DCBLSNy0Us2XFTLM4XpQ" title="Brasil">Brazil</a> and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhg86HsFabMSRO0CyDwiE-LANLe3Zg" title="Italia">Italy</a> have evolved from French to German influence, as their <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_century&usg=ALkJrhiFUdYK_u8pE3AJpNXcUzxGhSPtwg" title="Abad XIX" class="mw-redirect">19th century</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">civil codes</a> were close to the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhhYIGoq0PbDhHx7rKbXEaGZcI1sxg" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code</a> and their <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_century&usg=ALkJrhiyHgy4EfvJrW_itmCiUkhReIkWeQ" title="Abad XX" class="mw-redirect">20th century</a> civil codes are much closer to the German <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhjT8qySTtD0ioG2wmKBZNW0oxsj1g" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> .</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&usg=ALkJrhi70evGReZh1TKjvhXvvHzeQ7xnYA" title="Portugal">Portugal,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil&usg=ALkJrhghvFVC09DCBLSNy0Us2XFTLM4XpQ" title="Brasil">Brasil</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhg86HsFabMSRO0CyDwiE-LANLe3Zg" title="Italia">Italia</a> telah berkembang dari pengaruh Prancis ke Jerman, karena <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_century&usg=ALkJrhiFUdYK_u8pE3AJpNXcUzxGhSPtwg" title="Abad XIX" class="mw-redirect">abad ke-19</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">sipil kode</a> yang dekat dengan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhhYIGoq0PbDhHx7rKbXEaGZcI1sxg" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Kode</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_century&usg=ALkJrhiyHgy4EfvJrW_itmCiUkhReIkWeQ" title="Abad XX" class="mw-redirect">abad ke-20</a> sipil kode ini lebih dekat dengan Jerman <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhjT8qySTtD0ioG2wmKBZNW0oxsj1g" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Legal culture and law schools have also come near to the German system.</span> Hukum dan budaya hukum sekolah juga telah mendekati Jerman sistem.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The other law in these countries is often said to be of a hybrid nature.</span> Hukum yang lain di negara-negara tersebut sering berkata untuk menjadi sebuah hibrida alam.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjxb4fOcCcvBpiEjkIrz_5o-4sdsQ" title="Hukum dari Belanda">Dutch law</a> , or at least the Dutch civil code (the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgerlijk_Wetboek&usg=ALkJrhjeL8FdWV9dGCoYFbgPR14aw93ulw" title="Burgerlijk Wetboek"><i>Burgerlijk Wetboek</i></a> ) cannot be easily placed in one of the mentioned groups, and it has itself influenced the modern <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhjzYTDrioagCco54qIaikEaxpST1g" title="Hukum perdata">private law</a> of other countries.</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjxb4fOcCcvBpiEjkIrz_5o-4sdsQ" title="Hukum dari Belanda">Belanda hukum,</a> atau paling tidak Belanda hukum perdata (yang <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgerlijk_Wetboek&usg=ALkJrhjeL8FdWV9dGCoYFbgPR14aw93ulw" title="Burgerlijk Wetboek"><i>Burgerlijk Wetboek)</i></a> tidak dapat dengan mudah ditempatkan di salah satu kelompok yang disebutkan di atas, dan ia sendiri telah dipengaruhi modern <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhjzYTDrioagCco54qIaikEaxpST1g" title="Hukum perdata">pribadi hukum</a> dari negara-negara lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The present <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia&usg=ALkJrhh4Qsh2Ipqgfb_n8o3D3Z6cvdGwjw" title="Rusia">Russian</a> civil code is in part a translation of the Dutch one <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Agustus 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhgb7-m11-eE9eOsIMTPscUI-LGyTA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> .</span> Sekarang <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia&usg=ALkJrhh4Qsh2Ipqgfb_n8o3D3Z6cvdGwjw" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> hukum perdata adalah sebagian terjemahan dari Belanda satu <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Agustus 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhgb7-m11-eE9eOsIMTPscUI-LGyTA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><i>[kutipan diperlukan].</i></sup></a></span></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_law&usg=ALkJrhjUfoTbmxS0-SIx-Fo-cPviF7sEOg" title="Louisiana hukum">Law in the state of Louisiana</a> is based in part on civil law. <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana&usg=ALkJrhgpUzD1mE7MuPeVHqIvoiMP5yzDcQ" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> is the only <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state&usg=ALkJrhgMLHHVbm95WURtZaZP-S8gObawyw" title="AS">US state</a> partially based on <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_France&usg=ALkJrhiXuIlrQUQamMe0vEY6Kudxdf35nw" title="Hukum Perancis">French</a> and <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Spain&usg=ALkJrhiGyjHVP1NQcZpMjeQL5vNO1ri-5A" title="Hukum Spanyol">Spanish</a> codes and ultimately <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgtPCi8L3luWVRtiOZIiKLFmsHCXw" title="Roma hukum">Roman law</a> , as opposed to English <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhhlNXZBrExQJzwI6X38h0Z3ffaXEA" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> . <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> In Louisiana, private law is based on the <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Civil_Code&usg=ALkJrhi7LjMp_Q_olCnORQe6i6S2CvbXUA" title="Louisiana Sipil Kode" class="mw-redirect">Louisiana Civil Code</a> .</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_law&usg=ALkJrhjUfoTbmxS0-SIx-Fo-cPviF7sEOg" title="Louisiana hukum">Hukum di negara bagian Louisiana</a> adalah berdasarkan hukum perdata. <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana&usg=ALkJrhgpUzD1mE7MuPeVHqIvoiMP5yzDcQ" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> adalah satu-satunya <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state&usg=ALkJrhgMLHHVbm95WURtZaZP-S8gObawyw" title="AS">negara Amerika Serikat</a> sebagian berdasarkan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_France&usg=ALkJrhiXuIlrQUQamMe0vEY6Kudxdf35nw" title="Hukum Perancis">Perancis</a> dan <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Spain&usg=ALkJrhiGyjHVP1NQcZpMjeQL5vNO1ri-5A" title="Hukum Spanyol">Spanyol</a> dan pada akhirnya kode <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgtPCi8L3luWVRtiOZIiKLFmsHCXw" title="Roma hukum">Roma hukum,</a> karena bertentangan dengan bahasa Inggris <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhhlNXZBrExQJzwI6X38h0Z3ffaXEA" title="Umum hukum">umum hukum.</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[8]</span></sup></a> Dalam Louisiana, hukum swasta didasarkan pada di <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Civil_Code&usg=ALkJrhi7LjMp_Q_olCnORQe6i6S2CvbXUA" title="Louisiana Sipil Kode" class="mw-redirect">Louisiana Civil Code.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The current state of Louisiana law has converged considerably with US law. <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Saat ini status hukum Louisiana telah converged cukup dengan US hukum. <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[9]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhierF__oy2N_a3leoSXcMb2ApL_aA" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhierF__oy2N_a3leoSXcMb2ApL_aA" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">Civil code</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgKdbEi2wUax1zSSILMnjHfrTBUNw" title="Hukum perdata">Hukum perdata</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Qu%25C3%25A9bec&usg=ALkJrhgT4lq26eXQkSGKXPTE4xQJf05WgQ" title="Sipil Kode Quebec" class="mw-redirect">Civil Code of Québec</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Qu%25C3%25A9bec&usg=ALkJrhgT4lq26eXQkSGKXPTE4xQJf05WgQ" title="Sipil Kode Quebec" class="mw-redirect">Sipil Kode Quebec</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dutch_law&usg=ALkJrhivgXR_qpuo6gt110mNH44cxJwV-A" title="Roman Belanda hukum">Roman Dutch law</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dutch_law&usg=ALkJrhivgXR_qpuo6gt110mNH44cxJwV-A" title="Roman Belanda hukum">Roman Belanda hukum</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_law&usg=ALkJrhjUfoTbmxS0-SIx-Fo-cPviF7sEOg" title="Louisiana hukum">Louisiana law</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_law&usg=ALkJrhjUfoTbmxS0-SIx-Fo-cPviF7sEOg" title="Louisiana hukum">Louisiana hukum</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world&usg=ALkJrhjNAok4oo_P4IDGEb4HktUO3DfN1w" title="Sistem hukum di dunia">Legal systems of the world</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world&usg=ALkJrhjNAok4oo_P4IDGEb4HktUO3DfN1w" title="Sistem hukum di dunia">Sistem hukum di dunia</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Bibliography" id="Bibliography"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjXv6jNP9g9yAbjXcISZOcxjR-CUQ" title="Sunting bagian: Bibliografi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bibliography</span></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjXv6jNP9g9yAbjXcISZOcxjR-CUQ" title="Sunting bagian: Bibliografi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Bibliografi</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">MacQueen, Hector L. " <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ejcl.org/44/art44-1.html&usg=ALkJrhj4K5yP_4DGMfRJt5IJztJw7Cf1QA" class="external text" title="http://www.ejcl.org/44/art44-1.html" rel="nofollow">Scots Law and the Road to the New Ius Commune</a> ." <i>Electronic Journal of Comparative Law</i> 4, no. 4 (December 2000).</span> MacQueen, Hector L. <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ejcl.org/44/art44-1.html&usg=ALkJrhj4K5yP_4DGMfRJt5IJztJw7Cf1QA" class="external text" title="http://www.ejcl.org/44/art44-1.html" rel="nofollow">"Scots Hukum dan Jalan Baru ke Ius bersatu."</a> <i>Electronic Journal of Comparative Law</i> 4, no. 4 (Desember 2000).</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Moustaira Elina N., <i>Comparative Law: University Courses (in Greek)</i> , Ant.</span> N. Moustaira Elina, <i>Komparatif Hukum: Universitas Courses (di Yunani),</i> Ant.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">N. Sakkoulas Publishers, Athens, 2004, <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9601512675&usg=ALkJrhhl0ncIRb1FC4C65t7FA99alddP4w" class="internal">ISBN 960-15-1267-5</a></span> N. Sakkoulas Penerbit, Jakarta, 2004, <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9601512675&usg=ALkJrhhl0ncIRb1FC4C65t7FA99alddP4w" class="internal">ISBN 960-15-1267-5</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Notes" id="Notes"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhhY0xZ61AMakohcVo8KzNEY02EbYw" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhhY0xZ61AMakohcVo8KzNEY02EbYw" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Catatan</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Romanlaw.html&usg=ALkJrhiE0WhtVr23hoQWsMiFx-rIf3hhiw" class="external text" title="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Romanlaw.html" rel="nofollow">Roman law</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Romanlaw.html&usg=ALkJrhiE0WhtVr23hoQWsMiFx-rIf3hhiw" class="external text" title="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Romanlaw.html" rel="nofollow">Roma hukum</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-Badr-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-Badr_1-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-Badr_1-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFBadr">Badr, Gamal Moursi (Spring, 1978), "Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems", <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i> <b>26</b> (2 [Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24-25, 1977]): 187-198 [196-8]</cite></span> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-Badr_1-0" title="">A</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-Badr_1-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFBadr">Badar, Gamal Moursi (Spring, 1978), "Hukum Islam: Its Relation ke Lain Sistem Hukum", <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i> <b>26</b> (2 [Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, 24-25 Februari, 1977]): 187-198 [196-8]</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Ajournal & rft.genre = artikel & rft.atitle = Hukum Islam +% 3A + Its Relation + + ke + Lain-lain + + Sistem Hukum & rft.jtitle = The American + + Journal of + + + Komparatif Hukum & rft.aulast = Badar & rft.aufirst = Gamal + Moursi & rft.au = Badar% 2C + + Gamal Moursi & rft.date Spring% 2C = 1978 & rft.volume = 26 & rft.issue = 2% + + of + 5BProceedings sebuah Konferensi Internasional + + + + di + Komparatif Hukum% 2C + + Salt Lake City, Utah% 2C +% 2C + 24-25 Februari 1977% 2C% 5D & rft.pages = 187-198 +% 5B196-8% 5D & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Civil_law_ (legal_system)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-Makdisi-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-Makdisi_2-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFMakdisi1999">Makdisi, John A. (June 1999), "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law", <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Law_Review&usg=ALkJrhhxEO3GlmFghHkEbqWsePYF_dlBHA" title="North Carolina Law Review"><i>North Carolina Law Review</i></a> <b>77</b> (5): 1635-1739</cite></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-Makdisi_2-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFMakdisi1999">Makdisi, John A. (Juni 1999), "The Islamic Origin of Common Law", <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Law_Review&usg=ALkJrhhxEO3GlmFghHkEbqWsePYF_dlBHA" title="North Carolina Law Review"><i>North Carolina Law Review</i></a> <b>77</b> (5): 1635-1739</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Ajournal & rft.genre = artikel & rft.atitle = Islam + + The Origin of + di + + + Common Hukum & rft.jtitle =% 5B% 5BNorth + + Carolina Hukum + Tinjau% 5D% 5D & rft.aulast = Makdisi & rft.aufirst = + John A. & rft.au = Makdisi% 2C + + John A. & rft.date = Juni 1999 & rft.volume = 77 & rft.issue = 5 & rft.pages = 1635-1739 & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Civil_law_ (legal_system)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-Boisard-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-Boisard_3-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFBoisard1980">Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> <b>11</b> (4): 429-50</cite></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-Boisard_3-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFBoisard1980">Boisard, Marcel A. (Juli 1980), "Di Kemungkinan Pengaruh Islam di Barat Publik dan Hukum Internasional", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> <b>11</b> (4): 429-50</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Ajournal & rft.genre = artikel & rft.atitle = Di + yang + + Kemungkinan Pengaruh + of + Islam + di + Barat + + dan + Publik + Internasional Hukum & rft. = + jtitle International Journal of + + + Timur Tengah + Studi & rft.aulast = Boisard & rft.aufirst = Marcel + A. & rft.au = Boisard% 2C + + Marcel A. rft.date = & Juli 1980 & rft.volume = 11 & rft.issue = 4 & rft.pages = 429-50 = rfr_id & info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Civil_law_ (legal_system)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-4"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0859206.html&usg=ALkJrhhQ2dMqYbXo_rJ6zEHNNGi_k-ZsQA" class="external text" title="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0859206.html" rel="nofollow">Roman Law and Its Influence</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0859206.html&usg=ALkJrhhQ2dMqYbXo_rJ6zEHNNGi_k-ZsQA" class="external text" title="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0859206.html" rel="nofollow">Roma Hukum dan Its Influence</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-5"> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-5" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFSmitsDotevall2006">Smits, Jan (ed.); Dotevall, Rolf (2006), <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DqQK_RBUyX9cC&usg=ALkJrhi9hQpVgpM9SmAXTcLSB821zDTt6g" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=qQK_RBUyX9cC" rel="nofollow"><i>Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, "63: Sweden"</i></a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing&usg=ALkJrhiUKocNu92HfIOL_wqwcmGwxip_6g" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a> , <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845420136&usg=ALkJrhiElLyJgmWHWIJAdE3e14mU4qq04Q" class="internal">ISBN 1845420136</a> <span class="printonly">, <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DqQK_RBUyX9cC&usg=ALkJrhi9hQpVgpM9SmAXTcLSB821zDTt6g" class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=qQK_RBUyX9cC" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=qQK_RBUyX9cC</a></span></cite></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-5" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFSmitsDotevall2006">Smits, Jan (ed.); Dotevall, Rolf (2006), <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DqQK_RBUyX9cC&usg=ALkJrhi9hQpVgpM9SmAXTcLSB821zDTt6g" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=qQK_RBUyX9cC" rel="nofollow"><i>dari Elgar Ensiklopedi Komparatif Hukum, "63: Swedia",</i></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing&usg=ALkJrhiUKocNu92HfIOL_wqwcmGwxip_6g" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing,</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845420136&usg=ALkJrhiElLyJgmWHWIJAdE3e14mU4qq04Q" class="internal">ISBN <span class="printonly">1845420136,</span></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DqQK_RBUyX9cC&usg=ALkJrhi9hQpVgpM9SmAXTcLSB821zDTt6g" class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=qQK_RBUyX9cC" rel="nofollow"><span class="printonly">http://books.google.com/books?id=qQK_RBUyX9cC</span></a></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = Elgar Ensiklopedi + + + of + Komparatif Hukum% 2C +% 2263% 3A + 22% Swedia & rft.aulast = Smits & rft. aufirst = Jan +% 28ed.% 29 & rft.au = Smits% 2C + Jan +% 28ed.% 29 & rft.au = Dotevall% 2C + Rolf & rft.date = 2006 & rft.pub =% 5B% 5BEdward + + Elgar Penerbitan% 5D% 5D & rft.isbn = 1845420136 & rft_id = http% 3A% 2F% 2Fbooks.google.com% 2Fbooks% 3Fid% 3DqQK_RBUyX9cC & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Civil_law_ (legal_system)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> Eskeland, 510</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> Eskeland, 510</span> </li><li id="cite_note-7"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.la-legal.com/modules/article/view.article.php%3Fc8/29&usg=ALkJrhgRm0dTKQM5F7gEwlDvkQ0a-NG8Tg" class="external text" title="http://www.la-legal.com/modules/article/view.article.php?c8/29" rel="nofollow">How the Code Napoleon makes Louisiana law different</a> ". <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLA-Legal%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgq-t0KC3JVX9ReGelSww3o7-2yuw" class="new" title="LA-Hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">LA-Legal</a> .</span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.la-legal.com/modules/article/view.article.php%3Fc8/29&usg=ALkJrhgRm0dTKQM5F7gEwlDvkQ0a-NG8Tg" class="external text" title="http://www.la-legal.com/modules/article/view.article.php?c8/29" rel="nofollow">"Bagaimana Kode Napoleon Louisiana membuat undang-undang yang berbeda."</a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLA-Legal%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgq-t0KC3JVX9ReGelSww3o7-2yuw" class="new" title="LA-Hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">LA-Hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Retrieved on 2006-10-26.</span> Retrieved on 2006/10/26.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-8"> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.city-data.com/states/Louisiana-Judicial-system.html&usg=ALkJrhiHeoyLLBHPFjcwbXGo5C1dyAXRaQ" class="external free" title="http://www.city-data.com/states/Louisiana-Judicial-system.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.city-data.com/states/Louisiana-Judicial-system.html</a></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgVEqf-gBqK2c2qgVi5YOzDTmDTzQ#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.city-data.com/states/Louisiana-Judicial-system.html&usg=ALkJrhiHeoyLLBHPFjcwbXGo5C1dyAXRaQ" class="external free" title="http://www.city-data.com/states/Louisiana-Judicial-system.html" rel="nofollow">Http://www.city-data.com/states/Louisiana-Judicial-system.html</a></span> </li></ol></div><p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhhJwMy_JWKwLHHPVfRWvn1FghEs8A" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></span> <a href="http://72.14.235.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_law_%28legal_system%29%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhhJwMy_JWKwLHHPVfRWvn1FghEs8A" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline"></span></span></h2></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-1235785052095847652009-01-21T01:31:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:56:52.598-08:00Hukum Lingkungan<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Hukum lingkungan</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table style="padding: 0.5em 0pt 0.8em 1.4em; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; clear: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; float: right; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: auto;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#Education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#Education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Pendidikan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#References_and_bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References and bibliography</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#References_and_bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi dan bibliografi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="" cellspacing=""><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhiHz0sKyRbmyKRBUe3UL25mLahdzA" class="image" title="Scales keadilan"><img alt="Scales keadilan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" height="102" /></a> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:145%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Environmental law</strong></span> <strong class="selflink">Hukum lingkungan</strong></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.4em;"><br /></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Theory</span> Teori</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhh5FMFF9gE980Rjq_JgZu8pT9nf4w" title="Bumi Yurisprudensi">Earth jurisprudence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhh5FMFF9gE980Rjq_JgZu8pT9nf4w" title="Bumi Yurisprudensi">Bumi Yurisprudensi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerational_equity&usg=ALkJrhgR5Cd0Rx67CW7DDSFhoNuRumbFbg" title="Intergenerational ekuitas">Intergenerational equity</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerational_equity&usg=ALkJrhgR5Cd0Rx67CW7DDSFhoNuRumbFbg" title="Intergenerational ekuitas">Intergenerational ekuitas</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle&usg=ALkJrhiE-AdF3IlEPduXP9E6fAu4Tnsvww" title="Pengotor membayar prinsip">Polluter pays principle</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle&usg=ALkJrhiE-AdF3IlEPduXP9E6fAu4Tnsvww" title="Pengotor membayar prinsip">Pengotor membayar prinsip</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle&usg=ALkJrhjYBB1J2gP-75wacI46m9SsUdi8ag" title="Prinsip pencegahan">Precautionary principle</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle&usg=ALkJrhjYBB1J2gP-75wacI46m9SsUdi8ag" title="Prinsip pencegahan">Prinsip pencegahan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_trust_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhgrFfIyOqFF9qVW1gB_dDrz-UfzSw" title="Doktrin kepercayaan publik">Public trust doctrine</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_trust_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhgrFfIyOqFF9qVW1gB_dDrz-UfzSw" title="Doktrin kepercayaan publik">Doktrin kepercayaan publik</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development&usg=ALkJrhhFs7MqZ9cAP9lHW1zdUI-WlUl3GQ" title="Pembangunan berkelanjutan">Sustainable development</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development&usg=ALkJrhhFs7MqZ9cAP9lHW1zdUI-WlUl3GQ" title="Pembangunan berkelanjutan">Pembangunan berkelanjutan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Specific issues</span> Isu-isu spesifik</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos_and_the_law&usg=ALkJrhiXFwDGSQSXY7NCYfePJQlz51JU0g" title="Asbes dan hukum">Asbestos</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos_and_the_law&usg=ALkJrhiXFwDGSQSXY7NCYfePJQlz51JU0g" title="Asbes dan hukum">Asbes</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield_land&usg=ALkJrhiLKDs5Ax0l59oxITcafBAFAWIiQw" title="Brownfield tanah">Brownfield land</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield_land&usg=ALkJrhiLKDs5Ax0l59oxITcafBAFAWIiQw" title="Brownfield tanah">Brownfield tanah</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging&usg=ALkJrhgN9PmMYePJ8wlyXZHfjrij3FdqcQ" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging&usg=ALkJrhgN9PmMYePJ8wlyXZHfjrij3FdqcQ" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching&usg=ALkJrhjDY7BUOiw-rVY2x2jeAJ6qqqFd4g" title="Poaching">Poaching</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&usg=ALkJrhhHXMW4EWdqz25j3LN4Qntk-O8JuQ" title="Ilegal, tidak dilaporkan dan nelayan yg tak diatur">Unlawful fishing</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching&usg=ALkJrhjDY7BUOiw-rVY2x2jeAJ6qqqFd4g" title="Poaching">Poaching</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing&usg=ALkJrhhHXMW4EWdqz25j3LN4Qntk-O8JuQ" title="Ilegal, tidak dilaporkan dan nelayan yg tak diatur">Unlawful memancing</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming&usg=ALkJrhjbHPGWtdHf7KdyOvZ9FGuVD3NXNg" title="Mitigasi global warming">Mitigation of global warming</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming&usg=ALkJrhjbHPGWtdHf7KdyOvZ9FGuVD3NXNg" title="Mitigasi global warming">Mitigasi global warming</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhh9_fE9sw6C2ZOpz9Fq0GkZqj1QOQ" title="Hukum lingkungan internasional">International environmental law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhh9_fE9sw6C2ZOpz9Fq0GkZqj1QOQ" title="Hukum lingkungan internasional">Hukum lingkungan internasional</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhj5mY1iJJ8ZJTb7JhZESJEXLPoY8Q" title="Perang dan hukum lingkungan">War and environmental law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhj5mY1iJJ8ZJTb7JhZESJEXLPoY8Q" title="Perang dan hukum lingkungan">Perang dan hukum lingkungan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Instruments of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy&usg=ALkJrhgnqPU6qfJAyDmWamOj8gmaoiem1w" title="Lingkungan kebijakan">Environmental policy</a></span> Instrumen dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy&usg=ALkJrhgnqPU6qfJAyDmWamOj8gmaoiem1w" title="Lingkungan kebijakan">kebijakan Lingkungan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotax&usg=ALkJrhitrNf5qP5ZLyNM4RYbaJ3EF8QZyw" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market-based_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgwNm2B2LXc3EQ_pMm5qeGEXw1H6A" title="Instrumen berbasis pasar">Market-based instruments</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotax&usg=ALkJrhitrNf5qP5ZLyNM4RYbaJ3EF8QZyw" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market-based_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgwNm2B2LXc3EQ_pMm5qeGEXw1H6A" title="Instrumen berbasis pasar"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pasar-instrumen</span> berbasis</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment&usg=ALkJrhjDmbzWm4kUoo5sMQy_lfRIpV8qZQ" title="Penilaian dampak lingkungan">Environmental impact assessment</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment&usg=ALkJrhjDmbzWm4kUoo5sMQy_lfRIpV8qZQ" title="Penilaian dampak lingkungan">Penilaian dampak lingkungan</a></span><br /></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal;font-size:xx-small;color:transparent;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhgdjwXvHmAjxXOfVTADSE0YVS0KnQ" title="Template: Lingkungan hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhiYazqaykyTOa2K9AMdj5usHdFyzA" title="Template talk: Lingkungan hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Environmental_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgm6ci11C20AmT4cCXl-zhoo0hM_w" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Environmental_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhgdjwXvHmAjxXOfVTADSE0YVS0KnQ" title="Template: Lingkungan hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhiYazqaykyTOa2K9AMdj5usHdFyzA" title="Template talk: Lingkungan hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Environmental_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgm6ci11C20AmT4cCXl-zhoo0hM_w" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Environmental_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Environmental law</b> is a complex and interlocking body of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes&usg=ALkJrhgOXcAnSb1gtKiGfI3SU1O2NJXUJQ" title="Statutes" class="mw-redirect">statutes</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhgCdCFCFZfE0HScmGSmMtkVyD6Thg" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties&usg=ALkJrhiGmtxNlvLq5Iq-aH1xQapOdqfV-g" title="Perjanjian" class="mw-redirect">treaties</a> , conventions, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulations&usg=ALkJrhi-kS4lyIz5S1xxNdWAXitNcthYkg" title="Peraturan" class="mw-redirect">regulations</a> and policies which, very broadly, operate to regulate the interaction of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human&usg=ALkJrhitBHYlkMUEZjy0Yl7rlO4IHej2gQ" title="Manusia">humanity</a> and the rest of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_%28biophysical%29&usg=ALkJrhil6ZYKdnFF2K4aTEbjzz_KKimsAw" title="Lingkungan (biophysical)">biophysical</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment&usg=ALkJrhj4IvNyL2z9EwO9nisoohH18VCVtg" title="Lingkungan alam">natural environment</a> , toward the purpose of reducing or minimizing the impacts of human activity, both on the natural environment for its own sake, and on humanity itself.</span> <b>Hukum lingkungan hidup</b> adalah kompleks dan interlocking tubuh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes&usg=ALkJrhgOXcAnSb1gtKiGfI3SU1O2NJXUJQ" title="Statutes" class="mw-redirect">statutes,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhgCdCFCFZfE0HScmGSmMtkVyD6Thg" title="Umum hukum">umum hukum,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties&usg=ALkJrhiGmtxNlvLq5Iq-aH1xQapOdqfV-g" title="Perjanjian" class="mw-redirect">perjanjian,</a> konvensi, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulations&usg=ALkJrhi-kS4lyIz5S1xxNdWAXitNcthYkg" title="Peraturan" class="mw-redirect">peraturan</a> dan kebijakan yang sangat luas, beroperasi untuk mengatur interaksi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human&usg=ALkJrhitBHYlkMUEZjy0Yl7rlO4IHej2gQ" title="Manusia">manusia</a> dan sisa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_%28biophysical%29&usg=ALkJrhil6ZYKdnFF2K4aTEbjzz_KKimsAw" title="Lingkungan (biophysical)">biophysical</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment&usg=ALkJrhj4IvNyL2z9EwO9nisoohH18VCVtg" title="Lingkungan alam">alam lingkungan,</a> ke arah tujuan mengurangi atau meminimalkan dampak aktivitas manusia, baik di alam lingkungan untuk kepentingan sendiri, dan pada manusia itu sendiri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Environmental law draws from and is influenced by principles of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism&usg=ALkJrhgiyKFxcopIIeoP9yO_e1NNgeZljg" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> , including <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology&usg=ALkJrhgwKs1NvVnk1v8CuzMg1PVuQwrTcg" title="Ekologi">ecology</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement&usg=ALkJrhgZNdY4E3iWfKM51KzvkQN2PhlhuA" title="Gerakan konservasi">conservation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardship&usg=ALkJrhgs-On9s7qPq98798jCK3YURyDEvg" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_responsibility&usg=ALkJrhiT2Wntf4qY5Hzg4Rpnbh8fC2Ejyg" title="Tanggung jawab sosial">responsibility</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability&usg=ALkJrhgZomfdNM93mTeDV1f45MoJ5u8dig" title="Kesinambungan">sustainability</a> .</span> Mengacu hukum lingkungan dan dipengaruhi oleh prinsip-prinsip <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism&usg=ALkJrhgiyKFxcopIIeoP9yO_e1NNgeZljg" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism,</a> termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology&usg=ALkJrhgwKs1NvVnk1v8CuzMg1PVuQwrTcg" title="Ekologi">ekologi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement&usg=ALkJrhgZNdY4E3iWfKM51KzvkQN2PhlhuA" title="Gerakan konservasi">konservasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardship&usg=ALkJrhgs-On9s7qPq98798jCK3YURyDEvg" title="Stewardship">pekerjaan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_responsibility&usg=ALkJrhiT2Wntf4qY5Hzg4Rpnbh8fC2Ejyg" title="Tanggung jawab sosial">tanggung jawab</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability&usg=ALkJrhgZomfdNM93mTeDV1f45MoJ5u8dig" title="Kesinambungan">berkelanjutan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From an economic perspective it can be understood as concerned with the prevention of present and future <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externalities&usg=ALkJrhj25sbKE0idUMBQAmibmcAffxly0A" title="Eksternalitas" class="mw-redirect">externalities</a> .</span> Dari perspektif ekonomi dapat dipahami sebagai berkaitan dengan pencegahan dan masa depan hadir <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externalities&usg=ALkJrhj25sbKE0idUMBQAmibmcAffxly0A" title="Eksternalitas" class="mw-redirect">eksternalitas.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Areas of concern in environmental law include <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution&usg=ALkJrhjVzaCaMyKp5xDt6ZgoSlL9DYG4TQ" title="Polusi udara">air quality</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution&usg=ALkJrhgjrZPVAs3bxdZXC-NFnrBqyBM_4g" title="Pencemaran air">water quality</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming&usg=ALkJrhhluwWGGycdXgkBaVdLae4-7Ctkeg" title="Pemanasan global">global climate change</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture&usg=ALkJrhj0yzeEwlfcU5_L6OjiK067SF2VTw" title="Pertanian">agriculture</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity&usg=ALkJrhjRAApTMVlkVPmHs633pmCdGg5njw" title="Keanekaragaman hayati">biodiversity</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species&usg=ALkJrhhixms3k8EkR4ZCBytynn2EW7yKlQ" title="Spesies langka">species protection</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticides&usg=ALkJrhjy1EgAyIyi1BakcNUr15BMd7AQVQ" title="Pestisida" class="mw-redirect">pesticides</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_goods&usg=ALkJrhg7_DQx2NklZtg2uTxasP6NI1bz7Q" title="Barang berbahaya">hazardous chemicals</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management&usg=ALkJrhhYH-FeE8A2nY3XNdiOI31vUyPh4g" title="Limbah">waste management</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_remediation&usg=ALkJrhg48bzsDsEmLpJ9qlH7v_hTz6vpeQ" title="Lingkungan remediation">remediation</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination&usg=ALkJrhis4vfFLp1JCeG5wUFYt_zaL9CVOg" title="Kontaminasi tanah">contaminated land</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfields&usg=ALkJrhjbE8WRQluTsfNWwSIAD0m-eQbW-g" title="Brownfields" class="mw-redirect">brownfields</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growth&usg=ALkJrhiN-619KtuebBM_lJtMsj3_sxfNuQ" title="Smart pertumbuhan">smart growth</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development&usg=ALkJrhhFs7MqZ9cAP9lHW1zdUI-WlUl3GQ" title="Pembangunan berkelanjutan">sustainable development</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment&usg=ALkJrhjDmbzWm4kUoo5sMQy_lfRIpV8qZQ" title="Penilaian dampak lingkungan">impact review</a> , and conservation, stewardship and management of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_lands&usg=ALkJrhg9z4THAYJKMuZMmHLOGEwdWpt5lA" title="Publik tanah" class="mw-redirect">public lands</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources&usg=ALkJrhgYPVLOMnqYXjewRjZfodzvDDD4JA" title="Sumber daya alam" class="mw-redirect">natural resources</a> .</span> Kepedulian di bidang hukum lingkungan termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution&usg=ALkJrhjVzaCaMyKp5xDt6ZgoSlL9DYG4TQ" title="Polusi udara">kualitas udara,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution&usg=ALkJrhgjrZPVAs3bxdZXC-NFnrBqyBM_4g" title="Pencemaran air">kualitas air,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming&usg=ALkJrhhluwWGGycdXgkBaVdLae4-7Ctkeg" title="Pemanasan global">perubahan iklim global,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture&usg=ALkJrhj0yzeEwlfcU5_L6OjiK067SF2VTw" title="Pertanian">pertanian,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity&usg=ALkJrhjRAApTMVlkVPmHs633pmCdGg5njw" title="Keanekaragaman hayati">keanekaragaman hayati,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species&usg=ALkJrhhixms3k8EkR4ZCBytynn2EW7yKlQ" title="Spesies langka">perlindungan spesies,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticides&usg=ALkJrhjy1EgAyIyi1BakcNUr15BMd7AQVQ" title="Pestisida" class="mw-redirect">pestisida</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_goods&usg=ALkJrhg7_DQx2NklZtg2uTxasP6NI1bz7Q" title="Barang berbahaya">bahan kimia berbahaya,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management&usg=ALkJrhhYH-FeE8A2nY3XNdiOI31vUyPh4g" title="Limbah">limbah,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_remediation&usg=ALkJrhg48bzsDsEmLpJ9qlH7v_hTz6vpeQ" title="Lingkungan remediation">remediation</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination&usg=ALkJrhis4vfFLp1JCeG5wUFYt_zaL9CVOg" title="Kontaminasi tanah">kejangkitan tanah</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfields&usg=ALkJrhjbE8WRQluTsfNWwSIAD0m-eQbW-g" title="Brownfields" class="mw-redirect">brownfields,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growth&usg=ALkJrhiN-619KtuebBM_lJtMsj3_sxfNuQ" title="Smart pertumbuhan">smart pertumbuhan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development&usg=ALkJrhhFs7MqZ9cAP9lHW1zdUI-WlUl3GQ" title="Pembangunan berkelanjutan">pembangunan berkelanjutan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment&usg=ALkJrhjDmbzWm4kUoo5sMQy_lfRIpV8qZQ" title="Penilaian dampak lingkungan">dampak diperiksa,</a> dan konservasi , pekerjaan dan pengelolaan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_lands&usg=ALkJrhg9z4THAYJKMuZMmHLOGEwdWpt5lA" title="Publik tanah" class="mw-redirect">lahan masyarakat</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources&usg=ALkJrhgYPVLOMnqYXjewRjZfodzvDDD4JA" title="Sumber daya alam" class="mw-redirect">sumber daya alam.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While many countries worldwide have since accumulated impressive sets of environmental laws, their implementation has often been woeful.</span> Meskipun ada banyak negara di seluruh dunia sejak pengeluaran mengesankan set lingkungan hukum, mereka sering telah pelaksanaan sedih.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In recent years, environmental law has become seen as a critical means of promoting <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development&usg=ALkJrhhFs7MqZ9cAP9lHW1zdUI-WlUl3GQ" title="Pembangunan berkelanjutan">sustainable development</a> (or "sustainability").</span> Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, lingkungan hidup telah menjadi undang-undang dilihat sebagai alat penting untuk mempromosikan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development&usg=ALkJrhhFs7MqZ9cAP9lHW1zdUI-WlUl3GQ" title="Pembangunan berkelanjutan">pembangunan yang berkelanjutan</a> (atau "keberlangsungan").</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Policy concepts such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle&usg=ALkJrhjYBB1J2gP-75wacI46m9SsUdi8ag" title="Prinsip pencegahan">precautionary principle</a> , public participation, environmental justice, and the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle&usg=ALkJrhiE-AdF3IlEPduXP9E6fAu4Tnsvww" title="Pengotor membayar prinsip">polluter pays principle</a> have informed many environmental law reforms in this respect (see further Richardson and Wood, 2006).</span> Kebijakan konsep seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle&usg=ALkJrhjYBB1J2gP-75wacI46m9SsUdi8ag" title="Prinsip pencegahan">prinsip pencegahan,</a> partisipasi masyarakat, lingkungan peradilan, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle&usg=ALkJrhiE-AdF3IlEPduXP9E6fAu4Tnsvww" title="Pengotor membayar prinsip">pengotor membayar prinsip</a> ada banyak informasi lingkungan reformasi hukum dalam hal ini (lihat lebih lanjut Richardson dan Wood, 2006).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There has been considerable experimentation in the search for more effective methods of environmental control beyond traditional "command-and-control" style regulation. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-taxes&usg=ALkJrhjohyLuOvIJt6EsgP8iUNJFpdPakA" title="Eko-pajak" class="mw-redirect">Eco-taxes</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_trading&usg=ALkJrhi1458IeHYriVX_01B7gY1LRDcPfA" title="Perdagangan emisi" class="mw-redirect">emission trading</a> , voluntary standards such as ISO 14000 and negotiated agreements are some of these innovations. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Telah banyak eksperimen dalam mencari metode yang lebih efektif di luar kontrol lingkungan tradisional "perintah-dan-kontrol" gaya peraturan. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-taxes&usg=ALkJrhjohyLuOvIJt6EsgP8iUNJFpdPakA" title="Eko-pajak" class="mw-redirect">Eco-pajak,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_trading&usg=ALkJrhi1458IeHYriVX_01B7gY1LRDcPfA" title="Perdagangan emisi" class="mw-redirect">perdagangan emisi,</a> sukarela standar seperti ISO 14000 dan negosiasi perjanjian ini adalah beberapa inovasi. <span><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[ 1]</sup></a></span></span> </p><p><a name="Education" id="Education"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhja60Ko3bWuFXSeyaU8UVQ8X2A4cQ" title="Sunting bagian: Pendidikan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Education</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhja60Ko3bWuFXSeyaU8UVQ8X2A4cQ" title="Sunting bagian: Pendidikan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pendidikan</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Environmental law is offered as an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective&usg=ALkJrhgAvxSjOIiqSjq1_poTN2q61RnRQw" title="Elective">elective course</a> in the second and third year of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_doctor&usg=ALkJrhgH-Y6RiCIfKtB2bid1MyfC9K-oQw" title="Juris dokter" class="mw-redirect">JD</a> study at many American <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school&usg=ALkJrhhJYAEff3WlGoxWIzCWu7-W7rkwjw" title="Hukum sekolah">law schools</a> .</span> Hukum lingkungan yang ditawarkan adalah sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective&usg=ALkJrhgAvxSjOIiqSjq1_poTN2q61RnRQw" title="Elective">elektif saja</a> di kedua dan ketiga tahun <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_doctor&usg=ALkJrhgH-Y6RiCIfKtB2bid1MyfC9K-oQw" title="Juris dokter" class="mw-redirect">JD</a> Amerika banyak belajar di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school&usg=ALkJrhhJYAEff3WlGoxWIzCWu7-W7rkwjw" title="Hukum sekolah">sekolah hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some US law schools also offer an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLM&usg=ALkJrhj0v4ylmANacCrmqR-5FgtloI6v7g" title="LLM" class="mw-redirect">LLM</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhjYOkYLj4Q_mYumAor5q083oFNf8Q" title="Dokter dari hukum" class="mw-redirect">JSD</a> specialization in environmental law.</span> US sekolah hukum juga menawarkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLM&usg=ALkJrhj0v4ylmANacCrmqR-5FgtloI6v7g" title="LLM" class="mw-redirect">LLM</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhjYOkYLj4Q_mYumAor5q083oFNf8Q" title="Dokter dari hukum" class="mw-redirect">JSD</a> spesialisasi dalam lingkungan hukum.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The IUCN Academy of Environmental Law <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a> is a network of some 60 law schools worldwide that specialise in the research and teaching of environmental law.</span> IUCN di Akademi Hukum Lingkungan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a> adalah sebuah jaringan dari 60 sekolah hukum di seluruh dunia yang spesialisasi dalam penelitian dan pengajaran lingkungan hukum.</span> </p><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i><span class="boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_law_reviews_and_journals&usg=ALkJrhg79Zii4roI3Eb3PEi-hwVS_R233w" title="Daftar tinjauan hukum lingkungan dan jurnal">List of environmental law reviews and journals</a></span></i></span> <i><span class="boilerplate seealso">Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_law_reviews_and_journals&usg=ALkJrhg79Zii4roI3Eb3PEi-hwVS_R233w" title="Daftar tinjauan hukum lingkungan dan jurnal">Daftar tinjauan hukum lingkungan dan jurnal</a></span></i></span> </dd></dl><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhgJVOsRdEVADuJBLeTTwjr-Z5kIgQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhgJVOsRdEVADuJBLeTTwjr-Z5kIgQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><div class="infobox sisterproject"><div style="float: left;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Juridical_national_measures_on_climate_change&usg=ALkJrhgOw2yui2k-pj3gY4ALvhPg6P5W4A" title="Wikiversity: yuridis tindakan nasional mengenai perubahan iklim"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="40" /></a> </div><div style="margin-left: 60px;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity&usg=ALkJrhi6xYyhLppg6mBuwpdCcaLgqcn-yA" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a> , you can learn about: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Juridical_national_measures_on_climate_change&usg=ALkJrhgOw2yui2k-pj3gY4ALvhPg6P5W4A" class="extiw" title="v: yuridis tindakan nasional mengenai perubahan iklim"><i><b>Juridical national measures on climate change</b></i></a></span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity&usg=ALkJrhi6xYyhLppg6mBuwpdCcaLgqcn-yA" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity,</a> Anda dapat mempelajari tentang: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Juridical_national_measures_on_climate_change&usg=ALkJrhgOw2yui2k-pj3gY4ALvhPg6P5W4A" class="extiw" title="v: yuridis tindakan nasional mengenai perubahan iklim"><i><b>langkah-langkah yuridis nasional mengenai perubahan iklim</b></i></a></span> </div></div><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Law_Association&usg=ALkJrhjnkCNjnUWAndS6cBnCeC3QvPW5-A" title="Canadian Lingkungan Hukum Asosiasi">Canadian Environmental Law Association</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Law_Association&usg=ALkJrhjnkCNjnUWAndS6cBnCeC3QvPW5-A" title="Canadian Lingkungan Hukum Asosiasi">Canadian Lingkungan Hukum Asosiasi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Environmental_Law_and_Policy&usg=ALkJrhihgCvmkmxMdjBCNZeXhL6ANgPEJQ" title="Canadian Institut Lingkungan Hukum dan Kebijakan">Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Institute_for_Environmental_Law_and_Policy&usg=ALkJrhihgCvmkmxMdjBCNZeXhL6ANgPEJQ" title="Canadian Institut Lingkungan Hukum dan Kebijakan">Canadian Institut Lingkungan Hukum dan Kebijakan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_International_Environmental_Law&usg=ALkJrhgx_nFQ155IfryGvzdGoaYsmE9QcA" title="Center for International Environmental Law">Center for International Environmental Law</a> (CIEL)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_International_Environmental_Law&usg=ALkJrhgx_nFQ155IfryGvzdGoaYsmE9QcA" title="Center for International Environmental Law">Center for International Environmental Law</a> (CIEL)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_tech_law&usg=ALkJrhj3onF1DYNKXSiz-nN81CJPhs8iqw" title="Bersih tech hukum">Clean tech law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_tech_law&usg=ALkJrhj3onF1DYNKXSiz-nN81CJPhs8iqw" title="Bersih tech hukum">Bersih tech hukum</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Law_Foundation&usg=ALkJrhjrSMRw3rqjK_fHlAjCmRPQUX-blg" title="Perlindungan Hukum Yayasan">Conservation Law Foundation</a> (CLF) (in New England in the US)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Law_Foundation&usg=ALkJrhjrSMRw3rqjK_fHlAjCmRPQUX-blg" title="Perlindungan Hukum Yayasan">Perlindungan Hukum Foundation</a> (CLF) (di New England di AS)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhh5FMFF9gE980Rjq_JgZu8pT9nf4w" title="Bumi Yurisprudensi">Earth jurisprudence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhh5FMFF9gE980Rjq_JgZu8pT9nf4w" title="Bumi Yurisprudensi">Bumi Yurisprudensi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecojustice_Canada&usg=ALkJrhgghbrXmYXnYlwDPXshevsxpFG3bA" title="Ecojustice Kanada">Ecojustice Canada</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecojustice_Canada&usg=ALkJrhgghbrXmYXnYlwDPXshevsxpFG3bA" title="Ecojustice Kanada">Ecojustice Kanada</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Lobby&usg=ALkJrhhlxog6fLvIMxbRc9udQR1KPCFY-g" title="Energi Lobby">Energy Lobby</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Lobby&usg=ALkJrhhlxog6fLvIMxbRc9udQR1KPCFY-g" title="Energi Lobby">Energi Lobby</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Bill_of_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiRCU5HGloDTycZoYopIDc9gRHr3A" title="Lingkungan Bill of Rights">Environmental Bill of Rights</a> (EBR)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Bill_of_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiRCU5HGloDTycZoYopIDc9gRHr3A" title="Lingkungan Bill of Rights">Lingkungan Bill of Rights</a> (EBR)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_compensation&usg=ALkJrhjxUeedXSaDjsDqmQ3L5NRE9xxz0w" title="Lingkungan kompensasi">Environmental compensation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_compensation&usg=ALkJrhjxUeedXSaDjsDqmQ3L5NRE9xxz0w" title="Lingkungan kompensasi">Lingkungan kompensasi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_contract&usg=ALkJrhgcVC3R95BghMfYos_3n_pkCJgr5A" title="Lingkungan kontrak">Environmental contract</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_contract&usg=ALkJrhgcVC3R95BghMfYos_3n_pkCJgr5A" title="Lingkungan kontrak">Lingkungan kontrak</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_crime&usg=ALkJrhgB9ZD7tQXkZpRAUvkFkYsX5dkooA" title="Kejahatan lingkungan">Environmental crime</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_crime&usg=ALkJrhgB9ZD7tQXkZpRAUvkFkYsX5dkooA" title="Kejahatan lingkungan">Kejahatan lingkungan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_criminology&usg=ALkJrhgbL2dOjpbkjCxIvXzleUEs_c_WDw" title="Lingkungan kriminologi">Environmental criminology</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_criminology&usg=ALkJrhgbL2dOjpbkjCxIvXzleUEs_c_WDw" title="Lingkungan kriminologi">Lingkungan kriminologi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_economics&usg=ALkJrhhoOqIEHT9xjC6MUPWL0AFP6iDfqw" title="Lingkungan ekonomi">Environmental_economics</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_economics&usg=ALkJrhhoOqIEHT9xjC6MUPWL0AFP6iDfqw" title="Lingkungan ekonomi">Environmental_economics</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_law&usg=ALkJrhjefwpmCr2xslRcPHOK_sYloDIAiA" title="Teknik lingkungan hukum">environmental engineering law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_law&usg=ALkJrhjefwpmCr2xslRcPHOK_sYloDIAiA" title="Teknik lingkungan hukum">teknik lingkungan hukum</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justice&usg=ALkJrhj0lNojgYkB9gloXQ21-ClBhhreEw" title="Lingkungan peradilan">Environmental justice</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justice&usg=ALkJrhj0lNojgYkB9gloXQ21-ClBhhreEw" title="Lingkungan peradilan">Lingkungan peradilan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Law_Alliance_Worldwide&usg=ALkJrhggebpMES87IAjLV7I3QRMT11paOg" title="Hukum Lingkungan Aliansi Worldwide">Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide</a> (ELAW)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Law_Alliance_Worldwide&usg=ALkJrhggebpMES87IAjLV7I3QRMT11paOg" title="Hukum Lingkungan Aliansi Worldwide">Hukum Lingkungan Alliance Worldwide</a> (ELAW)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Law_and_Policy_Center&usg=ALkJrhgxd7M2IyGJGkoKAsNk87hHUHLunQ" title="Lingkungan Hukum dan Kebijakan Pusat">Environmental Law and Policy Center</a> (ELPC)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Law_and_Policy_Center&usg=ALkJrhgxd7M2IyGJGkoKAsNk87hHUHLunQ" title="Lingkungan Hukum dan Kebijakan Pusat">Hukum dan Kebijakan Lingkungan (Pusat</a> ELPC)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Law_Institute&usg=ALkJrhhbJpSrR6HQI23zHuPhhyXVbpBMrw" title="Hukum Lingkungan Institut">Environmental Law Institute</a> (ELI)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Law_Institute&usg=ALkJrhhbJpSrR6HQI23zHuPhhyXVbpBMrw" title="Hukum Lingkungan Institut">Hukum Lingkungan Institute</a> (ELI)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Law_Service&usg=ALkJrhjTdp-5gApfIde2lKl0sGh17jNVsA" title="Layanan Hukum Lingkungan">Environmental Law Service</a> (ELS) (a Czech non-governmental organization of lawyers)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Law_Service&usg=ALkJrhjTdp-5gApfIde2lKl0sGh17jNVsA" title="Layanan Hukum Lingkungan">Layanan Hukum Lingkungan</a> (ELS) (a non-pemerintah Ceko organisasi pengacara)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_vandalism&usg=ALkJrhiqFBnxKkNipSHt_bPRWk3NEgKGYg" title="Perusakan lingkungan">Environmental vandalism</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_vandalism&usg=ALkJrhiqFBnxKkNipSHt_bPRWk3NEgKGYg" title="Perusakan lingkungan">Perusakan lingkungan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhh9_fE9sw6C2ZOpz9Fq0GkZqj1QOQ" title="Hukum lingkungan internasional">International environmental law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhh9_fE9sw6C2ZOpz9Fq0GkZqj1QOQ" title="Hukum lingkungan internasional">Hukum lingkungan internasional</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Land_Use_and_Environmental_Law&usg=ALkJrhgYzt6tKa3yKNEZW8MpIT4REXhFIQ" title="Jurnal Lahan Penggunaan dan Hukum Lingkungan"><i>Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law</i></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Land_Use_and_Environmental_Law&usg=ALkJrhgYzt6tKa3yKNEZW8MpIT4REXhFIQ" title="Jurnal Lahan Penggunaan dan Hukum Lingkungan"><i>Jurnal Lahan Penggunaan dan Hukum Lingkungan</i></a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_agreements&usg=ALkJrhjkV8UHj65GVK2-HDQglM7Ozx7YZQ" title="Daftar kesepakatan lingkungan">List of environmental agreements</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_agreements&usg=ALkJrhjkV8UHj65GVK2-HDQglM7Ozx7YZQ" title="Daftar kesepakatan lingkungan">Daftar kesepakatan lingkungan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuits&usg=ALkJrhjqz0ir3Y4BAX332wRC5uYnsIVG6w" title="Daftar lingkungan lawsuits">List of environmental lawsuits</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuits&usg=ALkJrhjqz0ir3Y4BAX332wRC5uYnsIVG6w" title="Daftar lingkungan lawsuits">Daftar lingkungan lawsuits</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment&usg=ALkJrhja5WPd8jpgYFEjwq7wU5W-hsTgBw" title="Daftar menteri di lingkungan">List of ministers of the environment</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment&usg=ALkJrhja5WPd8jpgYFEjwq7wU5W-hsTgBw" title="Daftar menteri di lingkungan">Daftar menteri di lingkungan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_major_U.S._environmental_and_occupational_health_regulation&usg=ALkJrhgCY2lUDfvTjziinmn2PrZ3IVE_Sw" title="Timeline utama US kesehatan lingkungan hidup dan peraturan">Timeline of major US environmental and occupational health regulation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_major_U.S._environmental_and_occupational_health_regulation&usg=ALkJrhgCY2lUDfvTjziinmn2PrZ3IVE_Sw" title="Timeline utama US kesehatan lingkungan hidup dan peraturan">Timeline utama US kesehatan lingkungan hidup dan peraturan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_tort&usg=ALkJrhiGrfz9GMJV8y_R3AEPxz5rWxM15g" title="Toxic tort">Toxic tort</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_tort&usg=ALkJrhiGrfz9GMJV8y_R3AEPxz5rWxM15g" title="Toxic tort">Toxic tort</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhjartLTHALoVqkLy6gDL5NX_w5dJQ" title="Amerika hukum lingkungan">United States environmental law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhjartLTHALoVqkLy6gDL5NX_w5dJQ" title="Amerika hukum lingkungan">Amerika hukum lingkungan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Environmental/index.cfm&usg=ALkJrhgrsz686i4_euoBSmtY-s0X8FcZsA" class="external text" title="http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Environmental/index.cfm" rel="nofollow">Vermont Law School Environmental Law Center</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Environmental/index.cfm&usg=ALkJrhgrsz686i4_euoBSmtY-s0X8FcZsA" class="external text" title="http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Environmental/index.cfm" rel="nofollow">Vermont Sekolah Hukum Lingkungan Hukum Pusat</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhj5mY1iJJ8ZJTb7JhZESJEXLPoY8Q" title="Perang dan hukum lingkungan">War and environmental law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhj5mY1iJJ8ZJTb7JhZESJEXLPoY8Q" title="Perang dan hukum lingkungan">Perang dan hukum lingkungan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Environmental_Law_Center&usg=ALkJrhiS30DI2UNdsvNcQZldgpz-hxa6eA" title="Barat Pusat Hukum Lingkungan">Western Environmental Law Center</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Environmental_Law_Center&usg=ALkJrhiS30DI2UNdsvNcQZldgpz-hxa6eA" title="Barat Pusat Hukum Lingkungan">Barat Pusat Hukum Lingkungan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Center_for_Environmental_Law_and_Policy&usg=ALkJrhiak9jeaXSw-Z2gVBShYj0QBbNwcQ" title="Yale Pusat Lingkungan Hukum dan Kebijakan">Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Center_for_Environmental_Law_and_Policy&usg=ALkJrhiak9jeaXSw-Z2gVBShYj0QBbNwcQ" title="Yale Pusat Lingkungan Hukum dan Kebijakan">Yale Pusat Lingkungan Hukum dan Kebijakan</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="References_and_bibliography" id="References_and_bibliography"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhhiAosXDB1KvmlvrpOiOILp3QmkOA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi dan bibliografi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References and bibliography</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhhiAosXDB1KvmlvrpOiOILp3QmkOA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi dan bibliografi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi dan bibliografi</span></span> </h2><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg&usg=ALkJrhg3TEMmjqnQu7xlbrFYjySaGZJllw" class="image" title="Pertanyaan buku-new.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="39" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhhChxH_kcMmvyzliffLsGDh3_J8_g" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhgsnbV9Q9lFyeDJ5DAaLxYcnn1KMg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">verification</a> .</b> Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiV0erkYOZ_yX3WivuVXL2qJ2QKHg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhiw_0dFGdcw7NmS0omZghxQeGf29g" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">reliable references</a> .</span> Artikel ini <b>memerlukan tambahan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhhChxH_kcMmvyzliffLsGDh3_J8_g" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">citations</a> untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhgsnbV9Q9lFyeDJ5DAaLxYcnn1KMg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">verifikasi.</a></b> Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiV0erkYOZ_yX3WivuVXL2qJ2QKHg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> dengan menambahkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhiw_0dFGdcw7NmS0omZghxQeGf29g" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">referensi yang handal.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unsourced material may be <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fact&usg=ALkJrhgr2ofjiLXQxLokPLioi4Nhw2UtPA" title="Template: Fakta">challenged</a> and removed. <small><i>(May 2008)</i></small></span> Unsourced bahan mungkin <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fact&usg=ALkJrhgr2ofjiLXQxLokPLioi4Nhw2UtPA" title="Template: Fakta">cacat</a> dan dibuang. <small><i>(Mei 2008)</i></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Environmental Law overview - Legal Information Institute <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhgIbDgTRUm8vcGUBZW9BBmPypy-pQ" class="external free" title="http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Environmental_law" rel="nofollow">http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Environmental_law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Tinjauan Hukum Lingkungan - Legal Information Institute <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhgIbDgTRUm8vcGUBZW9BBmPypy-pQ" class="external free" title="http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Environmental_law" rel="nofollow">http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Environmental_law</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.iucnael.org/&usg=ALkJrhiNmTwgwY88FumMkBpmIjGBUZyaEw" class="external text" title="http://www.iucnael.org" rel="nofollow">IUCN Academy of Environmental Law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhhBRKXkq9ccIW8cQBQR2pg72KIQHA#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.iucnael.org/&usg=ALkJrhiNmTwgwY88FumMkBpmIjGBUZyaEw" class="external text" title="http://www.iucnael.org" rel="nofollow">IUCN Akademi Hukum Lingkungan</a></span> </li></ol></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg&usg=ALkJrhh1Z84ELa3Pb2zxnmAUoUB31DW0zg" class="image" title="Dokumen teks merah dengan pertanyaan mark.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="40" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This article includes a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhhChxH_kcMmvyzliffLsGDh3_J8_g" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">list of references</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links&usg=ALkJrhh77B78QNtghLKI3Bbv8ZMYB9t2jg" title="Wikipedia: Pranala luar">external links</a> , but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhhChxH_kcMmvyzliffLsGDh3_J8_g#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">inline citations</a> .</b> Please <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check&usg=ALkJrhg8qCBd09TT1H2eEa9AY8r7HLy32Q" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Fakta dan Referensi Periksa">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite&usg=ALkJrhhgJzU00moGfpvS_imog0D3qIrbvw" title="Wikipedia: Bila ke mempercontohkan">where appropriate</a> .</span> Artikel ini berisi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhhChxH_kcMmvyzliffLsGDh3_J8_g" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">daftar referensi</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links&usg=ALkJrhh77B78QNtghLKI3Bbv8ZMYB9t2jg" title="Wikipedia: Pranala luar">link eksternal,</a> <b>namun tetap tidak jelas sumber karena kekurangan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhhChxH_kcMmvyzliffLsGDh3_J8_g#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">inline citations.</a></b> Harap <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check&usg=ALkJrhg8qCBd09TT1H2eEa9AY8r7HLy32Q" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Fakta dan Referensi Periksa">memperbaiki</a> artikel ini memperkenalkan citations lebih tepat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite&usg=ALkJrhhgJzU00moGfpvS_imog0D3qIrbvw" title="Wikipedia: Bila ke mempercontohkan">jika sesuai.</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Menell, PS (ed), <i>Environmental Law</i> (Ashgate Publishing, Burlington, 2003).</span> Menell, PS (ed), <i>Hukum Lingkungan</i> (Ashgate Publishing, Burlington, 2003).</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Clayton, Susan.</span> Clayton, Susan.</span> 2000. <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Models of justice in the environmental debate.</span> Model keadilan di lingkungan perdebatan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Journal of Social Issues 56 (3): 459 – 474.</span> Journal of Social Issues 56 (3): 459-474.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Croci, E. (ed), <i>The Handbook of Environmental Voluntary Agreements</i> (Springer, New York, 2005).</span> Croci, E. (ed), <i>The Handbook Lingkungan Hidup Perjanjian Sukarela</i> (Springer, New York, 2005).</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Freeman, J. and Kolstad, CD (eds), <i>Moving to Markets in Environmental Regulation</i> (Oxford University Press, New York, 2006).</span> Freeman, J. dan Kolstad, CD (eds), <i>Pindah ke Pasar di Lingkungan Regulasi</i> (Oxford University Press, New York, 2006).</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Lans, C. 2007.</span> Lans, C. 2007.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Politically incorrect and bourgeois: Nariva Swamp is sufficient onto itself.</span> Politically incorrect dan borjuis: Nariva Swamp ke sendiri sudah cukup.</span> Lulu.com. </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.hartpub.co.uk/books/details.asp%3Fsc%3D1-84113-544-5&usg=ALkJrhh0-nEF2syd5PNCmlI_MDym4pO8Ow" class="external text" title="http://www.hartpub.co.uk/books/details.asp?sc=1-84113-544-5" rel="nofollow">Richardson, BJ and S. Wood (eds), <i>Environmental Law for Sustainability</i> (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2006)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.hartpub.co.uk/books/details.asp%3Fsc%3D1-84113-544-5&usg=ALkJrhh0-nEF2syd5PNCmlI_MDym4pO8Ow" class="external text" title="http://www.hartpub.co.uk/books/details.asp?sc=1-84113-544-5" rel="nofollow">Richardson, BJ dan Kayu S. (eds), <i>Hukum Lingkungan untuk Kesinambungan</i> (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2006)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Saxe, D., "Environmental Offences: Corporate Responsibility and Executive Liability" (Canada Law Book, Aurora, 1990).</span> Saxe, D., "Lingkungan Pelanggaran: Corporate Eksekutif Tanggungjawab dan Kewajiban" (Kitab Undang-undang Kanada, Aurora, 1990).</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Stone, Christopher, D. 1974.</span> Batu, Christopher, D. 1974.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Should trees have legal standing?</span> Pohon harus ada hukum yang berdiri?</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Toward legal rights for natural objects.</span> Hukum terhadap hak-hak untuk alam benda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">California: William Kaufman, Inc.</span> California: William Kaufman, Inc</span> </li></ul><p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjbHRpeNipx6h5XqTsuCgGPyjkAMA" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEnvironmental_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjbHRpeNipx6h5XqTsuCgGPyjkAMA" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pranala luar</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ecojustice.ca/&usg=ALkJrhgLfl_QTlOFl3Z4O5QcCgVbmFfxyQ" class="external free" title="http://www.ecojustice.ca" rel="nofollow">http://www.ecojustice.ca</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ecojustice.ca/&usg=ALkJrhgLfl_QTlOFl3Z4O5QcCgVbmFfxyQ" class="external free" title="http://www.ecojustice.ca" rel="nofollow">http://www.ecojustice.ca</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unep.org/law/&usg=ALkJrhiSAIwt1RzOf4ZUHz4aeZz1zA-5vQ" class="external text" title="http://www.unep.org/law/" rel="nofollow">UNEP Environmental Law Programme</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unep.org/law/&usg=ALkJrhiSAIwt1RzOf4ZUHz4aeZz1zA-5vQ" class="external text" title="http://www.unep.org/law/" rel="nofollow">UNEP Program Hukum Lingkungan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ciel.org/&usg=ALkJrhho_D9N4K0VXh-xHEY0BayWRzSezg" class="external text" title="http://www.ciel.org/" rel="nofollow">Centre for International Environmental Law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ciel.org/&usg=ALkJrhho_D9N4K0VXh-xHEY0BayWRzSezg" class="external text" title="http://www.ciel.org/" rel="nofollow">Center for International Environmental Law</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.eelpj.org/&usg=ALkJrhhd63X1WrIIpLwSXl3Pvjw4pahJFg" class="external text" title="http://www.eelpj.org" rel="nofollow">Environmental & Energy Law & Policy Journal</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.eelpj.org/&usg=ALkJrhhd63X1WrIIpLwSXl3Pvjw4pahJFg" class="external text" title="http://www.eelpj.org" rel="nofollow">Lingkungan & Energi Jurnal Hukum & Kebijakan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.elaw.org/&usg=ALkJrhjKhufgPWjU7MMRKGZ3ha-CWxZaXA" class="external text" title="http://www.elaw.org/" rel="nofollow">Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide(E-LAW)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.elaw.org/&usg=ALkJrhjKhufgPWjU7MMRKGZ3ha-CWxZaXA" class="external text" title="http://www.elaw.org/" rel="nofollow">Hukum Lingkungan Alliance Worldwide (E-HUKUM)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.eli.org/&usg=ALkJrhgFgxObTQQ61hBKLneFNdE6XKJfJg" class="external text" title="http://www.eli.org/" rel="nofollow">Environmental Law Institute (ELI)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.eli.org/&usg=ALkJrhgFgxObTQQ61hBKLneFNdE6XKJfJg" class="external text" title="http://www.eli.org/" rel="nofollow">Hukum Lingkungan Institute (ELI)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ielrc.org/&usg=ALkJrhg-kN5ty9kAgr0poPsQAhXTeqzraw" class="external text" title="http://www.ielrc.org/" rel="nofollow">International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ielrc.org/&usg=ALkJrhg-kN5ty9kAgr0poPsQAhXTeqzraw" class="external text" title="http://www.ielrc.org/" rel="nofollow">Internasional Pusat Penelitian Hukum Lingkungan (IELRC)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.eluus.co.uk/&usg=ALkJrhh_V5mWubkBjnhWfAlerJ1pGEWkpA" class="external text" title="http://www.eluus.co.uk/" rel="nofollow">Environmental Updates</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.eluus.co.uk/&usg=ALkJrhh_V5mWubkBjnhWfAlerJ1pGEWkpA" class="external text" title="http://www.eluus.co.uk/" rel="nofollow">Lingkungan Pembaharuan</a></span> </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-27740594103863598732009-01-21T01:28:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:53:26.310-08:00Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">' <b><i>Consumer protection'</i></b> is a form of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhhTSpQwJ3S8jHjna_G0UPGG7KV6gg" title="Pemerintah">government</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhjZKT1YZ4Qg3ynwwoAm03yqtGaYzA" title="Regulasi">regulation</a> which protects the interests of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer&usg=ALkJrhgVqyj-URmaGbJfKEQa_kByJwRZSg" title="Konsumen">consumers</a> .</span> <b><i>'Perlindungan konsumen'</i></b> adalah bentuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhjZKT1YZ4Qg3ynwwoAm03yqtGaYzA" title="Regulasi">peraturan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhhTSpQwJ3S8jHjna_G0UPGG7KV6gg" title="Pemerintah">pemerintah</a> yang melindungi kepentingan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer&usg=ALkJrhgVqyj-URmaGbJfKEQa_kByJwRZSg" title="Konsumen">konsumen.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, a government may require businesses to disclose detailed information about products—particularly in areas where safety or public health is an issue, such as food.</span> Misalnya, pemerintah mungkin akan meminta perusahaan untuk mengungkapkan informasi tentang produk-terutama di daerah-daerah di mana keselamatan atau kesehatan masyarakat adalah suatu masalah, seperti makanan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consumer protection is linked to the idea of <b>consumer rights</b> (that consumers have various rights as consumers), and to the formation of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_organization&usg=ALkJrhiJaU2b7bVwovLVJtbkyNH8iy0L3Q" title="Konsumen organisasi">consumer organizations</a> which help consumers make better choices in the marketplace.</span> Perlindungan konsumen ini terkait dengan gagasan tentang <b>hak-hak konsumen</b> (konsumen yang memiliki berbagai hak-hak sebagai konsumen), dan pembentukan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_organization&usg=ALkJrhiJaU2b7bVwovLVJtbkyNH8iy0L3Q" title="Konsumen organisasi">organisasi konsumen</a> yang membantu konsumen membuat pilihan yang lebih baik di pasar.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consumer interests can also be protected by promoting competition in the markets which directly and indirectly serve consumers, consistent with economic efficiency, but this topic is treated in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhg4NW1Xa9d_QRPKuEujs2jwv0yeg" title="Hukum persaingan">Competition law</a> .</span> Minat konsumen juga dapat dilindungi dengan mempromosikan kompetisi di pasar-pasar yang secara langsung dan tidak langsung melayani konsumen, sesuai dengan efisiensi ekonomi, tetapi topik ini dianggap dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhg4NW1Xa9d_QRPKuEujs2jwv0yeg" title="Hukum persaingan">Kompetisi hukum.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consumer protection can also be asserted via non-government organizations and individuals as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_activism&usg=ALkJrhhAvBbBrLSQtMTkbPewTQ4Zlxftvw" title="Konsumen aktivisme">consumer activism</a> .</span> Perlindungan konsumen juga dapat menegaskan melalui lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan individu sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_activism&usg=ALkJrhhAvBbBrLSQtMTkbPewTQ4Zlxftvw" title="Konsumen aktivisme">konsumen aktivisme.</a></span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Consumer_law"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Consumer law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Consumer_law"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Konsumen hukum</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#In_specific_countries"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">In specific countries</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#In_specific_countries"><span class="toctext">Dalam negara-negara tertentu</span> <span class="tocnumber">1,1</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Amerika Serikat</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#European_Union"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">European Union</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#European_Union"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Uni Eropa</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Jerman</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Inggris</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Other_Commonwealth_countries"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other Commonwealth countries</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Other_Commonwealth_countries"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Lain-lain negara Commonwealth</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Taiwan"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Taiwan</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Taiwan"><span class="tocnumber">1,2</span> <span class="toctext">Taiwan</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Consumer_advocacy_groups"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Consumer advocacy groups</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Consumer_advocacy_groups"><span class="toctext">Konsumen</span> <span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">kelompok advokasi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Laws"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Laws</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Laws"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Undang-Undang</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#United_Kingdom_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#United_Kingdom_2"><span class="tocnumber">3,1</span> <span class="toctext">Inggris</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#United_States_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#United_States_2"><span class="tocnumber">3,2</span> <span class="toctext">Amerika</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">3,3</span> <span class="toctext">australia</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#People"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">People</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#People"><span class="tocnumber">5,1</span> <span class="toctext">Orang</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Consumer_Issues"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Consumer Issues</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#Consumer_Issues"><span class="tocnumber">5,2</span> <span class="toctext">Konsumen Isu</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Consumer_law" id="Consumer_law"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgACgvzg2JKL1KaiTJ7Cl8XudqjZw" title="Sunting bagian: Konsumen hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Consumer law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgACgvzg2JKL1KaiTJ7Cl8XudqjZw" title="Sunting bagian: Konsumen hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Konsumen hukum</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Consumer protection law</i> or <i>consumer law</i> is consihdered an area of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhinkBKUdjQqda1iTA0z75XV9lUrxA" title="Hukum publik">public law</a> that regulates <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhhntvy47Gnz45CuYcBEfr87D7JZPA" title="Hukum perdata">private law</a> relationships between individual consumers and the businesses that sell those goods and services.</span> <i>Undang-undang perlindungan konsumen</i> atau <i>konsumen</i> adalah <i>hukum</i> consihdered bidang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhinkBKUdjQqda1iTA0z75XV9lUrxA" title="Hukum publik">hukum publik</a> yang mengatur <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhhntvy47Gnz45CuYcBEfr87D7JZPA" title="Hukum perdata">hukum swasta</a> hubungan antara individu konsumen dan usaha mereka yang menjual barang dan jasa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consumer protection covers a wide range of topics, including but not necessarily limited to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhjOSJ19l3k3uMyn6--Vole-EZ-FlA" title="Kewajiban Produk">product liability</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_rights&usg=ALkJrhgJk7866Keqlq48_XIRRsRxvoouDQ" title="Hak privasi" class="mw-redirect">privacy rights</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_business_practices&usg=ALkJrhi8QyawWiRy2uZknAYJXvm1OCakXg" title="Praktek bisnis yang tidak adil">unfair business practices</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhjiolWIfUFLILfi0cZBW9HNVSmO3w" title="Penipuan">fraud</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrepresentation&usg=ALkJrhgaEr-7mJqwFuGsGMu39cOtbF84hA" title="Yg keliru">misrepresentation</a> , and other consumer/business interactions.</span> Perlindungan konsumen mencakup berbagai topik, termasuk tetapi tidak harus terbatas pada <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhjOSJ19l3k3uMyn6--Vole-EZ-FlA" title="Kewajiban Produk">produk kewajiban,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_rights&usg=ALkJrhgJk7866Keqlq48_XIRRsRxvoouDQ" title="Hak privasi" class="mw-redirect">hak privasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_business_practices&usg=ALkJrhi8QyawWiRy2uZknAYJXvm1OCakXg" title="Praktek bisnis yang tidak adil">praktek bisnis yang tidak adil,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhjiolWIfUFLILfi0cZBW9HNVSmO3w" title="Penipuan">penipuan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrepresentation&usg=ALkJrhgaEr-7mJqwFuGsGMu39cOtbF84hA" title="Yg keliru">yg keliru,</a> dan konsumen / interaksi bisnis.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Such laws deal with credit repair, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DDebt_repair%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi8ugLMjHWzHzXjtwpDp_6mYszqZQ" class="new" title="Hutang perbaikan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">debt repair</a> , product safety, service contracts, bill collector regulation, pricing, utility turnoffs, consolidation, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_loans&usg=ALkJrhhSiPftVm-SZjjCKqTZrvwG3RnHRA" title="Pinjaman pribadi" class="mw-redirect">personal loans</a> that may lead to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy&usg=ALkJrhgE4ebWhYNkICoul4RCauqC6y_thg" title="Kepailitan">bankruptcy</a> and much more.</span> Hukum menangani kredit perbaikan, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DDebt_repair%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi8ugLMjHWzHzXjtwpDp_6mYszqZQ" class="new" title="Hutang perbaikan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">hutang perbaikan,</a> keamanan produk, layanan kontrak, peraturan kolektor tagihan, biaya utilitas turnoffs, konsolidasi, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_loans&usg=ALkJrhhSiPftVm-SZjjCKqTZrvwG3RnHRA" title="Pinjaman pribadi" class="mw-redirect">pinjaman pribadi</a> yang dapat mengakibatkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy&usg=ALkJrhgE4ebWhYNkICoul4RCauqC6y_thg" title="Kepailitan">kebangkrutan</a> dan banyak lagi.</span> </p><p><a name="In_specific_countries" id="In_specific_countries"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhigBxakIErbGRssrBMU6EJ5Q8wIag" title="Sunting bagian: Di negara-negara tertentu">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">In specific countries</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhigBxakIErbGRssrBMU6EJ5Q8wIag" title="Sunting bagian: Di negara-negara tertentu"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Dalam negara-negara tertentu</span></span> </h3><p><a name="United_States" id="United_States"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhhOhNiZw3qSC7-Vzb0R3A6SVdnyJA" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">United States</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhhOhNiZw3qSC7-Vzb0R3A6SVdnyJA" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Amerika Serikat</span></span> </h4><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cdcacarrepairnotice.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjt7HniuLTQ96i-z9prAtYm4AbWEQ" class="image" title="Undang-undang perlindungan konsumen yang sering mandat dari posting pemberitahuan, seperti yang satu ini muncul di semua toko otomotif perbaikan di California"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/Cdcacarrepairnotice.jpg/300px-Cdcacarrepairnotice.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="300" border="0" height="225" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cdcacarrepairnotice.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjt7HniuLTQ96i-z9prAtYm4AbWEQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consumer protection laws often mandate the posting of notices, such as this one which appears in all <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_mechanic&usg=ALkJrhj4Jnzkn6NlQzbeNAme7ldLH6dSTQ" title="Auto mechanic">automotive repair</a> shops in California</span> Undang-undang perlindungan konsumen yang sering mandat dari posting pemberitahuan, seperti yang satu ini muncul di semua <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_mechanic&usg=ALkJrhj4Jnzkn6NlQzbeNAme7ldLH6dSTQ" title="Auto mechanic">otomotif perbaikan</a> toko-toko di California</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgbO_JWq0tAI3-IlQvbZ01vDq-nbg" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> a variety of laws at both the federal or state levels regulate consumer affairs.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgbO_JWq0tAI3-IlQvbZ01vDq-nbg" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> berbagai peraturan baik di tingkat negara federal atau mengatur urusan konsumen.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Among them are the federal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act&usg=ALkJrhha7NGWmnKyvr7C8CcH3tckY_cEzQ" title="Cukup Debt Collection Practices Act">Fair Debt Collection Practices Act</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act&usg=ALkJrhgg3bjdFSjvZcx_DKvs4zhPUUJEuw" title="Cukup Kredit Laporan Undang-undang">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act&usg=ALkJrhhMjmBbo9ilbSU6CoGSH7_snAykCQ" title="Pinjaman kebenaran dalam Undang-Undang">Truth in Lending Act</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Credit_Billing_Act&usg=ALkJrhho0fk9q1r02MscJzK7yChBs0Yjxg" title="Cukup UU Penagihan Kredit">Fair Credit Billing Act</a> , and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Act&usg=ALkJrhif3gu2odRM581XGQfatWTGXpYX3g" title="Gramm-leach-Bliley Undang-Undang">Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act</a> .</span> Diantaranya adalah federal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act&usg=ALkJrhha7NGWmnKyvr7C8CcH3tckY_cEzQ" title="Cukup Debt Collection Practices Act">Fair Debt Collection Practices Act,</a> yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act&usg=ALkJrhgg3bjdFSjvZcx_DKvs4zhPUUJEuw" title="Cukup Kredit Laporan Undang-undang">Cukup Credit Reporting Act,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act&usg=ALkJrhhMjmBbo9ilbSU6CoGSH7_snAykCQ" title="Pinjaman kebenaran dalam Undang-Undang">Kebenaran di Pinjaman Act,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Credit_Billing_Act&usg=ALkJrhho0fk9q1r02MscJzK7yChBs0Yjxg" title="Cukup UU Penagihan Kredit">Fair Credit Billing Act,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Act&usg=ALkJrhif3gu2odRM581XGQfatWTGXpYX3g" title="Gramm-leach-Bliley Undang-Undang">Gramm-leach-Bliley Undang-Undang.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Federal consumer protection laws are mainly enforced by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission&usg=ALkJrhiHOq2jUY0Ve2O_IOLyefjwugHdog" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjVVzMqK1nXyO3mWNcX69SBgMVpEA" title="U. S. Department of Justice" class="mw-redirect">US Department of Justice</a> .</span> Federal undang-undang perlindungan konsumen yang terutama enforced oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission&usg=ALkJrhiHOq2jUY0Ve2O_IOLyefjwugHdog" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjVVzMqK1nXyO3mWNcX69SBgMVpEA" title="U. S. Department of Justice" class="mw-redirect">US Department of Justice.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At the state level, many states have a Department of Consumer Affairs devoted to regulating certain industries and protecting consumers who use goods and services from those industries.</span> Di tingkat negara, banyak negara memiliki Departemen Urusan Konsumen peraturan tertentu yang ditujukan untuk melindungi konsumen dan industri yang menggunakan barang dan jasa dari orang-orang industri.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state&usg=ALkJrhjm-MRdOY-MC08Bx1jeynzUQmlmbA" title="AS">US state</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California&usg=ALkJrhjON8xXvrjps8XmsfjAoUKwHwWthg" title="California">California</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Consumer_Affairs&usg=ALkJrhhn0bimcARkvjQK_YwLensAai7kdQ" title="California Department of Consumer Affairs">California Department of Consumer Affairs</a> regulates about 2.3 million professionals in over 230 different professions, through its forty regulatory entities.</span> Misalnya, di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state&usg=ALkJrhjm-MRdOY-MC08Bx1jeynzUQmlmbA" title="AS">AS negara bagian</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California&usg=ALkJrhjON8xXvrjps8XmsfjAoUKwHwWthg" title="California">California,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Consumer_Affairs&usg=ALkJrhhn0bimcARkvjQK_YwLensAai7kdQ" title="California Department of Consumer Affairs">California Department of Consumer Affairs</a> mengatur tentang 2,3 juta profesional di lebih dari 230 profesi yang berbeda, melalui peraturan empat puluh entiti.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In addition, California encourages its consumers to act as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_attorney_general&usg=ALkJrhixM8Uwo42KsJFc_Fpi2qJx1s-dwA" title="Pengacara swasta umum">private attorneys general</a> through the liberal provisions of its Consumers Legal Remedies Act, Cal.</span> Selain itu, California mendorong para konsumen untuk bertindak sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_attorney_general&usg=ALkJrhixM8Uwo42KsJFc_Fpi2qJx1s-dwA" title="Pengacara swasta umum">pribadi attorneys umum</a> melalui liberal nya Konsumen ketentuan Undang-undang Hukum remedies, Cal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Civil Code § 1750 <i>et seq.</i></span> Kode sipil § 1750 <i>et seq.</i></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">California has the nation's strongest consumer protection laws, partly because of rigorous advocacy and lobbying by groups such as Utility Consumers' Action Network <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ucan.org/&usg=ALkJrhiGHBzP0E_KCR4V5rshYRGm8oT_QQ" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ucan.org" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Federation_of_California&usg=ALkJrhhJla8dYF9CXFKYANiPmrnXPWu-9Q" title="Konsumen Federation of California">Consumer Federation of California</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_Rights_Clearinghouse&usg=ALkJrhgwGcjxRhHJvliDO4d3qWda5j4WNw" title="Privasi Hak Clearinghouse">Privacy Rights Clearinghouse</a> .</span> California memiliki bangsa kuat undang-undang perlindungan konsumen, karena sebagian keras melobi dan advokasi oleh kelompok-kelompok seperti Utility Konsumen 'Aksi Jaringan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ucan.org/&usg=ALkJrhiGHBzP0E_KCR4V5rshYRGm8oT_QQ" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ucan.org" rel="nofollow">[2],</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Federation_of_California&usg=ALkJrhhJla8dYF9CXFKYANiPmrnXPWu-9Q" title="Konsumen Federation of California">Consumer Federation of California</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_Rights_Clearinghouse&usg=ALkJrhgwGcjxRhHJvliDO4d3qWda5j4WNw" title="Privasi Hak Clearinghouse">Privasi Hak Clearinghouse.</a></span> </p><p><a name="European_Union" id="European_Union"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjTjD3G3dh4dGOeBpYNTt-19wGdIQ" title="Sunting bagian: Uni Eropa">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">European Union</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjTjD3G3dh4dGOeBpYNTt-19wGdIQ" title="Sunting bagian: Uni Eropa"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Uni Eropa</span></span> </h4><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consumer&usg=ALkJrhjoaHkkoIJU0oCvK5zBdns_Y5j2uw" title="Informasi konsumen">informed consumer</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consumer&usg=ALkJrhjoaHkkoIJU0oCvK5zBdns_Y5j2uw" title="Informasi konsumen">informasi konsumen</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">European Union</a> has been very active in the field of consumer protection, producing a considerable volume of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Directive&usg=ALkJrhgUrBEC_iyzMyrnntadxcA9k-wxzA" title="Eropa Petunjuk" class="mw-redirect">Directives</a> which require <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_member_state&usg=ALkJrhjfDw1H6BeeR164uhyzVn5CFCAH6A" title="Negara anggota Uni Eropa" class="mw-redirect">member states</a> to regulate consumer protection to a particular standard (which may or may not allow a higher standard of regulation).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> telah sangat aktif di bidang perlindungan konsumen, produksi yang cukup besar volume <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Directive&usg=ALkJrhgUrBEC_iyzMyrnntadxcA9k-wxzA" title="Eropa Petunjuk" class="mw-redirect">arahan</a> yang mewajibkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_member_state&usg=ALkJrhjfDw1H6BeeR164uhyzVn5CFCAH6A" title="Negara anggota Uni Eropa" class="mw-redirect">negara-negara anggota</a> untuk mengatur perlindungan konsumen untuk standar tertentu (yang mungkin atau tidak mengijinkan pengiriman pesan standar yang lebih tinggi dari peraturan).</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A very important innovation has been the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Commercial_Practices_Directive&usg=ALkJrhjG1AahE2OTldv8kzeWdoO3RDrHTA" title="Praktek yang tidak adil Komersial Petunjuk">Unfair Commercial Practices Directive</a> .</span> Inovasi yang sangat penting yang telah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Commercial_Practices_Directive&usg=ALkJrhjG1AahE2OTldv8kzeWdoO3RDrHTA" title="Praktek yang tidak adil Komersial Petunjuk">Unfair Komersial Praktek Petunjuk.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Also <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Directive&usg=ALkJrhgUrBEC_iyzMyrnntadxcA9k-wxzA" title="Eropa Petunjuk" class="mw-redirect">Directives</a> on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts_Regulations_1999&usg=ALkJrhhFtSQC0_BxAhaNz-M540eT3xbh6A" title="Persyaratan yang tidak adil dalam Peraturan Konsumen Kontrak 1999">Unfair Contract Terms (93/13/EC)</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_Regulations_2002&usg=ALkJrhjL1Z4gsR-p6am3ENz2eyEsFnd0mg" title="Elektronik Niaga Peraturan 2002">Electronic Commerce (2000/13/EC)</a> .</span> Juga <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Directive&usg=ALkJrhgUrBEC_iyzMyrnntadxcA9k-wxzA" title="Eropa Petunjuk" class="mw-redirect">arahan</a> pada <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts_Regulations_1999&usg=ALkJrhhFtSQC0_BxAhaNz-M540eT3xbh6A" title="Persyaratan yang tidak adil dalam Peraturan Konsumen Kontrak 1999">Unfair Contract Terms (93/13/EC)</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_Regulations_2002&usg=ALkJrhjL1Z4gsR-p6am3ENz2eyEsFnd0mg" title="Elektronik Niaga Peraturan 2002">Electronic Commerce (2000/13/EC).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There exists a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Consumer_Protection&usg=ALkJrhidbxRUjbRs-hWN705EOxxj1LlStA" title="Komisaris Eropa untuk Perlindungan Konsumen">European Commissioner for Consumer Protection</a> , a post currently held by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&usg=ALkJrhgTS71i2ICVtmpI2iAFjgkIvQLPbQ" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meglena_Kuneva&usg=ALkJrhgdQFobIRBeavaHl5n-mVDKKxBEnA" title="Meglena Kuneva">Meglena Kuneva</a> .</span> Ada yang ada di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Consumer_Protection&usg=ALkJrhidbxRUjbRs-hWN705EOxxj1LlStA" title="Komisaris Eropa untuk Perlindungan Konsumen">Eropa untuk Komisaris Perlindungan Konsumen,</a> yang dikirim saat ini dipegang oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&usg=ALkJrhgTS71i2ICVtmpI2iAFjgkIvQLPbQ" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meglena_Kuneva&usg=ALkJrhgdQFobIRBeavaHl5n-mVDKKxBEnA" title="Meglena Kuneva">Meglena Kuneva.</a></span> </p><p><a name="Germany" id="Germany"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhiaUNyxivQzGhuWIeyZD7KVpCFbrQ" title="Sunting bagian: Jerman">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Germany</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhiaUNyxivQzGhuWIeyZD7KVpCFbrQ" title="Sunting bagian: Jerman"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Jerman</span></span> </h4><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Federal Republic of Germany is a member state of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">European Union</a> and is bound by the consumer protection directives of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">European Union</a> .</span> Republik Federal Jerman adalah negara anggota <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> dan terikat dengan perlindungan konsumen arahan yang dikeluarkan oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Thus a large part of German consumer protection law has been enacted pursuant to European Directives (eg the directives on door-to-door sales, consumer credits, distance selling, package tours, product liability etc.).</span> Oleh karena itu sebagian besar bagian dari hukum perlindungan konsumen Jerman telah ditetapkan berdasarkan arahan Eropa (misalnya arahan pada pintu-ke-pintu penjualan, kredit konsumen, jarak penjualan, paket wisata, kewajiban produk, dll.)</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 2002, a large part of this legislation was integrated into the German Civil Code (" <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhhX6ZRqWl1fBv_PtD91S5UTiuLwMw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> ").</span> Pada tahun 2002, sebagian besar dari undang-undang ini telah diintegrasikan ke dalam Jerman Civil Code ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhhX6ZRqWl1fBv_PtD91S5UTiuLwMw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">"Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch").</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A minister of the federal cabinet is responsible for consumer rights and protection ( <i>Verbraucherschutzminister</i> ).</span> J menteri kabinet federal yang bertanggung jawab atas hak-hak dan perlindungan konsumen <i>(Verbraucherschutzminister).</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the current cabinet of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel&usg=ALkJrhgDU-73eVAXw5clDQnEIrbQCnfvRg" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> , this is <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Seehofer&usg=ALkJrhg3e3Xo1uiaIb3jDY8_wP7G73YhnQ" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a> .</span> Dalam kabinet yang saat ini <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel&usg=ALkJrhgDU-73eVAXw5clDQnEIrbQCnfvRg" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel,</a> ini <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Seehofer&usg=ALkJrhg3e3Xo1uiaIb3jDY8_wP7G73YhnQ" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When issuing public warnings about products and services, the issuing authority has to take into account that this affects the supplier's constitutionally protected economic liberty (article 12 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law&usg=ALkJrhjdm7rZjmByQrxm1G3j-m_96ioJXg" title="Dasar Hukum" class="mw-redirect">Basic Law</a> , see <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverwaltungsgericht&usg=ALkJrhgaSCJ-LHFdq_F7iypI-sKZT4feqw" title="Bundesverwaltungsgericht" class="mw-redirect">Bundesverwaltungsgericht</a> (Federal Administrative Court) <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/dfr/vw071183.html&usg=ALkJrhiiAQXhgBoKRDeEaqSYYwI0NPX5wA" class="external text" title="http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/dfr/vw071183.html" rel="nofollow">Case 3 C 34.84, 71 BVerwGE 183</a> .</span> Ketika publik mengeluarkan peringatan tentang produk dan layanan, yang memiliki kewenangan untuk mengeluarkan memperhitungkan bahwa hal ini akan mempengaruhi pemasok sesuai dgn keadaan badan dilindungi dari kebebasan ekonomi (pasal 12 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law&usg=ALkJrhjdm7rZjmByQrxm1G3j-m_96ioJXg" title="Dasar Hukum" class="mw-redirect">Undang-Undang Dasar,</a> lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverwaltungsgericht&usg=ALkJrhgaSCJ-LHFdq_F7iypI-sKZT4feqw" title="Bundesverwaltungsgericht" class="mw-redirect">Bundesverwaltungsgericht</a> (Federal Court Administrasi) <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/dfr/vw071183.html&usg=ALkJrhiiAQXhgBoKRDeEaqSYYwI0NPX5wA" class="external text" title="http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/dfr/vw071183.html" rel="nofollow">Kasus 3 C 34,84, 71 BVerwGE 183.</a></span> </p><p><a name="United_Kingdom" id="United_Kingdom"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhgPl8wSn3Mqvy69V_DNlPItScIGaQ" title="Sunting bagian: Inggris">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">United Kingdom</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhgPl8wSn3Mqvy69V_DNlPItScIGaQ" title="Sunting bagian: Inggris"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Inggris</span></span> </h4><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhgIVi3tCPINbVKoD6vuII7dLY_wrg" title="Inggris">United Kingdom</a> is a member state of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">European Union</a> and so is bound by the consumer protection <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Directive&usg=ALkJrhgUrBEC_iyzMyrnntadxcA9k-wxzA" title="Eropa Petunjuk" class="mw-redirect">directives</a> of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">European Union</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhgIVi3tCPINbVKoD6vuII7dLY_wrg" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> adalah negara anggota <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> dan karenanya terikat dengan perlindungan konsumen <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Directive&usg=ALkJrhgUrBEC_iyzMyrnntadxcA9k-wxzA" title="Eropa Petunjuk" class="mw-redirect">arahan</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhg1VMl6jFrdOAwdqLwOaffjPG1-Pg" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Domestic (UK) <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhIErQwLiFDqXb00TXUVPsFIMapvQ" title="Hukum">laws</a> originated within the ambit of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhiqQQQATTmiw_vGD11lOBrnEsrHrw" title="Kontrak">contract</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhg-ofpXDgBxWTGAjJ-nOKIf_c_7DQ" title="Tort">tort</a> but, with the influence of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_law&usg=ALkJrhhPy3QozOTi6pubcBWuRDSgjdkrOg" title="Uni Eropa hukum" class="mw-redirect">EU law</a> , it is emerging as an independent area of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhIErQwLiFDqXb00TXUVPsFIMapvQ" title="Hukum">law</a> .</span> Dalam Negeri (Inggris) <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhIErQwLiFDqXb00TXUVPsFIMapvQ" title="Hukum">undang-undang</a> yang berasal dari ambit <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhiqQQQATTmiw_vGD11lOBrnEsrHrw" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhg-ofpXDgBxWTGAjJ-nOKIf_c_7DQ" title="Tort">tort</a> tetapi, dengan pengaruh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_law&usg=ALkJrhhPy3QozOTi6pubcBWuRDSgjdkrOg" title="Uni Eropa hukum" class="mw-redirect">hukum Uni Eropa,</a> sekarang muncul sebagai wilayah yang independen <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhIErQwLiFDqXb00TXUVPsFIMapvQ" title="Hukum">hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In many circumstances, where domestic law is in question, the matter judicially treated as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhg-ofpXDgBxWTGAjJ-nOKIf_c_7DQ" title="Tort">tort</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhiqQQQATTmiw_vGD11lOBrnEsrHrw" title="Kontrak">contract</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhhFslY4mjocG5lr4Bl-v-kgghpoKw" title="Restitusi">restitution</a> or even <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhjDZ6Wbftc0Dv7eHRJrk830chJ1Bg" title="Hukum pidana">criminal law</a> .</span> Dalam banyak keadaan, dimana hukum domestik tersebut adalah, dalam hal hukum sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhg-ofpXDgBxWTGAjJ-nOKIf_c_7DQ" title="Tort">tort,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhiqQQQATTmiw_vGD11lOBrnEsrHrw" title="Kontrak">kontrak,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhhFslY4mjocG5lr4Bl-v-kgghpoKw" title="Restitusi">restitusi</a> atau bahkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhjDZ6Wbftc0Dv7eHRJrk830chJ1Bg" title="Hukum pidana">hukum pidana.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consumer Protection issues are dealt with when complaints are made to the Director-General of Fair Trade.</span> Perlindungan Konsumen adalah masalah ketika berurusan dengan keluhan yang dibuat kepada Direktur Jenderal Perdagangan Lumayan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Trading&usg=ALkJrhjTM6yyc3wUqMPNiI3RfLAlGmtm9g" title="Office of Fair Trading">Office of Fair Trading</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.oft.gsi.gov.uk/&usg=ALkJrhjOLSCyr8mFnTqAn-4u98WV0rKJBw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.oft.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> will then investigate, impose an injunction or take the matter to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigation&usg=ALkJrhh64eh_BMSsy0jX9PP8ShSrsmq5xw" title="Litigasi" class="mw-redirect">litigation</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Trading&usg=ALkJrhjTM6yyc3wUqMPNiI3RfLAlGmtm9g" title="Office of Fair Trading">Office of Fair Trading</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.oft.gsi.gov.uk/&usg=ALkJrhjOLSCyr8mFnTqAn-4u98WV0rKJBw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.oft.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> akan menyelidiki, memaksakan sebuah perintah atau mengambil peduli untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigation&usg=ALkJrhh64eh_BMSsy0jX9PP8ShSrsmq5xw" title="Litigasi" class="mw-redirect">litigasi.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Office of Fair Trading <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> also acts as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK&usg=ALkJrhgJ4QPh4DZIS7aKALSOwsx7bRDEUQ" title="Inggris" class="mw-redirect">UK</a> 's official consumer and competition watchdog, with a remit to make markets work well for consumers, and at a local, municipal level by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Standards&usg=ALkJrhg5EUasHFfz-BjPzZL7k8BW7vHZtw" title="Perdagangan Standarisasi" class="mw-redirect">Trading Standards</a> departments. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/&usg=ALkJrhgmiPUW9mrGRM1VLAm0BwRSVhX7yQ" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow">[4]</a> General consumer advice can be obtained from <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Direct&usg=ALkJrhhtNuc1cyMGN7RBAgAV7eW7vhI4vg" title="Konsumen langsung">Consumer Direct</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumerdirect.gov.uk/&usg=ALkJrhiImqc-7erhRZDS17FbnmnitVEl1Q" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.consumerdirect.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow">[5]</a> or via a local branch of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%27s_Advice_Bureau&usg=ALkJrhiSUHKiFmMGAs6SpWGBxV9zdSMB0w" title="Citizen's Advice Bureau" class="mw-redirect">Citizen's Advice Bureau</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/&usg=ALkJrhiM9-8DkgzTjhP-2HgMRKutg2LqPw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/" rel="nofollow">[6]</a></span> Office of Fair Trading <span><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span> juga bertindak sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK&usg=ALkJrhgJ4QPh4DZIS7aKALSOwsx7bRDEUQ" title="Inggris" class="mw-redirect">Inggris'</a> s resmi konsumen dan kompetisi penjaga, dengan mengirimkan uang untuk membuat pasar kerja baik untuk konsumen, dan di daerah, tingkat kota oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Standards&usg=ALkJrhg5EUasHFfz-BjPzZL7k8BW7vHZtw" title="Perdagangan Standarisasi" class="mw-redirect">Trading Standarisasi</a> departemen. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/&usg=ALkJrhgmiPUW9mrGRM1VLAm0BwRSVhX7yQ" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow">[4]</a> Umum konsumen nasihat dapat diperoleh dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Direct&usg=ALkJrhhtNuc1cyMGN7RBAgAV7eW7vhI4vg" title="Konsumen langsung">langsung Konsumen</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumerdirect.gov.uk/&usg=ALkJrhiImqc-7erhRZDS17FbnmnitVEl1Q" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.consumerdirect.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow">[5]</a> atau melalui lokal cabang dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%27s_Advice_Bureau&usg=ALkJrhiSUHKiFmMGAs6SpWGBxV9zdSMB0w" title="Citizen's Advice Bureau" class="mw-redirect">Citizen's Advice Bureau.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/&usg=ALkJrhiM9-8DkgzTjhP-2HgMRKutg2LqPw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/" rel="nofollow">[6]</a></span> </p><p><a name="Other_Commonwealth_countries" id="Other_Commonwealth_countries"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhi8Kcp0sDAuM1f3RDjNh76JCsBoQQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lain-lain negara Commonwealth">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Other Commonwealth countries</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhi8Kcp0sDAuM1f3RDjNh76JCsBoQQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lain-lain negara Commonwealth"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lain-lain negara Commonwealth</span></span> </h4><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&usg=ALkJrhjlGO63JApkhZYy7xbBZdkB9K4J1g" title="Australia">Australia</a> the corresponding agency is the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Competition_and_Consumer_Commission&usg=ALkJrhiDV24a3tdZTIUNxQltJ2Yu4UIAbQ" title="Australia Komisi Persaingan dan Konsumen">Australian Competition and Consumer Commission</a> or the individual State Consumer Affairs agencies.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&usg=ALkJrhjlGO63JApkhZYy7xbBZdkB9K4J1g" title="Australia">Australia</a> yang sesuai adalah badan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Competition_and_Consumer_Commission&usg=ALkJrhiDV24a3tdZTIUNxQltJ2Yu4UIAbQ" title="Australia Komisi Persaingan dan Konsumen">Australian Komisi Persaingan dan Konsumen</a> atau individu Negara Urusan Konsumen badan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand&usg=ALkJrhh4QNnAtEdPvTudzjPa6rIJMSWSjA" title="Selandia Baru">New Zealand</a> , the corresponding agency is the Ministry of Consumer Affairs <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumeraffairs.govt.nz/&usg=ALkJrhipqGeo49p0eBW0HjpFZxrZDwTHfA" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.consumeraffairs.govt.nz" rel="nofollow">[7]</a> and the New Zealand Commerce Commission <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.comcom.govt.nz/&usg=ALkJrhj8bpBtCO5mCtcQaNtLRFDCRv4DbA" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.comcom.govt.nz" rel="nofollow">[8]</a> .</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand&usg=ALkJrhh4QNnAtEdPvTudzjPa6rIJMSWSjA" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru,</a> yang sesuai adalah badan Departemen Urusan Konsumen <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumeraffairs.govt.nz/&usg=ALkJrhipqGeo49p0eBW0HjpFZxrZDwTHfA" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.consumeraffairs.govt.nz" rel="nofollow">[7]</a> dan Komisi Niaga Selandia Baru <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.comcom.govt.nz/&usg=ALkJrhj8bpBtCO5mCtcQaNtLRFDCRv4DbA" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.comcom.govt.nz" rel="nofollow">[8].</a></span> </p><p><a name="Taiwan" id="Taiwan"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhhdVEL-nq50uzc1gJploef_eGqBcA" title="Sunting bagian: Taiwan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Taiwan</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhhdVEL-nq50uzc1gJploef_eGqBcA" title="Sunting bagian: Taiwan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Taiwan</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consumer Protection Law in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan&usg=ALkJrhinO1eR_NiPWLf-nVg3rJUK1ym4cA" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> is the national special law specfically protects the interest and safety of end-user using the products or services provided by business operators.</span> Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan&usg=ALkJrhinO1eR_NiPWLf-nVg3rJUK1ym4cA" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> adalah hukum nasional khusus specfically melindungi kepentingan dan keselamatan pengguna akhir menggunakan produk atau layanan yang diberikan oleh operator bisnis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consumer Protection Commission of Executive Yuan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.cpc.gov.tw/en/index.asp&usg=ALkJrhilM-50s--V2YhL5TLExDq3QqaRrg" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.cpc.gov.tw/en/index.asp" rel="nofollow">[9]</a> serves as an ombudsman supervising, coordinating, reporting any unsafe products/services and periodically reviewing the legislations.</span> Perlindungan Konsumen Komisi Eksekutif Yuan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.cpc.gov.tw/en/index.asp&usg=ALkJrhilM-50s--V2YhL5TLExDq3QqaRrg" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.cpc.gov.tw/en/index.asp" rel="nofollow">[9]</a> bertindak sebagai ombudsman pengawasan, koordinasi, laporan apapun yang tidak aman produk / jasa dan secara berkala meninjau legislations.</span> </p><p><a name="Consumer_advocacy_groups" id="Consumer_advocacy_groups"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhghCuh96FLGpABWwlTfxUkAojdy4g" title="Sunting bagian: Konsumen kelompok advokasi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Consumer advocacy groups</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhghCuh96FLGpABWwlTfxUkAojdy4g" title="Sunting bagian: Konsumen kelompok advokasi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Konsumen kelompok advokasi</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_organization&usg=ALkJrhiJaU2b7bVwovLVJtbkyNH8iy0L3Q" title="Konsumen organisasi">Consumer organization</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_organization&usg=ALkJrhiJaU2b7bVwovLVJtbkyNH8iy0L3Q" title="Konsumen organisasi">Konsumen organisasi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><a name="Laws" id="Laws"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhilirzUIzexMaB-6rFtJDi3W_I7-w" title="Sunting bagian: Undang-Undang">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Laws</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhilirzUIzexMaB-6rFtJDi3W_I7-w" title="Sunting bagian: Undang-Undang"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Undang-Undang</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhg4NW1Xa9d_QRPKuEujs2jwv0yeg" title="Hukum persaingan">Competition law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhg4NW1Xa9d_QRPKuEujs2jwv0yeg" title="Hukum persaingan">Hukum persaingan</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="United_Kingdom_2" id="United_Kingdom_2"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhhuwmN8QrUiJD3RZ1fkwWDaZj_BlA" title="Sunting bagian: Inggris">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">United Kingdom</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhhuwmN8QrUiJD3RZ1fkwWDaZj_BlA" title="Sunting bagian: Inggris"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Inggris</span></span> </h3><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMisrepresentations_Act_1967%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhBqPXtECtw8fBUVeem1pVHox_kdQ" class="new" title="Misrepresentations Act 1967 (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Misrepresentations Act 1967</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMisrepresentations_Act_1967%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhBqPXtECtw8fBUVeem1pVHox_kdQ" class="new" title="Misrepresentations Act 1967 (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Misrepresentations Act 1967</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Contract_Terms_Act_1977&usg=ALkJrhic7z4PpnIUrIlVuuTv0jtifoiDpg" title="Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977">Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Contract_Terms_Act_1977&usg=ALkJrhic7z4PpnIUrIlVuuTv0jtifoiDpg" title="Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977">Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhgtwNTJuabhS7gcEAQfsgLSLm8X1w" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Sale of Goods Act 1979</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhgtwNTJuabhS7gcEAQfsgLSLm8X1w" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Penjualan barang Act 1979</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Protection_Act_1987&usg=ALkJrhjRYs5D0_4FqfVKuw1YyIT5juc_sQ" title="Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen 1987">Consumer Protection Act 1987</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Protection_Act_1987&usg=ALkJrhjRYs5D0_4FqfVKuw1YyIT5juc_sQ" title="Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen 1987">Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen 1987</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts_Regulations_1999&usg=ALkJrhhFtSQC0_BxAhaNz-M540eT3xbh6A" title="Persyaratan yang tidak adil dalam Peraturan Konsumen Kontrak 1999">Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts_Regulations_1999&usg=ALkJrhhFtSQC0_BxAhaNz-M540eT3xbh6A" title="Persyaratan yang tidak adil dalam Peraturan Konsumen Kontrak 1999">Persyaratan yang tidak adil dalam Peraturan Konsumen Kontrak 1999</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Protection_%28Distance_Selling%29_Regulations_2000&usg=ALkJrhgdkmEr4Ss0f3RTBZGLLi4ZvqIC1w" title="Perlindungan Konsumen (Jarak Beli) Peraturan 2000">Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Protection_%28Distance_Selling%29_Regulations_2000&usg=ALkJrhgdkmEr4Ss0f3RTBZGLLi4ZvqIC1w" title="Perlindungan Konsumen (Jarak Beli) Peraturan 2000">Perlindungan Konsumen (Jarak Beli) Peraturan 2000</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_Regulations_2002&usg=ALkJrhjL1Z4gsR-p6am3ENz2eyEsFnd0mg" title="Elektronik Niaga Peraturan 2002">Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_Regulations_2002&usg=ALkJrhjL1Z4gsR-p6am3ENz2eyEsFnd0mg" title="Elektronik Niaga Peraturan 2002">Elektronik Niaga Peraturan 2002</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Product_Safety_Regulations_2005&usg=ALkJrhiny36ji93JfIM3pSXn_OquE4gSbA" title="Produk umum Peraturan Keselamatan 2005">General Product Safety Regulations 2005</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Product_Safety_Regulations_2005&usg=ALkJrhiny36ji93JfIM3pSXn_OquE4gSbA" title="Produk umum Peraturan Keselamatan 2005">Produk umum Peraturan Keselamatan 2005</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="United_States_2" id="United_States_2"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhhBQZuwHLw33lOGw4bgqmsigzmw6g" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">United States</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhhBQZuwHLw33lOGw4bgqmsigzmw6g" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Amerika Serikat</span></span> </h3><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">General consumer protection laws</span> Umum undang-undang perlindungan konsumen</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Act&usg=ALkJrhhTfD69MyCVbqGJ0tUsPCWV3eJ1Rg" title="Undang-undang Keamanan Produk Konsumen">Consumer Product Safety Act</a> - gives <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission&usg=ALkJrhgBUEIBXvHqTuLKVF64abUiHT7d-A" title="Komisi Keamanan Produk Konsumen">CPSC</a> the power to develop safety standards and pursue recalls for products</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Act&usg=ALkJrhhTfD69MyCVbqGJ0tUsPCWV3eJ1Rg" title="Undang-undang Keamanan Produk Konsumen">Undang-undang Keamanan Produk Konsumen</a> - memberikan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission&usg=ALkJrhgBUEIBXvHqTuLKVF64abUiHT7d-A" title="Komisi Keamanan Produk Konsumen">CPSC</a> kuasa untuk mengembangkan standar-standar keselamatan dan mengejar recalls produk</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act&usg=ALkJrhhjVzVPv1HyGuzRlWsNBRJTxhBrDQ" title="Federal Trade Commission Act">Federal Trade Commission Act</a> - created the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission&usg=ALkJrhiHOq2jUY0Ve2O_IOLyefjwugHdog" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a> to prevent unfair competition, deceptive acts, regulate trade, etc.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act&usg=ALkJrhhjVzVPv1HyGuzRlWsNBRJTxhBrDQ" title="Federal Trade Commission Act">Federal Trade Commission Act</a> - menciptakan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission&usg=ALkJrhiHOq2jUY0Ve2O_IOLyefjwugHdog" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a> untuk mencegah kompetisi yang tidak adil, tipu bertindak, mengatur perdagangan, dll</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhjmZKTUY1aHh4wl7qEeRjDS8tnwBg" title="Privasi undang-undang Amerika Serikat">Privacy Laws</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhjmZKTUY1aHh4wl7qEeRjDS8tnwBg" title="Privasi undang-undang Amerika Serikat">Undang-Undang Privasi</a></span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Do_Not_Call_Registry&usg=ALkJrhhCLK_bmI9AKabaVDU7TV_DKxybZQ" title="Amerika Nasional Tidak Panggil Registry">United States National Do Not Call Registry</a> - allows US consumers to limit telemarketing calls they receive.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Do_Not_Call_Registry&usg=ALkJrhhCLK_bmI9AKabaVDU7TV_DKxybZQ" title="Amerika Nasional Tidak Panggil Registry">Amerika Nasional Tidak Panggil Registry</a> - US memungkinkan konsumen telemarketing untuk membatasi panggilan yang mereka terima.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Food & Drug</span> Makanan & Narkoba</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&usg=ALkJrhjbGqQRrR0FR0ATSNDbd_SqWh99_A" title="Murni Undang-Undang Makanan dan Obat-obatan">Pure Food and Drug Act</a> - led to the creation of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA&usg=ALkJrhhBp7NG6MyPXssX8N6l0wHRni0nmA" title="FDA" class="mw-redirect">Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</a> to regulate foods, drugs, and more.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act&usg=ALkJrhjbGqQRrR0FR0ATSNDbd_SqWh99_A" title="Murni Undang-Undang Makanan dan Obat-obatan">Makanan dan Obat-obatan murni Act</a> - menyebabkan penciptaan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA&usg=ALkJrhhBp7NG6MyPXssX8N6l0wHRni0nmA" title="FDA" class="mw-redirect">Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</a> untuk mengatur makanan, obat-obatan, dan banyak lagi.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Communications</span> Komunikasi</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934&usg=ALkJrhjwk9TTOxs5atSb_pHihrLkiIC46Q" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> - created the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission&usg=ALkJrhi_wkK5jbdQXvkQHaCxJNb9E_DY7A" title="Komisi Komunikasi Federal">Federal Communications Commission (FCC)</a> to regulate all radio and interstate cable, phone, and satellite communications.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934&usg=ALkJrhjwk9TTOxs5atSb_pHihrLkiIC46Q" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> - menciptakan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission&usg=ALkJrhi_wkK5jbdQXvkQHaCxJNb9E_DY7A" title="Komisi Komunikasi Federal">Federal Communications Commission (FCC)</a> untuk mengatur semua radio dan antar kabel, telepon, dan komunikasi satelit.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q" title="Peraturan bank">Banking</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q" title="Peraturan bank">Perbankan</a></span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act&usg=ALkJrhgg3bjdFSjvZcx_DKvs4zhPUUJEuw" title="Cukup Kredit Laporan Undang-undang">Fair Credit Reporting Act (FRCA)</a> - regulates the collection, dissemination, and use of consumer credit information</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act&usg=ALkJrhgg3bjdFSjvZcx_DKvs4zhPUUJEuw" title="Cukup Kredit Laporan Undang-undang">Cukup Kredit Laporan Undang-undang (FRCA)</a> - mengatur pengumpulan, penyebarluasan, dan penggunaan kredit konsumen informasi</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act&usg=ALkJrhha7NGWmnKyvr7C8CcH3tckY_cEzQ" title="Cukup Debt Collection Practices Act">Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)</a> - eliminate abusive consumer practices, ensure fairness, etc.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act&usg=ALkJrhha7NGWmnKyvr7C8CcH3tckY_cEzQ" title="Cukup Debt Collection Practices Act">Cukup Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)</a> - menghilangkan praktek kasar konsumen, menjamin keadilan, dll</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act&usg=ALkJrhhMjmBbo9ilbSU6CoGSH7_snAykCQ" title="Pinjaman kebenaran dalam Undang-Undang">Truth in Lending Act (TILA)</a> - requires clear disclosure of key terms of the lending arrangement and all costs.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act&usg=ALkJrhhMjmBbo9ilbSU6CoGSH7_snAykCQ" title="Pinjaman kebenaran dalam Undang-Undang">Pinjaman kebenaran dalam Undang-undang (Tila)</a> - jelas memerlukan pengungkapan yang penting dari segi urusan pinjaman dan semua biaya.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Real Estate</span> Real Estat</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Settlement_Procedures_Act&usg=ALkJrhihD_QQFEO8p1KRcQf3SuQP4d1_dQ" title="Real Estat Permukiman UU Prosedur">Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA)</a> - prohibits kickbacks and requires lenders to provide a good faith estimate of costs</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_Settlement_Procedures_Act&usg=ALkJrhihD_QQFEO8p1KRcQf3SuQP4d1_dQ" title="Real Estat Permukiman UU Prosedur">Real Estat Prosedur Penyelesaian Undang-undang (RESPA)</a> - melarang kickbacks dan membutuhkan lender untuk memberikan itikad baik dari perkiraan biaya</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhiSN8XIaBJ4UbJNxv4XgyaPGp0RnA" title="Asuransi kesehatan di Amerika Serikat">Health Insurance</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhiSN8XIaBJ4UbJNxv4XgyaPGp0RnA" title="Asuransi kesehatan di Amerika Serikat">Asuransi Kesehatan</a></span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act&usg=ALkJrhhCv4Pi0hC_Pv8hTSQOeiQ-8SSh6w" title="Asuransi Kesehatan Portabilitas Akuntabilitas dan Undang-Undang">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act</a> (HIPAA) - provides consumer protection for Health Information</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act&usg=ALkJrhhCv4Pi0hC_Pv8hTSQOeiQ-8SSh6w" title="Asuransi Kesehatan Portabilitas Akuntabilitas dan Undang-Undang">Asuransi Kesehatan dan Akuntabilitas Portabilitas Act</a> (HIPAA) - untuk memberikan perlindungan konsumen Informasi Kesehatan</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Digital Media</span> Digital Media</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act&usg=ALkJrhgOEP9kziAnkwQ9c5qBPzIrV_qoYw" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> - prohibits production or sale of devices or services intended to circumvent copyright measures.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act&usg=ALkJrhgOEP9kziAnkwQ9c5qBPzIrV_qoYw" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> - melarang produksi atau penjualan perangkat atau layanan untuk mengelak copyright tindakan.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMCRA&usg=ALkJrhhPY24sGxhgqmQ7I3WfjrEc7OmuiQ" title="DMCRA" class="mw-redirect">Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act</a> (proposed) - would repeal the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act&usg=ALkJrhgOEP9kziAnkwQ9c5qBPzIrV_qoYw" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMCRA&usg=ALkJrhhPY24sGxhgqmQ7I3WfjrEc7OmuiQ" title="DMCRA" class="mw-redirect">Digital Media Konsumen 'Rights Act</a> (diusulkan) - akan mencabut <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act&usg=ALkJrhgOEP9kziAnkwQ9c5qBPzIrV_qoYw" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a></span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Articles needed</span> Artikel diperlukan</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUnfair_or_Deceptive_Acts_or_Practices%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi2j8eky7Zf_qeHEDqXFOzgq48jbw" class="new" title="Kisah tidak adil atau menipu atau Praktik (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (UDAP)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUnfair_or_Deceptive_Acts_or_Practices%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi2j8eky7Zf_qeHEDqXFOzgq48jbw" class="new" title="Kisah tidak adil atau menipu atau Praktik (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kisah tidak adil atau menipu atau Praktek (UDAP)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUniform_Deceptive_Trade_Practices_Act%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhja3y8zEDshOZl1Y3Wi9SHW4Jkd4g" class="new" title="Seragam tipu Praktek Perdagangan Act (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act (UDTPA)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUniform_Deceptive_Trade_Practices_Act%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhja3y8zEDshOZl1Y3Wi9SHW4Jkd4g" class="new" title="Seragam tipu Praktek Perdagangan Act (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Seragam tipu UU Praktik Perdagangan (UDTPA)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHome_Ownership_and_Equity_Protection_Act%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhisp_hjQL7ZClyQPDwb0aDBEsyEFw" class="new" title="Kepemilikan rumah dan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Equity (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994 (HOEPA)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHome_Ownership_and_Equity_Protection_Act%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhisp_hjQL7ZClyQPDwb0aDBEsyEFw" class="new" title="Kepemilikan rumah dan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Equity (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kepemilikan rumah dan Equity Protection Act of 1994 (HOEPA)</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Australia" id="Australia"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhh-SQ7U5-Gk4MxCAl3sd6B0UWrXYQ" title="Sunting bagian: australia">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Australia</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhh-SQ7U5-Gk4MxCAl3sd6B0UWrXYQ" title="Sunting bagian: australia"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Australia</span></span> </h3><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Practices_Act_1974&usg=ALkJrhjLsy3bpjfnlloc9gFACp1wp_4Urw" title="Praktek perdagangan Act 1974">Trade Practices Act 1974</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Practices_Act_1974&usg=ALkJrhjLsy3bpjfnlloc9gFACp1wp_4Urw" title="Praktek perdagangan Act 1974">Praktek perdagangan Act 1974</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhgUHXdzVzFn6pAfcl8Kqyh2vhKbhA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhgUHXdzVzFn6pAfcl8Kqyh2vhKbhA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi</span></span> </h2><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.oft.gsi.gov.uk/&usg=ALkJrhjOLSCyr8mFnTqAn-4u98WV0rKJBw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.oft.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjL13LSi3FuASIEkKRJMXGgbodBoA#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.oft.gsi.gov.uk/&usg=ALkJrhjOLSCyr8mFnTqAn-4u98WV0rKJBw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.oft.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></span> </li></ol><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhg7sCN2gKc-XbXbs5JaaUi7lWLirw" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhg7sCN2gKc-XbXbs5JaaUi7lWLirw" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><p><a name="People" id="People"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhiE3yp4qlkWWPpYRoFhSsIBDqH1Ww" title="Sunting bagian: Orang">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">People</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhiE3yp4qlkWWPpYRoFhSsIBDqH1Ww" title="Sunting bagian: Orang"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Orang</span></span> </h3><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Kelley&usg=ALkJrhi4n5Co3pMXFOCA54io5yG-4NObzA" title="Florence Kelley">Florence Kelley</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Kelley&usg=ALkJrhi4n5Co3pMXFOCA54io5yG-4NObzA" title="Florence Kelley">Florence Kelley</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader&usg=ALkJrhhoY2EtLtEZFYFcQhiV-3f6SwVh8w" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader&usg=ALkJrhhoY2EtLtEZFYFcQhiV-3f6SwVh8w" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Vernon&usg=ALkJrhi1p9pQFmPDWd5fY3uo3AFzvN4l2w" title="Michael Vernon">Michael Vernon</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Vernon&usg=ALkJrhi1p9pQFmPDWd5fY3uo3AFzvN4l2w" title="Michael Vernon">Michael Vernon</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Arnold&usg=ALkJrhhydwzkBKrW0WUADgbh55h2sL2J8A" title="Curtis Arnold">Curtis Arnold</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Arnold&usg=ALkJrhhydwzkBKrW0WUADgbh55h2sL2J8A" title="Curtis Arnold">Curtis Arnold</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHerb_Denenberg%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj99eDkJPqVXL3wCVG17ArcCsT_Jg" class="new" title="Herb Denenberg (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Herb Denenberg</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHerb_Denenberg%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj99eDkJPqVXL3wCVG17ArcCsT_Jg" class="new" title="Herb Denenberg (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Herb Denenberg</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Consumer_Issues" id="Consumer_Issues"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhhGrsCaRgbZzUefEUUCFhVn1CcLIQ" title="Sunting bagian: Isu Konsumen">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Consumer Issues</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhhGrsCaRgbZzUefEUUCFhVn1CcLIQ" title="Sunting bagian: Isu Konsumen"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Isu Konsumen</span></span> </h3><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhg-JILgCKrSB6KjvWzlP13wBX8NjA" title="Antitrust" class="mw-redirect">Antitrust</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhg-JILgCKrSB6KjvWzlP13wBX8NjA" title="Antitrust" class="mw-redirect">Antitrust</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action&usg=ALkJrhgfVLhNo23q-YLXo0TghKOIg0ra9g" title="Tindakan kelas">Class action</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action&usg=ALkJrhgfVLhNo23q-YLXo0TghKOIg0ra9g" title="Tindakan kelas">Tindakan kelas</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_policy&usg=ALkJrhj6i33OD96Uzo7H9n8m_ynxe-9WKQ" title="Kebijakan persaingan">Competition policy</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_policy&usg=ALkJrhj6i33OD96Uzo7H9n8m_ynxe-9WKQ" title="Kebijakan persaingan">Kebijakan persaingan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_regulator&usg=ALkJrhg7V9G8bXt45IzKS-5Gc3tIZDyarA" title="Kompetisi regulator">Competition regulator</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_regulator&usg=ALkJrhg7V9G8bXt45IzKS-5Gc3tIZDyarA" title="Kompetisi regulator">Kompetisi regulator</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_Protection_Federal_Agency%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh3BR2_E1OP4HF74iJ7hyWf6o2UKw" class="new" title="Badan Perlindungan Konsumen Federal (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Consumer Protection Federal Agency</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_Protection_Federal_Agency%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh3BR2_E1OP4HF74iJ7hyWf6o2UKw" class="new" title="Badan Perlindungan Konsumen Federal (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Federal Badan Perlindungan Konsumen</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit&usg=ALkJrhjDBdquJUxnfQ-hfwypPEtovJIOBw" title="Kredit">Credit</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt&usg=ALkJrhiOngkMEJ8ckLiDudr1aCvbVwBZeQ" title="Hutang">debt</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit&usg=ALkJrhjDBdquJUxnfQ-hfwypPEtovJIOBw" title="Kredit">Kredit</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt&usg=ALkJrhiOngkMEJ8ckLiDudr1aCvbVwBZeQ" title="Hutang">hutang</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_warranty&usg=ALkJrhjDYpubcMlNOzz7NzCBh3olFXjlZw" title="Perpanjangan jaminan">Extended warranty</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_warranty&usg=ALkJrhjDYpubcMlNOzz7NzCBh3olFXjlZw" title="Perpanjangan jaminan">Perpanjangan jaminan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DFederal_Consumer_Attorney%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhkz6HeL8_lYhhSJBR9Ihr6xQ-UaA" class="new" title="Federal Konsumen Attorney (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Federal Consumer Attorney</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DFederal_Consumer_Attorney%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhkz6HeL8_lYhhSJBR9Ihr6xQ-UaA" class="new" title="Federal Konsumen Attorney (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Federal Konsumen Attorney</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairtrade_labelling&usg=ALkJrhiyp9kyA3oBQmQF1j7062pIPjhfUw" title="Fairtrade label" class="mw-redirect">Fairtrade labelling</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairtrade_labelling&usg=ALkJrhiyp9kyA3oBQmQF1j7062pIPjhfUw" title="Fairtrade label" class="mw-redirect">Fairtrade label</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety&usg=ALkJrhgzkSHRe_XuMSOsJ-DprGIk9MFucA" title="Keselamatan makanan">Food safety</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety&usg=ALkJrhgzkSHRe_XuMSOsJ-DprGIk9MFucA" title="Keselamatan makanan">Keselamatan makanan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_labelling&usg=ALkJrhiN9hMmBdMBQWvnlAGUcZ2N7vNibw" title="Wajib label">Mandatory labelling</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_labelling&usg=ALkJrhiN9hMmBdMBQWvnlAGUcZ2N7vNibw" title="Wajib label">Wajib label</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_recall&usg=ALkJrhj39CrgHXbKNAotMnpllvNUJcSVFg" title="Produk recall">Product recall</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_recall&usg=ALkJrhj39CrgHXbKNAotMnpllvNUJcSVFg" title="Produk recall">Produk recall</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_%28market%29&usg=ALkJrhhEicj4AGICIJXb7S5miflpsyKu8g" title="Transparansi (pasar)">Transparency (market)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_%28market%29&usg=ALkJrhhEicj4AGICIJXb7S5miflpsyKu8g" title="Transparansi (pasar)">Transparansi (pasar)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_competition&usg=ALkJrhhD-3toCtLiCZs9nWqhnb2Xe4J86A" title="Kompetisi yang tidak adil">Unfair competition</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_competition&usg=ALkJrhhD-3toCtLiCZs9nWqhnb2Xe4J86A" title="Kompetisi yang tidak adil">Kompetisi yang tidak adil</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p><h2> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhgbs7V62NdEQp-diRkcISeGQU-C4w" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsumer_protection%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhgbs7V62NdEQp-diRkcISeGQU-C4w" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pranala luar</span></span> </h2><table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_page&usg=ALkJrhjn0xwEPxJ3pkn1GBKAy0WdKsIpyg" title="b: Halaman Utama"><img alt="Sister proyek" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="40" /></a> </td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikibooks&usg=ALkJrhjt-1CekAMMiKx3Fqjf5X6v7oQrzQ" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a> has a book on the topic of</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikibooks&usg=ALkJrhjt-1CekAMMiKx3Fqjf5X6v7oQrzQ" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a> memiliki buku pada topik</span> <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Legal_and_Regulatory_Issues_in_the_Information_Economy&usg=ALkJrhgWq7quk_r-GeUm5pxjYs8_O64gpA" class="extiw" title="Wikibooks: Legal dan Regulatory Issues dalam Informasi Ekonomi"><b><i>Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy</i></b></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Legal_and_Regulatory_Issues_in_the_Information_Economy&usg=ALkJrhgWq7quk_r-GeUm5pxjYs8_O64gpA" class="extiw" title="Wikibooks: Legal dan Regulatory Issues dalam Informasi Ekonomi"><b><i>Hukum dan Regulatory Isu dalam Informasi Ekonomi</i></b></a></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="https://rn.ftc.gov/pls/dod/wsolcq$.startup?Z_ORG_CODE=PU01" class="external text" title="https: / / rn.ftc.gov / pls / DOD / wsolcq $. startup? Z_ORG_CODE = PU01" rel="nofollow">Consumer Complaint Form, US Federal Trade Commission</a></span> <a href="https://rn.ftc.gov/pls/dod/wsolcq$.startup?Z_ORG_CODE=PU01" class="external text" title="https: / / rn.ftc.gov / pls / DOD / wsolcq $. startup? Z_ORG_CODE = PU01" rel="nofollow">Konsumen Complaint Formulir, US Federal Trade Commission</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.consumer.ago.mo.gov/" class="external text" title="https: / / www.consumer.ago.mo.gov/" rel="nofollow">Consumer Complaint Form</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General&usg=ALkJrhjep1kvIIy6isF2STQWf0lf26zc_Q" title="Jaksa Agung Missouri">Missouri Attorney General</a></span> <a href="https://www.consumer.ago.mo.gov/" class="external text" title="https: / / www.consumer.ago.mo.gov/" rel="nofollow">Konsumen Complaint Form</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General&usg=ALkJrhjep1kvIIy6isF2STQWf0lf26zc_Q" title="Jaksa Agung Missouri">Missouri Jaksa Agung</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumercourts.org/&usg=ALkJrhjGQICyo9dP4sS2NNyxgrcys7fJ1w" class="external text" title="http://www.consumercourts.org/" rel="nofollow">Consumer Rights and Protection (India)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumercourts.org/&usg=ALkJrhjGQICyo9dP4sS2NNyxgrcys7fJ1w" class="external text" title="http://www.consumercourts.org/" rel="nofollow">Hak dan Perlindungan Konsumen (India)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.cercindia.org/&usg=ALkJrhj1BhWwRY3T6e2QCukj0USedTaRTw" class="external text" title="http://www.CERCIndia.org" rel="nofollow">Consumer Education and Research Centre (CERC)(India)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.cercindia.org/&usg=ALkJrhj1BhWwRY3T6e2QCukj0USedTaRTw" class="external text" title="http://www.CERCIndia.org" rel="nofollow">Pendidikan dan Penelitian Konsumen Centre (CERC) (India)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.polisource.com/consumer-protection.shtml&usg=ALkJrhjo6xt96ZkJyxAetrjeZW9ZAeHSXw" class="external text" title="http://www.polisource.com/consumer-protection.shtml" rel="nofollow">Consumer protection information (US)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.polisource.com/consumer-protection.shtml&usg=ALkJrhjo6xt96ZkJyxAetrjeZW9ZAeHSXw" class="external text" title="http://www.polisource.com/consumer-protection.shtml" rel="nofollow">Perlindungan konsumen informasi (US)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://3csdpsvk2.bravehost.com/consumerrights.html&usg=ALkJrhiuh1g2k-Jbo-p3Lgykutgb5OqkJQ" class="external text" title="http://3csdpsvk2.bravehost.com/consumerrights.html" rel="nofollow">List of Consumer Rights as stated by the Government of India</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://3csdpsvk2.bravehost.com/consumerrights.html&usg=ALkJrhiuh1g2k-Jbo-p3Lgykutgb5OqkJQ" class="external text" title="http://3csdpsvk2.bravehost.com/consumerrights.html" rel="nofollow">Daftar Hak Konsumen sebagai dinyatakan oleh Pemerintah India</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/lawareas/consumer/index.php%3FTitle%3DConsumer%2520Protection%2520Act&usg=ALkJrhisxQ4zOnHu5NKy9GTk9IzYLYPnwA" class="external text" title="http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/lawareas/consumer/index.php?Title=Consumer% 20Protection% 20Act" rel="nofollow">Consumer Protection Act in India</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/lawareas/consumer/index.php%3FTitle%3DConsumer%2520Protection%2520Act&usg=ALkJrhisxQ4zOnHu5NKy9GTk9IzYLYPnwA" class="external text" title="http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/lawareas/consumer/index.php?Title=Consumer% 20Protection% 20Act" rel="nofollow">Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen di India</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.israelinsurancelaw.com/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D40%26Itemid%3D53&usg=ALkJrhhMpJ6Kz0b3cUjHhrlqgReNXpqAkA" class="external text" title="http://www.israelinsurancelaw.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=53" rel="nofollow">Israeli Consumer protection Laws</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.israelinsurancelaw.com/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D40%26Itemid%3D53&usg=ALkJrhhMpJ6Kz0b3cUjHhrlqgReNXpqAkA" class="external text" title="http://www.israelinsurancelaw.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=53" rel="nofollow">Israel Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/leadership/resguide/consum.htm&usg=ALkJrhjoxKE6SKUFOek2rCFfqFl8z1R0bA" class="external text" title="http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/leadership/resguide/consum.htm" rel="nofollow">University of Delaware Library Consumer Protection Research Guide</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/leadership/resguide/consum.htm&usg=ALkJrhjoxKE6SKUFOek2rCFfqFl8z1R0bA" class="external text" title="http://www2.lib.udel.edu/subj/leadership/resguide/consum.htm" rel="nofollow">Perpustakaan Universitas Delaware Perlindungan Konsumen Panduan Penelitian</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumer.org.nz/&usg=ALkJrhgy4jQQ_e7hcGkh0zt6Sci5YCJ54A" class="external text" title="http://www.consumer.org.nz" rel="nofollow">New Zealand Consumer Rights</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumer.org.nz/&usg=ALkJrhgy4jQQ_e7hcGkh0zt6Sci5YCJ54A" class="external text" title="http://www.consumer.org.nz" rel="nofollow">Selandia Baru Hak Konsumen</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumersinternational.org/&usg=ALkJrhjf4SuP-r2ODknNZy60p6G1DZR7Hg" class="external text" title="http://www.consumersinternational.org" rel="nofollow"><b>Consumers International</b> , <i>the global voice for consumers</i></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumersinternational.org/&usg=ALkJrhjf4SuP-r2ODknNZy60p6G1DZR7Hg" class="external text" title="http://www.consumersinternational.org" rel="nofollow"><b>International konsumen,</b> <i>global untuk suara konsumen</i></a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumerconnect.ie/eng/&usg=ALkJrhjdQaxz5bGvbfCkSYqtSHdSnWV1UA" class="external text" title="http://www.consumerconnect.ie/eng/" rel="nofollow">National Consumer Agency (Ireland)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.consumerconnect.ie/eng/&usg=ALkJrhjdQaxz5bGvbfCkSYqtSHdSnWV1UA" class="external text" title="http://www.consumerconnect.ie/eng/" rel="nofollow">Konsumen Badan Nasional (Irlandia)</a></span> </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-36683866644457743892009-01-21T01:22:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:49:56.143-08:00Hukum Persiangan Usaha<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Hukum persaingan</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_globe_content.svg&usg=ALkJrhgSWWhcR0313sR6f2yTpq2epwnKUw" class="image" title="Ambox globe content.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/40px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="40" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhYg2kW_EjeMUUJCv_Bk6Ykc824Pw" title="Inggris">United Kingdom</a> and do not represent a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&usg=ALkJrhiRwCCrdlayl9ZrIBVX64j_7n_o2w" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering sistemik bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b> .</span> Contoh dan perspektif dalam artikel ini <b>terutama berhubungan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhYg2kW_EjeMUUJCv_Bk6Ykc824Pw" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> dan tidak mewakili seluruh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&usg=ALkJrhiRwCCrdlayl9ZrIBVX64j_7n_o2w" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering sistemik bias">dunia melihat</a> dari subjek.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Please <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjbviPiZxJO5J1dW0DmbBMULulrqw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Competition_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjATtYgv6lhASVd5ccxeHH72jVnOw" title="Talk: Kompetisi hukum">talk page</a> .</span> Harap <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjbviPiZxJO5J1dW0DmbBMULulrqw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Competition_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> atau membahas persoalan di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjATtYgv6lhASVd5ccxeHH72jVnOw" title="Talk: Kompetisi hukum">halaman bicara.</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unbalanced_scales.svg&usg=ALkJrhiMMjaXF4POBvvgg-Ov2mwoNpT8fw" class="image" title="Mengimbal scales.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/40px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="35" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&usg=ALkJrhiB2XMSA4IqZGOXeg8HH6zZQFL6EA" title="Wikipedia: Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute&usg=ALkJrhh_pF47zZXEsd-1axg4Rfc5BoseZg" title="Wikipedia: NPOV sengketa">disputed</a> .</b></span> <b>The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&usg=ALkJrhiB2XMSA4IqZGOXeg8HH6zZQFL6EA" title="Wikipedia: Neutral point of view">kenetralan</a> artikel ini adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute&usg=ALkJrhh_pF47zZXEsd-1axg4Rfc5BoseZg" title="Wikipedia: NPOV sengketa">sengketa.</a></b></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small>Please see the discussion on the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjATtYgv6lhASVd5ccxeHH72jVnOw" title="Talk: Kompetisi hukum">talk page</a> . <i>(December 2008)</i></small></span> <small>Silakan lihat diskusi di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjATtYgv6lhASVd5ccxeHH72jVnOw" title="Talk: Kompetisi hukum">halaman pembicaraan.</a> <i>(Desember 2008)</i></small></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small>Please do not remove this message until the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVD&usg=ALkJrhjppuhVPbzZOkJcXlxcVWGFCDZW-g#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3F" title="Wikipedia: NPOVD" class="mw-redirect">dispute is resolved.</a></small></span> <small>Jangan hapus pesan ini sampai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVD&usg=ALkJrhjppuhVPbzZOkJcXlxcVWGFCDZW-g#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3F" title="Wikipedia: NPOVD" class="mw-redirect">sengketa sudah terselesaikan.</a></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="dablink"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"Antitrust" redirects here.</span> "Antitrust" redirects here.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For the 2001 film, see <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_%28film%29&usg=ALkJrhhqLwAM3ylR2dJSZnmdLCzGwRyE4g" title="Antitrust (film)">Antitrust (film)</a> .</span> Untuk film 2001, lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_%28film%29&usg=ALkJrhhqLwAM3ylR2dJSZnmdLCzGwRyE4g" title="Antitrust (film)">Antitrust (film).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For laws specific to the US, see <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi_Lke1DDcFMtUVFZiVO1yDHlSy1A" title="Undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat">United States antitrust law</a> .</span> Undang-undang khusus untuk ke Amerika Serikat, lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi_Lke1DDcFMtUVFZiVO1yDHlSy1A" title="Undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat">undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat.</a></span> </div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Competition law</b> , known in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgT041SR5hPDjgUAAdiBBVzygADgA" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> as <b>antitrust law</b> , has three main elements:</span> <b>Persaingan hukum,</b> yang dikenal di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgT041SR5hPDjgUAAdiBBVzygADgA" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> sebagai <b>undang-undang antitrust,</b> memiliki tiga unsur utama:</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">prohibiting agreements or practices that restrict free trading and competition between business entities.</span> melarang perjanjian atau praktek yang membatasi perdagangan bebas dan persaingan antara entitas bisnis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This includes in particular the repression of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel&usg=ALkJrhhsvag06bWIR-J8BwZ_IVEyNdFsvg" title="Kartel">cartels</a> .</span> Ini termasuk khususnya represi dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel&usg=ALkJrhhsvag06bWIR-J8BwZ_IVEyNdFsvg" title="Kartel">kartel.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">banning abusive behaviour by a firm dominating a market, or anti-competitive practices that tend to lead to such a dominant position.</span> banning kasar oleh perilaku perusahaan yang mendominasi pasar, atau praktek-praktek anti persaingan yang cenderung mengarah pada suatu posisi dominan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Practices controlled in this way may include <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_pricing&usg=ALkJrhhVrWgyL7mPEM_cZelxLyiF9A8Jhw" title="Berkenaan dgn harga">predatory pricing</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tying_%28commerce%29&usg=ALkJrhh3EqYsM2FN5HmUoK_l7LMcRlW1ig" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_gouging&usg=ALkJrhiYm6yNY0npL0LV2sOgGiMP_04bzQ" title="Harga gouging">price gouging</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusal_to_deal&usg=ALkJrhjck9UaGx_B1nOecqNjNJY81x5sKg" title="Penolakan untuk menangani">refusal to deal</a> , and many others.</span> Praktik dikontrol dengan cara ini mungkin termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_pricing&usg=ALkJrhhVrWgyL7mPEM_cZelxLyiF9A8Jhw" title="Berkenaan dgn harga">harga ganas,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tying_%28commerce%29&usg=ALkJrhh3EqYsM2FN5HmUoK_l7LMcRlW1ig" title="Tying (commerce)">Tying,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_gouging&usg=ALkJrhiYm6yNY0npL0LV2sOgGiMP_04bzQ" title="Harga gouging">harga gouging,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusal_to_deal&usg=ALkJrhjck9UaGx_B1nOecqNjNJY81x5sKg" title="Penolakan untuk menangani">penolakan untuk menangani,</a> dan banyak lainnya.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">supervising the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions&usg=ALkJrhjdl16ke1HaK0Z1Rr_eYTdx-r71PA" title="Merger dan akuisisi">mergers and acquisitions</a> of large corporations, including some <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture&usg=ALkJrhj3mBUgrk7xF--SBKeSyD0Rnt63qQ" title="Joint venture">joint ventures</a> .</span> mengawasi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions&usg=ALkJrhjdl16ke1HaK0Z1Rr_eYTdx-r71PA" title="Merger dan akuisisi">merger dan akuisisi</a> perusahaan-perusahaan besar, termasuk beberapa <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture&usg=ALkJrhj3mBUgrk7xF--SBKeSyD0Rnt63qQ" title="Joint venture">joint Ventures.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Transactions that are considered to threaten the competitive process can be prohibited altogether, or approved subject to "remedies" such as an obligation to divest part of the merged business or to offer licences or access to facilities to enable other businesses to continue competing.</span> Transaksi yang dianggap mengancam proses kompetitif dapat dilarang sama sekali, atau disetujui terganggu "remedies" seperti kewajiban untuk melepaskan bagian dari bisnis atau digabung untuk menawarkan lisensi atau akses ke fasilitas yang memungkinkan untuk melanjutkan usaha yang lain bersaing.</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The substance and practice of competition law vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.</span> Substansi dan praktek hukum persaingan berbeda dari yurisdiksi ke yurisdiksi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Protecting the interests of consumers ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_welfare&usg=ALkJrhgCjaVV5L_Y8UCi4s-kk3uAVoMTWQ" title="Konsumen kesejahteraan" class="mw-redirect">consumer welfare</a> ) and ensuring that entrepreneurs have an opportunity to compete in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy&usg=ALkJrhhTz0oPhtzZNslBtgYrNZLJdS6dVg" title="Ekonomi pasar">market economy</a> are often treated as important objectives.</span> Melindungi kepentingan konsumen <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_welfare&usg=ALkJrhgCjaVV5L_Y8UCi4s-kk3uAVoMTWQ" title="Konsumen kesejahteraan" class="mw-redirect">(konsumen kesejahteraan)</a> dan memastikan bahwa pengusaha memiliki kesempatan untuk bersaing di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy&usg=ALkJrhhTz0oPhtzZNslBtgYrNZLJdS6dVg" title="Ekonomi pasar">pasar ekonomi</a> seringkali diperlakukan sebagai tujuan penting.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Competition law is closely connected with law on deregulation of access to markets, state aids and subsidies, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation&usg=ALkJrhiPYvNNund3zT8ugLlsy48UAuelRw" title="Privatisasi" class="mw-redirect">privatisation</a> of state owned assets and the establishment of independent sector regulators.</span> Kompetisi hukum sangat berhubungan dengan deregulasi undang-undang tentang akses ke pasar, negara dan bantuan subsidi, maka <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation&usg=ALkJrhiPYvNNund3zT8ugLlsy48UAuelRw" title="Privatisasi" class="mw-redirect">privatisasi</a> aset milik negara dan pembangunan sektor regulator independen.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In recent decades, competition law has been viewed as a way to provide better <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services&usg=ALkJrhhQ775I78yoYcJsOUId7EW2tSy4BA" title="Pelayanan publik">public services</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bork&usg=ALkJrhgakfmtywbx64XoSLycGJen3Rbt_w" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> has found that competition laws can produce adverse effects when they reduce competition by protecting inefficient competitors and when costs of legal intervention are greater then benefits for the consumers. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a> The history of competition law reaches back to the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire&usg=ALkJrhhnpdhxGKnoXDQILCRLky-T8Pzi7w" title="Rum">Roman Empire</a> .</span> Dalam dekade belakangan ini, kompetisi hukum telah dilihat sebagai cara untuk lebih baik memberikan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services&usg=ALkJrhhQ775I78yoYcJsOUId7EW2tSy4BA" title="Pelayanan publik">pelayanan publik.</a> <span><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bork&usg=ALkJrhgakfmtywbx64XoSLycGJen3Rbt_w" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> telah menemukan bahwa hukum persaingan dapat menghasilkan efek Adverse saat mereka mengurangi kompetisi oleh kompetitor melindungi dan tidak efisien bila biaya intervensi hukum maka keuntungan lebih besar bagi konsumen. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a> sejarah hukum persaingan mencapai kembali ke Empayar <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire&usg=ALkJrhhnpdhxGKnoXDQILCRLky-T8Pzi7w" title="Rum">Rom.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The business practices of market traders, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilds&usg=ALkJrhiQb4IpLJeGlrqGcP24Ar_HFGXeKA" title="Guilds" class="mw-redirect">guilds</a> and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, and sometimes severe sanctions.</span> Praktek bisnis pedagang pasar, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilds&usg=ALkJrhiQb4IpLJeGlrqGcP24Ar_HFGXeKA" title="Guilds" class="mw-redirect">Guilds</a> dan pemerintah harus selalu tunduk pada keterbukaan, dan kadang-kadang sanksi berat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since the twentieth century, competition law has become global.</span> Sejak abad kedua puluh, telah menjadi hukum persaingan global.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The two largest and most influential systems of competition regulation are <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi_Lke1DDcFMtUVFZiVO1yDHlSy1A" title="Undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat">United States antitrust law</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">European Community competition law</a> .</span> Kedua terbesar dan paling berpengaruh sistem kompetisi adalah peraturan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi_Lke1DDcFMtUVFZiVO1yDHlSy1A" title="Undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat">undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">Eropa kompetisi Komunitas hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">National and regional competition authorities across the world have formed international support and enforcement networks.</span> Nasional dan regional kompetisi berwenang di seluruh dunia internasional telah membentuk jaringan dukungan dan penegakan hukum.</span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Sejarah</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Roman_legislation"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Roman legislation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Roman_legislation"><span class="tocnumber">1,1</span> <span class="toctext">Roma perundang-undangan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Middle_ages"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle ages</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Middle_ages"><span class="toctext">Umur</span> <span class="tocnumber">1,2</span> <span class="toctext">Tengah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Renaissance_developments"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Renaissance developments</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Renaissance_developments"><span class="tocnumber">1,3</span> <span class="toctext">perkembangan Renaisans</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Restraint_of_trade"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Restraint of trade</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Restraint_of_trade"><span class="tocnumber">1,4</span> <span class="toctext">perdagangan bebas</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Today"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Today</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Today"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Hari Ini</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#United_States_antitrust"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States antitrust</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#United_States_antitrust"><span class="tocnumber">2,1</span> <span class="toctext">Amerika antitrust</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Development_in_other_countries"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Development in other countries</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Development_in_other_countries"><span class="tocnumber">2,2</span> <span class="toctext">Pembangunan di negara-negara lain</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#European_Union_law"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">European Union law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#European_Union_law"><span class="toctext">Uni Eropa</span> <span class="tocnumber">2,3</span> <span class="toctext">hukum</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Antimonopoly_Law_of_China"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Antimonopoly Law of China</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Antimonopoly_Law_of_China"><span class="tocnumber">2,4</span> <span class="toctext">Antimonopoly Hukum Cina</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Antimonopoly_in_Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Antimonopoly in Japan</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Antimonopoly_in_Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2,5</span> <span class="toctext">Antimonopoly di Jepang</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#International_enforcement"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">International enforcement</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#International_enforcement"><span class="tocnumber">2,6</span> <span class="toctext">International penegakan</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Theory"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Theory</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Theory"><span class="toctext">Teori</span> <span class="tocnumber">3</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Classical_perspective"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Classical perspective</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Classical_perspective"><span class="tocnumber">3,1</span> <span class="toctext">Klasik perspektif</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Neo-classical_synthesis"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Neo-classical synthesis</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Neo-classical_synthesis"><span class="tocnumber">3,2</span> <span class="toctext">Neo-klasik sintesis</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Chicago_School"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Chicago School</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Chicago_School"><span class="tocnumber">3,3</span> <span class="toctext">Chicago Sekolah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Policy_developments"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Policy developments</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Policy_developments"><span class="toctext">Kebijakan pembangunan</span> <span class="tocnumber">3,4</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Practice"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Practice</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Practice"><span class="toctext">Praktek</span> <span class="tocnumber">4</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Collusion_and_cartels"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Collusion and cartels</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Collusion_and_cartels"><span class="tocnumber">4,1</span> <span class="toctext">kolusi dan kartel</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Dominance_and_monopoly"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dominance and monopoly</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Dominance_and_monopoly"><span class="tocnumber">4,2</span> <span class="toctext">dominasi dan monopoli</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Mergers_and_acquisitions"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mergers and acquisitions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Mergers_and_acquisitions"><span class="tocnumber">4,3</span> <span class="toctext">Mergers dan akuisisi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Public_sector_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Public sector regulation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Public_sector_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">4,4</span> <span class="toctext">Publik sektor peraturan</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhirAX0yu0RPUlcdJqxPtei-IMshdA" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhirAX0yu0RPUlcdJqxPtei-IMshdA" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sejarah</span></span> </h2><table class="infobox" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%; width: 15em;"><tbody><tr><td> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhg2H6dlDfl3Pb7ZFv8pc34qEqaAQg" class="image" title="Skala keadilan 2.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" height="102" /></a> </td></tr><tr><th style="padding: 0pt 7px; background: rgb(0, 250, 154) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Competition law</strong></span> <strong class="selflink">Hukum persaingan</strong></span> </th></tr><tr><th style="padding: 0pt 7px; background: rgb(152, 251, 152) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:95%;" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Basic concepts</span> Konsep dasar</span> </th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5px; text-align: left;font-size:90%;"><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhgIkZ4__gTPdu8d8450dlx-07o7uw" title="Sejarah hukum persaingan">History of competition law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhgIkZ4__gTPdu8d8450dlx-07o7uw" title="Sejarah hukum persaingan">Sejarah hukum persaingan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolization&usg=ALkJrhj0jNqHtsFjFbwf4dklfOA670HVmQ" title="Monopolization">Monopolization</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolization&usg=ALkJrhj0jNqHtsFjFbwf4dklfOA670HVmQ" title="Monopolization">Monopolization</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercive_monopoly&usg=ALkJrhgH_KLOosND-y2JKr39foraoI279Q" title="Paksaan monopoli">Coercive monopoly</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercive_monopoly&usg=ALkJrhgH_KLOosND-y2JKr39foraoI279Q" title="Paksaan monopoli">Paksaan monopoli</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly&usg=ALkJrhhVNH8SjwIKp7B1xWHMCYAgkBoi1g" title="Alam monopoli">Natural monopoly</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly&usg=ALkJrhhVNH8SjwIKp7B1xWHMCYAgkBoi1g" title="Alam monopoli">Alam monopoli</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entry&usg=ALkJrhhvw72__nm3JOHe8hfQAHGbqK5h5w" title="Hambatan untuk masuk">Barriers to entry</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entry&usg=ALkJrhhvw72__nm3JOHe8hfQAHGbqK5h5w" title="Hambatan untuk masuk">Hambatan untuk masuk</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_power&usg=ALkJrhg4hbmwxze99oa7tcVG1DoSQEZUig" title="Pasar daya">Market power</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_power&usg=ALkJrhg4hbmwxze99oa7tcVG1DoSQEZUig" title="Pasar daya">Pasar daya</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_but_Significant_and_Non-transitory_Increase_in_Price&usg=ALkJrhiWXMKV2vIlo_zQVyD4iyQpyOOWYg" title="Kecil tetapi signifikan dan Non-fana Kenaikan Harga">SSNIP test</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_but_Significant_and_Non-transitory_Increase_in_Price&usg=ALkJrhiWXMKV2vIlo_zQVyD4iyQpyOOWYg" title="Kecil tetapi signifikan dan Non-fana Kenaikan Harga">SSNIP tes</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevant_market&usg=ALkJrhgHngcBu67w1cWHUgbUydV1NovK3w" title="Pasar yang relevan">Relevant market</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevant_market&usg=ALkJrhgHngcBu67w1cWHUgbUydV1NovK3w" title="Pasar yang relevan">Pasar yang relevan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_control&usg=ALkJrhjr0NeuSFGNP6yaMnb8NwZ-bDvDFA" title="Merger kontrol">Merger control</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_control&usg=ALkJrhjr0NeuSFGNP6yaMnb8NwZ-bDvDFA" title="Merger kontrol">Merger kontrol</a></span> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding: 0pt 4px; background: rgb(152, 251, 152) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:95%;" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices&usg=ALkJrhjeig7euk5-aTSILjzk3BukgEHVxw" title="Praktek-praktek anti-kompetitif">Anti-competitive practices</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices&usg=ALkJrhjeig7euk5-aTSILjzk3BukgEHVxw" title="Praktek-praktek anti-kompetitif">Praktek-praktek anti-kompetitif</a></span> </th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5px; text-align: left;font-size:90%;"><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collusion&usg=ALkJrhgMiGQV_ZmZ66cUOKVkZTm-W_LwCg" title="Kolusi">Collusion</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collusion&usg=ALkJrhgMiGQV_ZmZ66cUOKVkZTm-W_LwCg" title="Kolusi">Kolusi</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Formation of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel&usg=ALkJrhhsvag06bWIR-J8BwZ_IVEyNdFsvg" title="Kartel">cartels</a></span> Pembentukan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel&usg=ALkJrhhsvag06bWIR-J8BwZ_IVEyNdFsvg" title="Kartel">kartel</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_fixing&usg=ALkJrhgsuvrgiEiBLSp74i7FxByVb7F53A" title="Penetapan harga">Price fixing</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_fixing&usg=ALkJrhgsuvrgiEiBLSp74i7FxByVb7F53A" title="Penetapan harga">Penetapan harga</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid_rigging&usg=ALkJrhjWvx-hjPwmue6GjB7jNZKA3oNczg" title="Tawaran laberang">Bid rigging</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid_rigging&usg=ALkJrhjWvx-hjPwmue6GjB7jNZKA3oNczg" title="Tawaran laberang">Tawaran laberang</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_bundling&usg=ALkJrhhlpRQnMP-ELnq5dvuQXdxxIyawoQ" title="Produk bundling">Product bundling</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tying_%28commerce%29&usg=ALkJrhh3EqYsM2FN5HmUoK_l7LMcRlW1ig" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_bundling&usg=ALkJrhhlpRQnMP-ELnq5dvuQXdxxIyawoQ" title="Produk bundling">Bundling produk</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tying_%28commerce%29&usg=ALkJrhh3EqYsM2FN5HmUoK_l7LMcRlW1ig" title="Tying (commerce)">Tying</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusal_to_deal&usg=ALkJrhjck9UaGx_B1nOecqNjNJY81x5sKg" title="Penolakan untuk menangani">Refusal to deal</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusal_to_deal&usg=ALkJrhjck9UaGx_B1nOecqNjNJY81x5sKg" title="Penolakan untuk menangani">Penolakan untuk menangani</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_boycott&usg=ALkJrhg9trahVDl4KuL1FRMUmRCkm1G08g" title="Grup boikot">Group boycott</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_boycott&usg=ALkJrhg9trahVDl4KuL1FRMUmRCkm1G08g" title="Grup boikot">Grup boikot</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_dealing&usg=ALkJrhjoGfLxxm7JXmQRq3zVWRE_KbXsLw" title="Khusus menangani">Exclusive dealing</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_dealing&usg=ALkJrhjoGfLxxm7JXmQRq3zVWRE_KbXsLw" title="Khusus menangani">Khusus menangani</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividing_territories&usg=ALkJrhirhqJ-rqsCYrBfSr866-W3mOTUhg" title="Dividing wilayah">Dividing territories</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividing_territories&usg=ALkJrhirhqJ-rqsCYrBfSr866-W3mOTUhg" title="Dividing wilayah">Dividing wilayah</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious_parallelism&usg=ALkJrhjcE2YvxAkfGgwpJZs1BnA4ukzB_g" title="Conscious parallelism">Conscious parallelism</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious_parallelism&usg=ALkJrhjcE2YvxAkfGgwpJZs1BnA4ukzB_g" title="Conscious parallelism">Conscious parallelism</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_pricing&usg=ALkJrhhVrWgyL7mPEM_cZelxLyiF9A8Jhw" title="Berkenaan dgn harga">Predatory pricing</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_pricing&usg=ALkJrhhVrWgyL7mPEM_cZelxLyiF9A8Jhw" title="Berkenaan dgn harga">Berkenaan dgn harga</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_misuse&usg=ALkJrhgUGPWCbQAX3D1O9UsKSstw_1_J5Q" title="Paten penyalahgunaan">Misuse of patents</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_misuse&usg=ALkJrhhC3d1RECaxCwVzF1npfEvedFQxjQ" title="Copyright penyalahgunaan">copyrights</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_misuse&usg=ALkJrhgUGPWCbQAX3D1O9UsKSstw_1_J5Q" title="Paten penyalahgunaan">Penyalahgunaan paten</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_misuse&usg=ALkJrhhC3d1RECaxCwVzF1npfEvedFQxjQ" title="Copyright penyalahgunaan">hak cipta</a></span> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding: 0pt 4px; background: rgb(152, 251, 152) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:95%;" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Laws and doctrines</span> Undang-undang dan doktrin</span> </th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5px; text-align: left;font-size:90%;"><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi_Lke1DDcFMtUVFZiVO1yDHlSy1A" title="Undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat"><b>United States</b></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi_Lke1DDcFMtUVFZiVO1yDHlSy1A" title="Undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat"><b>Amerika Serikat</b></a></span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act&usg=ALkJrhggbK40--NNr4uLwXLqJbEUNXXJ3A" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act&usg=ALkJrhggbK40--NNr4uLwXLqJbEUNXXJ3A" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act&usg=ALkJrhhg8NDbJtluRaLv8HGQCXzyxFZHAw" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Antitrust Act</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act&usg=ALkJrhhg8NDbJtluRaLv8HGQCXzyxFZHAw" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Antitrust Act</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson-Patman_Act&usg=ALkJrhiV3JlPz7r8MlTeCrsPwuyOYqnLuw" title="Robinson-Patman Undang-Undang">Robinson-Patman Act</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson-Patman_Act&usg=ALkJrhiV3JlPz7r8MlTeCrsPwuyOYqnLuw" title="Robinson-Patman Undang-Undang">Robinson-Patman Undang-Undang</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act&usg=ALkJrhjMJTO3TWhhRthA5RN93yirIEMa5Q" title="Federal Trade Commission Act">FTC Act</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act&usg=ALkJrhjMJTO3TWhhRthA5RN93yirIEMa5Q" title="Federal Trade Commission Act">FTC Act</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart-Scott-Rodino_Antitrust_Improvements_Act&usg=ALkJrhiYBrwLc1qLTJsaP1JQ82bmutPsng" title="Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Perbaikan Undang-undang">Hart-Scott-Rodino Act</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart-Scott-Rodino_Antitrust_Improvements_Act&usg=ALkJrhiYBrwLc1qLTJsaP1JQ82bmutPsng" title="Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Perbaikan Undang-undang">Hart-Scott-undang Rodino</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_guidelines&usg=ALkJrhhwD9HAOZtOvghgFdTXR5oNkNgZRg" title="Merger panduan">Merger guidelines</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_guidelines&usg=ALkJrhhwD9HAOZtOvghgFdTXR5oNkNgZRg" title="Merger panduan">Merger panduan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_facilities_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhgOaplLMbwMaegDrP8DOwJyepkqJQ" title="Penting fasilitas doktrin">Essential facilities doctrine</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_facilities_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhgOaplLMbwMaegDrP8DOwJyepkqJQ" title="Penting fasilitas doktrin">Penting fasilitas doktrin</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noerr-Pennington_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhiVxYmdCTQREzX6wH4MR81n_doRmw" title="Pennington Noerr-doktrin">Noerr-Pennington doctrine</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noerr-Pennington_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhiVxYmdCTQREzX6wH4MR81n_doRmw" title="Pennington Noerr-doktrin">Pennington Noerr-doktrin</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_reason&usg=ALkJrhjnblbNXFezXtQIyP-FJXpGCuwn6A" title="Supremasi alasan">Rule of reason</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_reason&usg=ALkJrhjnblbNXFezXtQIyP-FJXpGCuwn6A" title="Supremasi alasan">Supremasi alasan</a></span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Europe</b></span> <b>Eropa</b></span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">European Community</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">Komunitas Eropa</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa"><br /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">competition law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">hukum persaingan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Competition_Law&usg=ALkJrhi3OOEQ-7ZJX-kYQoE3ZrtgH6bbtA" title="Irish Hukum Persaingan">Irish Competition Law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Competition_Law&usg=ALkJrhi3OOEQ-7ZJX-kYQoE3ZrtgH6bbtA" title="Irish Hukum Persaingan">Irish Hukum Persaingan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_Act_1998&usg=ALkJrhhiWe6ju54PxqRcrT5AEduFYYgvEQ" title="Undang-undang kompetisi 1998">Competition Act 1998</a> (UK)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_Act_1998&usg=ALkJrhhiWe6ju54PxqRcrT5AEduFYYgvEQ" title="Undang-undang kompetisi 1998">Undang-undang kompetisi 1998</a> (Inggris)</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Australia</b></span> <b>Australia</b></span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Practices_Act_1974&usg=ALkJrhh7o6lsS_nGMV1rlzE_mvsorGmORw" title="Praktek perdagangan Act 1974">Trade Practices Act 1974</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Practices_Act_1974&usg=ALkJrhh7o6lsS_nGMV1rlzE_mvsorGmORw" title="Praktek perdagangan Act 1974">Praktek perdagangan Act 1974</a></span> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding: 0pt 4px; background: rgb(152, 251, 152) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:95%;" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Enforcement authorities and organizations</span> Otoritas hukum dan organisasi</span> </th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5px; text-align: left;font-size:90%;"><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Competition_Network&usg=ALkJrhgKqplaG5aGf2FdXoGuHaCjL6FI3A" title="Kompetisi internasional Jaringan">International Competition Network</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Competition_Network&usg=ALkJrhgKqplaG5aGf2FdXoGuHaCjL6FI3A" title="Kompetisi internasional Jaringan">Kompetisi internasional Jaringan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_regulator&usg=ALkJrhgD771pw3LRpBKWwPOG-paNkyqdUg" title="Kompetisi regulator">List of competition regulators</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_regulator&usg=ALkJrhgD771pw3LRpBKWwPOG-paNkyqdUg" title="Kompetisi regulator">Daftar kompetisi regulator</a></span> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 5px;" align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Competition_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjXUITiGfkwBbtoOPQySAhn7L3N2g" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Competition_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand">edit box</small></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Competition_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjXUITiGfkwBbtoOPQySAhn7L3N2g" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Competition_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand">mengedit kotak</small></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhgIkZ4__gTPdu8d8450dlx-07o7uw" title="Sejarah hukum persaingan">History of competition law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhgIkZ4__gTPdu8d8450dlx-07o7uw" title="Sejarah hukum persaingan">Sejarah hukum persaingan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Laws governing competition are found in over two millennia of history.</span> Undang-undang tentang persaingan yang ditemukan di lebih dari dua ribuan tahun sejarah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Roman Emperors and Medieval monarchs alike used <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff&usg=ALkJrhiaeeiFYjp-yitwjpUBhjxicsVxcQ" title="Tarif">tariffs</a> to stabilize prices or support local production.</span> Roman Emperors dan Medieval monarchs sama digunakan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff&usg=ALkJrhiaeeiFYjp-yitwjpUBhjxicsVxcQ" title="Tarif">tarif</a> untuk menstabilkan harga atau mendukung produksi lokal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The formal study of " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition&usg=ALkJrhi0JZOkjnfeTuf15ejC9zYJyXlk9g" title="Kompetisi">competition</a> ", began in earnest during the 18th century with such works as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith&usg=ALkJrhive5p8ya0BsCO044sKW7cU2Ep3Ig" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> 's <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhhiXY_9FRL_P59LSndTm9c0Fsonnw" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a> .</span> Formal kajian <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition&usg=ALkJrhi0JZOkjnfeTuf15ejC9zYJyXlk9g" title="Kompetisi">"kompetisi",</a> mulai betul selama abad 18 dengan bekerja sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith&usg=ALkJrhive5p8ya0BsCO044sKW7cU2Ep3Ig" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith's</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhhiXY_9FRL_P59LSndTm9c0Fsonnw" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Different terms were used to describe this area of the law, including " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_practices&usg=ALkJrhjqE-XCVp1FF4AcMSdQMDG6yBdsFw" title="Membatasi praktik">restrictive practices</a> ", "the law of monopolies", " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_acts&usg=ALkJrhjiqTV8yaurc1p8mYc_bwWxiw9hIQ" title="Kombinasi bertindak" class="mw-redirect">combination acts</a> " and the "restraint of trade".</span> Berbagai istilah digunakan untuk menjelaskan ini wilayah hukum, termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_practices&usg=ALkJrhjqE-XCVp1FF4AcMSdQMDG6yBdsFw" title="Membatasi praktik">"membatasi praktik",</a> "hukum monopoli", <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_acts&usg=ALkJrhjiqTV8yaurc1p8mYc_bwWxiw9hIQ" title="Kombinasi bertindak" class="mw-redirect">"kombinasi bertindak"</a> dan "perdagangan bebas".</span> </p><p><a name="Roman_legislation" id="Roman_legislation"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhgqWOc_WV7WMi4XtoO65ezR9XQhlw" title="Sunting bagian: Roma legislasi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Roman legislation</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhgqWOc_WV7WMi4XtoO65ezR9XQhlw" title="Sunting bagian: Roma legislasi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Roma legislasi</span></span> </h3><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhizBe-B5igbfwctH-erXEFWkV7DaA" title="Roma hukum">Roman law</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhizBe-B5igbfwctH-erXEFWkV7DaA" title="Roma hukum">Roma hukum</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An early example of competition law is the <i>Lex Julia de Annona</i> , enacted during the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic&usg=ALkJrhiLj5LOwE7tYVN-VEIFBJt6L3epVQ" title="Republik Romawi">Roman Republic</a> around 50 BC. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> To protect the grain trade, heavy fines were imposed on anyone directly, deliberately and insidiously stopping supply ships. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.20-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.20_3-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a> Under <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian&usg=ALkJrhiEQSeGywHCoV9mkYP7Nu1SecFDLA" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in 301 AD an <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_on_Maximum_Prices&usg=ALkJrhisuDnfs9uLEBXMyZUEECppCcjuHg" title="Dekrit tentang Harga Maksimum">edict</a> imposed the death penalty for anyone violating a tariff system, for example by buying up, concealing or contriving the scarcity of everyday goods. <sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.20_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.20-3" title=""><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></a></sup></span> Sebuah contoh awal kompetisi hukum adalah <i>Lex Julia de Annona,</i> berlaku selama <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic&usg=ALkJrhiLj5LOwE7tYVN-VEIFBJt6L3epVQ" title="Republik Romawi">Republik Rom</a> sekitar 50 BC. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a> Untuk melindungi perdagangan gandum, berat denda yang dikenakan pada orang langsung, sengaja insidiously dan menghentikan pasokan kapal. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.20-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.20_3-0" class="reference"><span>[4]</span></sup></a> Pada <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian&usg=ALkJrhiEQSeGywHCoV9mkYP7Nu1SecFDLA" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> pada 301 AD sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_on_Maximum_Prices&usg=ALkJrhisuDnfs9uLEBXMyZUEECppCcjuHg" title="Dekrit tentang Harga Maksimum">dekrit</a> dikenakan hukuman mati bagi siapapun yang melanggar sistem tarif, misalnya dengan membeli atas, concealing atau contriving yang kelangkaan barang sehari-hari. <sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.20_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.20-3" title=""><span>[4]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">More legislation came under the Constitution of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno&usg=ALkJrhiaK4GPDeqvS1-H-FX9sefRMzOjlQ" title="Zeno">Zeno</a> of 483 AD, which can be traced into Florentine Municipal laws of 1322 and 1325. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a> This provided for confiscation of property and banishment for any trade combinations or joint action of monopolies private <i>or</i> granted by the Emperor. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno&usg=ALkJrhiaK4GPDeqvS1-H-FX9sefRMzOjlQ" title="Zeno">Zeno</a> rescinded all previously granted exclusive rights. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.21-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.21_5-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I&usg=ALkJrhgigRrcX0MRn0ryLknvXRKLsLFMUg" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> subsequently introduced legislation to pay officials to manage state monopolies. <sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.21_5-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.21-5" title=""><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></a></sup> As Europe slipped into the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_ages&usg=ALkJrhjPWN-JqJ6SBhdrFaQ6WVIWy2ztlg" title="Dark ages" class="mw-redirect">dark ages</a> , so did the records of law making until the Middle Ages brought greater expansion of trade in the time of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_mercatoria&usg=ALkJrhiJKNkCSkYcFtjA6Wky83m-aauQng" title="Lex mercatoria"><i>lex mercatoria</i></a> .</span> Lagi datang di bawah undang-undang Konstitusi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno&usg=ALkJrhiaK4GPDeqvS1-H-FX9sefRMzOjlQ" title="Zeno">Zeno</a> dari 483 AD, yang dapat menjadi Florentine Kota pelaksanaan undang-undang 1322 dan 1325. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[5]</span></sup></a> Hal ini disediakan untuk penyitaan dan pembuangan dari properti untuk perdagangan kombinasi atau gabungan dari tindakan monopoli swasta <i>atau</i> diberikan oleh emperor. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno&usg=ALkJrhiaK4GPDeqvS1-H-FX9sefRMzOjlQ" title="Zeno">Zeno</a> rescinded semua hak eksklusif yang diberikan sebelumnya. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.21-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.21_5-0" class="reference"><span>[6]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I&usg=ALkJrhgigRrcX0MRn0ryLknvXRKLsLFMUg" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> kemudian memperkenalkan legislasi untuk membayar pejabat negara untuk mengelola monopoli. <sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.21_5-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.21-5" title=""><span>[6]</span></a></sup> Sebagai Eropa tergelincir ke dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_ages&usg=ALkJrhjPWN-JqJ6SBhdrFaQ6WVIWy2ztlg" title="Dark ages" class="mw-redirect">usia tua,</a> demikian pula yang membuat catatan hukum sampai abad lebih membawa perluasan perdagangan dalam waktu <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_mercatoria&usg=ALkJrhiJKNkCSkYcFtjA6Wky83m-aauQng" title="Lex mercatoria"><i>lex mercatoria.</i></a></span> </p><p><a name="Middle_ages" id="Middle_ages"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhgbF8OMlUWnhZHQv-UcR5amn8mebA" title="Sunting bagian: Middle ages">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Middle ages</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhgbF8OMlUWnhZHQv-UcR5amn8mebA" title="Sunting bagian: Middle ages"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Middle ages</span></span> </h3><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Mercatoria&usg=ALkJrhg4BjWqKID-9sCA7UpKgYpBGROfTA" title="Lex Mercatoria" class="mw-redirect">Lex Mercatoria</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilds&usg=ALkJrhiQb4IpLJeGlrqGcP24Ar_HFGXeKA" title="Guilds" class="mw-redirect">Guilds</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Mercatoria&usg=ALkJrhg4BjWqKID-9sCA7UpKgYpBGROfTA" title="Lex Mercatoria" class="mw-redirect">Lex Mercatoria</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilds&usg=ALkJrhiQb4IpLJeGlrqGcP24Ar_HFGXeKA" title="Guilds" class="mw-redirect">Guilds</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Legislation in England to control monopolies and restrictive practices were in force well before the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest&usg=ALkJrhg63hEHQRTA-TWTib-IZcINEUKhsg" title="Norman Penaklukan" class="mw-redirect">Norman Conquest</a> . <sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.21_5-2" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.21-5" title=""><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book&usg=ALkJrhi3ZJmVN42pGqfQxsWScIrcDCjxTA" title="Domesday Buku">Domesday Book</a> recorded that " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrossing&usg=ALkJrhg9eFl0Zu3uK6_eVddotHRMEL-ACA" title="Yg mengasyikkan">foresteel</a> " (ie forestalling, the practice of buying up goods before they reach market and then inflating the prices) was one of three <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfeiture&usg=ALkJrhhv-X5fCP2sTlYL54d84uwoUTnMAw" title="Kehilangan" class="mw-redirect">forfeitures</a> that <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_the_Confessor&usg=ALkJrhjKXsDWcKoyynpYJ22GPdJFhIuqkw" title="Raja Edward the Confessor" class="mw-redirect">King Edward the Confessor</a> could carry out through England. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a> But concern for fair prices also led to attempts to directly regulate the market.</span> Perundang-undangan di Inggris untuk mengendalikan dan membatasi praktek monopoli yang berlaku baik sebelum <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest&usg=ALkJrhg63hEHQRTA-TWTib-IZcINEUKhsg" title="Norman Penaklukan" class="mw-redirect">Penaklukan Norman.</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.21_5-2" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.21-5" title=""><span>[6]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book&usg=ALkJrhi3ZJmVN42pGqfQxsWScIrcDCjxTA" title="Domesday Buku">Domesday Buku</a> dicatat bahwa <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrossing&usg=ALkJrhg9eFl0Zu3uK6_eVddotHRMEL-ACA" title="Yg mengasyikkan">"foresteel"</a> (yakni forestalling, praktik pembelian atas barang sebelum mereka mencapai pasar dan kemudian inflating harga) telah salah satu dari tiga <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfeiture&usg=ALkJrhhv-X5fCP2sTlYL54d84uwoUTnMAw" title="Kehilangan" class="mw-redirect">forfeitures</a> bahwa <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_the_Confessor&usg=ALkJrhjKXsDWcKoyynpYJ22GPdJFhIuqkw" title="Raja Edward the Confessor" class="mw-redirect">Raja Edward the Confessor</a> dapat dilakukan melalui Inggris. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7]</span></sup></a> Namun kepedulian untuk adil harga juga menyebabkan upaya untuk mengatur secara langsung di pasar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Under Henry III an act was passed in 1266 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> to fix bread and ale prices in correspondence with corn prices laid down by the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize&usg=ALkJrhiO8Vt7gYKxgcwVQaeGck1nCpE0zA" title="Assize" class="mw-redirect">assizes</a> .</span> Di bawah Henry III perbuatan disahkan pada 1266 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[8]</span></sup></a> untuk memperbaiki dan roti ale harga korespondensi dengan harga jagung diletakkan di bawah oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize&usg=ALkJrhiO8Vt7gYKxgcwVQaeGck1nCpE0zA" title="Assize" class="mw-redirect">assizes.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Penalties for breach included <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amercement&usg=ALkJrhi-jQi2CZB4Fc2CqXRUaEQpLLNTwQ" title="Amercement">amercements</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillory&usg=ALkJrhip1QrMfZhstJ1fwYDfPUBDbwcorg" title="Malu">pillory</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbrel&usg=ALkJrhjyFi2Sg9NMRRxuWpbslW3sGIUhQA" title="Tumbrel" class="mw-redirect">tumbrel</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a> A fourteenth century statute labelled forestallers as "oppressors of the poor and the community at large and enemies of the whole country." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a> Under <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_III&usg=ALkJrhh5dI_LMftavYpxnq555TgIVGW2sg" title="Raja Edward III" class="mw-redirect">King Edward III</a> the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Labourers&usg=ALkJrhhLeN-dngUtoKB61G__IRNr2X7VAw" title="Statuta dari buruh" class="mw-redirect">Statute of Labourers</a> of 1349 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span></sup></a> fixed wages of artificers and workmen and decreed that foodstuffs should be sold at reasonable prices.</span> Hukuman untuk pelanggaran termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amercement&usg=ALkJrhi-jQi2CZB4Fc2CqXRUaEQpLLNTwQ" title="Amercement">amercements,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillory&usg=ALkJrhip1QrMfZhstJ1fwYDfPUBDbwcorg" title="Malu">kekurangan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbrel&usg=ALkJrhjyFi2Sg9NMRRxuWpbslW3sGIUhQA" title="Tumbrel" class="mw-redirect">tumbrel.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[9]</span></sup></a> J keempatbelas undang-abad dicap sebagai forestallers "oppressors masyarakat miskin dan masyarakat di besar dan musuh dari seluruh negara." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[10]</span></sup></a> Di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_III&usg=ALkJrhh5dI_LMftavYpxnq555TgIVGW2sg" title="Raja Edward III" class="mw-redirect">Raja Edward III</a> pada <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Labourers&usg=ALkJrhhLeN-dngUtoKB61G__IRNr2X7VAw" title="Statuta dari buruh" class="mw-redirect">Statuta dari buruh</a> dari 1349 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[11]</span></sup></a> tetap upah pekerja dan artificers dan menentukan makanan yang harus dijual dengan harga yang terjangkau.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">On top of existing penalties, the statute stated that overcharging merchants must pay the injured party double the sum he received, an idea that has been replicated in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damages&usg=ALkJrhh_wSnMw3J3DR_Mw7dGFd-30zYDXA" title="Menghukum kerusakan">punitive</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_damages&usg=ALkJrhip7Od1_0EIIcrBvbfYB-UMQsJWCg" title="Melipattigakan kerusakan">treble damages</a> under <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi4OjO5ol-SIyfQaGWyV0mSAvlg2w" title="US antitrust hukum" class="mw-redirect">US antitrust law</a> .</span> Di atas ada sanksi, undang-undang yang menyatakan bahwa berlebihan pedagang harus membayar dua pihak terluka jumlah dia terima, sebuah ide yang telah direplikasi di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damages&usg=ALkJrhh_wSnMw3J3DR_Mw7dGFd-30zYDXA" title="Menghukum kerusakan">menghukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_damages&usg=ALkJrhip7Od1_0EIIcrBvbfYB-UMQsJWCg" title="Melipattigakan kerusakan">melipattigakan kerusakan</a> di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi4OjO5ol-SIyfQaGWyV0mSAvlg2w" title="US antitrust hukum" class="mw-redirect">undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Also under Edward III, the following statutory provision outlawed trade combinations. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Edward III juga di bawah, berikut ini ketentuan undang-undang perdagangan outlawed kombinasi. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[12]</span></sup></a></span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"...we have ordained and established, that no merchant or other shall make Confederacy, Conspiracy, Coin, Imagination, or Murmur, or Evil Device in any point that may turn to the Impeachment, Disturbance, Defeating or Decay of the said Staples, or of anything that to them pertaineth, or may pertain."</span> "... kami telah diurapi dan didapatkan, bahwa tidak ada pedagang atau lainnya akan membuat persekongkolan, Conspiracy, Coin, Imagination, atau mengaduh, atau Evil Device di manapun yang mungkin berbalik ke tuduhan, Gangguan, atau Defeating Decay dari berkata Staples , atau apapun yang mereka pertaineth, atau mungkin berhubungan. "</span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Examples of legislation in mainland Europe include the <i>constitutiones juris metallici</i> by <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslas_II&usg=ALkJrhjbiusWWKi-JHDbTli1avL3Lrquyg" title="Wenceslas II" class="mw-redirect">Wenceslas II</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia&usg=ALkJrhjKyQWpxn-sj56BRgsKHftuv-nlLw" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> between 1283 and 1305, condemning combinations of ore traders increasing prices; the Municipal Statutes of Florence in 1322 and 1325 followed <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno&usg=ALkJrhiaK4GPDeqvS1-H-FX9sefRMzOjlQ" title="Zeno">Zeno</a> 's legislation against state monopolies; and under <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V&usg=ALkJrhjwif-OYstdG96ovj6UDN3gg8ndFw" title="Kaisar Charles V" class="mw-redirect">Emperor Charles V</a> in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire&usg=ALkJrhjryxLSsJ0w-1AAnLC9I1ZeRadq1w" title="Kudus Rum">Holy Roman Empire</a> a law was passed "to prevent losses resulting from monopolies and improper contracts which many merchants and artisans made in the Netherlands."</span> Contoh-contoh perundang-undangan di daratan Eropa termasuk <i>constitutiones juris metallici</i> oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslas_II&usg=ALkJrhjbiusWWKi-JHDbTli1avL3Lrquyg" title="Wenceslas II" class="mw-redirect">Wenceslas II</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia&usg=ALkJrhjKyQWpxn-sj56BRgsKHftuv-nlLw" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> antara 1283 dan 1305, condemning kombinasi bijih pedagang meningkatkan harga; di Kota Statutes of Florence di 1322 dan 1325 diikuti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno&usg=ALkJrhiaK4GPDeqvS1-H-FX9sefRMzOjlQ" title="Zeno">Zeno</a> 's monopoli negara terhadap undang-undang, dan di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V&usg=ALkJrhjwif-OYstdG96ovj6UDN3gg8ndFw" title="Kaisar Charles V" class="mw-redirect">Kaisar Charles V</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire&usg=ALkJrhjryxLSsJ0w-1AAnLC9I1ZeRadq1w" title="Kudus Rum">Kudus Rum</a> hukum yang telah disahkan "untuk mencegah kerugian akibat dari monopoli dan penanganan kontrak yang banyak pedagang dan artisans dibuat di Belanda."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1553 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_VIII&usg=ALkJrhhctuCYMaN0B2-OfhcI2Z-L2kbAzA" title="Raja Henry VIII" class="mw-redirect">King Henry VIII</a> reintroduced tariffs for foodstuffs, designed to stabilise prices, in the face of fluctuations in supply from overseas.</span> Dalam 1553 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_VIII&usg=ALkJrhhctuCYMaN0B2-OfhcI2Z-L2kbAzA" title="Raja Henry VIII" class="mw-redirect">Raja Henry VIII</a> reintroduced tarif untuk makanan, yang dirancang untuk menstabilkan harga, di muka di fluktuasi pasokan dari luar negeri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">So the legislation read here that whereas,</span> Sehingga undang-undang yang membaca sedangkan disini,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"it is very hard and difficult to put certain prices to any such things... [it is necessary because] prices of such victuals be many times enhanced and raised by the Greedy Covetousness and Appetites of the Owners of such Victuals, by occasion of ingrossing and regrating the same, more than upon any reasonable or just ground or cause, to the great damage and impoverishing of the King's subjects." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> "sangat keras dan sulit untuk memberlakukan harga tertentu untuk semua hal-hal seperti itu ... [itu diperlukan karena] harga makanan seperti itu banyak kali disempurnakan dan dibangkitkan oleh Greedy Covetousness dan Appetites dari Pemilik dari makanan, oleh menyambut ingrossing dan regrating yang sama, lebih dari pada apapun yang wajar atau hanya tanah atau menyebabkan, untuk kerusakan yang besar dan impoverishing dari King's mata pelajaran. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>"[13]</span></sup></a></span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Around this time organisations representing various tradesmen and handicraftspeople, known as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild&usg=ALkJrhilA-lQylP8MyLkj6fs1vQPtPRF-A" title="Guild">guilds</a> had been developing, and enjoyed many concessions and exemptions from the laws against monopolies.</span> Sekitar waktu ini mewakili berbagai organisasi pedagang dan handicraftspeople, yang dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild&usg=ALkJrhilA-lQylP8MyLkj6fs1vQPtPRF-A" title="Guild">Guilds</a> telah berkembang dan dinikmati banyak konsesi dan pembebasan dari hukum terhadap monopoli.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The privileges conferred were not abolished until the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.</span> Conferred hak yang tidak dihapuskan sampai Kota Korporasi Act 1835.</span> </p><p><a name="Renaissance_developments" id="Renaissance_developments"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiUItxYqRrdIITp6u2SOizOGa4pXQ" title="Sunting bagian: Renaissance perkembangan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Renaissance developments</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiUItxYqRrdIITp6u2SOizOGa4pXQ" title="Sunting bagian: Renaissance perkembangan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Renaissance perkembangan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance&usg=ALkJrhiImHOb5-50iw793eOJLLkDmUnBqg" title="Renaisans">Renaissance</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance&usg=ALkJrhiImHOb5-50iw793eOJLLkDmUnBqg" title="Renaisans">Renaisans</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj4zQdnnKj1qNSkOa11vQIbYHD-vA" class="image" title="Elizabeth I yakin monopoli tidak akan disalahgunakan pada awal era globalisasi"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/180px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="149" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj4zQdnnKj1qNSkOa11vQIbYHD-vA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Elizabeth I assured monopolies would not be abused in the early era of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisation&usg=ALkJrhjzdP7HFKs03G8pTwVkeRFMm6_2-w" title="Globalisasi" class="mw-redirect">globalisation</a></span> Elizabeth I yakin monopoli tidak akan disalahgunakan pada awal era <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisation&usg=ALkJrhjzdP7HFKs03G8pTwVkeRFMm6_2-w" title="Globalisasi" class="mw-redirect">globalisasi</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Europe around the 16th century was changing quickly.</span> Eropa sekitar abad 16. Telah berubah dengan cepat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world&usg=ALkJrhjZohIQIThG_8jHaHPe4SyfpxJ7QQ" title="Dunia baru" class="mw-redirect">new world</a> had just been opened up, overseas trade and plunder was pouring wealth through the international economy and attitudes among businessmen were shifting.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world&usg=ALkJrhjZohIQIThG_8jHaHPe4SyfpxJ7QQ" title="Dunia baru" class="mw-redirect">dunia baru</a> yang baru saja dibuka, perdagangan luar negeri dan telah membajak menuangkan kekayaan melalui internasional ekonomi dan sikap yang pergeseran di kalangan pengusaha.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1561 a system of Industrial Monopoly Licences, similar to modern <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&usg=ALkJrhhuComLecLnOvIiLdPnETuGVVSs-w" title="Paten">patents</a> had been introduced into England.</span> 1561 dalam sistem Industri Monopoly lisensi, mirip dengan modern <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&usg=ALkJrhhuComLecLnOvIiLdPnETuGVVSs-w" title="Paten">paten</a> telah diperkenalkan ke Inggris.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But by the reign of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I&usg=ALkJrhh7NLCX5X6l5M9thsb4YtmnHILVvA" title="Ratu Elizabeth I" class="mw-redirect">Queen Elizabeth I</a> , the system was reputedly much abused and used merely to preserve privileges, encouraging nothing new in the way of innovation or manufacture. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span></sup></a> When a protest was made in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons&usg=ALkJrhjY9SHsmvs83EeN-3wIbyXbytf0qQ" title="British House of Commons" class="mw-redirect">House of Commons</a> and a Bill was introduced, the Queen convinced the protesters to challenge the case in the courts.</span> Tetapi oleh pemerintahan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I&usg=ALkJrhh7NLCX5X6l5M9thsb4YtmnHILVvA" title="Ratu Elizabeth I" class="mw-redirect">Ratu Elizabeth I,</a> sistem konon banyak disalahgunakan dan digunakan hanya untuk melindungi hak, mendorong sesuatu yang baru di jalan inovasi atau manufaktur. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[14]</span></sup></a> Bila protes dilakukan di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons&usg=ALkJrhjY9SHsmvs83EeN-3wIbyXbytf0qQ" title="British House of Commons" class="mw-redirect">House of Commons</a> dan RUU itu diperkenalkan, Ratu diyakinkan protesters ke tantangan yang terjadi di pengadilan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This was the catalyst for the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_of_Monopolies&usg=ALkJrhiIFNjeTCKgR7_qjsgkvnAssyMd8Q" title="Kasus monopoli" class="mw-redirect">Case of Monopolies</a> or <i>Darcy v. Allin</i> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span></sup></a> The plaintiff, an officer of the Queen's household, had been granted the sole right of making playing cards and claimed damages for the defendant's infringement of this right.</span> Ini merupakan katalisator untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_of_Monopolies&usg=ALkJrhiIFNjeTCKgR7_qjsgkvnAssyMd8Q" title="Kasus monopoli" class="mw-redirect">Kasus monopoli</a> atau <i>Darcy ayat Allin.</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[15]</span></sup></a> The penggugat, seorang pegawai Ratu rumah tangga, telah diberikan sepenuhnya merupakan hak membuat bermain kartu dan diklaim kerusakan untuk terdakwa dari pelanggaran atas hak ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The court found the grant void and that three characteristics of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly&usg=ALkJrhicOnMukzLKqdrni8WNdGe6gQ92aw" title="Monopoli">monopoly</a> were (1) price increases (2) quality decrease (3) the tendency to reduce artificers to idleness and beggary.</span> Pengadilan menemukan bahwa hibah void dan tiga karakteristik <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly&usg=ALkJrhicOnMukzLKqdrni8WNdGe6gQ92aw" title="Monopoli">monopoli</a> adalah (1) kenaikan harga (2) penurunan kualitas (3) kecenderungan artificers untuk mengurangi pengangguran dan kemiskinan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This put a temporary end to complaints about monopoly, until <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England&usg=ALkJrhh_yCpdiSkzySBDGcKj4ZxXY0pQxg" title="James I dari Inggris">King James I</a> began to grant them again.</span> Sementara ini menempatkan akhir untuk keluhan tentang monopoli, sampai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England&usg=ALkJrhh_yCpdiSkzySBDGcKj4ZxXY0pQxg" title="James I dari Inggris">Raja James I</a> mulai memberi mereka lagi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1623 Parliament passed the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Monopolies&usg=ALkJrhgeyWu0v0-isJXsKTTU6MKHfe2_nQ" title="Statuta dari monopoli" class="mw-redirect">Statute of Monopolies</a> , which for the most part excluded patent rights from its prohibitions, as well as guilds.</span> 1623 di Parlemen lulus <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Monopolies&usg=ALkJrhgeyWu0v0-isJXsKTTU6MKHfe2_nQ" title="Statuta dari monopoli" class="mw-redirect">Statuta dari monopoli,</a> yang sebagian besar dikecualikan dari hak paten prohibitions, serta Guilds.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England&usg=ALkJrhh7PDvccCIyFhSyDUQC4yGmcl1LrA" title="Charles I dari Inggris">King Charles I</a> , through the civil war and to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England&usg=ALkJrhigv7TRhsa1rPHllEX3dJgq3QF-_g" title="Charles II dari Inggris">King Charles II</a> , monopolies continued, especially useful for raising revenue. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span></sup></a> Then in 1684, in <i>East India Company v. Sandys</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span></sup></a> it was decided that exclusive rights to trade only outside the realm were legitimate, on the grounds that only large and powerful concerns could trade in the conditions prevailing overseas.</span> Dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England&usg=ALkJrhh7PDvccCIyFhSyDUQC4yGmcl1LrA" title="Charles I dari Inggris">Raja Charles I,</a> melalui perang sipil dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England&usg=ALkJrhigv7TRhsa1rPHllEX3dJgq3QF-_g" title="Charles II dari Inggris">Raja Charles II,</a> monopoli lanjutan, terutama berguna untuk meningkatkan pendapatan. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[16]</span></sup></a> Kemudian pada 1684, di <i>East India Company v. Sandys</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[17]</span></sup></a> telah diputuskan bahwa hak eksklusif untuk perdagangan hanya di luar lapangan adalah sah, atas dasar yang kuat dan besar hanya dapat keprihatinan perdagangan dalam kondisi berlaku di luar negeri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1710 to deal with high coal prices caused by a Newcastle Coal Monopoly the New Law was passed. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span></sup></a> Its provisions stated that "all and every contract or contracts, Covenants and Agreements, whether the same be in writing or not in writing... are hereby declared to be illegal."</span> Pada 1710 untuk menangani tingginya harga batu bara disebabkan oleh Newcastle Coal Monopoly Baru UU disahkan. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[18]</span></sup></a> ketentuan yang menyatakan bahwa "semua dan setiap kontrak atau kontrak, dan Perjanjian Perjanjian, baik yang sama dibuat secara tertulis atau tidak tertulis. .. ini yang dinyatakan melanggar hukum. "</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When Adam Smith wrote the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhhKvlJi68r9pyA-ELFF33zYgcTUHg" title="Wealth of Nations" class="mw-redirect"><i>Wealth of Nations</i></a> in 1776 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span></sup></a> he was somewhat cynical of the possibility for change.</span> Ketika Adam Smith menulis <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhhKvlJi68r9pyA-ELFF33zYgcTUHg" title="Wealth of Nations" class="mw-redirect"><i>Wealth of Nations</i></a> di 1776 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[19]</span></sup></a> dia agak sinis terhadap kemungkinan untuk berubah.</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"To expect indeed that freedom of trade should ever be entirely restored in Great Britain is as absurd as to expect that <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana&usg=ALkJrhgad3q2Kridk3azHH-jrqI6_C7dRQ" title="The Persemakmuran Oceana">Oceana</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia&usg=ALkJrhhCAMm2kfjZLk37ccNjG04N64zHcA" title="Utopia">Utopia</a> should ever be established in it. Not only the prejudices of the public, but what is more unconquerable, the private interests of many individuals irresistibly oppose it. The Member of Parliament who supports any proposal for strengthening this Monopoly is seen to acquire not only the reputation for understanding trade, but great popularity and influence with an order of men whose members and wealth render them of great importance."</span> "Untuk benar-benar berharap bahwa kebebasan perdagangan yg harus dikembalikan sepenuhnya di Inggris adalah sebagai mustahil untuk mengharapkan bahwa <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana&usg=ALkJrhgad3q2Kridk3azHH-jrqI6_C7dRQ" title="The Persemakmuran Oceana">Oceana</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia&usg=ALkJrhhCAMm2kfjZLk37ccNjG04N64zHcA" title="Utopia">Utopia</a> harus pernah dibentuk di dalamnya. Tidak hanya prasangka dari masyarakat, tetapi apa yang lebih tak tertundukkan, kepentingan pribadi banyak individu irresistibly menentang itu. Para Anggota Parlemen yang mendukung semua proposal untuk memperkuat Monopoly ini dianggap tidak hanya untuk memperoleh reputasi untuk memahami perdagangan, tetapi popularitas dan pengaruh besar dengan urutan laki-laki yang menyebabkan anggota dan kekayaan mereka yang sangat penting . "</span> </p></blockquote><p><a name="Restraint_of_trade" id="Restraint_of_trade"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjkJ6TQ2k8jdSGVQ2W6Oi5pGchgTw" title="Sunting bagian: perdagangan bebas">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Restraint of trade</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjkJ6TQ2k8jdSGVQ2W6Oi5pGchgTw" title="Sunting bagian: perdagangan bebas"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">perdagangan bebas</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade&usg=ALkJrhgIZCzHwoE8CpUvdCMH3uKVw9b2oA" title="Perdagangan bebas">Restraint of trade</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade&usg=ALkJrhgIZCzHwoE8CpUvdCMH3uKVw9b2oA" title="Perdagangan bebas">perdagangan bebas</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_coke.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgFqd3_rG2rVq-827w8oXQsYATdHg" class="image" title="Coke hakim di abad ke-17 pemikiran yang umum restraints pada perdagangan yang keterlaluan"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Edward_coke.jpg/180px-Edward_coke.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="231" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_coke.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgFqd3_rG2rVq-827w8oXQsYATdHg" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Judge <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke&usg=ALkJrhh6hY-w-i1WEys31J3lFmliqVIDYA" title="Edward Coke">Coke</a> in the 17th century thought that general restraints on trade were unreasonable</span> Hakim <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke&usg=ALkJrhh6hY-w-i1WEys31J3lFmliqVIDYA" title="Edward Coke">Coke</a> di abad ke-17 pemikiran yang umum restraints pada perdagangan yang keterlaluan</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The English law of restraint of trade is the direct predecessor to modern competition law. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><span>[</span> 20 <span>]</span></sup></a> Its current use is small, given modern and economically oriented statutes in most common law countries.</span> Inggris hukum pengekangan perdagangan adalah pendahulu langsung ke kompetisi modern hukum. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><span>[20]</span></sup></a> yang saat ini digunakan adalah kecil, yang modern dan berorientasi ekonomi statutes paling umum dalam hukum negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Its approach was based on the two concepts of prohibiting agreements that ran counter to public policy, unless the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_person&usg=ALkJrhjXCYcqXYfxkdq0m0JH9RvQpFpTmA" title="Wajar orang">reasonableness</a> of an agreement could be shown.</span> Pendekatan yang didasarkan pada dua konsep perjanjian yang melarang berlari ke counter kebijakan publik, kecuali <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_person&usg=ALkJrhjXCYcqXYfxkdq0m0JH9RvQpFpTmA" title="Wajar orang">reasonableness</a> suatu perjanjian dapat ditampilkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A restraint of trade is simply some kind of agreed provision that is designed to restrain another's trade.</span> J perdagangan bebas hanya beberapa jenis disepakati ketentuan yang dirancang untuk membatasi perdagangan lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, in <i>Nordenfelt v. Maxim, Nordenfelt Gun Co.</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-20" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><span>[</span> 21 <span>]</span></sup></a> a Swedish arm inventor promised on sale of his business to an American gun maker that he "would not make guns or ammunition anywhere in the world, and would not compete with Maxim in any way."</span> Misalnya, dalam <i>ayat Nordenfelt Maxim, Nordenfelt Gun Co</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-20" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><span>[21]</span></sup></a> Swedia yang dijanjikan pada lengan penemu penjualan usahanya ke Amerika gun maker bahwa ia "tidak akan membuat senjata atau amunisi di manapun di dunia, dan tidak akan bersaing dengan Maxim dengan cara apapun. "</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To be consider whether or not there is a restraint of trade in the first place, both parties must have provided valuable <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhg0AcyKHt97yghBEwRAW6nbwd4K5w" title="Pertimbangan">consideration</a> for their agreement.</span> Harus mempertimbangkan apakah ada perdagangan bebas di tempat pertama, kedua belah pihak harus disediakan berharga <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhg0AcyKHt97yghBEwRAW6nbwd4K5w" title="Pertimbangan">pertimbangan</a> bagi kesepakatan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <i>Dyer's</i> case <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-21" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><span>[</span> 22 <span>]</span></sup></a> a dyer had given a bond not to exercise his trade in the same town as the plaintiff for six months but the plaintiff had promised nothing in return.</span> <i>Dyer</i> dalam <i>kasus</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-21" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><span>[22]</span></sup></a> tukang celup yang telah diberikan obligasi yang tidak melakukan perdagangan di kota yang sama sebagai penggugat selama enam bulan, namun penggugat telah dijanjikan tidak ada dalam kembali.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">On hearing the plaintiff's attempt to enforce this restraint, Hull J exclaimed,</span> Pada sidang yang penggugat dari upaya untuk menegakkan ini pemenjaraan, Hull J berkata,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"per Dieu, if the plaintiff were here, he should go to prison until he had paid a fine to the King."</span> "per Dieu, jika penggugat telah di sini, ia harus pergi ke penjara sampai ia membayar denda kepada Raja."</span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The common law has evolved to reflect changing business conditions.</span> Hukum umum yang telah berevolusi untuk mencerminkan perubahan kondisi bisnis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">So in the 1613 case of <i>Rogers v. Parry</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-22" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><span>[</span> 23 <span>]</span></sup></a> a court held that a joiner who promised not to trade from his house for 21 years could have this bond enforced against him since the time and place was certain.</span> Jadi dalam hal <i>Rogers</i> 1613 <i>penangkisan ayat</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-22" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><span>[23]</span></sup></a> pengadilan menyatakan bahwa sebuah perkumpulan yang dijanjikan tidak perdagangan dari rumahnya selama 21 tahun ini bisa memiliki ikatan enforced terhadap dia sejak waktu dan tempat yang tertentu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It was also held that a man cannot bind himself to not use his trade generally by <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke&usg=ALkJrhh6hY-w-i1WEys31J3lFmliqVIDYA" title="Edward Coke">Chief Justice Coke</a> .</span> Ia juga menyatakan bahwa seorang manusia tidak dapat mengikat diri untuk tidak menggunakan nya perdagangan umumnya oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coke&usg=ALkJrhh6hY-w-i1WEys31J3lFmliqVIDYA" title="Edward Coke">Chief Justice Coke.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This was followed in <i>Broad v. Jolyffe</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-23" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><span>[</span> 24 <span>]</span></sup></a> and <i>Mitchell v. Reynolds</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-24" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span></sup></a> where <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Parker,_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield&usg=ALkJrhhsaHzowZ7r2ewpWi4K-3QCl6ir2A" title="Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield">Lord Macclesfield</a> asked, "What does it signify to a tradesman in London what another does in Newcastle?"</span> Ini diikuti dalam <i>ayat Broad Jolyffe</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-23" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><span>[24]</span></sup></a> dan <i>ayat Mitchell Reynolds</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-24" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><span>[25]</span></sup></a> di mana <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Parker,_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield&usg=ALkJrhhsaHzowZ7r2ewpWi4K-3QCl6ir2A" title="Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield">Tuhan Macclesfield</a> ditanya, "Apakah yang menandakan ke pedagang di London yang lain tidak dalam Newcastle?"</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In times of such slow communications, commerce around the country it seemed axiomatic that a general restraint served no legitimate purpose for one's business and ought to be void.</span> Pada saat seperti itu lambat komunikasi, perdagangan di seluruh Indonesia nampaknya aksiomatis yang umum dilayani pemenjaraan tidak sah untuk satu tujuan bisnis dan patut menjadi tidak berlaku.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But already in 1880 in <i>Roussillon v. Roussillon</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-25" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><span>[</span> 26 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fry&usg=ALkJrhiAU0D6UQ5Hmgo2dgiJfWCVQZMxRA" title="Edward Fry">Lord Justice Fry</a> stated that a restraint unlimited in space need not be void, since the real question was whether it went further than necessary for the promisee's protection.</span> 1880 tetapi sudah di dalam <i>Roussillon ayat Roussillon</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-25" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><span>[26]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fry&usg=ALkJrhiAU0D6UQ5Hmgo2dgiJfWCVQZMxRA" title="Edward Fry">Tuhan Keadilan Fry</a> menyatakan bahwa seorang diri tidak terbatas di ruang kosong tidak perlu, karena sebenarnya pertanyaan itu pergi lebih baik daripada yang diperlukan untuk perlindungan dari promisee.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">So in the <i>Nordenfelt</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-26" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><span>[</span> 27 <span>]</span></sup></a> case Lord McNaughton ruled that while one could validly promise to "not make guns or ammunition anywhere in the world" it was an unreasonable restraint to "not compete with Maxim in any way."</span> Jadi dalam <i>Nordenfelt</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-26" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><span>[27]</span></sup></a> kasus McNaughton Tuhan memutuskan bahwa sementara kita dapat validly berjanji untuk "tidak membuat senjata atau amunisi di manapun di dunia" seorang diri ke keterlaluan "tidak bersaing dengan Maxim dengan cara apapun."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This approach in England was confirmed by the House of Lords in <i>Mason v. The Provident Supply and Clothing Co.</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-27" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><span>[</span> 28 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Pendekatan ini di Inggris telah dikonfirmasi oleh House of Lords <i>Mason</i> dalam <i>ayat yang hemat dan Busana Supply Co</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-27" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><span>[28]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Today" id="Today"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhgPWCnkCGeWxkWmSLBpXTc0f-46ig" title="Sunting bagian: Hari Ini">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Today</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhgPWCnkCGeWxkWmSLBpXTc0f-46ig" title="Sunting bagian: Hari Ini"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hari Ini</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Modern competition law begins with the United States legislation of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhizr18JTn1CIwmknajD3KSpSTYdMw" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman Act</a> of 1890 and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhgfrXTXoq-E7vNqlHnpgTxFsmGhbQ" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Clayton Act</a> of 1914.</span> Modern hukum kompetisi diawali dengan undang-undang Amerika Serikat yang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhizr18JTn1CIwmknajD3KSpSTYdMw" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman Act</a> of 1890 dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhgfrXTXoq-E7vNqlHnpgTxFsmGhbQ" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Clayton Act</a> of 1914.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While other, particularly European, countries also had some form of regulation on monopolies and cartels, the US codification of the common law position on restraint of trade had a widespread effect on subsequent competition law development.</span> Sedangkan lainnya, terutama Eropa, negara juga mempunyai beberapa bentuk peraturan monopoli dan kartel, Amerika Serikat dari kodifikasi hukum umum pada posisi perdagangan bebas yang luas telah berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan hukum persaingan selanjutnya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Both after <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&usg=ALkJrhjB2isIB4ZH6evB8eFDK4TsWWFE2w" title="Perang Dunia II">World War II</a> and after the fall of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_wall&usg=ALkJrhhml4uzG6hx1BCsKklHnx9C5-eoXQ" title="Tembok Berlin" class="mw-redirect">Berlin wall</a> competition law has gone through phases of renewed attention and legislative updates around the world.</span> Kedua setelah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&usg=ALkJrhjB2isIB4ZH6evB8eFDK4TsWWFE2w" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> dan setelah jatuh dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_wall&usg=ALkJrhhml4uzG6hx1BCsKklHnx9C5-eoXQ" title="Tembok Berlin" class="mw-redirect">tembok Berlin</a> hukum persaingan telah diperpanjang melalui tahapan perhatian dan legislatif pembaruan di seluruh dunia.</span> </p><p><a name="United_States_antitrust" id="United_States_antitrust"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhga6QNtKL8IX5jW47id6yBkg2jOkg" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika antitrust">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">United States antitrust</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhga6QNtKL8IX5jW47id6yBkg2jOkg" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika antitrust"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Amerika antitrust</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi_Lke1DDcFMtUVFZiVO1yDHlSy1A" title="Undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat">United States antitrust law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi_Lke1DDcFMtUVFZiVO1yDHlSy1A" title="Undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat">undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_History-antitrust.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjnSG4QWZ7M-m1Ak09hZ7kdBvAHxg" class="image" title="Modern adalah model hukum persaingan di Amerika Serikat 'Sherman Act, yang bertujuan untuk "payudara yang percaya"."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Supreme_Court_History-antitrust.jpg/180px-Supreme_Court_History-antitrust.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="129" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_History-antitrust.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjnSG4QWZ7M-m1Ak09hZ7kdBvAHxg" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Modern competition law is modeled on the United States' <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhizr18JTn1CIwmknajD3KSpSTYdMw" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman Act</a> , which aimed to " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust-busting&usg=ALkJrhjTg2QNuILGH9FYnMCyxFDpBX35Mg" title="Trust-busting">bust the trusts</a> ".</span> Modern adalah model hukum persaingan di Amerika Serikat <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhizr18JTn1CIwmknajD3KSpSTYdMw" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">'Sherman Act,</a> yang bertujuan untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust-busting&usg=ALkJrhjTg2QNuILGH9FYnMCyxFDpBX35Mg" title="Trust-busting">"payudara yang percaya".</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The American term <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_%2819th_century%29&usg=ALkJrhhlWST1Kk19K49MItgUzSzy9aShOQ" title="Trust (abad ke-19)">antitrust</a> arose not because the US statutes had anything to do with ordinary <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgFar9M6zEsIpk8-AH3kmM1EYxHPg" title="Hukum kepercayaan">trust law</a> , but because the large American corporations used trusts to conceal the nature of their business arrangements.</span> American istilah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_%2819th_century%29&usg=ALkJrhhlWST1Kk19K49MItgUzSzy9aShOQ" title="Trust (abad ke-19)">antitrust</a> timbul bukan karena Amerika Serikat telah statutes kaitannya dengan biasa <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgFar9M6zEsIpk8-AH3kmM1EYxHPg" title="Hukum kepercayaan">percaya hukum,</a> namun karena perusahaan-perusahaan besar Amerika percaya digunakan untuk menyembunyikan sifat perjanjian bisnis mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Big trusts became synonymous with big monopolies, the perceived threat to democracy and the free market these trusts represented led to the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhizr18JTn1CIwmknajD3KSpSTYdMw" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhgfrXTXoq-E7vNqlHnpgTxFsmGhbQ" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Clayton Acts</a> .</span> Percaya besar menjadi identik dengan monopoli besar, yang dianggap ancaman bagi demokrasi dan pasar bebas ini diwakili dipimpin percaya kepada <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhizr18JTn1CIwmknajD3KSpSTYdMw" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhgfrXTXoq-E7vNqlHnpgTxFsmGhbQ" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Clayton Kisah.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These laws, in part, codified past American and English <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhgFhGUgH5wmuqEFPMWiPqmazRVzfA" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> of restraints of trade. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar&usg=ALkJrhgbZQuzlpFX-04b0yaaaQXBOCTKRQ" title="George Frisbie uban">Senator Hoar</a> , an author of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhizr18JTn1CIwmknajD3KSpSTYdMw" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman Act</a> said in a debate, "We have affirmed the old doctrine of the common law in regard to all inter-state and international commercial transactions and have clothed the United States courts with authority to enforce that doctrine by injunction."</span> Undang-undang tersebut, dalam bagian, dikodifikasikan terakhir Amerika dan Inggris <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhgFhGUgH5wmuqEFPMWiPqmazRVzfA" title="Umum hukum">umum hukum</a> restraints perdagangan. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar&usg=ALkJrhgbZQuzlpFX-04b0yaaaQXBOCTKRQ" title="George Frisbie uban">Senator uban,</a> seorang penulis dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhizr18JTn1CIwmknajD3KSpSTYdMw" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman Act</a> mengatakan dalam sebuah perdebatan, "Kami sudah lama menegaskan doktrin umum hukum dalam semua hal antar negara transaksi komersial dan internasional dan telah clothed Amerika Serikat pengadilan dengan kewenangan untuk menegakkan doktrin yang oleh perintah. "</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Evidence of the common law basis of the Sherman and Clayton acts is found in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_New_Jersey_v._United_States&usg=ALkJrhhNjV6NqBcOsgzFxeVoXCj5CRT5FQ" title="Standard Oil of New Jersey v. Amerika Serikat" class="mw-redirect"><i>Standard Oil</i> case</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-28" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><span>[</span> 29 <span>]</span></sup></a> where <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White&usg=ALkJrhg0eCt64fwIxXKSGF7lzXq8qsJB-w" title="Edward Douglass White">Chief Justice White</a> explicitly linked the Sherman Act with the common law and sixteenth century English statutes on engrossing. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-29" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><span>[</span> 30 <span>]</span></sup></a> The Act's wording also reflects common law.</span> Bukti dari hukum umum dasar Sherman dan bertindak Clayton ditemukan dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_New_Jersey_v._United_States&usg=ALkJrhhNjV6NqBcOsgzFxeVoXCj5CRT5FQ" title="Standard Oil of New Jersey v. Amerika Serikat" class="mw-redirect">kasus <i>Standard Oil,</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-28" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><span>[29]</span></sup></a> dimana <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White&usg=ALkJrhg0eCt64fwIxXKSGF7lzXq8qsJB-w" title="Edward Douglass White">Chief Justice White</a> secara eksplisit dihubungkan dengan Undang-Undang Sherman dengan hukum umum dan keenambelas statutes Inggris pada abad yg mengasyikkan. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-29" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><span>[30]</span></sup></a> Undang-undang dari kata juga mencerminkan hukum umum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The first two sections read as follows,</span> Dua bagian sebagai berikut,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"Section 1. Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine....</span> "Bagian 1. Setiap kontrak, kombinasi dalam bentuk kepercayaan atau sebaliknya, atau konspirasi, dalam pengendalian perdagangan atau commerce di antara beberapa negara, atau dengan bangsa asing, yang dinyatakan melanggar hukum. Setiap orang yang akan membuat kontrak atau terlibat dalam kombinasi atau konspirasi dengan ini dinyatakan melanggar hukum akan dianggap bersalah dari kejahatan besar, dan pada keyakinan itu, harus dihukum denda oleh ....</span> </p></blockquote><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Section 2.</span> Bagian 2.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine...."</span> Setiap orang yang akan memegang hak monopoli, atau berusaha memonopoli, atau menggabungkan atau bersekongkol dengan orang lain atau orang, untuk memonopoli bagian dari perdagangan atau commerce di antara beberapa negara, atau dengan bangsa asing, akan dianggap bersalah dari kejahatan besar, dan , pada keyakinan itu, harus dihukum denda oleh ...."</span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Sherman Act did not have the immediate effects its authors intended, though <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29&usg=ALkJrhguLmMJeZ0hs_-oHbQC0jlvxvhWHg" title="Republican Party (Amerika)">Republican</a> President <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt&usg=ALkJrhjaUvz3CGeAChpRgi1gSlZTros6Jg" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> 's federal government sued 45 companies, and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Taft&usg=ALkJrhgVIbhM2iLBh9my0uslJz1dZhCnfQ" title="William Taft" class="mw-redirect">William Taft</a> used it against 75.</span> Undang-Undang Sherman yang tidak mempunyai efek langsung yang dimaksudkan penulis, meskipun <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29&usg=ALkJrhguLmMJeZ0hs_-oHbQC0jlvxvhWHg" title="Republican Party (Amerika)">Republican</a> Presiden <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt&usg=ALkJrhjaUvz3CGeAChpRgi1gSlZTros6Jg" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> 's pemerintah federal digugat 45 perusahaan, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Taft&usg=ALkJrhgVIbhM2iLBh9my0uslJz1dZhCnfQ" title="William Taft" class="mw-redirect">William Taft</a> menggunakannya melawan 75.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhgfrXTXoq-E7vNqlHnpgTxFsmGhbQ" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Clayton Act</a> of 1914 was passed to supplement the Sherman Act.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhgfrXTXoq-E7vNqlHnpgTxFsmGhbQ" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Clayton Act</a> 1914 yang telah disahkan untuk melengkapi dengan Sherman Act.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Specific categories of abusive conduct were listed, including <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination&usg=ALkJrhiHzNr37kmhVRIDD9IXq-liE4O63A" title="Diskriminasi harga">price discrimination</a> (section 2), <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_dealing&usg=ALkJrhjoGfLxxm7JXmQRq3zVWRE_KbXsLw" title="Khusus menangani">exclusive dealings</a> (section 3) and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions&usg=ALkJrhjdl16ke1HaK0Z1Rr_eYTdx-r71PA" title="Merger dan akuisisi">mergers</a> which substantially lessen competition (section 7).</span> Spesifik kategori kasar telah melakukan terdaftar, termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination&usg=ALkJrhiHzNr37kmhVRIDD9IXq-liE4O63A" title="Diskriminasi harga">diskriminasi harga</a> (bagian 2), <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_dealing&usg=ALkJrhjoGfLxxm7JXmQRq3zVWRE_KbXsLw" title="Khusus menangani">transaksi eksklusif</a> (bagian 3) dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions&usg=ALkJrhjdl16ke1HaK0Z1Rr_eYTdx-r71PA" title="Merger dan akuisisi">merger</a> yang substansial mengurangi kompetisi (pasal 7).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Section 6 exempted trade unions from the law's operation.</span> Pasal 6 serikat pekerja dibebaskan dari hukum dari operasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Both the Sherman and Clayton acts are now codified under <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code&usg=ALkJrhiML_fO2jVPhw1fBNP5WPWZjHuBoQ" title="Judul 15 dari Amerika Serikat Kode">Title 15</a> of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Code&usg=ALkJrhhKKL0bbu_rUy8kX5Fghkvkx1yb5Q" title="Amerika Kode">United States Code</a> .</span> Kedua Sherman dan bertindak Clayton sekarang dikodifikasikan di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code&usg=ALkJrhiML_fO2jVPhw1fBNP5WPWZjHuBoQ" title="Judul 15 dari Amerika Serikat Kode">Title 15</a> of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Code&usg=ALkJrhhKKL0bbu_rUy8kX5Fghkvkx1yb5Q" title="Amerika Kode">United States Code.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since the mid-1970s, courts and enforcement officials generally have supported view that antitrust law policy should not follow social and political aims that undermine economic efficiency. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-30" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><span>[</span> 31 <span>]</span></sup></a> The antitrust laws were minimalized in the mid-1980s under influence of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics&usg=ALkJrhg6IRq2HLN5iPMrSW1Nmng-thrdxw" title="Chicago sekolah ekonomi">Chicago school of economics</a> and blamed for the loss of economic supremacy in the world. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-31" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><span>[</span> 32 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sejak pertengahan tahun 1970-an, para pejabat pengadilan dan penegakan hukum umumnya telah mendukung pandangan bahwa undang-undang antitrust seharusnya tidak mengikuti kebijakan sosial dan politik yang bertujuan merusak ekonomi efisiensi. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-30" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><span>[31]</span></sup></a> undang-undang antitrust yang telah minimalized di pertengahan tahun 1980-an di bawah pengaruh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics&usg=ALkJrhg6IRq2HLN5iPMrSW1Nmng-thrdxw" title="Chicago sekolah ekonomi">sekolah ekonomi Chicago</a> dan cela untuk kehilangan supremasi ekonomi di dunia. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-31" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><span>[32]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Development_in_other_countries" id="Development_in_other_countries"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhiRNONeLi0wqVpuapwkjAFUBmNldA" title="Sunting bagian: Pembangunan di negara-negara lain">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Development in other countries</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhiRNONeLi0wqVpuapwkjAFUBmNldA" title="Sunting bagian: Pembangunan di negara-negara lain"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pembangunan di negara-negara lain</span></span> </h3><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_content.png&usg=ALkJrhhDeoOOgnkfH7aKB8JkuX-qEeAZDA" class="image" title="Ambox content.png"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" width="40" border="0" height="40" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>This article or section is missing <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhh2cxG6jL-IVE1SIhRxa1ogVE0CRw" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">citations</a> or needs <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes&usg=ALkJrhhOy7wlf5ssTL7nMlUiSS9DFqnchA" title="Wikipedia: catatan kaki">footnotes</a> .</b></span> <b>Artikel ini adalah bagian atau hilang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhh2cxG6jL-IVE1SIhRxa1ogVE0CRw" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">citations</a> kebutuhan atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes&usg=ALkJrhhOy7wlf5ssTL7nMlUiSS9DFqnchA" title="Wikipedia: catatan kaki">catatan kaki.</a></b></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small>Using <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citations&usg=ALkJrhjbEJGVT7SmqDKq5ERxRG6MxadDsw" title="Wikipedia: Inline citations" class="mw-redirect">inline citations</a> helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. <i>(July 2008)</i></small></span> <small>Menggunakan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citations&usg=ALkJrhjbEJGVT7SmqDKq5ERxRG6MxadDsw" title="Wikipedia: Inline citations" class="mw-redirect">inline citations</a> membantu menjaga terhadap pelanggaran hak cipta dan faktual ketidakakuratan. <i>(Juli 2008)</i></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_regulator&usg=ALkJrhgD771pw3LRpBKWwPOG-paNkyqdUg" title="Kompetisi regulator">Competition regulator</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_regulator&usg=ALkJrhgD771pw3LRpBKWwPOG-paNkyqdUg" title="Kompetisi regulator">Kompetisi regulator</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlaymont.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjgclz8BcSFadpE7eer2ztGi3n5fw" class="image" title="Komisi Eropa, yang dibentuk setelah Perang Dunia II, adalah yang pertama lebar kompetisi Eropa kewenangan"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Berlaymont.jpg/180px-Berlaymont.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlaymont.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjgclz8BcSFadpE7eer2ztGi3n5fw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission&usg=ALkJrhizwqegRd7ZWMkeMr3IW6HWWucmFg" title="Komisi Eropa">European Commission</a> , established following <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&usg=ALkJrhjB2isIB4ZH6evB8eFDK4TsWWFE2w" title="Perang Dunia II">World War II</a> , was the first Europe wide competition authority</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission&usg=ALkJrhizwqegRd7ZWMkeMr3IW6HWWucmFg" title="Komisi Eropa">Komisi Eropa,</a> yang dibentuk setelah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&usg=ALkJrhjB2isIB4ZH6evB8eFDK4TsWWFE2w" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II,</a> adalah yang pertama lebar kompetisi Eropa kewenangan</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the 1930s, Americans' fear of big business and their impending loss of accountability initiated the most aggressive antitrust campaign in history.</span> Pada 1930an, Amerika 'takut besar dan bisnis mereka mendatang kehilangan akuntabilitas dimulai antitrust yang paling agresif dalam sejarah kampanye.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, Britain, Australia, France, Nazi Germany and Japan found American-style antitrust incompatible to their cultures and institutions.</span> Namun, Inggris, Australia, Perancis, Nazi Jerman dan Jepang menemukan gaya antitrust Amerika bertentangan dengan budaya dan institusi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An about face emerged after the World War when governments of those nations and the European Community progressively adopted antitrust measures.</span> Tentang wajah yang muncul setelah Perang Dunia ketika pemerintah dan orang-orang bangsa Eropa Komunitas antitrust mengadopsi langkah-langkah progresif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The international spread of antitrust correlates to the process of global capitalism, where antitrust was a pivotal conflict between state sovereignty and globalization as demonstrated by proceedings in the WTO. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-32" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><span>[</span> 33 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Internasional penyebaran antitrust berkorelasi dengan proses kapitalisme global, di mana antitrust penting adalah konflik antara kedaulatan negara dan globalisasi seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh proses di WTO. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-32" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><span>[33]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It was after <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I&usg=ALkJrhh6GFYOsOq8h4smx5j46kpuFT2K9w" title="Perang Dunia I">World War I</a> that countries began to follow the United States' lead in competition policy.</span> Ia setelah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I&usg=ALkJrhh6GFYOsOq8h4smx5j46kpuFT2K9w" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a> negara-negara yang mulai mengikuti Amerika Serikat memimpin dalam kompetisi kebijakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1923 Canada introduced the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combines_Investigation_Act&usg=ALkJrhhJ91XrkaYaLp_jPJkKHtUpVBUZaA" title="Undang-undang menggabungkan Investigasi">Combines Investigation Act</a> and in 1926 France reinforced its basic competition provisions from the 1810 Code Napoleon.</span> Kanada diperkenalkan pada tahun 1923 yang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combines_Investigation_Act&usg=ALkJrhhJ91XrkaYaLp_jPJkKHtUpVBUZaA" title="Undang-undang menggabungkan Investigasi">menggabungkan Investigasi Act</a> 1926 di Perancis dan dikuatkan dengan dasar kompetisi ketentuan dari 1810 Kode Napoleon.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">After the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War&usg=ALkJrhj6XvpD-DaofF5hkkTLSJ_W9N6B1A" title="Perang Dunia Kedua" class="mw-redirect">Second World War</a> , the Allies, led by the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgT041SR5hPDjgUAAdiBBVzygADgA" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> , introduced tight regulation of cartels and monopolies in occupied <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhhHAfJp_P20e1-5_7vRj_ObCROkCA" title="Jerman">Germany</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan&usg=ALkJrhjEjuGpNk8dYHA1f1P_y5lNQ_A1ZQ" title="Jepang">Japan</a> .</span> Setelah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War&usg=ALkJrhj6XvpD-DaofF5hkkTLSJ_W9N6B1A" title="Perang Dunia Kedua" class="mw-redirect">Perang Dunia Kedua,</a> yang sekutunya, yang dipimpin oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgT041SR5hPDjgUAAdiBBVzygADgA" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat,</a> memperkenalkan peraturan ketat dari monopoli dan kartel dalam diduduki <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhhHAfJp_P20e1-5_7vRj_ObCROkCA" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan&usg=ALkJrhjEjuGpNk8dYHA1f1P_y5lNQ_A1ZQ" title="Jepang">Jepang.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Germany, despite the existence of laws against unfair competition passed in 1909 ( <i>Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb</i> or <i>UWB</i> ) it was widely believed that the predominance of large cartels of German industry had made it easier for the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis&usg=ALkJrhgoY7ZLvkSlJhmcOj-DPL_fx9lp1Q" title="Nazis" class="mw-redirect">Nazis</a> to assume total economic control, simply by bribing or blackmailing the heads of a small number of industrial magnates.</span> Di Jerman, meskipun adanya kompetisi yang tidak adil terhadap undang-undang yang disahkan pada 1909 <i>(Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb</i> atau <i>UWB)</i> ia sangat percaya bahwa hal paling besar dari kartel industri Jerman telah memberikan kemudahan bagi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis&usg=ALkJrhgoY7ZLvkSlJhmcOj-DPL_fx9lp1Q" title="Nazis" class="mw-redirect">Nazis</a> untuk menganggap total kontrol ekonomi, cukup bribing oleh atau blackmailing di kepala sejumlah industri magnates.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Similarly in Japan, where business was organised along family and nepotistic ties, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaibatsu&usg=ALkJrhhlZu4ppVH6wJy8TvhsOOwRTIrKig" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a> were easy for the despotic government to manipulate into the war effort.</span> Demikian pula di Jepang, di mana usaha yang diatur sepanjang nepotistic dan ikatan keluarga, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaibatsu&usg=ALkJrhhlZu4ppVH6wJy8TvhsOOwRTIrKig" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a> yang mudah bagi pemerintah untuk memanipulasi zalim ke dalam upaya perang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Following, unconditional surrender tighter controls, replicating American policy were introduced.</span> Berikut, menyerah tak bersyarat tighter kontrol, kebijakan Menggandakan Amerika telah diperkenalkan.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Further developments however were considerably overshadowed by the move towards <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation&usg=ALkJrhgfWRa2Zxfc4AUTpOvsQ1rE6QLMzQ" title="Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect">nationalisation</a> and industry wide planning in many countries.</span> Namun perkembangan lebih lanjut yang sangat overshadowed oleh bergerak menuju <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation&usg=ALkJrhgfWRa2Zxfc4AUTpOvsQ1rE6QLMzQ" title="Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect">nationalisation</a> lebar perencanaan dan industri di banyak negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Making the economy and industry democratically accountable through direct government action became a priority. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal&usg=ALkJrhjeuVyQmYdTsb8gMgzr6w0whTHZww" title="Batu bara">Coal</a> industry, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroads&usg=ALkJrhiAnqprwtqEcSBv6RqG9U7RhghXgg" title="Railroads">railroads</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel&usg=ALkJrhhjBkoKd2AQk0ZlJ8V2B7sv12oe6Q" title="Baja">steel</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity&usg=ALkJrhhWP5uGO7ANUlYUXdd4iPzok_NZWA" title="Listrik">electricity</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law&usg=ALkJrhgEoUgKysnVWkgh6NwjLNfFma1dug" title="Air hukum">water</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care&usg=ALkJrhiUr7mlnjj-m14YXzb0rQ6Xuhezng" title="Kesehatan">health care</a> and many other sectors were targeted for their special qualities of being <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly&usg=ALkJrhhVNH8SjwIKp7B1xWHMCYAgkBoi1g" title="Alam monopoli">natural monopolies</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth&usg=ALkJrhicStAehvA0RHtYCQ4txM50w8nl3A" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> countries were reluctant in enacting statutory competition law provisions.</span> Menjadikan ekonomi dan industri demokratis bertanggung jawab langsung pemerintah melalui tindakan menjadi prioritas. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal&usg=ALkJrhjeuVyQmYdTsb8gMgzr6w0whTHZww" title="Batu bara">Batubara</a> industri, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroads&usg=ALkJrhiAnqprwtqEcSBv6RqG9U7RhghXgg" title="Railroads">railroads,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel&usg=ALkJrhhjBkoKd2AQk0ZlJ8V2B7sv12oe6Q" title="Baja">baja,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity&usg=ALkJrhhWP5uGO7ANUlYUXdd4iPzok_NZWA" title="Listrik">listrik,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law&usg=ALkJrhgEoUgKysnVWkgh6NwjLNfFma1dug" title="Air hukum">air,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care&usg=ALkJrhiUr7mlnjj-m14YXzb0rQ6Xuhezng" title="Kesehatan">kesehatan</a> dan banyak sektor lain yang ditujukan khusus bagi mereka yang kualitas <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopoly&usg=ALkJrhhVNH8SjwIKp7B1xWHMCYAgkBoi1g" title="Alam monopoli">alam monopoli.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth&usg=ALkJrhicStAehvA0RHtYCQ4txM50w8nl3A" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> enggan di negara-negara yang menjadikan undang-undang ketentuan hukum persaingan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The United Kingdom introduced the (considerably less stringent) Restrictive Practices Act in 1956.</span> Inggris memperkenalkan (sangat kurang ketat) membatasi Practices Act pada tahun 1956.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Australia introduced its current <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Practices_Act_1974&usg=ALkJrhh7o6lsS_nGMV1rlzE_mvsorGmORw" title="Praktek perdagangan Act 1974">Trade Practices Act</a> in 1974.</span> Australia yang saat ini diperkenalkan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Practices_Act_1974&usg=ALkJrhh7o6lsS_nGMV1rlzE_mvsorGmORw" title="Praktek perdagangan Act 1974">Trade Practices Act</a> pada tahun 1974.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jersey introduced its competition law only in 2005.</span> Jersey diperkenalkan dengan hukum persaingan hanya pada tahun 2005.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Recently however there has been a wave of updates, especially in Europe to harmonise legislation with contemporary competition law thinking.</span> Namun baru-baru ini ada gelombang pembaruan, terutama di Eropa untuk harmonise kontemporer kompetisi dengan undang-undang hukum berpikir.</span> </p><p><a name="European_Union_law" id="European_Union_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhgcX5P6hZSYWDnRxUSOs49WPXmqKQ" title="Sunting bagian: Uni Eropa hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">European Union law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhgcX5P6hZSYWDnRxUSOs49WPXmqKQ" title="Sunting bagian: Uni Eropa hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Uni Eropa hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">European Community competition law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">Komunitas kompetisi Eropa hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1957 six Western European countries signed the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_European_Community&usg=ALkJrhjnsieD6DeOQB72uOh7IulXWxDmaQ" title="Perjanjian dari Komunitas Eropa" class="mw-redirect">Treaty of the European Community</a> (EC Treaty or Treaty of Rome), which over the last fifty years has grown into a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhiywJpc2jTvbgltc0thraKyFgvRlA" title="Uni Eropa">European Union</a> of nearly half a billion citizens.</span> 1957 di enam negara-negara Eropa Barat menandatangani <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_European_Community&usg=ALkJrhjnsieD6DeOQB72uOh7IulXWxDmaQ" title="Perjanjian dari Komunitas Eropa" class="mw-redirect">perjanjian dari Komunitas Eropa</a> (EC Treaty atau Perjanjian Roma), yang selama lima puluh tahun telah berkembang menjadi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhiywJpc2jTvbgltc0thraKyFgvRlA" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> yang hampir setengah miliar warga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The European Community is the name for the economic and social pillar of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_law&usg=ALkJrhjTOyNOWpOgQZ7TcVY5LbcQUWm7Kw" title="Uni Eropa hukum" class="mw-redirect">EU law</a> , under which competition law falls.</span> Masyarakat Eropa adalah nama bagi ekonomi dan sosial tiang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_law&usg=ALkJrhjTOyNOWpOgQZ7TcVY5LbcQUWm7Kw" title="Uni Eropa hukum" class="mw-redirect">hukum Uni Eropa,</a> di bawah undang-undang persaingan yang jatuh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Healthy competition is seen as an essential element in the creation of a common market free from restraints on trade. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-33" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><span>[</span> 34 <span>]</span></sup></a> The first provision is Article 81 EC, which deals with cartels and restrictive vertical agreements.</span> Persaingan sehat dianggap sebagai sebuah elemen penting dalam penciptaan pasar bebas yang umum dari restraints pada perdagangan. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-33" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><span>[34]</span></sup></a> Yang pertama adalah ketentuan Pasal 81 Komisi Eropa, yang berkaitan dengan kartel vertikal dan membatasi perjanjian.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Prohibited are:</span> Dilarang adalah:</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"(1) ...all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market..."</span> "(1) ... semua perjanjian antara undertakings, keputusan undertakings oleh asosiasi yang terpadu dan praktek yang dapat mempengaruhi perdagangan antara negara-negara anggota dan mereka yang ada sebagai obyek atau efek pencegahan, pembatasan atau distorsi kompetisi di pasar umum ... "</span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_81&usg=ALkJrhjAUNgdf4vLdzaVF_UxfTLAhGZW0w" title="Pasal 81" class="mw-redirect">Article 81</a> (1) EC then gives examples of "hard core" restrictive practices such as price fixing or market sharing and 81(2) EC confirms that any agreements are automatically void.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_81&usg=ALkJrhjAUNgdf4vLdzaVF_UxfTLAhGZW0w" title="Pasal 81" class="mw-redirect">Pasal 81</a> (1) Komisi Eropa kemudian memberikan contoh "hard core" membatasi praktik seperti penetapan harga pasar atau sharing dan 81 (2) Komisi Eropa untuk mengkonfirmasi bahwa setiap perjanjian secara otomatis tidak berlaku.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, just like the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Monopolies_1623&usg=ALkJrhicFnj2CYXQhG1BskaGH83rioF8zg" title="Statuta dari monopoli 1623">Statute of Monopolies 1623</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_81&usg=ALkJrhjAUNgdf4vLdzaVF_UxfTLAhGZW0w" title="Pasal 81" class="mw-redirect">Article 81</a> (3) EC creates exemptions, if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation, gives consumers a "fair share" of the benefit and does not include unreasonable restraints (or disproportionate, in ECJ terminology) that risk eliminating competition anywhere. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_82&usg=ALkJrhjfqOaYZAa6iDOqM3YP6Ok01fc7Aw" title="Pasal 82" class="mw-redirect">Article 82</a> EC deals with monopolies, or more precisely firms who have a dominant market share and abuse that position.</span> Namun, seperti yang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Monopolies_1623&usg=ALkJrhicFnj2CYXQhG1BskaGH83rioF8zg" title="Statuta dari monopoli 1623">Statuta dari monopoli 1623,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_81&usg=ALkJrhjAUNgdf4vLdzaVF_UxfTLAhGZW0w" title="Pasal 81" class="mw-redirect">Pasal 81</a> (3) Komisi Eropa menciptakan pembebasan, jika kolusi adalah untuk distributional atau inovasi teknologi, yang memberikan konsumen "adil berbagi" dari keuntungan dan tidak rewel termasuk restraints (atau disproporsional, dalam ECJ terminologi) yang menghilangkan risiko kompetisi manapun. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_82&usg=ALkJrhjfqOaYZAa6iDOqM3YP6Ok01fc7Aw" title="Pasal 82" class="mw-redirect">Pasal 82</a> Komisi Eropa berkaitan dengan monopoli, atau lebih tepatnya perusahaan yang memiliki pangsa pasar dominan dan penyalahgunaan posisi itu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unlike <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhi6pjmzAHJb_muOCMlnevzOB4BoqQ" title="U. S. Antitrust" class="mw-redirect">US Antitrust</a> , EC law has never been used to punish the existence of dominant firms, but merely imposes a special responsibility to conduct oneself appropriately. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-34" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><span>[</span> 35 <span>]</span></sup></a> Specific categories of abuse listed in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_82&usg=ALkJrhjfqOaYZAa6iDOqM3YP6Ok01fc7Aw" title="Pasal 82" class="mw-redirect">Article 82</a> EC include price discrimination and exclusive dealing, much the same as sections 2 and 3 of the US Clayton Act.</span> Tidak seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhi6pjmzAHJb_muOCMlnevzOB4BoqQ" title="U. S. Antitrust" class="mw-redirect">US Antitrust,</a> EC hukum belum pernah digunakan untuk menghukum keberadaan perusahaan dominan, tetapi hanya membebankan tanggung jawab khusus untuk melakukan diri dengan baik. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-34" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><span>[35]</span></sup></a> Khusus kategori pelanggaran yang tercantum dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_82&usg=ALkJrhjfqOaYZAa6iDOqM3YP6Ok01fc7Aw" title="Pasal 82" class="mw-redirect">Pasal 82</a> Komisi Eropa termasuk harga diskriminasi dan eksklusif berhubungan, banyak yang sama dengan bagian 2 dan 3 dari US Clayton Act.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Also under Article 82 EC, the European Council was empowered to enact a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_regulation&usg=ALkJrhhPA4kD87HWjWiFq3p7PXmSTGWaug" title="Uni Eropa peraturan" class="mw-redirect">regulation</a> to control mergers between firms, currently the latest known by the abbreviation of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_merger_law&usg=ALkJrhjUuxttnlYS-T1XvGq0VXVmmV9MpQ" title="Komunitas Eropa hukum merger">Regulation 139/2004/EC</a> .</span> Juga di bawah Pasal 82 Komisi Eropa, Dewan Eropa adalah kewenangan untuk membuat <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_regulation&usg=ALkJrhhPA4kD87HWjWiFq3p7PXmSTGWaug" title="Uni Eropa peraturan" class="mw-redirect">peraturan</a> untuk mengendalikan merger antara perusahaan, saat ini baru diketahui oleh singkatan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_merger_law&usg=ALkJrhjUuxttnlYS-T1XvGq0VXVmmV9MpQ" title="Komunitas Eropa hukum merger">Regulasi 139/2004/EC.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The general test is whether a concentration (ie merger or acquisition) with a community dimension (ie affects a number of EU member states) might significantly impede effective competition.</span> Umum tes apakah konsentrasi (yakni merger atau akuisisi) dengan dimensi masyarakat (yakni mempengaruhi sejumlah negara anggota Uni Eropa) mungkin cukup efektif menghalangi kompetisi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Again, the similarity to the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhgfrXTXoq-E7vNqlHnpgTxFsmGhbQ" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Clayton Act</a> 's substantial lessening of competition.</span> Sekali lagi, kesamaan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhgfrXTXoq-E7vNqlHnpgTxFsmGhbQ" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Undang-Undang Clayton</a> 's substansial berkurangnya kompetisi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Finally, Articles 86 and 87 EC regulate the state's role in the market.</span> Terakhir, Pasal 86 dan 87 EC mengatur peran negara dalam pasar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Article 86(2) EC states clearly that nothing in the rules can be used to obstruct a member state's right to deliver public services, but that otherwise public enterprises must play by the same rules on collusion and abuse of dominance as everyone else.</span> Pasal 86 (2) Komisi Eropa menyatakan dengan jelas bahwa tidak ada dalam aturan dapat digunakan untuk menghambat negara anggota berhak untuk menyampaikan pelayanan publik, tetapi sebaliknya perusahaan publik harus bermain oleh aturan yang sama pada kolusi dan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan sebagai orang lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Article 87 EC, similar to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_81&usg=ALkJrhjAUNgdf4vLdzaVF_UxfTLAhGZW0w" title="Pasal 81" class="mw-redirect">Article 81</a> EC, lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition, but then grants exceptions for things like charities, natural disasters or regional development.</span> Pasal 87 Komisi Eropa, mirip dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_81&usg=ALkJrhjAUNgdf4vLdzaVF_UxfTLAhGZW0w" title="Pasal 81" class="mw-redirect">Pasal 81</a> Komisi Eropa, meletakkan bawah aturan umum bahwa negara tidak boleh subsidise bantuan atau pihak swasta yang bebas distorsi dalam kompetisi, tetapi kemudian hibah pengecualian untuk hal-hal seperti amal, bencana alam atau pembangunan daerah.</span> </p><p><a name="Antimonopoly_Law_of_China" id="Antimonopoly_Law_of_China"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgCZdoxuxPBHJOgWeJ-MBXUopqByw" title="Sunting bagian: Antimonopoly Hukum Cina">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Antimonopoly Law of China</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgCZdoxuxPBHJOgWeJ-MBXUopqByw" title="Sunting bagian: Antimonopoly Hukum Cina"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Antimonopoly Hukum Cina</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-35" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><span>[</span> 36 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-36" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><span>[</span> 37 <span>]</span></sup></a> The idea of a comprehensive Antimonopoly Law for the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhgzG9MVNnRHOMjPzmOq2mIwtlaJvw" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> surfaced in 1987, in response to the diverse and incoherent existing laws such as Anti-Unfair Competition Law, Price Law, Foreign Trade Law.</span> <span><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-35" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference">[36]</sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-36" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference">[37]</sup></a></span> Ide yang komprehensif untuk Antimonopoly Hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhgzG9MVNnRHOMjPzmOq2mIwtlaJvw" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> surfaced pada tahun 1987, sebagai jawaban terhadap beragam dan kacau undang-undang yang ada seperti Anti-Unfair Persaingan Hukum, Harga Hukum, Hukum Perdagangan Luar Negeri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Representatives from various agencies and academic institutions began drafting the new Law in 1994.</span> Perwakilan dari berbagai badan dan lembaga mulai rancangan UU yang baru pada tahun 1994.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, the initial drafts often reflected divergent and inconsistent goals among its various agencies.</span> Namun, pada awalnya konsep sering terlihat berbeda dan tidak konsisten di antara berbagai tujuan lembaga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The final version of the law was finally adopted by the People's Congress on 30 August 2007 <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak September 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhiekWhWzGTF1tHzUYi7IQAEUCQg4A" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> and took effect on 1 August 2008.</span> Versi terakhir dari hukum itu akhirnya disetujui oleh Kongres Rakyat pada tanggal 30 Agustus 2007 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhiekWhWzGTF1tHzUYi7IQAEUCQg4A" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak September 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><i>[kutipan diperlukan]</i></sup></span></a> dan membawa efek pada 1 Agustus 2008.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While the language of the new law is neutral subjecting both domestic and foreign entities to equal scrutiny, there are concerns among foreign entities about its implementation and enforcement.</span> Sementara bahasa undang-undang yang baru adalah netral subjecting baik domestik maupun asing ke badan sama keterbukaan, ada kekhawatiran di antara badan asing tentang implementasi dan penegakan hukum.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Concerns are reflected by the significant market leadership foreign companies have and the increasing acquisition of domestic companies by foreign investments, where the law might be used to protect domestic entities.</span> Keprihatinan yang tercermin pada signifikan kepemimpinan pasar perusahaan asing yang ada dan meningkatkan akuisisi perusahaan domestik oleh investor asing, di mana hukum mungkin digunakan untuk melindungi badan domestik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are also concerns, similar to elsewhere, of consumers being victims of roadkill in the interest of protecting competition.</span> Ada juga kekhawatiran, mirip dengan di tempat lain, konsumen menjadi korban roadkill ☠ dalam melindungi kepentingan kompetisi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Among the stated aims of the law are to</span> Di antara negara tujuan hukum adalah untuk</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">advance consumer interests</span> muka minat konsumen</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">promote economic efficiency</span> meningkatkan efisiensi ekonomi</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">protect economic security, which includes subjecting foreign acquisitions of Chinese corporations to national security review.</span> melindungi keamanan ekonomi, yang mencakup subjecting asing dari Cina akuisisi perusahaan untuk meninjau keamanan nasional.</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The law, as opposed to the antitrust laws of the United States and EU, subjects state-owned enterprises to the same regulatory measures.</span> Hukum, yang bertentangan dengan undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa, negara-mata pelajaran yang dimiliki perusahaan yang sama untuk tindakan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The law would be a tool in the Chinese government's protracted struggles against internal protectionism, where (similar to their entrenched involvement in the legislative process in United States) private special interests are deeply entrenched in national, provincial and local government agencies.</span> Hukum akan menjadi alat di Cina pemerintah larut perjuangan melawan protektionisme internal, di mana (mirip dengan berurat keterlibatan mereka dalam proses legislatif di Amerika Serikat) khusus kepentingan pribadi sangat berurat di tingkat nasional, provinsi dan pemerintah setempat.</span> </p><p><a name="Antimonopoly_in_Japan" id="Antimonopoly_in_Japan"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhhp-me139LH4Y1HxuygzWlWs4OyWg" title="Sunting bagian: Antimonopoly di Jepang">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Antimonopoly in Japan</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhhp-me139LH4Y1HxuygzWlWs4OyWg" title="Sunting bagian: Antimonopoly di Jepang"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Antimonopoly di Jepang</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-37" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><span>[</span> 38 <span>]</span></sup></a> The US Government on 6 September 1945, issued a presidential directive instructing the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) to dissolve zaibatsu structures.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-37" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><span>[38]</span></sup></a> Pemerintah AS pada tanggal 6 September 1945, mengeluarkan instruksi presiden yang meminta Supreme Commander untuk bersekutu Powers (SCAP) untuk membubarkan zaibatsu struktur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Prior to the World War, Japan had no antitrust laws.</span> Sebelum Perang Dunia, Jepang tidak memiliki undang-undang antitrust.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There were seventeen zaibatsu organisations, the four largest of which had controlled approximately a fourth of all of the paid-up capital in the Japanese economy just prior to the World War.</span> Terdapat tujuh organisasi zaibatsu, keempat terbesar yang pernah saya kira-kira keempat dari seluruh dibayar modal di Jepang ekonomi hanya sebelum Perang Dunia.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In opposition to General MacArthur's fear that zaibatsu dissolution would lead to instability, the US Departments of State and Justice sent a "Special Mission on Japanese Combines" to Japan for the implementation of a comprehensive antimonopoly framework.</span> Bertentangan dengan MacArthur Umum dari ketakutan yang zaibatsu perceraian akan mengakibatkan ketidakstabilan, Amerika Serikat Negara Departemen Kehakiman dan mengirimkan "Khusus Misi di Jepang menggabungkan" ke Jepang untuk pelaksanaan kerangka komprehensif antimonopoly.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In response, MacArthur coerced the Japanese Diet into adopting legislation known as the Antimonopoly Act (AMA), with the persuasion to them that enforcement was optional.</span> Dalam Tanggapan, MacArthur coerced Jepang ke Diet mengadopsi undang-undang yang dikenal sebagai Undang-Undang Antimonopoly (AMA), dengan kepercayaan kepada mereka bahwa hukum adalah opsional.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">McArthur's AMA, which is still Japan's fundamental competition law, generalised prohibitions against three types of anticompetitive conduct.</span> McArthur's AMA yang masih Jepang dari dasar hukum persaingan, generalised prohibitions terhadap tiga jenis anticompetitive melakukan.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">private monopolization</span> swasta monopolization</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">unreasonable restraints of trade and</span> keterlaluan restraints perdagangan dan</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">unfair methods of competition.</span> metode kompetisi yang tidak adil.</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The AMA led to the formation of Japan's Fair Trade Commission (JFTC).</span> AMA yang menyebabkan pembentukan Jepang Fair Trade Commission (JFTC).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The weakness of the AMA was due to vagueness requiring JFTC officials to be familiar with presumptions built into American antitrust laws.</span> Kelemahan AMA disebabkan karena ketidakjelasan memerlukan JFTC pejabat menjadi akrab dengan presumptions dibangun menjadi undang-undang antitrust Amerika.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Seeing the need for stability and the growing threat of Communism, the United States backtracked on requiring Japan's enforcement of the AMA and instead encouraged the resurrection of zaibatsu structures.</span> Melihat kebutuhan untuk stabilitas dan pertumbuhan ancaman komunisme, Amerika memerlukan backtracked di Jepang hukum dari AMA dan bukan mendorong kebangkitan zaibatsu struktur.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Japan which had grown increasingly independent of the United States in the 1950s, succumbed to pressures from Japanese business and need for recovery from economic depression due to the end of the Korean war.</span> Jepang yang telah berkembang semakin independen dari Amerika Serikat di tahun 1950-an, succumbed tekanan dari Jepang untuk bisnis dan kebutuhan dari pemulihan ekonomi karena depresi pada akhir perang Korea.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The SCAP and the US Government acquiesced to Prime Minister Yoshida's actions to enact relaxations to the AMA when occupation of Japan ended with the implementation of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty&usg=ALkJrhgWRUoUfoDfy0ZjQJ88hpoQOajLQA" title="San Francisco Peace Treaty" class="mw-redirect">San Francisco Peace Treaty</a> on 28 April 1952.</span> The SCAP dan Pemerintah AS acquiesced ke Perdana Menteri Yoshida dari tindakan untuk menjadikan relaxations ke AMA ketika pekerjaan Jepang yang berakhir dengan pelaksanaan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty&usg=ALkJrhgWRUoUfoDfy0ZjQJ88hpoQOajLQA" title="San Francisco Peace Treaty" class="mw-redirect">Perjanjian Perdamaian San Francisco</a> pada tanggal 28 April 1952.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">All cartels illegal under the original AMA were effectively legalized.</span> Semua kartel ilegal di bawah asli AMA telah disahkan secara efektif.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Amendments were made to strengthen the AMA in the 1970s due to, in part, pressures from American businesses.</span> Perubahan dibuat untuk memperkuat AMA di tahun 1970-an akibat, sebagian, tekanan dari Amerika usaha.</span> The oil crisis then and price fixing by Japanese oil companies further garnered public opinion in Japan against the weakness of the AMA and its lack of enforcement. The new articles introduced authorised the JFTC to dissolve or divest a company based on barriers against market-entry, lack of price benefit for consumers and unreasonable profits. The JFTC was authorised to impose fines for violations of the AMA. </p><p> However, the existence of cartels are still legalized with the following notes. </p><ul><li> Cartels calculate penalties beforehand and include such penalties as costs of business. </li><li> Penalty calculations, which do not correlate with profits, present insufficient financial disincentives for businesses to collude. </li><li> Courts in Japan lack contempt powers to ensure compliance with the JFTC's cease and desist orders. </li></ul><p><a name="International_enforcement" id="International_enforcement"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhhOvn-LXQhDNpUwPM1AZPlj8bFZlA" title="Edit section: International enforcement">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">International enforcement</span> </h3><dl><dd> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization&usg=ALkJrhghIc6IEhEZGMEvtDLsidatZlXrVA" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Competition_Network&usg=ALkJrhgKqplaG5aGf2FdXoGuHaCjL6FI3A" title="Kompetisi internasional Jaringan">International Competition Network</a></i></span> </dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTOmap_currentmemberYN.png&usg=ALkJrhjmovdOA4ELo_Kp2EUoJEFShJd3vQ" class="image" title="There is considerable controversy among WTO members, in green, whether competition law should form part of the agreements"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/WTOmap_currentmemberYN.png/180px-WTOmap_currentmemberYN.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="83" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTOmap_currentmemberYN.png&usg=ALkJrhjmovdOA4ELo_Kp2EUoJEFShJd3vQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> There is considerable controversy among <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization&usg=ALkJrhghIc6IEhEZGMEvtDLsidatZlXrVA" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> members, in green, whether competition law should form part of the agreements </div></div></div><p> Competition law has already been substantially internationalised along the lines of the US model by nation states themselves, however the involvement of international organisations has been growing. Increasingly active at all international conferences are the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development&usg=ALkJrhib34Uu5pveYw_XVt2_AiVXw5o43A" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD) and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development&usg=ALkJrhi-pc6ZB8tyMtkSWoXb39UYrujt9Q" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), which is prone to making neo-liberal recommendations about the total application of competition law for public and private industries. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-38" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><span>[</span> 39 <span>]</span></sup></a> Chapter 5 of the post war <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Charter&usg=ALkJrhihU--4MIaRiiXjyqoN0a5v0a6B1g" title="Havana Charter">Havana Charter</a> contained an Antitrust code <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-39" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><span>[</span> 40 <span>]</span></sup></a> but this was never incorporated into the WTO's forerunner, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade&usg=ALkJrhie-WtIg_ZgV2IJs0mBAQjpjWbdJg" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> 1947. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Trading&usg=ALkJrhiKv4g-aA2OjUE3EjvbcpyPS4uyMw" title="Office of Fair Trading">Office of Fair Trading</a> Director and Professor Richard Whish wrote sceptically that it "seems unlikely at the current stage of its development that the WTO will metamorphose into a global competition authority." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-40" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><span>[</span> 41 <span>]</span></sup></a> Despite that, at the ongoing <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_round&usg=ALkJrhgnSTpW68lv9jiFe2hqurPzYRqefQ" title="Doha round" class="mw-redirect">Doha round</a> of trade talks for the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhjcS-qQyM3RmWf4bqKw7r6XJ6NsaA" title="World Trade Organisation" class="mw-redirect">World Trade Organisation</a> , discussion includes the prospect of competition law enforcement moving up to a global level. While it is incapable of enforcement itself, the newly established <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Competition_Network&usg=ALkJrhgKqplaG5aGf2FdXoGuHaCjL6FI3A" title="Kompetisi internasional Jaringan">International Competition Network</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-41" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><span>[</span> 42 <span>]</span></sup></a> (ICN) is a way for national authorities to coordinate their own enforcement activities. </p><p> It is unclear whether competition policy is a sensible role for government in developing, particularly low-income countries. In these countries the markets are usually very small and fragmented so that developing scale sufficient to raise competitiveness and engage in international markets is a major challenge. The bigger problem is however poor governance - in societies with widespread corruption, inadequate public finances, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-42" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><span>[</span> 43 <span>]</span></sup></a> and weak judiciary and oversight institutions, competition policy may become another tool for capture by vested interests - becoming in itself a barrier to entry. </p><p><a name="Theory" id="Theory"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhiKuWOclPBe-N5ZlQX4XoX8PSj8Dg" title="Edit section: Theory">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Theory</span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law_theory&usg=ALkJrhjqlAnp4hgCzrH8_2dxvJPrUL2nDg" title="Competition law theory">Competition law theory</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p><a name="Classical_perspective" id="Classical_perspective"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhh9x0WH2HBh55z4cVyRvn3wqK2mFQ" title="Edit section: Classical perspective">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Classical perspective</span> </h3><dl><dd> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_economics&usg=ALkJrhi2SNhRgcZomXZNHrgzeBwc9BI_vQ" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></i></span> </dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John-stuart-mill-sized.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjde4FWys82QhGlekpe1X7IoVqk9Q" class="image" title="John Stuart Mill believed the restraint of trade doctrine was justified to preserve liberty and competition"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/John-stuart-mill-sized.jpg/180px-John-stuart-mill-sized.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="208" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John-stuart-mill-sized.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjde4FWys82QhGlekpe1X7IoVqk9Q" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill&usg=ALkJrhgu5YpK6xbMKmInJqKRrwrQCDykRg" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> believed the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade&usg=ALkJrhgIZCzHwoE8CpUvdCMH3uKVw9b2oA" title="Perdagangan bebas">restraint of trade</a> doctrine was justified to preserve <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty&usg=ALkJrhg4xPwDB6z8yRnYH2xyGP2gJ1_aoQ" title="Kebebasan">liberty</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition&usg=ALkJrhi0JZOkjnfeTuf15ejC9zYJyXlk9g" title="Kompetisi">competition</a> </div></div></div><p> The classical perspective on competition was that certain agreements and business practice could be an unreasonable restraint on the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_liberty&usg=ALkJrhg_pNlLwhCtgUOjF7pd3hjVQyVDCg" title="Individual liberty" class="mw-redirect">individual liberty</a> of tradespeople to carry on their livelihoods. Restraints were judged as permissible or not by courts as new cases appeared and in the light of changing business circumstances. Hence the courts found specific categories of agreement, specific clauses, to fall foul of their doctrine on economic fairness, and they did not contrive an overarching conception of market power. Earlier theorists like Adam Smith rejected any monopoly power on this basis. </p><blockquote><p> "A monopoly granted either to an individual or to a trading company has the same effect as a secret in trade or manufactures. The monopolists, by keeping the market constantly under-stocked, by never fully supplying the effectual demand, sell their commodities much above the natural price, and raise their emoluments, whether they consist in wages or profit, greatly above their natural rate." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-43" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><span>[</span> 44 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p></blockquote><p> In <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhhiXY_9FRL_P59LSndTm9c0Fsonnw" title="The Wealth of Nations"><i>The Wealth of Nations</i></a> (1776) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith&usg=ALkJrhive5p8ya0BsCO044sKW7cU2Ep3Ig" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> also pointed out the cartel problem, but did not advocate legal measures to combat them. </p><blockquote><p> "People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies; much less to render them necessary." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Book_I.2C_Chapter_10-44" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Book_I.2C_Chapter_10_44-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 45 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p></blockquote><p> Smith also rejected the very existence of, not just dominant and abusive corporations, but <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhY_jhXzguLUIe0DSz-zD-mRzCXXQ" title="Corporation">corporations</a> at all. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-45" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><span>[</span> 46 <span>]</span></sup></a> By the latter half of the nineteenth century it had become clear that large firms had become a fact of the market economy. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill&usg=ALkJrhgu5YpK6xbMKmInJqKRrwrQCDykRg" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> 's approach was laid down in his treatise <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Liberty&usg=ALkJrhjDIjKtEqgun1qfnFzWm2aOlLDWww" title="On Liberty"><i>On Liberty</i></a> (1859). </p><blockquote><p> "Again, trade is a social act. Whoever undertakes to sell any description of goods to the public, does what affects the interest of other persons, and of society in general; and thus his conduct, in principle, comes within the jurisdiction of society... both the cheapness and the good quality of commodities are most effectually provided for by leaving the producers and sellers perfectly free, under the sole check of equal freedom to the buyers for supplying themselves elsewhere. This is the so-called doctrine of Free Trade, which rests on grounds different from, though equally solid with, the principle of individual liberty asserted in this Essay. Restrictions on trade, or on production for purposes of trade, are indeed restraints; and all restraint, qua restraint, is an evil..." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-46" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><span>[</span> 47 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p></blockquote><p><a name="Neo-classical_synthesis" id="Neo-classical_synthesis"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhhK8-WK2WINfhku1pD9WvmuPLEzxQ" title="Edit section: Neo-classical synthesis">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Neo-classical synthesis</span> </h3><dl><dd> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis&usg=ALkJrhhsOtDGqvOvZbPSWedju7NuYy3hYw" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neoclassical synthesis</a></i></span> </dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Samuelson.gif&usg=ALkJrhiJ2ngHuik40nTaYWZXnG_zdtWYKA" class="image" title="Paul Samuelson, author of the 20th century's most successful economics text, combined mathematical models and Keynesian macroeconomic intervention. He advocated the general success of the market but backed the American government's antitrust policies."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Paul_Samuelson.gif" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="233" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Samuelson.gif&usg=ALkJrhiJ2ngHuik40nTaYWZXnG_zdtWYKA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson&usg=ALkJrhiCok-1xlsq3NiHv1z3EjKJLyavKA" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> , author of the 20th century's most successful economics text, combined mathematical models and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian&usg=ALkJrhhdEamwJTrla3A6m6qKz5zI-YKkFA" title="Keynesian" class="mw-redirect">Keynesian</a> macroeconomic intervention. He advocated the general success of the market but backed the American government's antitrust policies. </div></div></div><p> After Mill, there was a shift in economic theory, which emphasised a more precise and theoretical model of competition. A simple neo-classical model of free markets holds that production and distribution of goods and services in competitive free markets maximizes <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare&usg=ALkJrhhpLtL7M3s81eU2K3Xw7sLUGuG2Zw" title="Social welfare" class="mw-redirect">social welfare</a> . This model assumes that new firms can freely enter markets and compete with existing firms, or to use legal language, there are no <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entry&usg=ALkJrhhvw72__nm3JOHe8hfQAHGbqK5h5w" title="Hambatan untuk masuk">barriers to entry</a> . By this term economists mean something very specific, that competitive free markets deliver <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocative_efficiency&usg=ALkJrhjMoQbPevRfCseJjqXVHMFdRWihUw" title="Allocative efficiency">allocative</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productive_efficiency&usg=ALkJrhin3k_nTeAVr4n25j9f62kU0YO2yg" title="Productive efficiency">productive</a> and dynamic efficiency. Allocative efficiency is also known as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency&usg=ALkJrhhV3AePD4kHHZgltUOWJlEZPnrHag" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a> after the Italian economist <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto&usg=ALkJrhjBCcNMVCyJcHHlhmvl5YGJ_pgw6A" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Vilfredo Pareto</a> and means that resources in an economy over the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_run&usg=ALkJrhg30S7_cvNMdReDqLkJ7fv864c5AQ" title="Long run" class="mw-redirect">long run</a> will go precisely to those who are <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism&usg=ALkJrhiU0DRIKmtZqVprs9z3BCWUwDRGhw" title="Consumerism">willing</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty&usg=ALkJrhjEWI3LqiWcIRY2FRmWJI8gzbv06Q" title="Kemiskinan">able</a> to pay for them. Because rational producers will keep producing and selling, and buyers will keep buying up to the last <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginalism&usg=ALkJrhjkkNLwrib4ZdZ3eow21LGPoJQz4A" title="Marginalism">marginal unit</a> of possible output - or alternatively rational producers will be reduce their output to the margin at which buyers will buy the same amount as produced - there is no waste, the greatest number wants of the greatest number of people become satisfied and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism&usg=ALkJrhipYhIdaLh4Z9ce50oobNTXDWvP-w" title="Utilitarianism">utility</a> is perfected because resources can no longer be reallocated to make anyone better off without making someone else worse off; society has achieved allocative efficiency. Productive efficiency simply means that society is making as much as it can. Free markets are meant to reward those who <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic&usg=ALkJrhh24aE5Zu3rS4AdNbMOpMx-dS9TPg" title="Protestant work ethic">work hard</a> , and therefore those who will put society's resources towards the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_possibility_frontier&usg=ALkJrhhdCc7QjNk2BhscGBaJTRN5ZPk3_A" title="Production possibility frontier" class="mw-redirect">frontier of its possible production</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-47" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><span>[</span> 48 <span>]</span></sup></a> Dynamic efficiency refers to the idea that business which constantly competes must research, create and innovate to keep its share of consumers. This traces to Austrian-American political scientist <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter&usg=ALkJrhj5cyJGnlWrKlAMg6yvUxuldHMcFw" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> 's notion that a "perennial gale of creative destruction" is ever sweeping through <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism&usg=ALkJrhghDeNnI6UQJ8Kfv0tn8fA1cb4N0A" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> economies, driving enterprise at the market's mercy. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-48" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><span>[</span> 49 <span>]</span></sup></a> This led Schumpeter to argue that monopolies did not need to be broken up (as with <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil&usg=ALkJrhhejhv_piQmhD7nOXpSWuu4SC2cfg" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> ) because the next gale of economic innovation would do the same. </p><p> Contrasting with the allocatively, productively and dynamically efficient market model are monopolies, oligopolies, and cartels. When only one or a few firms exist in the market, and there is no credible threat of the entry of competing firms, prices raise above the competitive level, to either a monopolistic or oligopolistic equilibrium price. Production is also decreased, further decreasing <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare&usg=ALkJrhhpLtL7M3s81eU2K3Xw7sLUGuG2Zw" title="Social welfare" class="mw-redirect">social welfare</a> by creating a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss&usg=ALkJrhgMF2lEFvSe8ep101fVO3z2F7uqvA" title="Deadweight loss">deadweight loss</a> . Sources of this market power are said to include the existence of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externalities&usg=ALkJrhi9pr-NJC6qpFFKMIz1bLATFZlTCw" title="Externalities" class="mw-redirect">externalities</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entry&usg=ALkJrhhvw72__nm3JOHe8hfQAHGbqK5h5w" title="Hambatan untuk masuk">barriers to entry</a> of the market, and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_rider_problem&usg=ALkJrhgL9JF47FgZpFQ4QQVXzvU9xZxqcQ" title="Free rider problem">free rider problem</a> . Markets may <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_failure&usg=ALkJrhiKJ77Q3nIyOP1n-pzKTytiXbc4tw" title="Market failure">fail</a> to be efficient for a variety of reasons, so the exception of competition law's intervention to the rule of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire&usg=ALkJrhiWYoXlkoeuQ6u5xQ2yCiBJhHmFvA" title="Laissez faire" class="mw-redirect"><i>laissez faire</i></a> is justified if <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_failure&usg=ALkJrhh_XJ3jFiYe6OaX2Iq6OM1lisLEXg" title="Government failure">government failure</a> can be avoided. Orthodox economists fully acknowledge that <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_competition&usg=ALkJrhjl4TksuS-pMwJADlBAF9R56pCkkw" title="Perfect competition">perfect competition</a> is seldom observed in the real world, and so aim for what is called " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DWorkable_competition%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjmY7kTLPnCjLqjkHwE4w2AZt5mpA" class="new" title="Workable competition (page does not exist)">workable competition</a> ". <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-49" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><span>[</span> 50 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-50" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><span>[</span> 51 <span>]</span></sup></a> This follows the theory that if one cannot achieve the ideal, then go for the second best option <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-51" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><span>[</span> 52 <span>]</span></sup></a> by using the law to tame market operation where it can. </p><p><a name="Chicago_School" id="Chicago_School"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhiiN8RozjELSAxANZUg986AW6Ymng" title="Edit section: Chicago School">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Chicago School</span> </h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bork2.jpg&usg=ALkJrhiaoHvlUckeqeEKntQZDW-XCOl8ig" class="image" title="Robert Bork argues that competition law is fundamentally flawed"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bork2.jpg/180px-Bork2.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="230" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bork2.jpg&usg=ALkJrhiaoHvlUckeqeEKntQZDW-XCOl8ig" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bork&usg=ALkJrhgakfmtywbx64XoSLycGJen3Rbt_w" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> argues that competition law is fundamentally flawed </div></div></div><dl><dd> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_School_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhi3Bv7uYASwJdH6XxSZekOEblJ3ag" title="Chicago School (economics)" class="mw-redirect">Chicago School (economics)</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_economics&usg=ALkJrhjp6IAOHt_Ugpx2a4Sl6zTFFaqPWw" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></i></span> </dd></dl><p> A group of economists and lawyers, who are largely associated with the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago&usg=ALkJrhiD4zXe5Ya2-BrVIZGLnN6LXkpRIw" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> , advocate an approach to competition law guided by the proposition that some actions that were originally considered to be anticompetitive could actually promote competition. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-52" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><span>[</span> 53 <span>]</span></sup></a> The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhhghKNwssGCihFS8iaMHsbjHc068w" title="Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat">US Supreme Court</a> has used the Chicago School approach in several recent cases. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-53" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><span>[</span> 54 <span>]</span></sup></a> One view of the Chicago School approach to antitrust is found in United States Circuit Court of Appeals Judge <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner&usg=ALkJrhhvrzHHzRNH8RmxqdEVHy_MeQuRUg" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> 's books' <i>Antitrust Law</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-54" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><span>[</span> 55 <span>]</span></sup></a> and <i>Economic Analysis of Law</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-55" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><span>[</span> 56 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bork&usg=ALkJrhgakfmtywbx64XoSLycGJen3Rbt_w" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> was highly critical of court decisions on United States antitrust law in a series of law review articles and his book <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Antitrust_Paradox&usg=ALkJrhjQ7PackGgBkmoScdMnvn-Sog58NA" title="The Antitrust Paradox"><i>The Antitrust Paradox</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-56" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><span>[</span> 57 <span>]</span></sup></a> Bork argued that both the original intention of antitrust laws and economic efficiency was the pursuit <i>only</i> of consumer welfare, the protection of competition rather than competitors. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Bork1978p405-57" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Bork1978p405_57-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 58 <span>]</span></sup></a> Furthermore, only a few acts should be prohibited, namely cartels that fix prices and divide markets, mergers that create monopolies, and dominant firms pricing predatorily, while allowing such practices as vertical agreements and price discrimination on the grounds that it did not harm consumers. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-58" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><span>[</span> 59 <span>]</span></sup></a> Running through the different critiques of US antitrust policy is the common theme that government interference in the operation of free markets does more harm than good. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-59" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><span>[</span> 60 <span>]</span></sup></a> "The only cure for bad theory", writes Bork, "is better theory". <sup id="cite_ref-Bork1978p405_57-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Bork1978p405-57" title=""><span>[</span> 58 <span>]</span></a></sup> The late <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School&usg=ALkJrhhPw0l-brvdI4Z_vruydDo3NU0dow" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> Professor <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Areeda&usg=ALkJrhj9oJh40nr_msjAcfMF_Zrb-xHGvg" title="Philip Areeda" class="mw-redirect">Philip Areeda</a> , who favours more aggressive antitrust policy, in at least one Supreme Court case challenged Robert Bork's preference for non-intervention. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-60" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><span>[</span> 61 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p><a name="Policy_developments" id="Policy_developments"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhgrffaSLKR1LWsJ6i2DlE4OJN1ilQ" title="Edit section: Policy developments">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Policy developments</span> </h3><p> Anti- <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel&usg=ALkJrhhsvag06bWIR-J8BwZ_IVEyNdFsvg" title="Kartel">cartel</a> enforcement is a key focus of competition law enforcement policy. In the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US&usg=ALkJrhhDMUL2HHuLMGfP9OtapfLAtW3PXw" title="US" class="mw-redirect">US</a> the Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act 2004 raised the maximum imprisonment term for price fixing from three to ten years, and the maximum fine from $10 to $100 million. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-61" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><span>[</span> 62 <span>]</span></sup></a> In 2007 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways&usg=ALkJrhiGhWUkgHQzyr7J8ZKe59IQzpDuZQ" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air&usg=ALkJrhgW-uUlxqJPnU-GNe6TY_h_csaWMg" title="Korean Air">Korean Air</a> pleaded guilty to fixing cargo and passenger flight prices. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-62" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><span>[</span> 63 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p> These actions complement the private enforcement which has always been an important feature of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law&usg=ALkJrhi_Lke1DDcFMtUVFZiVO1yDHlSy1A" title="Undang-undang antitrust Amerika Serikat">United States antitrust law</a> . The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court&usg=ALkJrhhSkez88UKoMkngWimP0iicU20buw" title="United States Supreme Court" class="mw-redirect">United States Supreme Court</a> summarised why <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress&usg=ALkJrhg1LBiyoXBgVLIAdaS7G1GlCfFGyg" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> allows punitive damages in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_v._Standard_Oil_Co._of_Cal.&usg=ALkJrhhyiQUN2YdM33UDLlY8NSdWUMD9Rw" title="Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. of Cal." class="mw-redirect"><i>Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. of Cal.</i></a> : <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-63" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><span>[</span> 64 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><table style="border-style: none; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: transparent;" class="cquote"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20"> “ </td><td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top"> Every violation of the antitrust laws is a blow to the free-enterprise system envisaged by Congress. This system depends on strong competition for its health and vigor, and strong competition depends, in turn, on compliance with antitrust legislation. In enacting these laws, Congress had many means at its disposal to penalize violators. It could have, for example, required violators to compensate federal, state, and local governments for the estimated damage to their respective economies caused by the violations. But, this remedy was not selected. Instead, Congress chose to permit all persons to sue to recover three times their actual damages every time they were injured in their business or property by an antitrust violation. </td><td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 36px; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right;" valign="bottom" width="20"> ” </td></tr></tbody></table><p> In the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU&usg=ALkJrhiqClSSI7tOqtIVNdGcqb5Jvv1boQ" title="EU" class="mw-redirect">EU</a> , the Modernisation Regulation 1/2003 means that the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission&usg=ALkJrhizwqegRd7ZWMkeMr3IW6HWWucmFg" title="Komisi Eropa">European Commission</a> is no longer the only body capable of public enforcement of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">European Community competition law</a> . This was done in order to facilitate quicker resolution of competition-related inquiries. In 2005 the Commission issued a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Paper&usg=ALkJrhjL9WSPBpa62Q0fuTn9EgAYsyZnyA" title="Green Paper" class="mw-redirect">Green Paper</a> on <i>Damages actions for the breach of the EC antitrust rules</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-64" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><span>[</span> 65 <span>]</span></sup></a> which suggested ways of making private damages claims against cartels easier. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-65" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><span>[</span> 66 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p><a name="Practice" id="Practice"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhjkjns6TGWOQco7kFkb15HbT5BipA" title="Edit section: Practice">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Practice</span> </h2><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_globe_content.svg&usg=ALkJrhgSWWhcR0313sR6f2yTpq2epwnKUw" class="image" title="Ambox globe content.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/40px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="40" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&usg=ALkJrhiRwCCrdlayl9ZrIBVX64j_7n_o2w" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering sistemik bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b> . Please <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjbviPiZxJO5J1dW0DmbBMULulrqw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Competition_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjATtYgv6lhASVd5ccxeHH72jVnOw" title="Talk: Kompetisi hukum">talk page</a> . </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="Collusion_and_cartels" id="Collusion_and_cartels"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D19&usg=ALkJrhhdjJ9LbS5O5qdNUlBqLEz726SKnw" title="Edit section: Collusion and cartels">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Collusion and cartels</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collusion&usg=ALkJrhgMiGQV_ZmZ66cUOKVkZTm-W_LwCg" title="Kolusi">Collusion</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel&usg=ALkJrhhsvag06bWIR-J8BwZ_IVEyNdFsvg" title="Kartel">Cartel</a></i> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdamSmith.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgGRTX91HHjau16mnlOg0pd_xA2OQ" class="image" title="Scottish Enlightenment philosopher Adam Smith was an early enemy of cartels"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/180px-AdamSmith.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="269" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdamSmith.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgGRTX91HHjau16mnlOg0pd_xA2OQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment&usg=ALkJrhgpSlCRtwzcbbBkpiqeYbkOWxMyrA" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> philosopher <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith&usg=ALkJrhive5p8ya0BsCO044sKW7cU2Ep3Ig" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> was an early enemy of cartels </div></div></div><p> The core of competition policy has, since the 1980s, been the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fix_prices&usg=ALkJrhi9LvNKBXg5hdbaZB5J3rbQ5F4zUA" title="Fix prices" class="mw-redirect">anti-price fixing</a> cartel agenda, despite criticism by <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian&usg=ALkJrhgE2b3AR9fNNzdxToeCmMwWh4Shvw" title="Libertarian" class="mw-redirect">libertarians</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-66" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><span>[</span> 67 <span>]</span></sup></a> In <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhhiXY_9FRL_P59LSndTm9c0Fsonnw" title="The Wealth of Nations"><i>The Wealth of Nations</i></a> (1776) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith&usg=ALkJrhive5p8ya0BsCO044sKW7cU2Ep3Ig" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> pointed out the cartel problem, but did not advocate legal measures to combat them. <sup id="cite_ref-Book_I.2C_Chapter_10_44-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-Book_I.2C_Chapter_10-44" title=""><span>[</span> 45 <span>]</span></a></sup> Nowadays a far stricter approach is taken. Under EC law cartels are banned by Article 81 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome&usg=ALkJrhge7IJlzSl0pb7zD0mQy5juyrAn0A" title="Treaty of Rome" class="mw-redirect">EC</a> , whereas under US law the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhizr18JTn1CIwmknajD3KSpSTYdMw" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman Act</a> prohibitions of section 1. To compare, the target of competition law under the Sherman Act 1890 is every "contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy", which essentially targets anybody who has some dealing or contact with someone else. In the mean time, Art. 81 EC makes clear who the targets of competition law are in two stages with the term agreement "undertaking". This is used to describe almost anyone "engaged in an economic activity", <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-67" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><span>[</span> 68 <span>]</span></sup></a> but excludes both employees, who are by their "very nature the opposite of the independent exercise of an economic or commercial activity", <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-68" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><span>[</span> 69 <span>]</span></sup></a> and public services based on "solidarity" for a "social purpose". <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-69" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><span>[</span> 70 <span>]</span></sup></a> Undertakings must then have formed an agreement, developed a "concerted practice", or, within an association, taken a decision. Like US antitrust, this just means all the same thing; <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-70" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><span>[</span> 71 <span>]</span></sup></a> any kind of dealing or contact, or a "meeting of the minds" between parties. Covered therefore is a whole range from a strong handshaken written or verbal agreement to a supplier sending invoices with directions not to export to its retailer who gives "tacit acquiescence" to the conduct. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-71" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><span>[</span> 72 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p> Less of a consensus exists in the field of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_agreement&usg=ALkJrhi8i4kA0UgBB98L2SdH5ynRSTWjHw" title="Vertical agreement">vertical agreements</a> . These are agreements <b>not</b> between firms at the same level of production, but firms at different levels in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain&usg=ALkJrhgGSc65ra3ej-OUo11e2tn3tcPQrg" title="Rantai suplai">supply chain</a> , for instance a supermarket and a bread producer. Recently, the United States Supreme Court has become more skeptical of antitrust cases predicated on agreements between companies that are not directly in competition with one another, such as a clothing manufacturer and a clothing retailer, while maintaining the strict prohibition against agreements that limit competition between companies at the same level of the supply chain, such as agreements between two retailers or between two distributors. Vertical agreements may still be illegal, but the burden of proving them illegal was raised by a number of recent cases from the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_se_illegal&usg=ALkJrhhzmawvulVAfC5W73Q2f7jz3zidNA" title="Per se illegal" class="mw-redirect">per se illegal</a> standard to a more demanding <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_reason&usg=ALkJrhjnblbNXFezXtQIyP-FJXpGCuwn6A" title="Supremasi alasan">rule of reason</a> standard. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-72" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><span>[</span> 73 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p><a name="Dominance_and_monopoly" id="Dominance_and_monopoly"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhiKSypk_QDx6Cxhl1Xf0kpAenFlQw" title="Edit section: Dominance and monopoly">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Dominance and monopoly</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_law&usg=ALkJrhhHOzbmFIZmrKL8zK8d8jA96zQ0eA" title="Monopoly law">Monopoly law</a></i> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monopoly-surpluses.svg&usg=ALkJrhiAOB0QD_RhlCfM4PzDS15Da_AGSQ" class="image" title="The economist's depiction of deadweight loss to efficiency that monopolies cause"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/Monopoly-surpluses.svg/180px-Monopoly-surpluses.svg.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monopoly-surpluses.svg&usg=ALkJrhiAOB0QD_RhlCfM4PzDS15Da_AGSQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> The economist's depiction of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss&usg=ALkJrhgMF2lEFvSe8ep101fVO3z2F7uqvA" title="Deadweight loss">deadweight loss</a> to efficiency that monopolies cause </div></div></div><p> When firms hold large market shares, consumers risk paying higher prices and getting lower quality products than compared to competitive markets. However, the existence of a very high market share does not always mean consumers are paying excessive prices since the threat of new entrants to the market can restrain a high-market-share firm's price increases. Competition law does not make merely having a monopoly illegal, but rather abusing the power that a monopoly may confer, for instance through exclusionary practices. </p><p> First it is necessary to determine whether a firm is dominant, or whether it behaves "to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately of its consumer." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-73" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><span>[</span> 74 <span>]</span></sup></a> Under EU law, very large market shares raise a presumption that a firm is dominant, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-74" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><span>[</span> 75 <span>]</span></sup></a> which may be rebuttable. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-75" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><span>[</span> 76 <span>]</span></sup></a> If a firm has a dominant position, then there is "a special responsibility not to allow its conduct to impair competition on the common market". <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-76" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><span>[</span> 77 <span>]</span></sup></a> Similarly as with collusive conduct, market shares are determined with reference to the particular market in which the firm and product in question is sold. Then although the lists are seldom closed, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-77" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><span>[</span> 78 <span>]</span></sup></a> certain categories of abusive conduct are usually prohibited under the country's legislation. For instance, limiting production at a shipping port by refusing to raise expenditure and update technology could be abusive. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-78" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><span>[</span> 79 <span>]</span></sup></a> Tying one product into the sale of another can be considered abuse too, being restrictive of consumer choice and depriving competitors of outlets. This was the alleged case in <i>Microsoft v. Commission</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-79" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><span>[</span> 80 <span>]</span></sup></a> leading to an eventual fine of €497 million for including its <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Player&usg=ALkJrhhwVskkJVphxUiYZdOpjCZuvhVcjA" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> with the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows&usg=ALkJrhimbbGUkS-v71KHt5ujOH_dlajaHg" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> platform. A refusal to supply a facility which is essential for all businesses attempting to compete to use can constitute an abuse. One example was in a case involving a medical company named <i>Commercial Solvents</i> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-80" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><span>[</span> 81 <span>]</span></sup></a> When it set up its own rival in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis&usg=ALkJrhgcqSm0dTp3L6jpxCmhUvJHnLlEfw" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> drugs market, Commercial Solvents were forced to continue supplying a company named Zoja with the raw materials for the drug. Zoja was the only market competitor, so without the court forcing supply, all competition would have been eliminated. </p><p> Forms of abuse relating directly to pricing include price exploitation. It is difficult to prove at what point a dominant firm's prices become "exploitative" and this category of abuse is rarely found. In one case however, a French funeral service was found to have demanded exploitative prices, and this was justified on the basis that prices of funeral services outside the region could be compared. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-81" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><span>[</span> 82 <span>]</span></sup></a> A more tricky issue is <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_pricing&usg=ALkJrhhVrWgyL7mPEM_cZelxLyiF9A8Jhw" title="Berkenaan dgn harga">predatory pricing</a> . This is the practice of dropping prices of a product so much that in order one's smaller competitors cannot cover their costs and fall out of business. The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_School_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhi3Bv7uYASwJdH6XxSZekOEblJ3ag" title="Chicago School (economics)" class="mw-redirect">Chicago School (economics)</a> considers predatory pricing to be unlikely. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-82" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><span>[</span> 83 <span>]</span></sup></a> However in <i>France Telecom SA v. Commission</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-83" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><span>[</span> 84 <span>]</span></sup></a> a broadband internet company was forced to pay €10.35 million for dropping its prices below its own production costs. It had "no interest in applying such prices except that of eliminating competitors" <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-84" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><span>[</span> 85 <span>]</span></sup></a> and was being crossed subsidised to capture the lion's share of a booming market. One last category of pricing abuse is <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination&usg=ALkJrhiHzNr37kmhVRIDD9IXq-liE4O63A" title="Diskriminasi harga">price discrimination</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-85" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><span>[</span> 86 <span>]</span></sup></a> An example of this could be offering rebates to industrial customers who export your company's sugar, but not to Irish customers who are selling their goods in the same market as you are in. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-86" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><span>[</span> 87 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><dl><dd> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhhVBPlGM2YA9VPLKj1ZAVgTX1NfqQ" title="Dominance (economics)">Dominance (economics)</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly&usg=ALkJrhicOnMukzLKqdrni8WNdGe6gQ92aw" title="Monopoli">Monopoly</a></i></span> </dd></dl><p><a name="Mergers_and_acquisitions" id="Mergers_and_acquisitions"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhjDNZEO0RNNGkQaZ3fOGZmcB6IzTg" title="Edit section: Mergers and acquisitions">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Mergers and acquisitions</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions&usg=ALkJrhjdl16ke1HaK0Z1Rr_eYTdx-r71PA" title="Merger dan akuisisi">Mergers and acquisitions</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> A merger or acquisition involves, from a competition law perspective, the concentration of economic power in the hands of fewer than before. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-87" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><span>[</span> 88 <span>]</span></sup></a> This usually means that one firm buys out the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share&usg=ALkJrhjY_p_9UpseYxx9OINyTTsutuT77g" title="Berbagi">shares</a> of another. The reasons for oversight of economic concentrations by the state are the same as the reasons to restrict firms who abuse a position of dominance, only that regulation of mergers and acquisitions attempts to deal with the problem before it arises, <i>ex ante</i> prevention of creating dominant firms. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-88" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><span>[</span> 89 <span>]</span></sup></a> In the United States merger regulation began under the Clayton Act, and in the European Union, under the Merger Regulation 139/2004 (known as the "ECMR" <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-89" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><span>[</span> 90 <span>]</span></sup></a> ). Competition law requires that firms proposing to merge gain authorisation from the relevant government authority, or simply go ahead but face the prospect of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerger&usg=ALkJrhgwq3iQ3498ScCoe1j0ObfWTuIqBQ" title="Demerger">demerger</a> should the concentration later be found to lessen competition. The theory behind mergers is that transaction costs can be reduced compared to operating on an open market through bilateral contracts. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-90" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><span>[</span> 91 <span>]</span></sup></a> Concentrations can increase <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale&usg=ALkJrhjN4cgIxGkW2F0gO_U1BUT34Ln4iQ" title="Economies of scale" class="mw-redirect">economies of scale</a> and scope. However often firms take advantage of their increase in market power, their increased market share and decreased number of competitors, which can have a knock on effect on the deal that consumers get. Merger control is about predicting what the market might be like, not knowing and making a judgment. Hence the central provision under EU law asks whether a concentration <i>would</i> if it went ahead "significantly impede effective competition... in particular as a result of the creation or strengthening off a dominant position..." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-91" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><span>[</span> 92 <span>]</span></sup></a> and the corresponding provision under US antitrust states similarly, </p><blockquote><p> "No person shall acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital... of the assets of one or more persons engaged in commerce or in any activity affecting commerce, where... the effect of such acquisition, of such stocks or assets, or of the use of such stock by the voting or granting of proxies or otherwise, may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-92" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><span>[</span> 93 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p></blockquote><p> What amounts to a substantial lessening of, or significant impediment to competition is usually answered through empirical study. The market shares of the merging companies can be assessed and added, although this kind of analysis only gives rise to presumptions, not conclusions. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-93" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><span>[</span> 94 <span>]</span></sup></a> Something called the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herfindahl_index&usg=ALkJrhjMZqCo_IbsNgHWCH4h_oDTR_om4A" title="Herfindahl index">Herfindahl-Hirschman Index</a> is used to calculate the "density" of the market, or what concentration exists. Aside from the maths, it is important to consider the product in question and the rate of technical innovation in the market. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-94" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><span>[</span> 95 <span>]</span></sup></a> A further problem of collective dominance, or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopoly&usg=ALkJrhivpbysEkXntu2TqbwSdvTCVsLx9w" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a> through "economic links" <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-95" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><span>[</span> 96 <span>]</span></sup></a> can arise, whereby the new market becomes more conducive to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collusion&usg=ALkJrhgMiGQV_ZmZ66cUOKVkZTm-W_LwCg" title="Kolusi">collusion</a> . It is relevant how transparent a market is, because a more concentrated structure could mean firms can coordinate their behaviour more easily, whether firms can deploy deterrants and whether firms are safe from a reaction by their competitors and consumers. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-96" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><span>[</span> 97 <span>]</span></sup></a> The entry of new firms to the market, and any barriers that they might encounter should be considered. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-97" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><span>[</span> 98 <span>]</span></sup></a> If firms are shown to be creating an uncompetitive concentration, in the US they can still argue that they create efficiencies enough to outweigh any detriment, and similar reference to "technical and economic progress" is mentioned in Art. 2 of the ECMR. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-98" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><span>[</span> 99 <span>]</span></sup></a> Another defence might be that a firm which is being taken over is about to fail or go insolvent, and taking it over leaves a no less competitive state than what would happen anyway. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-99" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><span>[</span> 100 <span>]</span></sup></a> Mergers vertically in the market are rarely of concern, although in <i>AOL/Time Warner</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-100" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><span>[</span> 101 <span>]</span></sup></a> the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission&usg=ALkJrhizwqegRd7ZWMkeMr3IW6HWWucmFg" title="Komisi Eropa">European Commission</a> required that a joint venture with a competitor <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann&usg=ALkJrhiXzuhSlDdXgGQPiPNfk8ZsdgRFfA" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> be ceased beforehand. The EU authorities have also focussed lately on the effect of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_merger&usg=ALkJrhhQ3wZdt2rRa4P6PNSffSgsOkBSyw" title="Conglomerate merger">conglomerate mergers</a> , where companies acquire a large portfolio of related products, though without necessarily dominant shares in any individual market. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-101" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><span>[</span> 102 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p><a name="Public_sector_regulation" id="Public_sector_regulation"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D22&usg=ALkJrhjpD3rMrROYJ0AEfrUKFk3gPgY0PA" title="Edit section: Public sector regulation">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Public sector regulation</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services&usg=ALkJrhhQ775I78yoYcJsOUId7EW2tSy4BA" title="Pelayanan publik">Public services</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_market&usg=ALkJrhg_Q4oGh-j1eMA1t1F3UYsH_DjwQw" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_regulation&usg=ALkJrhhF-JFo5M3l8G-KlUbhPm3T_lS1aQ" title="EC regulation" class="mw-redirect">EC regulation</a></i> </div></dd><dd> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph&usg=ALkJrhhgdCheUkQsj8Qd2SAwll7OlqIEkw" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsbury_Commitment&usg=ALkJrhiRlzklht9tooAoPIZHgzY3JnN4XQ" title="Kingsbury Commitment">Kingsbury Commitment</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hush-a-Phone_v._FCC&usg=ALkJrhjx0Lj1touXKAn2GTKNktM1Pg2Xew" title="Hush-a-Phone v. FCC" class="mw-redirect">Hush-a-Phone v. FCC</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_System_divestiture&usg=ALkJrhji1dGvBFkwbYiNH8LbV7E3vtgb7w" title="Bell System divestiture">Bell System divestiture</a></i></span> </dd></dl><p> Public sector industries, or industries which are by their nature providing a public service, are involved in competition law in many ways similar to private companies. Under EC law, Articles 86 and 87 create exceptions for the assured achievement of public sector service provision. Many industries, such as railways, telecommunications, electricity, gas, water and media have their own independent sector regulators. These government agencies are charged with ensuring that private providers carry out certain public service duties in line of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare&usg=ALkJrhhpLtL7M3s81eU2K3Xw7sLUGuG2Zw" title="Social welfare" class="mw-redirect">social welfare</a> goals. For instance, an electricity company may not be allowed to disconnect someone's supply merely because they have not paid their bills up to date, because that could leave a person in the dark and cold just because they are poor. Instead the electricity company would have to give the person a number of warnings and offer assistance until government welfare support kicks in. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_note-102" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><span>[</span> 103 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D23&usg=ALkJrhh7fIfSFhte0WpBi4bOpVsAdikung" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D23&usg=ALkJrhh7fIfSFhte0WpBi4bOpVsAdikung" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurman_Arnold&usg=ALkJrhjBxP1w-_a_wMLlEf5Kik-jRLQu1A" title="Thurman Arnold">Thurman Arnold</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_policy&usg=ALkJrhiX49ptFwe82QlBcM2M9GDtqmOWOQ" title="Competition policy">Competition policy</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhiKQ1GVn33rnuEdfEv0EJHto8ufjA" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_length&usg=ALkJrhhm_8Iyoq9kxGu5JlHmYuFMrbQdlg" title="List of countries' copyright length">List of countries' copyright length</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSNIP&usg=ALkJrhhYz5yqLtzUrZ-XoQQgt9BVybdMBg" title="SSNIP" class="mw-redirect">SSNIP</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevant_market&usg=ALkJrhgHngcBu67w1cWHUgbUydV1NovK3w" title="Pasar yang relevan">Relevant market</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhYQeSyuqqhdgyuvQ8iEimeviDJ7Q" title="Komunitas hukum kompetisi Eropa">European Community competition law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhhM7x07InBD71rPxFSxy7LST0-9vw" title="Irish Competition law" class="mw-redirect">Irish Competition law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resale_price_maintenance&usg=ALkJrhiWLiw0C8FoXaJimi7Hg4E3HUwrBA" title="Resale price maintenance">Resale price maintenance</a> </li></ul><p><a name="Notes" id="Notes"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D24&usg=ALkJrhiQ_Y5lqb_HiDN7MPvLwDrXIyK_2w" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes</span> </h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> see, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development&usg=ALkJrhi-pc6ZB8tyMtkSWoXb39UYrujt9Q" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> 's <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_34753_1_1_1_1_1,00.html&usg=ALkJrhgafnv79_Hg5dTUDJxKtoOHAdSQsg" class="external text" title="http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_34753_1_1_1_1_1,00.html" rel="nofollow">Regulation and Sectors</a> page. </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bork (1993), p. 56 </li><li id="cite_note-2"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> This is Julius Caesar's time according to Babled in <i>De La Cure Annone chez le Romains</i> </li><li id="cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.20-3"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.20_3-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.20_3-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Wilberforce (1966) p.20 </li><li id="cite_note-4"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> Wilberforce (1966) p.22 </li><li id="cite_note-Wilberforce_1966_p.21-5"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.21_5-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.21_5-1" title="">b</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-Wilberforce_1966_p.21_5-2" title="">c</a></b></i></sup> Wilberforce (1966) p.21 </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet&usg=ALkJrhhE--7upe7cUmkw_wl36F-JuDpWLQ" title="Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet">Pollock</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland&usg=ALkJrhjamGau9eVfElTcofYUmiXTjCcX6g" title="Frederic William Maitland">Maitland</a> , <i>History of English Law</i> Vol. II, 453 </li><li id="cite_note-7"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> 51 & 52 Hen. 3, Stat. 1 </li><li id="cite_note-8"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> 51 & 52 Hen. 3, Stat. 6 </li><li id="cite_note-9"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-9" title=""><b>^</b></a> Wilberforce (1966) p.23 </li><li id="cite_note-10"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-10" title=""><b>^</b></a> 23 Edw. 3. </li><li id="cite_note-11"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-11" title=""><b>^</b></a> 27 Edw. 3, Stat. 2, c. 25 </li><li id="cite_note-12"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-12" title=""><b>^</b></a> 25 Hen. 8, c. 2. </li><li id="cite_note-13"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-13" title=""><b>^</b></a> according to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Searle_Holdsworth&usg=ALkJrhjmDMVZpGTJZXJ6EDUQ9k25D3AyUQ" title="William Searle Holdsworth">William Searle Holdsworth</a> , 4 Holdsworth, 3rd ed., Chap. 4 p. 346 </li><li id="cite_note-14"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-14" title=""><b>^</b></a> (1602) 11 Co. Rep. 84b </li><li id="cite_note-15"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-15" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg one John Manley paid £10,000 pa from 1654 to the Crown for a tender on the "postage of letters both inland and foreign" Wilberforce (1966) p. 18 </li><li id="cite_note-16"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-16" title=""><b>^</b></a> (1685) 10 St. Tr. 371 </li><li id="cite_note-17"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-17" title=""><b>^</b></a> 9 Anne, c. 30 </li><li id="cite_note-18"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-18" title=""><b>^</b></a> Adam Smith, An Enquiry into the Wealth of Nations <i>(1776)</i> </li><li id="cite_note-19"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-19" title=""><b>^</b></a> "the modern common law of England [has] passed directly into the legislation and thereafter into the judge-made law of the United States." Wilberforce (1966) p.7 </li><li id="cite_note-20"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-20" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Nordenfelt v. Maxim, Nordenfelt Gun Co.</i> [1894] AC 535 </li><li id="cite_note-21"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-21" title=""><b>^</b></a> (1414) 2 Hen. 5, 5 Pl. 26 </li><li id="cite_note-22"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-22" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Rogers v. Parry</i> (1613) 2 Bulstr. 136 </li><li id="cite_note-23"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-23" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Broad v. Jolyffe</i> (1620) Cro. Jac. 596 </li><li id="cite_note-24"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-24" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Mitchell v. Reynolds</i> (1711) 1 P.Wms. 181 </li><li id="cite_note-25"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-25" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Roussillon v. Roussillon</i> (1880) 14 Ch. D. 351 </li><li id="cite_note-26"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-26" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Nordenfelt v. Maxim, Nordenfelt Gun Co.</i> [1894] AC 535 </li><li id="cite_note-27"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-27" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Mason v. The Provident Supply and Clothing Co.</i> [1913] AC 724 </li><li id="cite_note-28"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-28" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Standard Oil of New Jersey v. United States</i> (1911) 221 US 1 </li><li id="cite_note-29"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-29" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg Under <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VI&usg=ALkJrhj7ImQrT7RSEuR_08exLvIDfhi3MA" title="King Edward VI" class="mw-redirect">King Edward VI</a> in 1552, 5 & 6 Edw. 6, c. 14 </li><li id="cite_note-30"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-30" title=""><b>^</b></a> Ernest Gellhorn. William E. Kovacic. Stephen Calkins. <i>Antitrust Law And Economics In A Nutshell</i> . West Group Publishing. 2004. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0314257233&usg=ALkJrhgtHuvtEMyFWNtKTYJbtRphdu-GHg" class="internal">ISBN 0314257233</a> p. 105 </li><li id="cite_note-31"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-31" title=""><b>^</b></a> Harry First. Eleanor M. Fox. Robert Pitofsky. <i>Revitalizing Antitrust in Its Second Century</i> . Greenwood Publishing Group. 1991. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0899304397&usg=ALkJrhhEupypKyi6ufnoFDYqeS3ceqhpXA" class="internal">ISBN 0899304397</a> p. xvii, 1 </li><li id="cite_note-32"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-32" title=""><b>^</b></a> Cambridge University Press <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521817882&usg=ALkJrhgb7N8CU1ZY-W8byNeSX_DUOT3UAA" class="internal">ISBN 978-0-521-81788-2</a> - ANTITRUST AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM IN AMERICA, JAPAN, EUROPE, AND AUSTRALIA, 1930–2004 - by Tony A. Freyer </li><li id="cite_note-33"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-33" title=""><b>^</b></a> see Article 3(g) and Article 4(1) of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_European_Community&usg=ALkJrhjnsieD6DeOQB72uOh7IulXWxDmaQ" title="Perjanjian dari Komunitas Eropa" class="mw-redirect">Treaty of the European Community</a> </li><li id="cite_note-34"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-34" title=""><b>^</b></a> Whish (2003) p.188 ff.; <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMichelin_v._Commission%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhguiOVrAYEQOgjRloEJRwKhKwpXQQ" class="new" title="Michelin v. Commission (page does not exist)"><i>Michelin v. Commission</i></a> [1983] ECR 3461 (C 322/81) para 57 </li><li id="cite_note-35"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-35" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/0505/bush.html&usg=ALkJrhj6UTZE7YMg3_A3B0tQCLaUNAEXAg" class="external text" title="http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/0505/bush.html" rel="nofollow">Nathan Bush, China Business Review: Chinese Competition Policy</a> ". </li><li id="cite_note-36"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-36" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anu-bradford/chinese-antitrust-law-the_b_116422.html&usg=ALkJrhileVUH401JX_YHBzYE8kR3jOcGLw" class="external text" title="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anu-bradford/chinese-antitrust-law-the_b_116422.html" rel="nofollow">Anu Bradfore, Huffington Post: Chinese Antitrust Law: The New Face of Protectionism?</a> ". </li><li id="cite_note-37"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-37" title=""><b>^</b></a> Struggling to teethe: Japan's antitrust enforcement regime, in Law and Policy in International Business, Summer 2001 by Fry, James D </li><li id="cite_note-38"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-38" title=""><b>^</b></a> see, Tony Prosser, <i>The Limits of Competition Law</i> (2005) ch.1 </li><li id="cite_note-39"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-39" title=""><b>^</b></a> see a speech by Wood, <i>The Internationalisation of Antitrust Law: Options for the Future</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_3&usg=ALkJrhi1UWi9PUB2tCLbcoD7DbP3OJ0QKw" title="February 3">3 February</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995&usg=ALkJrhgiohLUpjAm3eU_B1P3s9yTbF3B_g" title="1995">1995</a> , at <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/speeches/future.txt&usg=ALkJrhhFq0XKb3WI4ggh8FtCLDoScqbP1w" class="external free" title="http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/speeches/future.txt" rel="nofollow">http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/speeches/future.txt</a> </li><li id="cite_note-40"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-40" title=""><b>^</b></a> Whish (2003) p.448 </li><li id="cite_note-41"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-41" title=""><b>^</b></a> see, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/&usg=ALkJrhjR74vGyqdfdy82uszMOfP0MKODlQ" class="external free" title="http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/</a> </li><li id="cite_note-42"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-42" title=""><b>^</b></a> So that paying off factions to keep peace and stability has to be don off-budget requiring 'grand corruption': see Douglass North et al 2006 </li><li id="cite_note-43"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-43" title=""><b>^</b></a> Smith (1776) Book I, Chapter 7, para 26 </li><li id="cite_note-Book_I.2C_Chapter_10-44"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-Book_I.2C_Chapter_10_44-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-Book_I.2C_Chapter_10_44-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Smith (1776) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN4.html&usg=ALkJrhicR9VGFR80E4V8Z1NUgt6mW_X84Q#B.I,%20Ch.10,%20Of%20Wages%20and%20Profit%20in%20the%20Different%20Employments%20of%20Labour%20and%20Stock" class="external text" title="http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN4.html#B.I,%20Ch.10,%20Of%20Wages%20and%20Profit%20in%20the%20Different%20Employments%20of%20Labour%20and%20Stock" rel="nofollow">Book I, Chapter 10</a> , para 82 </li><li id="cite_note-45"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-45" title=""><b>^</b></a> Smith (1776) Book V, Chapter 1, para 107 </li><li id="cite_note-46"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-46" title=""><b>^</b></a> Mill (1859) Chapter V, para 4 </li><li id="cite_note-47"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-47" title=""><b>^</b></a> for one of the opposite views, see <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Galbraith&usg=ALkJrhhuf3QhEgCzbVIgOeNjygkZZ7DJ3Q" title="Kenneth Galbraith" class="mw-redirect">Kenneth Galbraith</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Industrial_State&usg=ALkJrhjit2L8byL64Cz82QgumIztS_2gSA" title="The New Industrial State"><i>The New Industrial State</i></a> (1967) </li><li id="cite_note-48"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-48" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter&usg=ALkJrhj5cyJGnlWrKlAMg6yvUxuldHMcFw" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> , <i>The Process of Creative Destruction</i> (1942) </li><li id="cite_note-49"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-49" title=""><b>^</b></a> Whish (2003), p. 14. </li><li id="cite_note-50"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-50" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFClark1940">Clark, John M. (1940). "Towards a Concept of Workable Competition". <i>American Economic Review</i> <b>30</b> : 241–256.</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Concept+of+Workable+Competition&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Clark%2C+John+M.&rft.date=1940&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=241%26ndash%3B256&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Competition_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-51"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-51" title=""><b>^</b></a> cf <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFLipseyLancaster.2C_Kelvin1956">Lipsey, RG; Lancaster, Kelvin (1956). "The General Theory of Second Best". <i>Review of Economic Studies</i> <b>24</b> (1): 11–32. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&usg=ALkJrhinbfvecx58qA9hfDLgsmT4gJ690w" title="Pengidentifikasi objek digital">doi</a> : <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%252F2296233&usg=ALkJrhiaH-uoDPhx8DlIzogb5G6qaHB7gA" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2296233" rel="nofollow"><span class="neverexpand">10.2307/2296233</span></a> .</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+General+Theory+of+Second+Best&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.aulast=Lipsey&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft.au=Lipsey%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Lancaster%2C+Kelvin&rft.date=1956&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11%26ndash%3B32&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F2296233&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Competition_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-52"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-52" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFHovenkamp1985">Hovenkamp, Herbert (1985). "Antitrust Policy after Chicago". <i>Michigan Law Review</i> <b>84</b> (2): 213–284. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&usg=ALkJrhinbfvecx58qA9hfDLgsmT4gJ690w" title="Pengidentifikasi objek digital">doi</a> : <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%252F1289065&usg=ALkJrhgGWrO5cgHssUNt1q99KcLGoLxGXA" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1289065" rel="nofollow"><span class="neverexpand">10.2307/1289065</span></a> .</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Antitrust+Policy+after+Chicago&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Hovenkamp&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Hovenkamp%2C+Herbert&rft.date=1985&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213%E2%80%93284&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F1289065&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Competition_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-53"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-53" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContinental_T.V.,_Inc._v._GTE_Sylvania_Inc.%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhc2brGnfui20aW8-EHLdZipE2Fmw" class="new" title="Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc. (page does not exist)"><i>Continental TV, Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc.</i></a> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/433/36/case.html&usg=ALkJrhjaX8WCPSE4vDsmjTuO9BJ7q4QaaQ" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/433/36/case.html" rel="nofollow">433 US 36</a> (1977)</span> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBroadcast_Music,_Inc._v._Columbia_Broadcasting_System,_Inc.%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjz0yk_5ujDAUugFzCEj-PlR1Zbxw" class="new" title="Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (page does not exist)"><i>Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.</i></a> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/441/1/case.html&usg=ALkJrhilLhNg71DJvzVeDKgdq8G67aovug" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/441/1/case.html" rel="nofollow">441 US 1</a> (1979)</span> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DNational_Collegiate_Athletic_Assn._v._Board_of_Regents_of_Univ._of_Okla.%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhixZR_A9R1aXvhoSxKwn4J4iwazqQ" class="new" title="National Collegiate Athletic Assn. v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla. (page does not exist)"><i>National Collegiate Athletic Assn. v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla.</i></a> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/468/85/case.html&usg=ALkJrhj3_F7v-F1vc3XpUcg8WuuO8wwWRw" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/468/85/case.html" rel="nofollow">468 US 85</a> (1984)</span> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_Sports,_Inc._v._McQuillan&usg=ALkJrhj2BxwJw5QmKhAbsNSh1LEasXppeg" title="Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan"><i>Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan</i></a> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/506/447/case.html&usg=ALkJrhj65noE1G2vCU1kihii1kMZMeBvMQ" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/506/447/case.html" rel="nofollow">506 US 447</a> (1993)</span> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Oil_Co._v._Khan&usg=ALkJrhirOK8xvdwMzYsfkr_rVBRbaOb-Lw" title="State Oil Co. v. Khan"><i>State Oil Co. v. Khan</i></a> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/522/3/case.html&usg=ALkJrhhot44Ub543TP-GcFUipaQhMUd9lA" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/522/3/case.html" rel="nofollow">522 US 3</a> (1997)</span> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_v._Trinko&usg=ALkJrhhYy9vcOjOQBktvRJyGQ_SF92x1Dw" title="Verizon v. Trinko" class="mw-redirect"><i>Verizon v. Trinko</i></a> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/540/398/case.html&usg=ALkJrhhNgMpvd_PxxPDqOFjwqyuURc9dSg" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/540/398/case.html" rel="nofollow">540 US 398</a> (2004)</span> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leegin_Creative_Leather_Products_Inc._v._PSKS_Inc.&usg=ALkJrhic0fdgDdB_LeDScLRIfPp4_iSmMA" title="Leegin Creative Leather Products Inc. v. PSKS Inc." class="mw-redirect"><i>Leegin Creative Leather Products Inc. v. PSKS Inc.</i></a> , 551 US ___ (2007). </li><li id="cite_note-54"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-54" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFPosner2001">Posner, R. (2001). <i>Antitrust Law</i> (2nd edition ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226675769&usg=ALkJrhisfFa_RsNLq34fYkH3un9OhkPUxQ" class="internal">ISBN 0226675769</a> .</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antitrust+Law&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Posner%2C+R.&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=2nd+edition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=0226675769&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Competition_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-55"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-55" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFPosner2007">Posner, R. (2007). <i>Economic Analysis of Law</i> (7th edition ed.). Austin, TX: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780735563544&usg=ALkJrhi9_6CcKTRGotqbbAYLn5LjNInMnw" class="internal">ISBN 9780735563544</a> .</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Analysis+of+Law&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Posner%2C+R.&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=7th+edition&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Law+%26+Business&rft.isbn=9780735563544&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Competition_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-56"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-56" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFBork1978">Bork, Robert H. (1978). <i>The Antitrust Paradox</i> . New York: Free Press. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465003699&usg=ALkJrhgy6h9F5BG5ODR0TjGxLsq-C517kw" class="internal">ISBN 0465003699</a> .</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antitrust+Paradox&rft.aulast=Bork&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Bork%2C+Robert+H.&rft.date=1978&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.isbn=0465003699&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Competition_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-Bork1978p405-57"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-Bork1978p405_57-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-Bork1978p405_57-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Bork (1978), p. 405. </li><li id="cite_note-58"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-58" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bork (1978), p. 406. </li><li id="cite_note-59"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-59" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFEasterbrook1984"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Easterbrook&usg=ALkJrhiphXV158jzseAa7sDV5_FbRAvkiA" title="Frank Easterbrook" class="mw-redirect">Easterbrook, Frank</a> (1984). "The Limits of Antitrust". <i>Texas Law Review</i> <b>63</b> : 1. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number&usg=ALkJrhi8Iaix6LVUa4zMia-YPNVdhovZyQ" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://worldcat.org/issn/00404411&usg=ALkJrhidwL5aQq4RjjcChsGdrPZEwY3y0g" class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/issn/00404411" rel="nofollow">00404411</a> .</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Antitrust&rft.jtitle=Texas+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Easterbrook&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Easterbrook%2C+Frank&rft.date=1984&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=1&rft.issn=00404411&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Competition_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-60"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-60" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBrooke_Group_v._Williamson%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgjXMAieh4dLP8X5AAkwI-3KtcaIg" class="new" title="Brooke Group v. Williamson (page does not exist)"><i>Brooke Group v. Williamson</i></a> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/509/209/case.html&usg=ALkJrhgEYaaq1Q3_InI9qwq8Qi8PbMUjVA" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/509/209/case.html" rel="nofollow">509 US 209</a> (1993)</span> . </li><li id="cite_note-61"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-61" title=""><b>^</b></a> see generally, Pate (2004) at <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/speeches/206479.htm&usg=ALkJrhiz1liycaw3tKYxZo_6_FeP0wqgiA" class="external text" title="http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/speeches/206479.htm" rel="nofollow">USDOJ</a> </li><li id="cite_note-62"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-62" title=""><b>^</b></a> see, USDOJ Antitrust's <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2007/224928.htm&usg=ALkJrhif5AxlxuOfKl8Bj1aCxgL6kNu53w" class="external text" title="http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2007/224928.htm" rel="nofollow">press release</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/f224900/224943.htm&usg=ALkJrhhIsn76AdooFcZnGMc16QBmMmSIhw" class="external text" title="http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/f224900/224943.htm" rel="nofollow">court filing</a> </li><li id="cite_note-63"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-63" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. of California</i> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/405/251/case.html&usg=ALkJrhh14lZUk6Z5YAqwFjR5UTi3i6yN9Q" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/405/251/case.html" rel="nofollow">405 US 251</a> (1972)</span> , 262. </li><li id="cite_note-64"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-64" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Damages actions for the breach of the EC antitrust rules</i> {SEC(2005) 1732} /* <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0672:FIN:EN:HTML" class="external text" title="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0672:FIN:EN:HTML" rel="nofollow">COM/2005/0672</a> </li><li id="cite_note-65"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-65" title=""><b>^</b></a> see FAQ on the Green paper <a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/05/489&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en" class="external text" title="http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/05/489&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en" rel="nofollow">here</a> </li><li id="cite_note-66"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-66" title=""><b>^</b></a> see, Michael E. DeBow (2007) <i>What's Wrong with Price Fixing: Responding to the New Critics of Antitrust</i> , published by the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv12n2/reg12n2-debow.html&usg=ALkJrhj-q2dgt7dj2KxN6b8nJKIOjUIl1w" class="external text" title="http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv12n2/reg12n2-debow.html" rel="nofollow">Cato Institute</a> </li><li id="cite_note-67"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-67" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Hoefner v Macroton GmbH</i> [1991] </li><li id="cite_note-68"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-68" title=""><b>^</b></a> per AG Jacobs, <i>Albany International BV</i> [1999] </li><li id="cite_note-69"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-69" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>FENIN v. Commission</i> [2004] </li><li id="cite_note-70"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-70" title=""><b>^</b></a> per AG Reischl, <i>Van Landweyck</i> [1980] there is no need to distinguish an agreement from a concerted practice, because they are merely convenient labels </li><li id="cite_note-71"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-71" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Sandoz Prodotti Farmaceutica SpA v. Commission</i> [1990] </li><li id="cite_note-72"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-72" title=""><b>^</b></a> See Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc, v. PSKS, Inc., 551 US ____ (2007) </li><li id="cite_note-73"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-73" title=""><b>^</b></a> C-27/76 <i>United Brands Continental BV v. Commission</i> [1978] ECR 207 </li><li id="cite_note-74"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-74" title=""><b>^</b></a> C-85/76 <i>Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG v. Commission</i> [1979] ECR 461 </li><li id="cite_note-75"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-75" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>AKZO</i> [1991] </li><li id="cite_note-76"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-76" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Michelin</i> [1983] </li><li id="cite_note-77"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-77" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Continental Can</i> [1973] </li><li id="cite_note-78"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-78" title=""><b>^</b></a> Art. 82 (b) <i>Porto di Genova</i> [1991] </li><li id="cite_note-79"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-79" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://europa.eu.int/jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl%3Flang%3Den%26num%3D79958777T1904%2520R0201_2%26doc%3DT%26ouvert%3DT%26seance%3DORD%26where%3D%28%29&usg=ALkJrhi0KGk3opZuy7_FEodJ8IKYJIIDzA" class="external text" title="http://europa.eu.int/jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl?lang=en&num=79958777T1904%20R0201_2&doc=T&ouvert=T&seance=ORD&where=()" rel="nofollow">Case T-201/04</a> <i>Microsoft v. Commission</i> Order, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_22&usg=ALkJrhi1Ft2dYO9Bp37vz403WYwTMsDT1Q" title="22 Desember">22 December</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004&usg=ALkJrhgR0JbR2JkaVsD8O9hOLXOxkDiLig" title="2004">2004</a> </li><li id="cite_note-80"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-80" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Commercial Solvents</i> [1974] </li><li id="cite_note-81"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-81" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc%3Fsmartapi%21celexplus%21prod%21CELEXnumdoc%26numdoc%3D61987J0030%26lg%3Den&usg=ALkJrhgs3p4gmFeOGhOlY-MGa_79sTuWRw" class="external text" title="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&numdoc=61987J0030&lg=en" rel="nofollow">C-30/87</a> <i>Corinne Bodson v. SA Pompes funèbres des régions libérées</i> [1987] ECR 2479 </li><li id="cite_note-82"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-82" title=""><b>^</b></a> see, eg Posner (1998) p.332; "While it is possible to imagine cases in which predatory pricing would be a rational stragy, it should be apparent by now why confirmed cases of it are rare." </li><li id="cite_note-83"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-83" title=""><b>^</b></a> Case T-340/03 <i>France Telecom SA v. Commission</i> </li><li id="cite_note-84"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-84" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>AKZO</i> [1991] para 71 </li><li id="cite_note-85"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-85" title=""><b>^</b></a> in the EU under Article 82(2)c) </li><li id="cite_note-86"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-86" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Irish Sugar</i> [1999] </li><li id="cite_note-87"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-87" title=""><b>^</b></a> Under EC law, a concentration is where a "change of control on a lasting basis results from (a) the merger of two or more previously independent undertakings... (b) the acquisition... if direct or indirect control of the whole or parts of one or more other undertakings." Art. 3(1), Regulation 139/2004, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_Merger_Regulation&usg=ALkJrhjcYNpewP5yRY2hqkh5axVPYBwPDg" title="European Community Merger Regulation" class="mw-redirect">European Community Merger Regulation</a> </li><li id="cite_note-88"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-88" title=""><b>^</b></a> In the case of [T-102/96] <i>Gencor Ltd v. Commission</i> [1999] ECR II-753 the EU <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_First_Instance&usg=ALkJrhgM3JpZbiDd0EwAzx-xekkRW1MASA" title="Court of First Instance">Court of First Instance</a> wrote merger control is there "to avoid the etablishment of market structures which may create or strengthen a dominant position and not need to control directly possible abuses of dominant positions" </li><li id="cite_note-89"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-89" title=""><b>^</b></a> The authority for the Commission to pass this regulation is found under Art. 83 TEC </li><li id="cite_note-90"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-90" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFCoase1937"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_H._Coase&usg=ALkJrhih8EiPeqNd1EGSTNEuNXc0ISjdxw" title="Ronald H. Coase" class="mw-redirect">Coase, Ronald H.</a> (November 1937). " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.cerna.ensmp.fr/Enseignement/CoursEcoIndus/SupportsdeCours/COASE.pdf&usg=ALkJrhjEvqs_XWJv9iAkJPf1au482-8FpA" class="external text" title="http://www.cerna.ensmp.fr/Enseignement/CoursEcoIndus/SupportsdeCours/COASE.pdf" rel="nofollow">The Nature of the Firm</a> " (PDF). <i>Economica</i> <b>4</b> (16): 386–405. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&usg=ALkJrhinbfvecx58qA9hfDLgsmT4gJ690w" title="Pengidentifikasi objek digital">doi</a> : <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x" rel="nofollow"><span class="neverexpand">10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x</span></a> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.cerna.ensmp.fr/Enseignement/CoursEcoIndus/SupportsdeCours/COASE.pdf&usg=ALkJrhjEvqs_XWJv9iAkJPf1au482-8FpA" class="external free" title="http://www.cerna.ensmp.fr/Enseignement/CoursEcoIndus/SupportsdeCours/COASE.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.cerna.ensmp.fr/Enseignement/CoursEcoIndus/SupportsdeCours/COASE.pdf</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 10 February 2007</span> .</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+the+Firm&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.aulast=Coase&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rft.au=Coase%2C+Ronald+H.&rft.date=November+1937&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=386%E2%80%93405&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cerna.ensmp.fr%2FEnseignement%2FCoursEcoIndus%2FSupportsdeCours%2FCOASE.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Competition_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-91"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-91" title=""><b>^</b></a> Art. 2(3) Reg. 129/2005 </li><li id="cite_note-92"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-92" title=""><b>^</b></a> Clayton Act Section 7, codified at <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code&usg=ALkJrhiML_fO2jVPhw1fBNP5WPWZjHuBoQ" title="Judul 15 dari Amerika Serikat Kode">15 USC</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/15/18.html&usg=ALkJrhgkDxhEueSi2GqdyOcuu2Pmig4ugA" class="external text" title="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/15/18.html" rel="nofollow">§ 18</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-93"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-93" title=""><b>^</b></a> see, for instance para 17, <i>Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers</i> (2004/C 31/03) </li><li id="cite_note-94"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-94" title=""><b>^</b></a> C-68/94 <i>France v. Commission</i> [1998] ECR I-1375, para. 219 </li><li id="cite_note-95"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-95" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Italian Flat Glass</i> [1992] ECR ii-1403 </li><li id="cite_note-96"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-96" title=""><b>^</b></a> T-342/99 <i>Airtours plc v. Commission</i> [2002] ECR II-2585, para 62 </li><li id="cite_note-97"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-97" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Mannesmann, Vallourec and Ilva</i> [1994] CMLR 529, OJ L102 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_21&usg=ALkJrhg7KEjf8ginrpui-H_WWHCmDWzS7A" title="April 21">21 April</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994&usg=ALkJrhg1PIl04CXvnXX2gzBToOR7pmp7DA" title="1994">1994</a> </li><li id="cite_note-98"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-98" title=""><b>^</b></a> see the argument put forth in Hovenkamp H (1999) <i>Federal Antitrust Policy: The Law of Competition and Its Practice</i> , 2nd Ed, West Group, St. Paul, Minnesota. Unlike the authorities however, the courts take a dim view of the efficiencies defence. </li><li id="cite_note-99"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-99" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Kali und Salz AG v. Commission</i> [1975] ECR 499 </li><li id="cite_note-100"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-100" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Time Warner/AOL</i> [2002] 4 CMLR 454, OJ L268 </li><li id="cite_note-101"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-101" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg <i>Guinness/Grand Metropolitan</i> [1997] 5 CMLR 760, OJ L288; Many in the US disapprove of this approach, see WJ Kolasky, <i>Conglomerate Mergers and Range Effects: It’sa long way from Chicago to Brussels</i> 9 November 2001, Address before George Mason University Symposium Washington, DC. </li><li id="cite_note-102"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhjAzaFJftzrpe9WKBnJoN7o84ZK9g#cite_ref-102" title=""><b>^</b></a> this is the general position in the UK </li></ol></div><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D25&usg=ALkJrhhDAJ2AtBZL_0L06G2L3VH_o_9-uA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D25&usg=ALkJrhhDAJ2AtBZL_0L06G2L3VH_o_9-uA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bork&usg=ALkJrhgakfmtywbx64XoSLycGJen3Rbt_w" title="Robert Bork">Bork, Robert H.</a> (1978) <i>The Antitrust Paradox</i> , New York Free Press <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465003699&usg=ALkJrhgy6h9F5BG5ODR0TjGxLsq-C517kw" class="internal">ISBN 0465003699</a> </li><li> Bork, Robert H. (1993). <i>The Antitrust Paradox</i> (second edition). New York: Free Press. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0029044561&usg=ALkJrhhWZq7g4o_4ffjJkHQDhm433Yvotg" class="internal">ISBN 0-02-904456-1</a> . </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman&usg=ALkJrhiGITy4NJov7GkRtb2e2Z8FO-Hk4A" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a> (1999) <i>The Business Community's Suicidal Impulse</i> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Galbraith&usg=ALkJrhhuf3QhEgCzbVIgOeNjygkZZ7DJ3Q" title="Kenneth Galbraith" class="mw-redirect">Galbraith Kenneth</a> (1967) <i>The New Industrial State</i> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill&usg=ALkJrhgu5YpK6xbMKmInJqKRrwrQCDykRg" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill, John Stuart</a> (1859) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Liberty&usg=ALkJrhjDIjKtEqgun1qfnFzWm2aOlLDWww" title="On Liberty"><i>On Liberty</i></a> online at the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlLbty.html&usg=ALkJrhgD328gmED0UVOsIEO9zY3Mc_2NHg" class="external text" title="http://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlLbty.html" rel="nofollow">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner&usg=ALkJrhhvrzHHzRNH8RmxqdEVHy_MeQuRUg" title="Richard Posner">Posner, Richard</a> (2001) <i>Antitrust Law</i> , 2nd ed., <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226675763&usg=ALkJrhiMlN3EI9njZF4vC9LPqCf5KDeZ8Q" class="internal">ISBN 9780226675763</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner&usg=ALkJrhhvrzHHzRNH8RmxqdEVHy_MeQuRUg" title="Richard Posner">Posner, Richard</a> (2007) <i>Economic Analysis of Law</i> 7th ed., <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780735563544&usg=ALkJrhi9_6CcKTRGotqbbAYLn5LjNInMnw" class="internal">ISBN 9780735563544</a> </li><li> Prosser, Tony (2005) <i>The Limits of Competition Law</i> , ch.1 </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter&usg=ALkJrhj5cyJGnlWrKlAMg6yvUxuldHMcFw" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter, Joseph</a> (1942) <i>The Process of Creative Destruction</i> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith&usg=ALkJrhive5p8ya0BsCO044sKW7cU2Ep3Ig" title="Adam Smith">Smith, Adam</a> (1776) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhhiXY_9FRL_P59LSndTm9c0Fsonnw" title="The Wealth of Nations"><i>An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations</i></a> online <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.adamsmith.org/smith/won-index.htm&usg=ALkJrhheX8KKgaivGURYsBPIHQFyycNBgg" class="external text" title="http://www.adamsmith.org/smith/won-index.htm" rel="nofollow">from the Adam Smith Institute</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wilberforce,_Baron_Wilberforce&usg=ALkJrhju1KtgTCDknDMEC1XmiJfNjpxulA" title="Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce">Wilberforce, Richard</a> , Alan Campbell and Neil Elles (1966) <i>The Law of Restrictive Practices and Monopolies</i> , 2nd edition, London: Sweet and Maxwell <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number&usg=ALkJrhj8CP4qiFB-KSrsWDlekgO14HsnSQ" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://lccn.loc.gov/66070116&usg=ALkJrhiQ3MVw219WBwljwpBcMKrngH1BcA" class="external text" title="http://lccn.loc.gov/66070116" rel="nofollow">66-070116</a> </li><li> Whish, Richard (2003) <i>Competition Law</i> , 5th Ed. Lexis Nexis Butterworths </li></ul><p><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D26&usg=ALkJrhiaDmuYtYHcmybTK_VmlXkqWeCpjQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih membaca">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D26&usg=ALkJrhiaDmuYtYHcmybTK_VmlXkqWeCpjQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih membaca"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lebih lanjut membaca</span></span> </h2><ul><li> Elhauge, Einer; Geradin, Damien (2007) <i>Global Competition Law and Economics</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841134651&usg=ALkJrhhhfSCfjtzk2oiB_TQgY-ijRD_YDQ" class="internal">ISBN 1841134651</a> </li><li> Faull, Jonathan; Nikpay, Ali (eds) (2007) "Faull & Nikpay : The EC Law of Competition"; ISBN-13: 978-0199269297 </li><li> Georg Erber and Stefan Kooths, <i>Windows Vista: Securing Itself against Competition?</i> , in: DIW Weekly Report, 2/2007, Vol.3, 7-14. </li><li> Keith N. Hylton et al., <i>Antitrust World Reports</i> , available at <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.antitrustworldwiki.com/&usg=ALkJrhgKm-JzfP59R8vUZCI8g_B09WchZQ" class="external free" title="http://www.antitrustworldwiki.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.antitrustworldwiki.com</a> </li><li> Competition Policy International (various issues), ISSN 1554-6853, available at <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.globalcompetitionpolicy.org/&usg=ALkJrhh9xFFhwwLsXF8rOBTOLUel2wFOvQ" class="external free" title="http://www.globalcompetitionpolicy.org" rel="nofollow">http://www.globalcompetitionpolicy.org</a> </li></ul><p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D27&usg=ALkJrhjw3X_jMCXZ2ZpsOPtsWFbnDrSMSw" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompetition_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D27&usg=ALkJrhjw3X_jMCXZ2ZpsOPtsWFbnDrSMSw" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pranala luar</span></span> </h2><dl><dt> International </dt></dl><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/&usg=ALkJrhjR74vGyqdfdy82uszMOfP0MKODlQ" class="external text" title="http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/" rel="nofollow">International Competition Network</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/&usg=ALkJrhhPJVpxmyJj2r2fDmKDrt5fB-4RVw" class="external text" title="http://www.globalcompetitionforum.org/" rel="nofollow">Global Competition Forum</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.globalcompetitionpolicy.org/&usg=ALkJrhh9xFFhwwLsXF8rOBTOLUel2wFOvQ" class="external text" title="http://www.globalcompetitionpolicy.org/" rel="nofollow">Global Competition Policy</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.oecd.org/competition&usg=ALkJrhhr6L1M8ABIDwZWSUv4DYvllDepTg" class="external text" title="http://www.oecd.org/competition" rel="nofollow">OECD Competition Home Page</a> </li></ul><dl><dt> Domestic </dt></dl><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/&usg=ALkJrhi0Tas7snbWc1uIOkFtsk4Wjyaetg" class="external text" title="http://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org" rel="nofollow">Australian Competition Law</a> </li></ul><dl><dt> Criticism </dt></dl><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.cei.org/pdf/1615.pdf&usg=ALkJrhiEGyvVEw4UobOCkFsvySynzh-RGw" class="external text" title="http://www.cei.org/pdf/1615.pdf" rel="nofollow">Antitrust Policy As Corporate Welfare</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.mises.org/story/2317&usg=ALkJrhjZ1h2H4TD3nsFZOElxu17EK-rpPg" class="external text" title="http://www.mises.org/story/2317" rel="nofollow">The Truth About The Robber Barons</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.quebecoislibre.org/021221-15.htm&usg=ALkJrhjTY0nrvrifUoGttaFiYSvTeKcgUg" class="external text" title="http://www.quebecoislibre.org/021221-15.htm" rel="nofollow">Antitrust Laws Harm Consumers and Stifle Competition</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx%3FID%3D683&usg=ALkJrhjthJEwxQy9YnhRMl55gU0G5myrig" class="external text" title="http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=683" rel="nofollow">Regulation and Monopolies</a> </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-47898443979665939492009-01-21T01:20:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:42:56.683-08:00Hukum Perbankan<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Peraturan bank</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg&usg=ALkJrhjO9BQw1ehmcZwgDiB_MbVNdJ4YUg" class="image" title="Pertanyaan buku-new.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="39" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This article <b>does not <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhjkUMEqUWh9d0A442FYUDfdYVu3Ug" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhiQ9b1Qfq6Z0Ul3uOPiwJ62l8YXYg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">references or sources</a></b> .</span> Artikel ini <b>tidak <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhjkUMEqUWh9d0A442FYUDfdYVu3Ug" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">menyebut</a> apapun <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhiQ9b1Qfq6Z0Ul3uOPiwJ62l8YXYg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">atau sumber referensi.</a></b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhQ0PoJMZoZczi7ot9hhGnbD56Hrg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_regulation&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhgOgrAynHjWkqdl7yxL4NoKJNCq2Q" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">reliable sources</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhiQ9b1Qfq6Z0Ul3uOPiwJ62l8YXYg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> material may be challenged and removed. <i><small>(September 2008)</small></i></span> Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhQ0PoJMZoZczi7ot9hhGnbD56Hrg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_regulation&action=edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> dengan menambahkan citations ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhgOgrAynHjWkqdl7yxL4NoKJNCq2Q" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">sumber terpercaya.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhiQ9b1Qfq6Z0Ul3uOPiwJ62l8YXYg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> bahan mungkin cacat dan dibuang. <i><small>(September 2008)</small></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Bank regulations</b> are a form of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhhTSpQwJ3S8jHjna_G0UPGG7KV6gg" title="Pemerintah">government</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhjZKT1YZ4Qg3ynwwoAm03yqtGaYzA" title="Regulasi">regulation</a> which subject <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank&usg=ALkJrhjMRpiKhEiUX-LVJhOH84n2neR7zA" title="Bank">banks</a> to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines.</span> <b>Peraturan bank</b> adalah bentuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhjZKT1YZ4Qg3ynwwoAm03yqtGaYzA" title="Regulasi">peraturan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhhTSpQwJ3S8jHjna_G0UPGG7KV6gg" title="Pemerintah">pemerintah</a> yang tunduk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank&usg=ALkJrhjMRpiKhEiUX-LVJhOH84n2neR7zA" title="Bank">bank</a> untuk persyaratan tertentu, larangan dan petunjuk.</span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Objectives_of_bank_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Objectives of bank regulation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Objectives_of_bank_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Tujuan bank peraturan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#General_principles_of_bank_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">General principles of bank regulation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#General_principles_of_bank_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">General Principles bank peraturan</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Minimum_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Minimum requirements</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Minimum_requirements"><span class="toctext">Kebutuhan Minimal</span> <span class="tocnumber">2,1</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Supervisory_review"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Supervisory review</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Supervisory_review"><span class="tocnumber">2,2</span> <span class="toctext">Supervisory review</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Market_discipline"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Market discipline</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Market_discipline"><span class="tocnumber">2,3</span> <span class="toctext">Pasar disiplin</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Instruments_and_requirements_of_bank_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Instruments and requirements of bank regulation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Instruments_and_requirements_of_bank_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Instrumen dan persyaratan bank peraturan</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Capital_requirement"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Capital requirement</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Capital_requirement"><span class="tocnumber">3,1</span> <span class="toctext">Modal kebutuhan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Reserve_requirement"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reserve requirement</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Reserve_requirement"><span class="tocnumber">3,2</span> <span class="toctext">Reserve kebutuhan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Corporate_governance"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate governance</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Corporate_governance"><span class="tocnumber">3,3</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate governance</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Financial_reporting_and_disclosure_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Financial reporting and disclosure requirements</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Financial_reporting_and_disclosure_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">3,4</span> <span class="toctext">Keuangan persyaratan pelaporan dan pengungkapan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Credit_rating_requirement"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Credit rating requirement</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Credit_rating_requirement"><span class="tocnumber">3,5</span> <span class="toctext">Kredit penilaian kebutuhan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Large_exposures_restrictions"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Large exposures restrictions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Large_exposures_restrictions"><span class="tocnumber">3,6</span> <span class="toctext">Besar eksposur pembatasan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Related_party_exposure_restrictions"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Related party exposure restrictions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Related_party_exposure_restrictions"><span class="tocnumber">3,7</span> <span class="toctext">pihak terkait larangan eksposur</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Activity_and_affiliation_restrictions"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Activity and affiliation restrictions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Activity_and_affiliation_restrictions"><span class="tocnumber">3,8</span> <span class="toctext">Ringkasan afiliasi dan pembatasan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Payments_systems_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Payments systems requirements</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Payments_systems_requirements"><span class="toctext">Pembayaran</span> <span class="tocnumber">3,9</span> <span class="toctext">persyaratan sistem</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#By_country"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">By country</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#By_country"><span class="toctext">Oleh</span> <span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">negara</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Reserve_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reserve requirements</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Reserve_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">6,1</span> <span class="toctext">Reserve persyaratan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Capital_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Capital requirements</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Capital_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">6,2</span> <span class="toctext">Modal persyaratan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Agenda_from_ISO"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Agenda from ISO</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Agenda_from_ISO"><span class="toctext">Agenda ISO dari</span> <span class="tocnumber">6,3</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Various_Countries"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Various Countries</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Various_Countries"><span class="tocnumber">6,4</span> <span class="toctext">Berbagai Negara</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjhYz1DKADJamXz34v7CckAtXNb8Q#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></span> </li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Objectives_of_bank_regulation" id="Objectives_of_bank_regulation"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgbCR36fbbSGCuMQrxCuL5EdE06hA" title="Sunting bagian: Tujuan bank peraturan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Objectives of bank regulation</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgbCR36fbbSGCuMQrxCuL5EdE06hA" title="Sunting bagian: Tujuan bank peraturan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Tujuan bank peraturan</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The objectives of bank regulation, and the emphasis, varies between jurisdiction.</span> Tujuan dari peraturan bank, dan penekanan, bervariasi antara yurisdiksi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most common objectives are:</span> Tujuan yang paling umum adalah:</span> </p><ol><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Prudential -- to reduce the level of risk bank creditors are exposed to (ie to protect depositors)</span> Prudential - untuk mengurangi tingkat risiko bank kreditor yang terkena (yakni untuk melindungi)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Systemic risk reduction -- to reduce the risk of disruption resulting from adverse trading conditions for banks causing multiple or major bank failures</span> Pengurangan risiko sistemik - untuk mengurangi risiko gangguan akibat kondisi Adverse perdagangan bagi bank menyebabkan beberapa bank besar atau kegagalan</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Avoid misuse of banks -- to reduce the risk of banks being used for criminal purposes, eg laundering the proceeds of crime</span> Menghindari penyalahgunaan bank - untuk mengurangi risiko bank yang digunakan untuk tujuan kejahatan, misalnya laundering hasil kejahatan</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To protect banking confidentiality</span> Perbankan untuk melindungi kerahasiaan</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Credit allocation -- to direct credit to favored sectors</span> Kredit alokasi - untuk langsung kredit ke sektor disukai</span> </li></ol><p><a name="General_principles_of_bank_regulation" id="General_principles_of_bank_regulation"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhhv9MCD2cvu-uDXcvBKJjsYJkFw9Q" title="Sunting bagian: General Principles bank peraturan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">General principles of bank regulation</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhhv9MCD2cvu-uDXcvBKJjsYJkFw9Q" title="Sunting bagian: General Principles bank peraturan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">General Principles bank peraturan</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Banking regulations can vary widely across nations and jurisdictions.</span> Peraturan perbankan dapat sangat bervariasi di seluruh negara dan wilayah hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This section of the article describes general principles of bank regulation throughout the world.</span> Bagian artikel menjelaskan prinsip-prinsip umum peraturan bank di seluruh dunia.</span> </p><p><a name="Minimum_requirements" id="Minimum_requirements"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjBqulTQ8il1QTL826lEUd48ewrMQ" title="Sunting bagian: Kebutuhan Minimal">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Minimum requirements</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjBqulTQ8il1QTL826lEUd48ewrMQ" title="Sunting bagian: Kebutuhan Minimal"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kebutuhan Minimal</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Requirements are imposed on banks in order to promote the objectives of the regulator.</span> Persyaratan yang dikenakan pada bank dalam rangka memajukan tujuan dari regulator.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most important minimum requirement in banking regulation is maintaining minimum capital ratios.</span> Yang paling penting minimum dalam peraturan perbankan adalah mempertahankan modal minimum ratios.</span> </p><p><a name="Supervisory_review" id="Supervisory_review"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhj5hwNis2S8rEMeYDWkuh17Gvdj3Q" title="Sunting bagian: Pengawasan tinjauan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Supervisory review</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhj5hwNis2S8rEMeYDWkuh17Gvdj3Q" title="Sunting bagian: Pengawasan tinjauan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pengawasan tinjauan</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Banks are required to be issued with a bank licence by the regulator in order to carry on business as a bank, and the regulator supervises licenced banks for compliance with the requirements and responds to breaches of the requirements through obtaining undertakings, giving directions, imposing penalties or revoking the bank's licence.</span> Bank diwajibkan untuk dikeluarkan dengan bank lisensi oleh regulator untuk melakukan usaha sebagai bank, dan regulator supervises diizinkan untuk bank sesuai dengan ketentuan dan merespon pelanggaran dari persyaratan melalui mendapatkan undertakings, memberikan arahan, mengesankan hukuman atau revoking bank lisensi.</span> </p><p><a name="Market_discipline" id="Market_discipline"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhg_exQ0agLEmBWno8L7Lppt53Kf4Q" title="Sunting bagian: Pasar disiplin">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Market discipline</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhg_exQ0agLEmBWno8L7Lppt53Kf4Q" title="Sunting bagian: Pasar disiplin"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pasar disiplin</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The regulator requires banks to publicly disclose financial and other information, and depositors and other creditors are able to use this information to assess the level of risk and to make investment decisions.</span> Regulator yang mengharuskan bank umum untuk mengungkapkan keuangan dan informasi lainnya, dan depositors kreditor dan lainnya dapat menggunakan informasi ini untuk menilai tingkat risiko dan membuat keputusan investasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As a result of this, the bank is subject to market discipline and the regulator can also use market pricing information as an indicator of the bank's financial health.</span> Sebagai akibatnya, bank harus disiplin pasar dan regulator juga dapat menggunakan informasi harga pasar sebagai indikator dari bank keuangan kesehatan.</span> </p><p><a name="Instruments_and_requirements_of_bank_regulation" id="Instruments_and_requirements_of_bank_regulation"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhiyOoWRXl7_xWQdHNcIsPv5oMcNrg" title="Sunting bagian: Instrumen bank dan persyaratan peraturan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Instruments and requirements of bank regulation</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhiyOoWRXl7_xWQdHNcIsPv5oMcNrg" title="Sunting bagian: Instrumen bank dan persyaratan peraturan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Instrumen dan persyaratan bank peraturan</span></span> </h2><p><a name="Capital_requirement" id="Capital_requirement"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhhtYPiAShisasoMQUDfi5RjOpPU3A" title="Sunting bagian: Permodalan kebutuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Capital requirement</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhhtYPiAShisasoMQUDfi5RjOpPU3A" title="Sunting bagian: Permodalan kebutuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Modal kebutuhan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_requirement&usg=ALkJrhjI3Envbb-6HGuPdMFbqA68aYxsLA" title="Kebutuhan modal">Capital requirement</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_requirement&usg=ALkJrhjI3Envbb-6HGuPdMFbqA68aYxsLA" title="Kebutuhan modal">Permodalan kebutuhan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The capital requirement sets a framework on how banks must handle their <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhjRe7JBltUYqWOnkPVhaQQCDkqf7Q" title="Modal (ekonomi)">capital</a> in relation to their <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset&usg=ALkJrhj4OiwGerK5zG-rko6LU2-LVYZg7A" title="Aset">assets</a> .</span> Kebutuhan modal yang menetapkan kerangka kerja mengenai bagaimana bank harus menangani mereka <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhjRe7JBltUYqWOnkPVhaQQCDkqf7Q" title="Modal (ekonomi)">modal</a> dalam kaitannya dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset&usg=ALkJrhj4OiwGerK5zG-rko6LU2-LVYZg7A" title="Aset">asetnya.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Internationally, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements&usg=ALkJrhiw_9iE3Qvp48hIhQCSA9oLHwPNlg" title="Bank for International Pemukiman">Bank for International Settlements</a> ' <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision&usg=ALkJrhi3q9kc6vnyKMa2DasLbFHnxiOrcg" title="Komite Basel pada Pengawasan Perbankan">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a> influences each country's capital requirements.</span> Internasional, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements&usg=ALkJrhiw_9iE3Qvp48hIhQCSA9oLHwPNlg" title="Bank for International Pemukiman">Bank for International Pemukiman</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision&usg=ALkJrhi3q9kc6vnyKMa2DasLbFHnxiOrcg" title="Komite Basel pada Pengawasan Perbankan">'Komite Basel pada Pengawasan Perbankan</a> pengaruh setiap persyaratan modal negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1988, the Committee decided to introduce a capital measurement system commonly referred to as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Capital_Accords&usg=ALkJrhhHPDrewc9hQ6bbJvpephxM-VXNqQ" title="Basel Capital Accords" class="mw-redirect">Basel Capital Accords</a> .</span> Pada tahun 1988, Komite memutuskan untuk memperkenalkan suatu sistem pengukuran modal yang umumnya disebut sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Capital_Accords&usg=ALkJrhhHPDrewc9hQ6bbJvpephxM-VXNqQ" title="Basel Capital Accords" class="mw-redirect">Basel Capital Accords.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The latest capital adequacy framework is commonly known as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_II&usg=ALkJrhhnTnOswkiaiyGSTVSRpsMuFSN__A" title="Basel II" class="mw-redirect">Basel II</a> .</span> Kecukupan modal yang terbaru adalah kerangka umum dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_II&usg=ALkJrhhnTnOswkiaiyGSTVSRpsMuFSN__A" title="Basel II" class="mw-redirect">Basel II.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This updated framework is intended to be more risk sensitive than the original one, but is also a lot more complex.</span> Diperbaharui kerangka ini dimaksudkan untuk lebih peka risiko yang asli dari satu, tetapi juga jauh lebih kompleks.</span> </p><p><a name="Reserve_requirement" id="Reserve_requirement"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhgdBaNP7-KTMRVBiETwfHuWg_7B5w" title="Sunting bagian: Reserve kebutuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Reserve requirement</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhgdBaNP7-KTMRVBiETwfHuWg_7B5w" title="Sunting bagian: Reserve kebutuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Cadangan persyaratan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_requirement&usg=ALkJrhjny4Kr-3O_1KQKs65MCMYDQep7tQ" title="Cadangan kebutuhan">Reserve requirement</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_requirement&usg=ALkJrhjny4Kr-3O_1KQKs65MCMYDQep7tQ" title="Cadangan kebutuhan">Reserve kebutuhan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The reserve requirement sets the minimum <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_reserves&usg=ALkJrhjG6ONeYvCpDNgGkrTwDpAjJNhLfw" title="Bank cadangan">reserves</a> each <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank&usg=ALkJrhjMRpiKhEiUX-LVJhOH84n2neR7zA" title="Bank">bank</a> must hold to demand deposits and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes&usg=ALkJrhh1TAuVs-vE6mKOAxv_fq1ycmgUXA" title="Banknotes" class="mw-redirect">banknotes</a> .</span> Cadangan yang menetapkan persyaratan minimum <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_reserves&usg=ALkJrhjG6ONeYvCpDNgGkrTwDpAjJNhLfw" title="Bank cadangan">cadangan</a> setiap <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank&usg=ALkJrhjMRpiKhEiUX-LVJhOH84n2neR7zA" title="Bank">bank</a> harus terus untuk permintaan deposito dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes&usg=ALkJrhh1TAuVs-vE6mKOAxv_fq1ycmgUXA" title="Banknotes" class="mw-redirect">banknotes.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This type of regulation has lost the role it once had, as the emphasis has moved toward capital adequacy, and in many countries there is no minimum reserve ratio.</span> Jenis peraturan telah kehilangan peran sekali itu, sebagai penekanan telah bergerak menuju kecukupan modal, dan di banyak negara tidak ada minimum rasio cadangan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The purpose of minimum reserve ratios is liquidity rather than safety.</span> Tujuan dari cadangan minimum adalah ratios likuiditas daripada keselamatan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An example of a country with a contemporary minimum reserve ratio is <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong&usg=ALkJrhjXZ6GI8CtL8a5_e_WniKlEPs8Gkg" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> , where banks are required to maintain 25% of their liabilities that are due on demand or within 1 month as qualifying liquefiable assets.</span> Contoh dari negara dengan cadangan minimum rasio kontemporer adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong&usg=ALkJrhjXZ6GI8CtL8a5_e_WniKlEPs8Gkg" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong,</a> di mana bank diwajibkan untuk mempertahankan 25% dari mereka yang kewajiban karena permintaan atau pada waktu 1 bulan sebagai kualifikasi liquefiable aset.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Reserve requirements have also been used in the past to control the stock of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes&usg=ALkJrhh1TAuVs-vE6mKOAxv_fq1ycmgUXA" title="Banknotes" class="mw-redirect">banknotes</a> and/or bank deposits.</span> Cadangan persyaratan juga telah digunakan di masa lalu untuk mengontrol stok <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes&usg=ALkJrhh1TAuVs-vE6mKOAxv_fq1ycmgUXA" title="Banknotes" class="mw-redirect">banknotes</a> dan / atau deposito.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Required reserves have at times been gold coin, central bank banknotes or deposits, and foreign currency.</span> Diperlukan cadangan kali pernah ada di koin emas, bank sentral banknotes atau deposito, dan mata uang asing.</span> </p><p><a name="Corporate_governance" id="Corporate_governance"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhhwTfnvr_xngggFywJ8E_DjJVoU1Q" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate governance">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Corporate governance</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhhwTfnvr_xngggFywJ8E_DjJVoU1Q" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate governance"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perusahaan pemerintahan</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Corporate governance requirements are intended to encourage the bank to be well managed, and is an indirect way of achieving other objectives.</span> Corporate governance persyaratan dimaksudkan untuk mendorong bank yang akan dikelola dengan baik, dan tidak langsung merupakan cara untuk mencapai tujuan lainnya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Requirements may include:</span> Persyaratan termasuk:</span> </p><ol><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To be a body corporate (ie not an individual, a partnership, trust or other unincorporated entity)</span> Untuk menjadi perusahaan tubuh (yakni tidak seorang individu, sebuah kemitraan, kepercayaan atau lainnya unincorporated entitas)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To be incorporated locally, and/or to be incorporated under as a particular type of body corporate, rather than being incorporated in a foreign jurisdiction.</span> Harus berbadan hukum lokal, dan / atau yang akan dimasukkan di bawah sebagai jenis tertentu tubuh perusahaan, daripada yang berbadan hukum di luar yurisdiksi.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To have a minimum number of directors</span> Agar minimal jumlah direksi</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To have an organisational structure that includes various offices and officers, eg corporate secretary, treasurer/CFO, auditor, Asset Liability Management Committee, Privacy Officer etc. Also the officers for those offices may need to be approved persons, or from an approved class of persons.</span> Mempunyai struktur organisasi yang meliputi berbagai kantor dan petugas, misalnya perusahaan sekretaris, bendahara / CFO, auditor, Asset Liability Management Committee, Privacy Officer dll juga bagi petugas kantor Mei perlu disetujui orang, atau dari kelas yang sudah disediakan orang.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To have a constitution or articles of association that is approved, or contains or does not contain particular clauses, eg clauses that enable directors to act other than in the best interests of the company (eg in the interests of a parent company) may not be allowed.</span> Memiliki dasar atau artikel berserikat yang disetujui, atau berisi atau tidak berisi clauses tertentu, misalnya clauses direksi yang memungkinkan untuk bertindak selain dalam kepentingan terbaik perusahaan (misalnya untuk kepentingan sebuah perusahaan induk) tidak boleh diizinkan.</span> </li></ol><p><a name="Financial_reporting_and_disclosure_requirements" id="Financial_reporting_and_disclosure_requirements"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgOURkaK2S_haZ7XHIHY7Rhl1kWYg" title="Sunting bagian: Laporan Keuangan dan persyaratan pengungkapan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Financial reporting and disclosure requirements</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgOURkaK2S_haZ7XHIHY7Rhl1kWYg" title="Sunting bagian: Laporan Keuangan dan persyaratan pengungkapan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Keuangan persyaratan pelaporan dan pengungkapan</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Banks may be required to:</span> Bank mungkin diperlukan untuk:</span> </p><ol><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Prepare annual financial statements according to a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards&usg=ALkJrhj6jmmi3oc3YajdzNhWRnz7f_7RHg" title="Standar Pelaporan Keuangan Internasional">financial reporting standard</a> , have them audited, and to register or publish them</span> Menyiapkan laporan keuangan tahunan sesuai dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards&usg=ALkJrhj6jmmi3oc3YajdzNhWRnz7f_7RHg" title="Standar Pelaporan Keuangan Internasional">standar laporan keuangan,</a> mereka telah diaudit, dan untuk mendaftar atau menerbitkannya</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Prepare more frequent financial disclosures, eg Quarterly Disclosure Statements</span> Mempersiapkan keuangan pengungkapan lebih sering, misalnya Triwulanan Pernyataan Pengungkapan</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Have directors of the bank attest to the accuracy of such financial disclosures</span> Ada direktur bank attest dengan akurasi keuangan seperti pengungkapan</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Prepare and have registered <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectus_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhiOK-uuwC22oyrj3WY903j3Ha62VQ" title="Prospektus (keuangan)">prospectuses</a> detailing the terms of securities it issues (eg deposits), and the relevant facts that will enable investors to better assess the level and type of financial risks in investing in those securities.</span> Mempersiapkan diri dan telah mendaftarkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectus_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhiOK-uuwC22oyrj3WY903j3Ha62VQ" title="Prospektus (keuangan)">prospectuses</a> rincian persyaratan sekuritas masalah itu (misalnya deposito), dan fakta-fakta yang relevan yang akan memungkinkan investor untuk menilai tingkat dan jenis resiko keuangan dalam berinvestasi di sekuritas.</span> </li></ol><p><a name="Credit_rating_requirement" id="Credit_rating_requirement"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhjci9KhF7wt16UeG5x_fnYJ3bwYeQ" title="Sunting bagian: Kredit penilaian kebutuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Credit rating requirement</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhjci9KhF7wt16UeG5x_fnYJ3bwYeQ" title="Sunting bagian: Kredit penilaian kebutuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kredit penilaian kebutuhan</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Banks may be required to obtain and maintain a current credit rating from an approved <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating_agency&usg=ALkJrhjso3lCnrRwn2x8qz7DXdZX3fs7wA" title="Credit rating agency">credit rating agency</a> , and to disclose it to investors and prospective investors.</span> Bank mungkin diperlukan untuk mendapatkan dan mempertahankan nilai kredit yang disetujui dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating_agency&usg=ALkJrhjso3lCnrRwn2x8qz7DXdZX3fs7wA" title="Credit rating agency">kredit lembaga rating,</a> dan untuk mengungkapkan kepada investor dan calon investor.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Also, banks may be required to maintain a minimum credit rating.</span> Selain itu, bank mungkin diperlukan untuk mempertahankan minimum kredit nilai.</span> </p><p><a name="Large_exposures_restrictions" id="Large_exposures_restrictions"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhjp9G_Oo5jFvnNXjt6y0Bg8K4FOUg" title="Sunting bagian: Besar eksposur pembatasan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Large exposures restrictions</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhjp9G_Oo5jFvnNXjt6y0Bg8K4FOUg" title="Sunting bagian: Besar eksposur pembatasan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Besar eksposur pembatasan</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Banks may be restricted from having imprudently large exposures to individual <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterparty&usg=ALkJrhgqx_ODYf0WpxLE7BEnqfQjnO9VDg" title="Counterparty">counterparties</a> or groups of connected counterparties.</span> Bank dapat memiliki akses imprudently besar eksposur ke individu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterparty&usg=ALkJrhgqx_ODYf0WpxLE7BEnqfQjnO9VDg" title="Counterparty">counterparties</a> atau kelompok counterparties terhubung.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This may be expressed as a proportion of the bank's assets or equity, and different limits may apply depending on the security held and/or the credit rating of the counterparty.</span> Hal ini mungkin dinyatakan sebagai proporsi dari aset bank atau keadilan, dan batasan yang berbeda mungkin berlaku bergantung pada keamanan yang diselenggarakan dan / atau nilai kredit dari counterparty.</span> </p><p><a name="Related_party_exposure_restrictions" id="Related_party_exposure_restrictions"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhgOl5OloGcL_KpQBgWVAl96hwZAWA" title="Sunting bagian: pihak terkait eksposur pembatasan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Related party exposure restrictions</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBank_regulation%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhgOl5OloGcL_KpQBgWVAl96hwZAWA" title="Sunting bagian: pihak terkait eksposur pembatasan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">pihak terkait eksposur pembatasan</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Banks may be restricted from incurring exposures to related parties such as the bank's parent company or directors.</span> Bank mungkin dibatasi incurring dari eksposur ke pihak-pihak terkait seperti bank atau direktur perusahaan induk.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Typically the restrictions may include:</span> Biasanya batasan yang mungkin termasuk:</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Exposures to related parties must be in the normal course of business and on normal terms and conditions</span> Eksposur ke pihak terkait harus biasa saja dalam bisnis dan pada persyaratan dan kondisi normal</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Exposures to related parties must be in the best interests of the bank</span> Eksposur ke pihak terkait harus dalam kepentingan terbaik bank</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Exposures to related parties must be not more than limited amounts or proportions of the bank's assets or equity.</span> Eksposur ke pihak terkait harus tidak lebih dari jumlah terbatas atau proporsi bank dari aset atau ekuitas.</span> </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-84940263219946743412009-01-21T01:16:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:41:03.665-08:00Hukum Pajak<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Hukum pajak</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="navbox" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; clear: right; float: right; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><th style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:larger;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance&usg=ALkJrhjE0K7R1FOZdxaW4Hcns_brntF4bw" title="Keuangan publik">Public finance</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance&usg=ALkJrhjE0K7R1FOZdxaW4Hcns_brntF4bw" title="Keuangan publik">Keuangan publik</a></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assorted_United_States_coins.jpg&usg=ALkJrhg0seKglx6P75TVp1PwNhsh73Sj0Q" class="image" title="Macam Amerika coins.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assorted_United_States_coins.jpg/140px-Assorted_United_States_coins.jpg" width="140" border="0" height="105" /></a> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small>This article is part of the series:</small></span> <small>Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri:</small></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance&usg=ALkJrhjS6vr_Y1gRkr4rZEZ4EQgC967x9Q" title="Keuangan"><b>Finance</b></a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax&usg=ALkJrhjP2tFljB_2sIaP3U_rB54dyM8R0A" title="Pajak"><b>Taxation</b></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance&usg=ALkJrhjS6vr_Y1gRkr4rZEZ4EQgC967x9Q" title="Keuangan"><b>Keuangan</b></a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax&usg=ALkJrhjP2tFljB_2sIaP3U_rB54dyM8R0A" title="Pajak"><b>Perpajakan</b></a></span> </p></td></tr><tr><th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(190, 190, 190); border-width: 1px 0pt;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax&usg=ALkJrhjP2tFljB_2sIaP3U_rB54dyM8R0A" title="Pajak">Taxation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax&usg=ALkJrhjP2tFljB_2sIaP3U_rB54dyM8R0A" title="Pajak">Perpajakan</a></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax&usg=ALkJrhjwW4277Ist0nfRpAKM_78OTNETtQ" title="Pajak">Income tax</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payroll_tax&usg=ALkJrhi-DlSimM6wfkyD-JVVCDDzjqCGKQ" title="Payroll pajak">Payroll tax</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax&usg=ALkJrhjwW4277Ist0nfRpAKM_78OTNETtQ" title="Pajak">Pajak</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payroll_tax&usg=ALkJrhi-DlSimM6wfkyD-JVVCDDzjqCGKQ" title="Payroll pajak">Payroll pajak</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains_tax&usg=ALkJrhj7PhrMJ5ppfLKkUH2awkY5cqDKGw" title="Pajak keuntungan modal">CGT</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_duty&usg=ALkJrhj7V4uxB8vCL4vElrkBGwF_THVS2A" title="Tugas stempel">Stamp duty</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax&usg=ALkJrhjovHSZRerq2zQjYvlQLvb55eChTg" title="Nilai pajak tanah">LVT</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains_tax&usg=ALkJrhj7PhrMJ5ppfLKkUH2awkY5cqDKGw" title="Pajak keuntungan modal">CGT</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_duty&usg=ALkJrhj7V4uxB8vCL4vElrkBGwF_THVS2A" title="Tugas stempel">Stamp duty</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax&usg=ALkJrhjovHSZRerq2zQjYvlQLvb55eChTg" title="Nilai pajak tanah">LVT</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax&usg=ALkJrhgE0GeKjSaAOFWS3y98THxYj8xBpw" title="Pajak penjualan">Sales tax</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added_tax&usg=ALkJrhj2JDYWVt9NxEQNr1zhXMpXtcedjw" title="Value added tax">VAT</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_tax&usg=ALkJrhh5s8ZFtpv87M0mCBjsof4uPZQ88Q" title="Pajak flat">Flat tax</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax&usg=ALkJrhgE0GeKjSaAOFWS3y98THxYj8xBpw" title="Pajak penjualan">Pajak penjualan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added_tax&usg=ALkJrhj2JDYWVt9NxEQNr1zhXMpXtcedjw" title="Value added tax">PPN</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_tax&usg=ALkJrhh5s8ZFtpv87M0mCBjsof4uPZQ88Q" title="Pajak flat">Flat pajak</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax,_tariff_and_trade&usg=ALkJrhhz9wz7jEPE7-1Ywd1FKS-VrQBU0g" title="Pajak, tarif dan perdagangan">Tax, tariff and trade</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax,_tariff_and_trade&usg=ALkJrhhz9wz7jEPE7-1Ywd1FKS-VrQBU0g" title="Pajak, tarif dan perdagangan">Pajak, tarif dan perdagangan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven&usg=ALkJrhiNE3RjurPyTAMVRD6-AyxU0Aj0YA" title="Suaka pajak">Tax haven</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven&usg=ALkJrhiNE3RjurPyTAMVRD6-AyxU0Aj0YA" title="Suaka pajak">Suaka pajak</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(190, 190, 190); border-width: 1px 0pt;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incidence&usg=ALkJrhgiGGNv1T6nWW8MUvOFyowm7e84Rw" title="Nomor insiden">Tax incidence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incidence&usg=ALkJrhgiGGNv1T6nWW8MUvOFyowm7e84Rw" title="Nomor insiden">Nomor insiden</a></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_rate&usg=ALkJrhhX1PSw-AnKC9Vx5Yb_P9KLV5WBHg" title="Pajak">Tax rate</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_tax&usg=ALkJrhjy-QIxtK30wT3JrLnntdfRQo0PNA" title="Pajak proporsional">Proportional tax</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_rate&usg=ALkJrhhX1PSw-AnKC9Vx5Yb_P9KLV5WBHg" title="Pajak">Pajak</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_tax&usg=ALkJrhjy-QIxtK30wT3JrLnntdfRQo0PNA" title="Pajak proporsional">pajak proporsional</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax&usg=ALkJrhhFYbYm7qT33s83-KfB7UC-Va3Yeg" title="Pajak progresif">Progressive tax</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regressive_tax&usg=ALkJrhgoRuw-6SwvaatoDF4QbRM_kFetyw" title="Yg memundurkan pajak">Regressive tax</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax&usg=ALkJrhhFYbYm7qT33s83-KfB7UC-Va3Yeg" title="Pajak progresif">Pajak progresif</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regressive_tax&usg=ALkJrhgoRuw-6SwvaatoDF4QbRM_kFetyw" title="Yg memundurkan pajak">pajak yg memundurkan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_advantage&usg=ALkJrhg89LDYjb0FoWI33nLnQa2MufIvKw" title="Pajak keuntungan">Tax advantage</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_tax&usg=ALkJrhgxBnGdpv5-N-d5qrrnJp2izDr16g" title="Pajak tetap">Fixed tax</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_advantage&usg=ALkJrhg89LDYjb0FoWI33nLnQa2MufIvKw" title="Pajak keuntungan">Nomor keuntungan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_tax&usg=ALkJrhgxBnGdpv5-N-d5qrrnJp2izDr16g" title="Pajak tetap">pajak tetap</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td><div id="NavFrame1" class="NavFrame" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt;"><div class="NavHead" style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(190, 190, 190); border-width: 1px 0pt; padding-right: 3em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taxation_by_country&usg=ALkJrhiwsovdFzP5IP7CAyxayGRFKde5xQ" title="Kategori: Perpajakan oleh negara">Taxation by country</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taxation_by_country&usg=ALkJrhiwsovdFzP5IP7CAyxayGRFKde5xQ" title="Kategori: Perpajakan oleh negara">Perpajakan oleh negara</a></span> <a href="javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);" id="NavToggle1" class="NavToggle">[show]</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="display: none;"><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia&usg=ALkJrhiaR0sp1AAsF-tkcgu4rInbQPbdjQ" title="Perpajakan di Australia">Australia</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&usg=ALkJrhgrzs8IUjuMifRZRtDN_GJWWEcC4w" title="Perpajakan di British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia&usg=ALkJrhiaR0sp1AAsF-tkcgu4rInbQPbdjQ" title="Perpajakan di Australia">Australia</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&usg=ALkJrhgrzs8IUjuMifRZRtDN_GJWWEcC4w" title="Perpajakan di British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada&usg=ALkJrhhG8c7-3xz-_uhtA-l2P5hVDmpp9A" title="Perpajakan di Kanada">Canada</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_system_in_China&usg=ALkJrhiHLHVLOCxhcH48-QKbZXprZ4ghGw" title="Sistem pajak di Cina">China</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia&usg=ALkJrhj3ZlrgfeJmD5I-ho1Tph7Ueo8dGA" title="Perpajakan di Kolumbia">Colombia</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada&usg=ALkJrhhG8c7-3xz-_uhtA-l2P5hVDmpp9A" title="Perpajakan di Kanada">Kanada</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_system_in_China&usg=ALkJrhiHLHVLOCxhcH48-QKbZXprZ4ghGw" title="Sistem pajak di Cina">Cina</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia&usg=ALkJrhj3ZlrgfeJmD5I-ho1Tph7Ueo8dGA" title="Perpajakan di Kolumbia">Kolumbia</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_France&usg=ALkJrhiuLEx4wVkCU7PrXrN_KAlnlFjPNA" title="Perpajakan di Perancis">France</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany&usg=ALkJrhgqm_b9yj4N080jiFtf6LeykY2vXw" title="Perpajakan di Jerman">Germany</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Hong_Kong&usg=ALkJrhg6NtiCxZiPE4KjeBuqeEm_aOlsIw" title="Perpajakan di Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_France&usg=ALkJrhiuLEx4wVkCU7PrXrN_KAlnlFjPNA" title="Perpajakan di Perancis">Perancis</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany&usg=ALkJrhgqm_b9yj4N080jiFtf6LeykY2vXw" title="Perpajakan di Jerman">Jerman</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Hong_Kong&usg=ALkJrhg6NtiCxZiPE4KjeBuqeEm_aOlsIw" title="Perpajakan di Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_India&usg=ALkJrhi3MjFZY-ARWtdlIqJeGnfotUv5pA" title="Perpajakan di India">India</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhjzpHCthOeft9jEJSSF8NJpOSFvEg" title="Perpajakan di Indonesia">Indonesia</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&usg=ALkJrhivnKOsRyzjAb8B61qi8C_9SWm-Lg" title="Perpajakan di Republik Irlandia">Ireland</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_India&usg=ALkJrhi3MjFZY-ARWtdlIqJeGnfotUv5pA" title="Perpajakan di India">India</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhjzpHCthOeft9jEJSSF8NJpOSFvEg" title="Perpajakan di Indonesia">Indonesia</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&usg=ALkJrhivnKOsRyzjAb8B61qi8C_9SWm-Lg" title="Perpajakan di Republik Irlandia">Irlandia</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjTOtK1L8lHWY9gCAdnIb2dxGwXcw" title="Perpajakan di Belanda">Netherlands</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand&usg=ALkJrhgOEDZQc-11_IgV9xKkgSyY3uwL7A" title="Perpajakan di Selandia Baru">New Zealand</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjTOtK1L8lHWY9gCAdnIb2dxGwXcw" title="Perpajakan di Belanda">Belanda</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand&usg=ALkJrhgOEDZQc-11_IgV9xKkgSyY3uwL7A" title="Perpajakan di Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru&usg=ALkJrhikuqhIkst9JyAG_L6r0MEbQiqhzw" title="Perpajakan di Peru">Peru</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia&usg=ALkJrhg-vsiGMFBcehFEbzb5zz3i775rrg" title="Perpajakan di Rusia" class="mw-redirect">Russia</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru&usg=ALkJrhikuqhIkst9JyAG_L6r0MEbQiqhzw" title="Perpajakan di Peru">Peru</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia&usg=ALkJrhg-vsiGMFBcehFEbzb5zz3i775rrg" title="Perpajakan di Rusia" class="mw-redirect">Rusia</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Singapore&usg=ALkJrhg5AG8SR5iKEvnMg5J3SKvw498U9A" title="Perpajakan di Singapura" class="mw-redirect">Singapore</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland&usg=ALkJrhjpRPQPCIsX0RMsqlREzW-ohcovkw" title="Perpajakan di Swiss">Switzerland</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Singapore&usg=ALkJrhg5AG8SR5iKEvnMg5J3SKvw498U9A" title="Perpajakan di Singapura" class="mw-redirect">Singapura</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland&usg=ALkJrhjpRPQPCIsX0RMsqlREzW-ohcovkw" title="Perpajakan di Swiss">Swiss</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Tanzania&usg=ALkJrhgPPl66Z7XGVJlWRIss7YRMbkP3Nw" title="Perpajakan di Indonesia">Tanzania</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhizVOFPnUOCt8k0Es-9G3A3_ccWRQ" title="Perpajakan di Inggris">United Kingdom</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Tanzania&usg=ALkJrhgPPl66Z7XGVJlWRIss7YRMbkP3Nw" title="Perpajakan di Indonesia">Tanzania</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhizVOFPnUOCt8k0Es-9G3A3_ccWRQ" title="Perpajakan di Inggris">Inggris</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhijZEngQFsP8kGPomAGIxx9EnYi0g" title="Perpajakan di Amerika Serikat">United States</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhhoLHZu8WNmTDCewQ7HUtBT0nNTgQ" title="Perpajakan di Uni Eropa" class="mw-redirect">European Union</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhijZEngQFsP8kGPomAGIxx9EnYi0g" title="Perpajakan di Amerika Serikat">Amerika</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhhoLHZu8WNmTDCewQ7HUtBT0nNTgQ" title="Perpajakan di Uni Eropa" class="mw-redirect">Uni Eropa</a></span> </p><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal;font-size:xx-small;color:transparent;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxbycountry&usg=ALkJrhg5swPxMgiKdrdmKO_FC5sfOwKgSQ" title="Template: Taxbycountry">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Taxbycountry&usg=ALkJrhg6TzpvF-r6gz8b3RmfOLnAmXdNsg" title="Template talk: Taxbycountry">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Taxbycountry%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgr0aG7NPi1mFGn8Ug5zdT4TEfhHA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Taxbycountry&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxbycountry&usg=ALkJrhg5swPxMgiKdrdmKO_FC5sfOwKgSQ" title="Template: Taxbycountry">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Taxbycountry&usg=ALkJrhg6TzpvF-r6gz8b3RmfOLnAmXdNsg" title="Template talk: Taxbycountry">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Taxbycountry%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgr0aG7NPi1mFGn8Ug5zdT4TEfhHA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Taxbycountry&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;font-size:90%;"><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_rates_around_the_world&usg=ALkJrhiLCu2aGGcoxTqIJPA-9rfbD1PAlQ" title="Tarif pajak di seluruh dunia">Tax rates around the world</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_rates_around_the_world&usg=ALkJrhiLCu2aGGcoxTqIJPA-9rfbD1PAlQ" title="Tarif pajak di seluruh dunia">Tarif pajak di seluruh dunia</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_as_percentage_of_GDP&usg=ALkJrhjc3dEd7fY3N1XJ9IJzBATpyYcJ7g" title="Daftar negara oleh pajak sebagai persentase dari PDB">Tax revenue as % of GDP</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_as_percentage_of_GDP&usg=ALkJrhjc3dEd7fY3N1XJ9IJzBATpyYcJ7g" title="Daftar negara oleh pajak sebagai persentase dari PDB">Pajak penghasilan sebagai% dari PDB</a></span> </p></div></td></tr><tr><th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(190, 190, 190); border-width: 1px 0pt;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy&usg=ALkJrhgeh9JTX-4GgwefMd0EFCCVBLv0fQ" title="Kebijakan ekonomi">Economic policy</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy&usg=ALkJrhgeh9JTX-4GgwefMd0EFCCVBLv0fQ" title="Kebijakan ekonomi">Kebijakan ekonomi</a></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy&usg=ALkJrhhngORhLBiIMbFFMai_VIePv2Yk8A" title="Kebijakan moneter"><b>Monetary policy</b></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy&usg=ALkJrhhngORhLBiIMbFFMai_VIePv2Yk8A" title="Kebijakan moneter"><b>Kebijakan moneter</b></a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank&usg=ALkJrhiZGUdapQnVBuhun75ZwuUzacyReA" title="Bank sentral">Central bank</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply&usg=ALkJrhiGxfRt-kTiTD4tVoSKDDPzjNvW2g" title="Uang persediaan">Money supply</a></small></span> <small><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank&usg=ALkJrhiZGUdapQnVBuhun75ZwuUzacyReA" title="Bank sentral">Bank sentral</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply&usg=ALkJrhiGxfRt-kTiTD4tVoSKDDPzjNvW2g" title="Uang persediaan">Uang persediaan</a></small></span> <small><br /></small> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard&usg=ALkJrhhSj6SoubG10um0S62IoySxHQ7i1g" title="Gold standar"><small>Gold standard</small></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard&usg=ALkJrhhSj6SoubG10um0S62IoySxHQ7i1g" title="Gold standar"><small>Gold standar</small></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy&usg=ALkJrhh5IODyJjb0KfPfcIBmwngcTAnEHw" title="Kebijakan fiskal"><b>Fiscal policy</b></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy&usg=ALkJrhh5IODyJjb0KfPfcIBmwngcTAnEHw" title="Kebijakan fiskal"><b>Kebijakan fiskal</b></a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spending&usg=ALkJrhiZJgZ93U-P1BF4G1miwEuUJXGAcA" title="Pemerintah">Spending</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficit&usg=ALkJrhiOdwP-MYTTFw4mmcB-Enx3xJ0Crg" title="Defisit">Deficit</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt&usg=ALkJrhhSvwXuC5ZHkhD1ffRJ2_BeT31Gqw" title="Hutang pemerintah">Debt</a></small></span> <small><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spending&usg=ALkJrhiZJgZ93U-P1BF4G1miwEuUJXGAcA" title="Pemerintah">Pengeluaran</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficit&usg=ALkJrhiOdwP-MYTTFw4mmcB-Enx3xJ0Crg" title="Defisit">Defisit</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt&usg=ALkJrhhSvwXuC5ZHkhD1ffRJ2_BeT31Gqw" title="Hutang pemerintah">Hutang</a></small></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy-mix&usg=ALkJrhiY6-erInETkbgeLffN8TcPKZ-sAg" title="Kebijakan campuran" class="mw-redirect"><b>Policy-mix</b></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy-mix&usg=ALkJrhiY6-erInETkbgeLffN8TcPKZ-sAg" title="Kebijakan campuran" class="mw-redirect"><b>Kebijakan campuran</b></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_policy&usg=ALkJrhiVRrsMFJ8XV0o0zZqbKXVq5P7O4A" title="Kebijakan perdagangan" class="mw-redirect"><b>Trade policy</b></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_policy&usg=ALkJrhiVRrsMFJ8XV0o0zZqbKXVq5P7O4A" title="Kebijakan perdagangan" class="mw-redirect"><b>Kebijakan perdagangan</b></a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff&usg=ALkJrhhzX_QfTg4AyMzFP3dMfEH5yP8glw" title="Tarif">Tariff</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_agreement&usg=ALkJrhgqLZsL3jCW5NfFve5OV9TCI4vUng" title="Persetujuan perdagangan" class="mw-redirect">Trade agreement</a></small></span> <small><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff&usg=ALkJrhhzX_QfTg4AyMzFP3dMfEH5yP8glw" title="Tarif">Tarif</a> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_agreement&usg=ALkJrhgqLZsL3jCW5NfFve5OV9TCI4vUng" title="Persetujuan perdagangan" class="mw-redirect">Perdagangan perjanjian</a></small></span> </td></tr><tr><th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(190, 190, 190); border-width: 1px 0pt;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance&usg=ALkJrhjS6vr_Y1gRkr4rZEZ4EQgC967x9Q" title="Keuangan">Finance</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance&usg=ALkJrhjS6vr_Y1gRkr4rZEZ4EQgC967x9Q" title="Keuangan">Keuangan</a></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market&usg=ALkJrhi3e8D2gSJrsZobNThLqpY9KwImIw" title="Pasar keuangan">Financial market</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market&usg=ALkJrhi3e8D2gSJrsZobNThLqpY9KwImIw" title="Pasar keuangan">Pasar keuangan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_participants&usg=ALkJrhjIzsrNtdz4JUg6QbU1uQ-rrSK53Q" title="Peserta pasar keuangan">Financial market participants</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_participants&usg=ALkJrhjIzsrNtdz4JUg6QbU1uQ-rrSK53Q" title="Peserta pasar keuangan">Peserta pasar keuangan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_finance&usg=ALkJrhja-LmAymgY1-K1JbyTbYbEzCJRhg" title="Corporate finance">Corporate</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_finance&usg=ALkJrhjg3YCdADH1R3MspaFQ7vehOJUbTA" title="Keuangan pribadi">Personal</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_finance&usg=ALkJrhja-LmAymgY1-K1JbyTbYbEzCJRhg" title="Corporate finance">Perusahaan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_finance&usg=ALkJrhjg3YCdADH1R3MspaFQ7vehOJUbTA" title="Keuangan pribadi">pribadi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance&usg=ALkJrhjE0K7R1FOZdxaW4Hcns_brntF4bw" title="Keuangan publik">Public</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjchvbmfRDNvqze53pbjZH0YZF-nA" title="Peraturan keuangan">Regulation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance&usg=ALkJrhjE0K7R1FOZdxaW4Hcns_brntF4bw" title="Keuangan publik">Publik</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjchvbmfRDNvqze53pbjZH0YZF-nA" title="Peraturan keuangan">Regulasi</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th style="border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(190, 190, 190); border-width: 1px 0pt;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking&usg=ALkJrhhKdH2qK8sG3n7-6G8ouMVJDkzy5Q" title="Perbankan" class="mw-redirect">Banking</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking&usg=ALkJrhhKdH2qK8sG3n7-6G8ouMVJDkzy5Q" title="Perbankan" class="mw-redirect">Perbankan</a></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking&usg=ALkJrhgewyET26ceDSjF7Rsh65QrUM93Aw" title="Pecahan-cadangan perbankan">Fractional-reserve</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-reserve_banking&usg=ALkJrhiS34Y2hHN145FJF4QYyoyajlKXMA" title="Penuh cadangan perbankan">Full-reserve</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking&usg=ALkJrhgewyET26ceDSjF7Rsh65QrUM93Aw" title="Pecahan-cadangan perbankan">Pecahan-cadangan-cadangan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Penuh</span></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_banking&usg=ALkJrhhU3iweJU15fcx5Y-AN9tEnOcqvnw" title="Gratis perbankan">Free banking</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking&usg=ALkJrhiCjvBaI6hQDrDH1OxA7lpI2M2UJQ" title="Perbankan Islam">Islamic banking</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_banking&usg=ALkJrhhU3iweJU15fcx5Y-AN9tEnOcqvnw" title="Gratis perbankan">Free perbankan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking&usg=ALkJrhiCjvBaI6hQDrDH1OxA7lpI2M2UJQ" title="Perbankan Islam">perbankan Islam</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_insurance&usg=ALkJrhgWVLFq82XYTsAoTRF49h25-6rtDQ" title="Deposit asuransi">Deposit insurance</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_insurance&usg=ALkJrhgWVLFq82XYTsAoTRF49h25-6rtDQ" title="Deposit asuransi">Deposit asuransi</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(190, 190, 190);font-size:82%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal;font-size:xx-small;" ><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_finance&usg=ALkJrhi8DEH7u3xq38H-15LcUbkdWQSdvg" title="Template: Public keuangan"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="">view</span></a> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_finance&usg=ALkJrhhHc-rDcngbNFWTkVFEhvk_R-TYQQ" title="Template talk: Public keuangan"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">talk</span></a> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Public_finance%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgnvL5Dw4VTZB_gUIWVmLzrz3ctSQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Public_finance&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">edit</span></a></span> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Taxation&usg=ALkJrhi4a3xMGdy-iVY6fW5kBQnd2CUZwA" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Perpajakan">project</a></span> <span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal;font-size:xx-small;" ><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_finance&usg=ALkJrhi8DEH7u3xq38H-15LcUbkdWQSdvg" title="Template: Public keuangan"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="">lihat</span></a> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_finance&usg=ALkJrhhHc-rDcngbNFWTkVFEhvk_R-TYQQ" title="Template talk: Public keuangan"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">bicara</span></a> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Public_finance%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgnvL5Dw4VTZB_gUIWVmLzrz3ctSQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Public_finance&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">sunting</span></a></span> • <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Taxation&usg=ALkJrhi4a3xMGdy-iVY6fW5kBQnd2CUZwA" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Perpajakan">proyek</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>"Tax code" redirects here.</i></span> <i>"Nomor kode" redirects here.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>For the term as used in the United Kingdom PAYE system, see <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_code_%28PAYE%29&usg=ALkJrhjc8APn-dZMxrmILdphEtrrd3GIvw" title="Nomor kode (PAYE)">Tax code (PAYE)</a> .</i></span> <i>Untuk istilah seperti yang digunakan di Inggris PAYE sistem, lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_code_%28PAYE%29&usg=ALkJrhjc8APn-dZMxrmILdphEtrrd3GIvw" title="Nomor kode (PAYE)">Nomor kode (PAYE).</a></i></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Tax law</b> is the codified system of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhiTQimWbJeviHd_9W3fSFPFGwoOUA" title="Hukum">laws</a> that describes <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhi_dCcg_PTUJBbHQsOJrtYLqQMYFw" title="Pemerintah">government</a> levies on <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic&usg=ALkJrhjV61CF3Z8ABOFXA4sKUdS-H-OyqA" title="Ekonomi" class="mw-redirect">economic</a> transactions, commonly called <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax&usg=ALkJrhjP2tFljB_2sIaP3U_rB54dyM8R0A" title="Pajak">taxes</a> .</span> <b>Nomor</b> dikodifikasikan <b>hukum</b> adalah sistem <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhiTQimWbJeviHd_9W3fSFPFGwoOUA" title="Hukum">hukum</a> yang menjelaskan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhi_dCcg_PTUJBbHQsOJrtYLqQMYFw" title="Pemerintah">pemerintah</a> pungutan pada <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic&usg=ALkJrhjV61CF3Z8ABOFXA4sKUdS-H-OyqA" title="Ekonomi" class="mw-redirect">ekonomi</a> transaksi, biasanya disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax&usg=ALkJrhjP2tFljB_2sIaP3U_rB54dyM8R0A" title="Pajak">pajak.</a></span> </p><p><br /></p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#Major_issues"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Major issues</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#Major_issues"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">masalah utama</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#Tax_education_from_law_schools"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Tax education from law schools</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#Tax_education_from_law_schools"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Undang-undang Nomor pendidikan dari sekolah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#Tax_education_from_business_school_programs"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Tax education from business school programs</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#Tax_education_from_business_school_programs"><span class="toctext">Nomor</span> <span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">pendidikan dari program sekolah bisnis</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Major_issues" id="Major_issues"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTax_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhKOgifU538OkK6VD5MHGQE5zPOLg" title="Sunting bagian: isu-isu utama">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Major issues</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTax_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhKOgifU538OkK6VD5MHGQE5zPOLg" title="Sunting bagian: isu-isu utama"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">isu utama</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Primary taxation issues facing the governments world over include;</span> Perpajakan masalah utama yang dihadapi pemerintah meliputi seluruh dunia;</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax&usg=ALkJrhjwW4277Ist0nfRpAKM_78OTNETtQ" title="Pajak">taxes on income</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_tax&usg=ALkJrhjA8NEuu0vLR0slsBpSUQoeQVtKiA" title="Pajak kekayaan">wealth (or estates)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax&usg=ALkJrhjwW4277Ist0nfRpAKM_78OTNETtQ" title="Pajak">pajak pada pendapatan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_tax&usg=ALkJrhjA8NEuu0vLR0slsBpSUQoeQVtKiA" title="Pajak kekayaan">kekayaan (atau perkebunan)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">taxation of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains&usg=ALkJrhgpLFNNZpz-9be2uq2Q4Vd4kAK2yA" title="Keuntungan penjualan barang modal" class="mw-redirect">capital gains</a></span> pajak dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains&usg=ALkJrhgpLFNNZpz-9be2uq2Q4Vd4kAK2yA" title="Keuntungan penjualan barang modal" class="mw-redirect">keuntungan penjualan barang modal</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">taxation of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement&usg=ALkJrhi3KAkqDC1uc7rzNDpUEgEkoRsszA#Support_and_funds" title="Pensiun">retirement pensions</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security&usg=ALkJrhhVq7YrJmIPZ6ouKc-A_hBW-bWwiQ" title="Jaminan sosial">social security contributions</a> etc.</span> perpajakan yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement&usg=ALkJrhi3KAkqDC1uc7rzNDpUEgEkoRsszA#Support_and_funds" title="Pensiun">pensiun pensiun</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security&usg=ALkJrhhVq7YrJmIPZ6ouKc-A_hBW-bWwiQ" title="Jaminan sosial">jaminan sosial kontribusi</a> dll</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_tax&usg=ALkJrhhw6GIFFLlIxRHw4ltVi2_QGd9Hkw" title="Pajak warisan">inheritance taxes</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_tax&usg=ALkJrhhw6GIFFLlIxRHw4ltVi2_QGd9Hkw" title="Pajak warisan">pajak warisan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">taxation of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift&usg=ALkJrhirMT_7sPrMJmKfWKcqN-VzMb7ueA" title="Hadiah">gifts</a></span> perpajakan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift&usg=ALkJrhirMT_7sPrMJmKfWKcqN-VzMb7ueA" title="Hadiah">hadiah</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_tax&usg=ALkJrhiZHzTJdMinhK0Bqyrkdg_oSRlTWw" title="Konsumsi pajak">consumption taxes</a> (or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax&usg=ALkJrhgE0GeKjSaAOFWS3y98THxYj8xBpw" title="Pajak penjualan">sales tax</a> )</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_tax&usg=ALkJrhiZHzTJdMinhK0Bqyrkdg_oSRlTWw" title="Konsumsi pajak">konsumsi pajak</a> (atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax&usg=ALkJrhgE0GeKjSaAOFWS3y98THxYj8xBpw" title="Pajak penjualan">pajak penjualan)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">taxation of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhuJFERRLKaF8vwX1XPp60AX-JP8w" title="Korporasi">corporations</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company&usg=ALkJrhgbEpHA3q1op5roX_sRyqcyvAF1jw" title="Kewajiban perusahaan terbatas">LLCs</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerships&usg=ALkJrhgURo2E8QrQpNl2r4nLePsarAKnIQ" title="Kemitraan" class="mw-redirect">partnerships</a></span> perpajakan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhuJFERRLKaF8vwX1XPp60AX-JP8w" title="Korporasi">perusahaan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company&usg=ALkJrhgbEpHA3q1op5roX_sRyqcyvAF1jw" title="Kewajiban perusahaan terbatas">LLCs,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnerships&usg=ALkJrhgURo2E8QrQpNl2r4nLePsarAKnIQ" title="Kemitraan" class="mw-redirect">kemitraan</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Tax_education_from_law_schools" id="Tax_education_from_law_schools"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTax_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhisMJhvTZS4-JI2_NU4QwahOetqdw" title="Sunting bagian: Nomor pendidikan dari sekolah hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Tax education from law schools</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTax_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhisMJhvTZS4-JI2_NU4QwahOetqdw" title="Sunting bagian: Nomor pendidikan dari sekolah hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Nomor pendidikan dari sekolah hukum</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school&usg=ALkJrhhJYAEff3WlGoxWIzCWu7-W7rkwjw" title="Hukum sekolah">law schools</a> , "tax law" is a sub-discipline and area of specialist study.</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school&usg=ALkJrhhJYAEff3WlGoxWIzCWu7-W7rkwjw" title="Hukum sekolah">undang-undang sekolah,</a> "hukum pajak" adalah sub-disiplin dan bidang studi khusus.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Tax law specialists are often employed in consultative roles, and may also be involved in litigation.</span> Nomor pakar hukum yang sering digunakan dalam konsultatif peran, dan mungkin juga akan terlibat dalam proses pengadilan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhgDgjzGiKEQzaZf_e7EWZSPYQtC1Q" title="Sekolah hukum di Amerika Serikat">US law schools</a> require about 30 semester credit hours of required courses and approximately 60 hours or more of electives.</span> Banyak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhgDgjzGiKEQzaZf_e7EWZSPYQtC1Q" title="Sekolah hukum di Amerika Serikat">sekolah hukum AS</a> memerlukan sekitar 30 jam kredit semester kursus dan diperlukan sekitar 60 jam atau lebih electives.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law students pick and choose available courses on which to focus before graduation with the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor&usg=ALkJrhhRTFdAd311tCYTRcCulp3S5EN5aw" title="Juris Doctor">JD degree</a> in the United States.</span> Hukum dan menjemput siswa memilih kursus yang tersedia untuk fokus sebelum lulus dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor&usg=ALkJrhhRTFdAd311tCYTRcCulp3S5EN5aw" title="Juris Doctor">gelar JD</a> di Amerika Serikat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This freedom allows law students to take many tax courses such as federal taxation, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_tax&usg=ALkJrhg-LPsCpRIpoAWY_uJVl1FyYxsQzQ" title="Estate pajak" class="mw-redirect">estate</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_tax&usg=ALkJrhiDjz2EVUIj157QbhEozVXc9ziJKw" title="Pajak hadiah" class="mw-redirect">gift tax</a> , and estates and successions before completing the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor&usg=ALkJrhhRTFdAd311tCYTRcCulp3S5EN5aw" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> and taking the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_exam&usg=ALkJrhhPrnsefHvno0A6tyToSNxJp4cGJw" title="Bar ujian" class="mw-redirect">bar exam</a> in a particular US state.</span> Hukum kebebasan ini memungkinkan siswa untuk mengambil berbagai kursus pajak federal seperti perpajakan, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_tax&usg=ALkJrhg-LPsCpRIpoAWY_uJVl1FyYxsQzQ" title="Estate pajak" class="mw-redirect">perkebunan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_tax&usg=ALkJrhiDjz2EVUIj157QbhEozVXc9ziJKw" title="Pajak hadiah" class="mw-redirect">pajak hadiah,</a> dan perkebunan dan successions sebelum menyelesaikan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor&usg=ALkJrhhRTFdAd311tCYTRcCulp3S5EN5aw" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Dokter</a> dan mengambil <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_exam&usg=ALkJrhhPrnsefHvno0A6tyToSNxJp4cGJw" title="Bar ujian" class="mw-redirect">ujian bar</a> tertentu di AS.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are many fine <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLM&usg=ALkJrhj0v4ylmANacCrmqR-5FgtloI6v7g" title="LLM" class="mw-redirect">LLM</a> or Masters in Laws Graduate programs currently being offered in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Netherlands etc. Many of these programs offer the opportunity to focus on domestic and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_taxation&usg=ALkJrhgJneUR7mP3pdBxDURNJ8Qt1wyf4Q" title="Perpajakan internasional">international taxation</a> .</span> Ada banyak fine <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLM&usg=ALkJrhj0v4ylmANacCrmqR-5FgtloI6v7g" title="LLM" class="mw-redirect">LLM</a> atau Magister Sarjana Hukum saat ini program yang ditawarkan di Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Australia, Belanda dll Banyak dari program-program ini menawarkan kesempatan untuk fokus pada domestik dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_taxation&usg=ALkJrhgJneUR7mP3pdBxDURNJ8Qt1wyf4Q" title="Perpajakan internasional">internasional perpajakan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the United States most LLM programs require that the candidate be a graduate of an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association&usg=ALkJrhjgKZ6x_lGC809AMR6nc-xDpIQLUA" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> - <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_accreditation&usg=ALkJrhheMBBqFmOFvpEVs3MA6WBbMRzzzQ" title="Akreditasi sekolah" class="mw-redirect">accredited</a> law school while a mere graduate <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_degree&usg=ALkJrhgwTvOUqoMR--J3QzZfBtkvcmI7Qw" title="Sarjana hukum">law degree</a> is a sufficient eligibility criterion in other countries for admission to LLM in Taxation law programmes.</span> Di Amerika Serikat paling LLM program mengharuskan calon harus lulusan an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association&usg=ALkJrhjgKZ6x_lGC809AMR6nc-xDpIQLUA" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> - <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_accreditation&usg=ALkJrhheMBBqFmOFvpEVs3MA6WBbMRzzzQ" title="Akreditasi sekolah" class="mw-redirect">akreditasi</a> sekolah hukum sementara hanya lulusan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_degree&usg=ALkJrhgwTvOUqoMR--J3QzZfBtkvcmI7Qw" title="Sarjana hukum">sarjana hukum</a> yang cukup memenuhi persyaratan kriteria di negara-negara lain untuk masuk ke dalam LLM Perpajakan hukum program.</span> </p><p><a name="Tax_education_from_business_school_programs" id="Tax_education_from_business_school_programs"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTax_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhiyTESu1tbYAGsagcF1UjgGtCvgew" title="Sunting bagian: Nomor pendidikan dari program sekolah bisnis">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Tax education from business school programs</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTax_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhiyTESu1tbYAGsagcF1UjgGtCvgew" title="Sunting bagian: Nomor pendidikan dari program sekolah bisnis"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Nomor pendidikan dari program sekolah bisnis</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are hundreds of accredited business schools in the USA.</span> Ada ratusan akreditasi sekolah bisnis di Amerika Serikat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many are accredited by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACSB&usg=ALkJrhg6IKU9GHYwQcfra-wfcvCXmP6gqg" title="AACSB" class="mw-redirect">AACSB</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACBSP&usg=ALkJrhhP6ItjOCBUlDI3iABv5wmPEjMkbw" title="ACBSP" class="mw-redirect">ACBSP</a> or recognized by <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAFM&usg=ALkJrhgs4i2eL6iQCsYQjpZAMjSiXQ1n7A" title="AAFM" class="mw-redirect">AAFM</a> .</span> Banyak yang diakreditasi oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACSB&usg=ALkJrhg6IKU9GHYwQcfra-wfcvCXmP6gqg" title="AACSB" class="mw-redirect">AACSB</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACBSP&usg=ALkJrhhP6ItjOCBUlDI3iABv5wmPEjMkbw" title="ACBSP" class="mw-redirect">ACBSP</a> atau diakui oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAFM&usg=ALkJrhgs4i2eL6iQCsYQjpZAMjSiXQ1n7A" title="AAFM" class="mw-redirect">AAFM.</a></span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These undergraduate or graduate programs may allow the student to major or graduate with a tax related degree such as a Masters in Taxation.</span> Para lulusan sarjana atau program Mei membolehkan pelajar untuk utama atau lulus dengan gelar yang terkait dengan pajak seperti Magister Perpajakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Also, the undergraduate focus on <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting&usg=ALkJrhjdgmbhPewv3UILirUY1kN0cubwVA" title="Akuntansi" class="mw-redirect">accounting</a> would allow a student to go the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant&usg=ALkJrhgWOYeI5k63c2xQAefpBO3ZADMz9A" title="Akuntan Publik Bersertifikat">Certified Public Accountant</a> (CPA) track.</span> Selain itu, fokus pada sarjana <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting&usg=ALkJrhjdgmbhPewv3UILirUY1kN0cubwVA" title="Akuntansi" class="mw-redirect">akuntansi</a> akan membuat siswa yang pergi ke <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountant&usg=ALkJrhgWOYeI5k63c2xQAefpBO3ZADMz9A" title="Akuntan Publik Bersertifikat">Bersertifikat Akuntan Publik</a> (BPA) lagu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">After a student completes the individual state or jurisdictional requirements for accounting, the applicant may sit for the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Certified_Public_Accountant_Examination&usg=ALkJrhgpvTHaBdKsbrr8dZWMXw-ZmAhOYA" title="Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination">Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination</a> .</span> Setelah selesai kuliah, setiap negara bagian atau berhubung dgn hukum persyaratan untuk akuntansi, pemohon Mei duduk untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Certified_Public_Accountant_Examination&usg=ALkJrhgpvTHaBdKsbrr8dZWMXw-ZmAhOYA" title="Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination">Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination.</a></span> </p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTax_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhi1pQGkxZv7xwLRjIhwGMu93toPGw" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTax_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhi1pQGkxZv7xwLRjIhwGMu93toPGw" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhijZEngQFsP8kGPomAGIxx9EnYi0g" title="Perpajakan di Amerika Serikat">Taxation in the United States</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhijZEngQFsP8kGPomAGIxx9EnYi0g" title="Perpajakan di Amerika Serikat">Perpajakan di Amerika Serikat</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhizVOFPnUOCt8k0Es-9G3A3_ccWRQ" title="Perpajakan di Inggris">Taxation in the United Kingdom</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhizVOFPnUOCt8k0Es-9G3A3_ccWRQ" title="Perpajakan di Inggris">Perpajakan di Inggris</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjTOtK1L8lHWY9gCAdnIb2dxGwXcw" title="Perpajakan di Belanda">Taxation in the Netherlands</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjTOtK1L8lHWY9gCAdnIb2dxGwXcw" title="Perpajakan di Belanda">Perpajakan di Belanda</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia&usg=ALkJrhiaR0sp1AAsF-tkcgu4rInbQPbdjQ" title="Perpajakan di Australia">Taxation in Australia</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia&usg=ALkJrhiaR0sp1AAsF-tkcgu4rInbQPbdjQ" title="Perpajakan di Australia">Perpajakan di Australia</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada&usg=ALkJrhhG8c7-3xz-_uhtA-l2P5hVDmpp9A" title="Perpajakan di Kanada">Taxation in Canada</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada&usg=ALkJrhhG8c7-3xz-_uhtA-l2P5hVDmpp9A" title="Perpajakan di Kanada">Perpajakan di Kanada</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_China&usg=ALkJrhgsAkO5iYUEXj7mzKSSW2GgfE1pRA" title="Perpajakan di Cina" class="mw-redirect">Taxation in China</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_China&usg=ALkJrhgsAkO5iYUEXj7mzKSSW2GgfE1pRA" title="Perpajakan di Cina" class="mw-redirect">Perpajakan di Cina</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_France&usg=ALkJrhiuLEx4wVkCU7PrXrN_KAlnlFjPNA" title="Perpajakan di Perancis">Taxation in France</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_France&usg=ALkJrhiuLEx4wVkCU7PrXrN_KAlnlFjPNA" title="Perpajakan di Perancis">Perpajakan di Perancis</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany&usg=ALkJrhgqm_b9yj4N080jiFtf6LeykY2vXw" title="Perpajakan di Jerman">Taxation in Germany</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany&usg=ALkJrhgqm_b9yj4N080jiFtf6LeykY2vXw" title="Perpajakan di Jerman">Perpajakan di Jerman</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_India&usg=ALkJrhi3MjFZY-ARWtdlIqJeGnfotUv5pA" title="Perpajakan di India">Taxation in India</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_India&usg=ALkJrhi3MjFZY-ARWtdlIqJeGnfotUv5pA" title="Perpajakan di India">Perpajakan di India</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia&usg=ALkJrhj3ZlrgfeJmD5I-ho1Tph7Ueo8dGA" title="Perpajakan di Kolumbia">Taxation in Colombia</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia&usg=ALkJrhj3ZlrgfeJmD5I-ho1Tph7Ueo8dGA" title="Perpajakan di Kolumbia">Perpajakan di Kolumbia</a></span> </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-27173382155299299732009-01-21T01:12:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:38:30.569-08:00Hukum Perusahaan<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Hukum perusahaan</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="contentSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(Redirected from <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompany_law%26redirect%3Dno&usg=ALkJrhjPKNucIF2Qj4CZdeustK2oUOYblw" title="Hukum perusahaan">Company law</a> )</span> (Dialihkan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCompany_law%26redirect%3Dno&usg=ALkJrhjPKNucIF2Qj4CZdeustK2oUOYblw" title="Hukum perusahaan">Perusahaan hukum)</a></span> </div><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilmington_Delaware_skyline.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgVpYSnDHqb8_EYx9spxtSr9VksZw" class="image" title="Di kota Wilmington (pop. 72664), Delaware berada di Mahkamah Agung, yang melalui Delaware Umum Corporation Hukum mengatur 60% dari perusahaan Amerika: terbesar di dunia, wealthiest dan paling kuat."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wilmington_Delaware_skyline.jpg/300px-Wilmington_Delaware_skyline.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="300" border="0" height="140" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilmington_Delaware_skyline.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgVpYSnDHqb8_EYx9spxtSr9VksZw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the town of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington&usg=ALkJrhiJ4P_tjwIDLjjUE4Zk2FbK1NTYPA" title="Wilmington">Wilmington</a> (pop. 72,664), resides the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court&usg=ALkJrhgJ9E1b0g9lxmkIy6jDMeYbi4gMLg" title="Delaware Mahkamah Agung">Delaware Supreme Court</a> , which through the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law&usg=ALkJrhgePvZaO5iOsOtH82DHYt1ryShfxQ" title="Delaware Umum Hukum Corporation">Delaware General Corporation Law</a> regulates 60% of American corporations: the world's largest, wealthiest and most powerful.</span> Di kota <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington&usg=ALkJrhiJ4P_tjwIDLjjUE4Zk2FbK1NTYPA" title="Wilmington">Wilmington</a> (pop. 72664), yang berada <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court&usg=ALkJrhgJ9E1b0g9lxmkIy6jDMeYbi4gMLg" title="Delaware Mahkamah Agung">Delaware Supreme Court,</a> yang melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law&usg=ALkJrhgePvZaO5iOsOtH82DHYt1ryShfxQ" title="Delaware Umum Hukum Corporation">Delaware Umum Corporation Hukum</a> mengatur 60% dari perusahaan Amerika: terbesar di dunia, wealthiest dan paling kuat.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Corporate law</b> (also "company" or "corporations" law) is the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhjJn9MPKI83iikii3I8bzL7TkmvYQ" title="Hukum">law</a> of the most dominant kind of business enterprise in the modern world.</span> <b>Perusahaan hukum</b> (juga "perusahaan" atau "perusahaan" hukum) adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhjJn9MPKI83iikii3I8bzL7TkmvYQ" title="Hukum">hukum</a> yang paling dominan jenis usaha perusahaan yang modern di dunia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Corporate law is the study of how <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholders&usg=ALkJrhhsIXUOb4Hodm8XgQObrF7SOeKdtw" title="Saham" class="mw-redirect">shareholders</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">directors</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employees&usg=ALkJrhhO5auJgogyInK7hgwmS33HgaMB5Q" title="Karyawan" class="mw-redirect">employees</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creditors&usg=ALkJrhjcssErfrAzhTbNo4GSayGfzAVo6g" title="Kreditor" class="mw-redirect">creditors</a> , and other stakeholders such as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers&usg=ALkJrhjlpszlQJBwEzGEaC6A2iMx3-Ogpg" title="Konsumen" class="mw-redirect">consumers</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community&usg=ALkJrhi-ZcgukaoWC90YpY87jrkMjEIIuQ" title="Komunitas">community</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_%28biophysical%29&usg=ALkJrhh3o5h07vUc4sKemL99dU8Zd3n4Yg" title="Lingkungan (biophysical)">environment</a> interact with one another under the internal rules of the firm.</span> Perusahaan hukum adalah ilmu bagaimana <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholders&usg=ALkJrhhsIXUOb4Hodm8XgQObrF7SOeKdtw" title="Saham" class="mw-redirect">pemegang saham,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">direktur,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employees&usg=ALkJrhhO5auJgogyInK7hgwmS33HgaMB5Q" title="Karyawan" class="mw-redirect">karyawan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creditors&usg=ALkJrhjcssErfrAzhTbNo4GSayGfzAVo6g" title="Kreditor" class="mw-redirect">kreditur</a> dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers&usg=ALkJrhjlpszlQJBwEzGEaC6A2iMx3-Ogpg" title="Konsumen" class="mw-redirect">konsumen,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community&usg=ALkJrhi-ZcgukaoWC90YpY87jrkMjEIIuQ" title="Komunitas">masyarakat</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_%28biophysical%29&usg=ALkJrhh3o5h07vUc4sKemL99dU8Zd3n4Yg" title="Lingkungan (biophysical)">lingkungan</a> berinteraksi dengan satu sama lain di bawah peraturan dari internal perusahaan.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Corporate law is a part of a broader <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhiDSqiykltyf3RrCDQ04TvR4e8hRg" title="Hukum perusahaan">companies law</a> (or law of business associations).</span> Perusahaan hukum merupakan bagian dari luas <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhiDSqiykltyf3RrCDQ04TvR4e8hRg" title="Hukum perusahaan">perusahaan hukum</a> (atau hukum asosiasi).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other types of business associations can include <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership&usg=ALkJrhhm-tsYJLJzCd5_UrHabsqpnvXTzA" title="Kemitraan">partnerships</a> (like most <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firms&usg=ALkJrhjA9yoFj5lICCjjI4NkiBtbDdildQ" title="Hukum perusahaan" class="mw-redirect">law firms</a> ), or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts&usg=ALkJrhh0_JVHbhJ_OyJEM-aGgZnzr1Bopw" title="Percaya" class="mw-redirect">trusts</a> (like a pension fund) or companies limited by guarantee (like some universities or charities).</span> Jenis lainnya dapat termasuk asosiasi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership&usg=ALkJrhhm-tsYJLJzCd5_UrHabsqpnvXTzA" title="Kemitraan">kemitraan</a> (seperti kebanyakan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firms&usg=ALkJrhjA9yoFj5lICCjjI4NkiBtbDdildQ" title="Hukum perusahaan" class="mw-redirect">undang-undang perusahaan),</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts&usg=ALkJrhh0_JVHbhJ_OyJEM-aGgZnzr1Bopw" title="Percaya" class="mw-redirect">percaya</a> (seperti dana pensiun) atau perusahaan terbatas oleh menjamin (seperti beberapa universitas atau amal).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Corporate law is about big business, which has <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_legal_personality&usg=ALkJrhi-rPmVxANneapMbDlXSpSEctjVNw" title="Hukum terpisah kepribadian" class="mw-redirect">separate legal personality</a> , with <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhiTrXX1lreRvB5VjSXaHl3qwsSj_Q" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">limited liability</a> for its shareholders, who buy and sell their stocks depending on the performance of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">board of directors</a> .</span> Perusahaan besar adalah tentang hukum bisnis, yang memiliki <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_legal_personality&usg=ALkJrhi-rPmVxANneapMbDlXSpSEctjVNw" title="Hukum terpisah kepribadian" class="mw-redirect">kepribadian terpisah hukum,</a> dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhiTrXX1lreRvB5VjSXaHl3qwsSj_Q" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">tanggung jawab terbatas</a> bagi para pemegang saham, yang membeli dan menjual saham tergantung pada kinerja <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">dewan direksi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It deals with the firms that finish their titles with "plc" (UK), "Inc" (US) or "AG and GmbH" (Germany).</span> Ia berkaitan dengan perusahaan-perusahaan yang mereka selesaikan dengan judul "plc" (Inggris), "Inc" (US) atau "AG dan GmbH (Jerman).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to the American Professors Hansmann (of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University&usg=ALkJrhgO5RcVT6hzWv84dotVuYsaH9wdkQ" title="Perpustakaan Universitas Yale">Yale University</a> ) and Kraakman (of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University&usg=ALkJrhhnOgYJG6o7GccGO27F2LQRZxy2gQ" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> ), the five defining characteristics of the modern corporation are: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Menurut Hansmann Amerika Professors (dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University&usg=ALkJrhgO5RcVT6hzWv84dotVuYsaH9wdkQ" title="Perpustakaan Universitas Yale">Yale University)</a> dan Kraakman <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University&usg=ALkJrhhnOgYJG6o7GccGO27F2LQRZxy2gQ" title="Harvard University">(Harvard University),</a> yang menentukan lima karakteristik yang modern korporasi adalah: <span><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span></span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_legal_personality&usg=ALkJrhi-rPmVxANneapMbDlXSpSEctjVNw" title="Hukum terpisah kepribadian" class="mw-redirect">separate legal personality</a> of the corporation (the right to sue and be sued in its own name)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_legal_personality&usg=ALkJrhi-rPmVxANneapMbDlXSpSEctjVNw" title="Hukum terpisah kepribadian" class="mw-redirect">hukum terpisah kepribadian</a> korporasi (hak untuk menuntut dan akan digugat dalam nama sendiri)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhiTrXX1lreRvB5VjSXaHl3qwsSj_Q" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">limited liability</a> of the shareholders (so that when the company is insolvent, they only owe the money that they subscribed for in shares)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhiTrXX1lreRvB5VjSXaHl3qwsSj_Q" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">tanggung jawab terbatas</a> dari para pemegang saham (sehingga ketika perusahaan tersebut bangkrut, mereka hanya menerima uang yang mereka untuk berlangganan saham)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange&usg=ALkJrhhVxVcV3kbNecmL_yR6dH5pbTFQgg" title="Stock exchange">transferrable shares</a> (usually on a listed exchange, such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange&usg=ALkJrhjIMqjsmuvXLNQydVn8d1E3zijw5Q" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange&usg=ALkJrhhkIf2bmojueWHSlHPMagT1h61AJw" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronext&usg=ALkJrhg6zRcwcyIR1_-n8ZcIhK0HREeBCw" title="Euronext">Euronext</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris&usg=ALkJrhixVKtQ-Hs8gyDHwZEKuXdAOTWImg" title="Paris">Paris</a> )</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange&usg=ALkJrhhVxVcV3kbNecmL_yR6dH5pbTFQgg" title="Stock exchange">transferrable saham</a> (biasanya tercantum pada pertukaran, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange&usg=ALkJrhjIMqjsmuvXLNQydVn8d1E3zijw5Q" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange&usg=ALkJrhhkIf2bmojueWHSlHPMagT1h61AJw" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronext&usg=ALkJrhg6zRcwcyIR1_-n8ZcIhK0HREeBCw" title="Euronext">Euronext</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris&usg=ALkJrhixVKtQ-Hs8gyDHwZEKuXdAOTWImg" title="Paris">Paris)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegation&usg=ALkJrhiYuZjP343AqNpq0Mik2y7Uy27G7w" title="Delegasi">delegated management</a> , in other words, control of the company placed in the hands of a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">board of directors</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegation&usg=ALkJrhiYuZjP343AqNpq0Mik2y7Uy27G7w" title="Delegasi">manajemen didelegasikan,</a> dengan kata lain, kontrol dari perusahaan yang diletakkan di tangan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">dewan direksi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership&usg=ALkJrhg5YUWFVP49Hw82p9ydm0pctCLmFA" title="Kepemilikan">investor ownership</a> , which Hansmann and Kraakman take to mean, ownership by shareholders.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership&usg=ALkJrhg5YUWFVP49Hw82p9ydm0pctCLmFA" title="Kepemilikan">investor kepemilikan</a> yang Hansmann dan Kraakman berarti waktu yang diperlukan untuk, kepemilikan oleh pemegang saham.</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The last of these defining features is contested.</span> Terakhir ini adalah fitur mendefinisikan contested.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For a start, it is pointed out that shareholders do not own corporations, they own their shares. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a> Ownership of a corporation is complicated by increasing social and economic interdependence, as different <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder&usg=ALkJrhjd6KyMUrxIpMdl_HYDd_2H2ZFnEA" title="Stakeholder">stakeholders</a> compete to have a say in corporate affairs.</span> Untuk memulai, ia menyatakan bahwa tidak memiliki saham perusahaan, mereka sendiri mereka saham. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a> Kepemilikan korporasi yang rumit adalah dengan meningkatkan sosial dan ekonomi saling tergantung, karena berbagai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder&usg=ALkJrhjd6KyMUrxIpMdl_HYDd_2H2ZFnEA" title="Stakeholder">pihak yang berkepentingan</a> untuk bersaing berpengaruh dalam urusan korporat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In most developed countries excluding the English speaking world, company boards have representatives of both shareholders and employees to " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codetermination&usg=ALkJrhj_Kf83ZxMbgk1k3m0MoMuCxdGTYQ" title="Codetermination" class="mw-redirect">codetermine</a> " company strategy.</span> Di sebagian besar negara-negara maju kecuali di dunia berbahasa Inggris, perusahaan papan ada perwakilan dari kedua pemegang saham dan karyawan untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codetermination&usg=ALkJrhj_Kf83ZxMbgk1k3m0MoMuCxdGTYQ" title="Codetermination" class="mw-redirect">"codetermine"</a> strategi perusahaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Corporate law is often divided into <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance&usg=ALkJrhgI6XcYos-s6QSYrZ_NtjnvoNoyGg" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a> (which concerns the various power relations within a corporation) and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_finance&usg=ALkJrhiFZDSsy2di4jM3KGEwN_5r-Pryug" title="Corporate finance">corporate finance</a> (which concerns the rules on how capital is used).</span> Perusahaan hukum sering dibagi menjadi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance&usg=ALkJrhgI6XcYos-s6QSYrZ_NtjnvoNoyGg" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a> (yang keprihatinan berbagai hubungan kekuasaan dalam perusahaan) dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_finance&usg=ALkJrhiFZDSsy2di4jM3KGEwN_5r-Pryug" title="Corporate finance">perusahaan pembiayaan</a> (yang kekhawatiran peraturan tentang bagaimana modal yang digunakan).</span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Definition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definition</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Definition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definisi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sejarah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_governance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate governance</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_governance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate governance</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_constitution"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate constitution</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_constitution"><span class="toctext">Perusahaan</span> <span class="tocnumber">3,1</span> <span class="toctext">konstitusi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Balance_of_power"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Balance of power</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Balance_of_power"><span class="tocnumber">3,2</span> <span class="toctext">Saldo kekuasaan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_personality"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate personality</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_personality"><span class="toctext">Perusahaan</span> <span class="tocnumber">3,3</span> <span class="toctext">kepribadian</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Capacity_and_powers"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Capacity and powers</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Capacity_and_powers"><span class="toctext">Kapasitas</span> <span class="tocnumber">3,4</span> <span class="toctext">dan kekuasaan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Director.27s_duties"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Director's duties</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Director.27s_duties"><span class="tocnumber">3,5</span> <span class="toctext">dari tugas-tugas Direktur</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_litigation"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate litigation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_litigation"><span class="toctext">Perusahaan</span> <span class="tocnumber">3,6</span> <span class="toctext">litigasi</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_finance"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate finance</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_finance"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Perusahaan keuangan</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Shares_and_share_capital"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shares and share capital</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Shares_and_share_capital"><span class="tocnumber">4,1</span> <span class="toctext">Saham dan berbagi modal</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Liquidations"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liquidations</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Liquidations"><span class="tocnumber">4,2</span> <span class="toctext">Liquidations</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Insider_dealing"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Insider dealing</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Insider_dealing"><span class="tocnumber">4,3</span> <span class="toctext">Insider menangani</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_life_and_death"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate life and death</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_life_and_death"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Perusahaan kehidupan dan kematian</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_crime"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate crime</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_crime"><span class="toctext">Perusahaan</span> <span class="tocnumber">5,1</span> <span class="toctext">kejahatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Mergers_and_acquisitions"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mergers and acquisitions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Mergers_and_acquisitions"><span class="tocnumber">5,2</span> <span class="toctext">Mergers dan akuisisi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_insolvency"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate insolvency</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Corporate_insolvency"><span class="toctext">Perusahaan</span> <span class="tocnumber">5,3</span> <span class="toctext">insolvenci</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan dan rujukan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Definition" id="Definition"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhoEkNe8LdJH9iQrvuCoG3-t1oShQ" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Definition</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhoEkNe8LdJH9iQrvuCoG3-t1oShQ" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Definisi</span></span> </h2><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="" cellspacing=""><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhg2H6dlDfl3Pb7ZFv8pc34qEqaAQg" class="image" title="Scales keadilan"><img alt="Scales keadilan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" height="102" /></a> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:145%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhiDSqiykltyf3RrCDQ04TvR4e8hRg" title="Hukum perusahaan">Companies law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhiDSqiykltyf3RrCDQ04TvR4e8hRg" title="Hukum perusahaan">Hukum perusahaan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company&usg=ALkJrhi4XkzhRgNoqua4ZbZjKiZMXFNBFg" title="Perusahaan">Company</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business&usg=ALkJrhgA-rsH20dm6u_Hyq0z0CVc0konZw" title="Bisnis">Business</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company&usg=ALkJrhi4XkzhRgNoqua4ZbZjKiZMXFNBFg" title="Perusahaan">Perusahaan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business&usg=ALkJrhgA-rsH20dm6u_Hyq0z0CVc0konZw" title="Bisnis">Bisnis</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_proprietorship&usg=ALkJrhjfHqTzWR4MsMiYpK16ZMOaORYHAA" title="Satu-satunya milik">Sole proprietorship</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_proprietorship&usg=ALkJrhjfHqTzWR4MsMiYpK16ZMOaORYHAA" title="Satu-satunya milik">Satu-satunya milik</a></span> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership&usg=ALkJrhhm-tsYJLJzCd5_UrHabsqpnvXTzA" title="Kemitraan">Partnership</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership&usg=ALkJrhhm-tsYJLJzCd5_UrHabsqpnvXTzA" title="Kemitraan">Kemitraan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_partnership&usg=ALkJrhijC1iXHV-_dlstO3VH1bluIgAwGA" title="Umum kemitraan">General</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_partnership&usg=ALkJrhgfQrJBXkmgVwZEC9XHfqW7oOV2TQ" title="Komanditer">Limited</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership&usg=ALkJrhjD80PHXnHfBTPREO5LzEdTpyRUbA" title="Terbatas kewajiban kemitraan">LLP</a> )</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_partnership&usg=ALkJrhijC1iXHV-_dlstO3VH1bluIgAwGA" title="Umum kemitraan">(Umum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_partnership&usg=ALkJrhgfQrJBXkmgVwZEC9XHfqW7oOV2TQ" title="Komanditer">Limited</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership&usg=ALkJrhjD80PHXnHfBTPREO5LzEdTpyRUbA" title="Terbatas kewajiban kemitraan">LLP)</a></span> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhY_jhXzguLUIe0DSz-zD-mRzCXXQ" title="Korporasi">Corporation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhY_jhXzguLUIe0DSz-zD-mRzCXXQ" title="Korporasi">Korporasi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative&usg=ALkJrhibJW_MCggIZMNCQyHoT8_XjQ-32w" title="Koperasi">Cooperative</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative&usg=ALkJrhibJW_MCggIZMNCQyHoT8_XjQ-32w" title="Koperasi">Koperasi</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">United States</span> Amerika Serikat</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_corporation&usg=ALkJrhhP-eQdCxQnWMJBC2Oh0ThXxFGkmg" title="S korporasi">S corporation</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_corporation&usg=ALkJrhiIh8sBXX43cIKqMnBz2eG66VpJng" title="C korporasi">C corporation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_corporation&usg=ALkJrhhP-eQdCxQnWMJBC2Oh0ThXxFGkmg" title="S korporasi">S korporasi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_corporation&usg=ALkJrhiIh8sBXX43cIKqMnBz2eG66VpJng" title="C korporasi">korporasi C</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company&usg=ALkJrhgY5K1ZbUD-oe3d787tFCK0NF-spQ" title="Kewajiban perusahaan terbatas">LLC</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_limited_partnership&usg=ALkJrhhnlCpPKI60uKkBs7hJnreLPLk_ew" title="Terbatas kewajiban komanditer">LLLP</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_LLC&usg=ALkJrhjl_usUqXOmOkrHy3fh2wg7pUjKNg" title="Seri LLC">Series LLC</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company&usg=ALkJrhgY5K1ZbUD-oe3d787tFCK0NF-spQ" title="Kewajiban perusahaan terbatas">LLC</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_limited_partnership&usg=ALkJrhhnlCpPKI60uKkBs7hJnreLPLk_ew" title="Terbatas kewajiban komanditer">LLLP</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_LLC&usg=ALkJrhjl_usUqXOmOkrHy3fh2wg7pUjKNg" title="Seri LLC">Seri LLC</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_corporation&usg=ALkJrhi-3Ese_iEUqgiLW0lp4amXxEpb6Q" title="Delaware korporasi" class="mw-redirect">Delaware corporation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_corporation&usg=ALkJrhi-3Ese_iEUqgiLW0lp4amXxEpb6Q" title="Delaware korporasi" class="mw-redirect">Delaware korporasi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_corporation&usg=ALkJrhjhhtuyceQ0h4U1oMfQX6nHGcr2yQ" title="Nevada korporasi">Nevada corporation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_corporation&usg=ALkJrhjhhtuyceQ0h4U1oMfQX6nHGcr2yQ" title="Nevada korporasi">Nevada korporasi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_business_trust&usg=ALkJrhjxnvbYd6fbxbSAOjCuPIeWcm2JmQ" title="Massachusetts bisnis kepercayaan">Massachusetts business trust</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_business_trust&usg=ALkJrhjxnvbYd6fbxbSAOjCuPIeWcm2JmQ" title="Massachusetts bisnis kepercayaan">Massachusetts bisnis kepercayaan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">UK / Ireland / Commonwealth</span> Inggris / Irlandia / Commonwealth</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_company&usg=ALkJrhijFbhGHYVzp7vkxvzzZ48RkEqnLw" title="Perseroan terbatas">Limited company</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_company&usg=ALkJrhijFbhGHYVzp7vkxvzzZ48RkEqnLw" title="Perseroan terbatas">Perseroan terbatas</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares&usg=ALkJrhjVGmbtoe8GyOcYPuFNlfLkE06GRA" title="Perusahaan swasta dibatasi oleh saham">by shares</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_limited_by_guarantee&usg=ALkJrhhEt_4wzsrpOLhTfF-QajkAuywF3Q" title="Perusahaan dibatasi oleh menjamin">by guarantee</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares&usg=ALkJrhjVGmbtoe8GyOcYPuFNlfLkE06GRA" title="Perusahaan swasta dibatasi oleh saham">(Oleh saham</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_limited_by_guarantee&usg=ALkJrhhEt_4wzsrpOLhTfF-QajkAuywF3Q" title="Perusahaan dibatasi oleh menjamin">oleh menjamin</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_limited_company&usg=ALkJrhhLcMR8vYKdYpNpYdHKzetDl982aA" title="Umum terbatas">Public</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_limited_company&usg=ALkJrhgtxbWgBy8MBurBPHEuZpORNK05Ww" title="Milik perusahaan terbatas" class="mw-redirect">Proprietary</a> )</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_limited_company&usg=ALkJrhhLcMR8vYKdYpNpYdHKzetDl982aA" title="Umum terbatas">Publik</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_limited_company&usg=ALkJrhgtxbWgBy8MBurBPHEuZpORNK05Ww" title="Milik perusahaan terbatas" class="mw-redirect">MILIK)</a></span> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_interest_company&usg=ALkJrhjrM0Gs6cDzZKUvuF6i4Rf8ooiKhw" title="Minat masyarakat perusahaan">Community interest company</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_interest_company&usg=ALkJrhjrM0Gs6cDzZKUvuF6i4Rf8ooiKhw" title="Minat masyarakat perusahaan">Minat masyarakat perusahaan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">European Union / <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area&usg=ALkJrhh0WNupnm-2mO7jJWrP7HPvsUdBRA" title="Wilayah Ekonomi Eropa">EEA</a></span> Uni Eropa / <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area&usg=ALkJrhh0WNupnm-2mO7jJWrP7HPvsUdBRA" title="Wilayah Ekonomi Eropa">EEA</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Company_Statute&usg=ALkJrhjjisATmN7TSL1tYZa3gQvaVQoATw" title="Perusahaan Eropa Statuta">SE</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cooperative_Society&usg=ALkJrhgy9kv0aLFA8n22g_3BINRwqO4_0w" title="Koperasi Masyarakat Eropa">SCE</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Private_Company&usg=ALkJrhjMQp55Xr5jiAk27HzU_R-DXhrvpA" title="Eropa Perusahaan Swasta">SPE</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping&usg=ALkJrhgxkjvFzyKjsddXjKY0iZSu1mSN-Q" title="Kelompok kepentingan ekonomi Eropa">EEIG</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Company_Statute&usg=ALkJrhjjisATmN7TSL1tYZa3gQvaVQoATw" title="Perusahaan Eropa Statuta">SE</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cooperative_Society&usg=ALkJrhgy9kv0aLFA8n22g_3BINRwqO4_0w" title="Koperasi Masyarakat Eropa">SCE</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Private_Company&usg=ALkJrhjMQp55Xr5jiAk27HzU_R-DXhrvpA" title="Eropa Perusahaan Swasta">SPE</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping&usg=ALkJrhgxkjvFzyKjsddXjKY0iZSu1mSN-Q" title="Kelompok kepentingan ekonomi Eropa">EEIG</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Elsewhere</span> Di tempat lain</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiebolag&usg=ALkJrhidalxXwHZ9E1xOBfk2gFMq7b-4oA" title="Aktiebolag">AB</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft&usg=ALkJrhisnVz4qoToFMfq0tWT4hbxV4cONA" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansvarlig_selskap&usg=ALkJrhhCc66-dENqzUE0Craltq_SjXFFeg" title="Ansvarlig selskap">ANS</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktieselskab&usg=ALkJrhg_zP9E-uEEFmanDjxAoXFYFnUQRg" title="Aktieselskab">A/S</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksjeselskap&usg=ALkJrhijbKRe2XY841tIeeb4vi-TlpwTjQ" title="Aksjeselskap">AS</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%25C3%25A4nkter_Haftung&usg=ALkJrhh5lfLZBbXpRCYIy0GoR6x9dM79dA" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung">GmbH</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiebolag&usg=ALkJrhidalxXwHZ9E1xOBfk2gFMq7b-4oA" title="Aktiebolag">AB</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft&usg=ALkJrhisnVz4qoToFMfq0tWT4hbxV4cONA" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansvarlig_selskap&usg=ALkJrhhCc66-dENqzUE0Craltq_SjXFFeg" title="Ansvarlig selskap">ANS</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">A</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktieselskab&usg=ALkJrhg_zP9E-uEEFmanDjxAoXFYFnUQRg" title="Aktieselskab">/</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">S</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksjeselskap&usg=ALkJrhijbKRe2XY841tIeeb4vi-TlpwTjQ" title="Aksjeselskap">SEBAGAIMANA</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%25C3%25A4nkter_Haftung&usg=ALkJrhh5lfLZBbXpRCYIy0GoR6x9dM79dA" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung">GmbH</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_kaisha&usg=ALkJrhhcR7ZbneUhemMLUSocp8zJOO3tGA" title="Kabushiki kaisha" class="mw-redirect">KK</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamloze_Vennootschap&usg=ALkJrhjUWV4oAvSIkgqEgzuEtKi0nUm5Iw" title="Naamloze Vennootschap" class="mw-redirect">NV</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakeyhti%25C3%25B6&usg=ALkJrhj_DqgO5Cx3Em2Js4xKnu5mCbDzBA" title="Osakeyhtiö">OY</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.A._%28corporation%29&usg=ALkJrhh1Ag4lpFqZ_UTpOWd5o6PP41dGBg" title="S.A. (korporasi)">SA</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity&usg=ALkJrhh0Ql_zOLdLibwud4fiKTSuqRY-aQ" title="Jenis entitas bisnis">more</a></i></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_kaisha&usg=ALkJrhhcR7ZbneUhemMLUSocp8zJOO3tGA" title="Kabushiki kaisha" class="mw-redirect">KK</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamloze_Vennootschap&usg=ALkJrhjUWV4oAvSIkgqEgzuEtKi0nUm5Iw" title="Naamloze Vennootschap" class="mw-redirect">NV</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakeyhti%25C3%25B6&usg=ALkJrhj_DqgO5Cx3Em2Js4xKnu5mCbDzBA" title="Osakeyhtiö">Oy</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.A._%28corporation%29&usg=ALkJrhh1Ag4lpFqZ_UTpOWd5o6PP41dGBg" title="S.A. (korporasi)">SA</a> <i><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity&usg=ALkJrhh0Ql_zOLdLibwud4fiKTSuqRY-aQ" title="Jenis entitas bisnis">lebih</a></i></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Doctrines</span> Doktrin</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance&usg=ALkJrhgI6XcYos-s6QSYrZ_NtjnvoNoyGg" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance&usg=ALkJrhgI6XcYos-s6QSYrZ_NtjnvoNoyGg" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhiTrXX1lreRvB5VjSXaHl3qwsSj_Q" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">Limited liability</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires&usg=ALkJrhjk0yCWy0yxFNr9LdBXrPHW50wmBQ" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhiTrXX1lreRvB5VjSXaHl3qwsSj_Q" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">Tanggung jawab terbatas</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires&usg=ALkJrhjk0yCWy0yxFNr9LdBXrPHW50wmBQ" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_judgment_rule&usg=ALkJrhg9uLzeHSd3C7mDdI4hyEAo2xSGRg" title="Usaha penghakiman aturan">Business judgment rule</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_judgment_rule&usg=ALkJrhg9uLzeHSd3C7mDdI4hyEAo2xSGRg" title="Usaha penghakiman aturan">Usaha penghakiman aturan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhg2VsOpUPcOgVpzNaL0pWuEfl6afg" title="Urusan internal doktrin">Internal affairs doctrine</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhg2VsOpUPcOgVpzNaL0pWuEfl6afg" title="Urusan internal doktrin">Urusan internal doktrin</a></span> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhhmOk0k7_9RvTsZRlIxpj-vsXUNWw" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel">De facto corporation and</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhhmOk0k7_9RvTsZRlIxpj-vsXUNWw" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel">De facto dan korporasi</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhhmOk0k7_9RvTsZRlIxpj-vsXUNWw" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel"><br /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhhmOk0k7_9RvTsZRlIxpj-vsXUNWw" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel">corporation by estoppel</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhhmOk0k7_9RvTsZRlIxpj-vsXUNWw" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel">korporasi oleh estoppel</a></span> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil&usg=ALkJrhgBgB64FFYwNIvapLCuMxyBNRX-zg" title="Piercing perusahaan cadarnya">Piercing the corporate veil</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil&usg=ALkJrhgBgB64FFYwNIvapLCuMxyBNRX-zg" title="Piercing perusahaan cadarnya">Piercing perusahaan cadarnya</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Principles&usg=ALkJrhhzu3TjeQyX3z7bS2oVLwPB9C545Q" title="Prinsip Rochdale">Rochdale Principles</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Principles&usg=ALkJrhhzu3TjeQyX3z7bS2oVLwPB9C545Q" title="Prinsip Rochdale">Prinsip Rochdale</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Related areas</span> Daerah terkait</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhhK2OPZX8F1v0ypxnZnIwA9dMnOKA" title="Kontrak">Contract</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhiMofblnoqbjRlG9g8p_mL2_kpy4g" title="Sipil prosedur">Civil procedure</a></b></span> <b><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhhK2OPZX8F1v0ypxnZnIwA9dMnOKA" title="Kontrak">Kontrak</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhiMofblnoqbjRlG9g8p_mL2_kpy4g" title="Sipil prosedur">Sipil prosedur</a></b></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal;font-size:xx-small;color:transparent;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhg6WaM_N1pU0sRGFLRKxwz3FSn70A" title="Template: Perusahaan hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhg0jV02v3nyGYV8MNhXCNsKJ1qm5g" title="Template talk: Perusahaan hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Companies_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhj__Y82dzElEVXhXa1RlZwPZtkLog" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Companies_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhg6WaM_N1pU0sRGFLRKxwz3FSn70A" title="Template: Perusahaan hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhg0jV02v3nyGYV8MNhXCNsKJ1qm5g" title="Template talk: Perusahaan hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Companies_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhj__Y82dzElEVXhXa1RlZwPZtkLog" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Companies_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company&usg=ALkJrhi4XkzhRgNoqua4ZbZjKiZMXFNBFg" title="Perusahaan">Company</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity&usg=ALkJrhh0Ql_zOLdLibwud4fiKTSuqRY-aQ" title="Jenis entitas bisnis">Types of business entity</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company&usg=ALkJrhi4XkzhRgNoqua4ZbZjKiZMXFNBFg" title="Perusahaan">Perusahaan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity&usg=ALkJrhh0Ql_zOLdLibwud4fiKTSuqRY-aQ" title="Jenis entitas bisnis">Jenis entitas bisnis</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The word "corporation" is generally synonymous with large publicly owned companies.</span> Kata "korporasi" biasanya identik dengan besar milik perusahaan publik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the United States, a company may or may not be a separate legal entity, and is often used synonymously with "firm" or "business."</span> Di Amerika Serikat, sebuah perusahaan mungkin atau mungkin tidak badan hukum yang terpisah, dan sering digunakan synonymously dengan "perusahaan" atau "bisnis."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhY_jhXzguLUIe0DSz-zD-mRzCXXQ" title="Korporasi">corporation</a> may accurately be called a company; however, a company should not necessarily be called a corporation, which has distinct characteristics.</span> J <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhY_jhXzguLUIe0DSz-zD-mRzCXXQ" title="Korporasi">korporasi</a> Mei akurat dipanggil sebuah perusahaan, namun perusahaan yang seharusnya tidak perlu dipanggil sebuah perusahaan yang memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary&usg=ALkJrhgyPYcg_c5-_QTF5BxbGqcUwBtY4w" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a> , in the US a company means "a corporation — or, less commonly, an association, partnership or union — that carries on industrial enterprise." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Menurut <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary&usg=ALkJrhgyPYcg_c5-_QTF5BxbGqcUwBtY4w" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary,</a> di AS perusahaan berarti "sebuah perusahaan - atau kurang umum, sebuah asosiasi, kemitraan atau serikat - yang melakukan usaha di industri." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The defining feature of a corporation is its legal independence from the people who create it.</span> Yang mendefinisikan fitur dari korporasi adalah hukum kemerdekaan dari orang-orang yang membuatnya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If a corporation fails, shareholders will lose their money, and employees will lose their jobs, but neither will be liable for debts that remain owing to the corporation's creditors.</span> Jika gagal korporasi, pemegang saham akan kehilangan uang, dan karyawan akan kehilangan pekerjaan, namun tidak akan bertanggung jawab atas hutang yang tetap karena korporasi dari kreditor.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This rule is called <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhiTrXX1lreRvB5VjSXaHl3qwsSj_Q" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">limited liability</a> , and it is why corporations end with " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ltd.&usg=ALkJrhg29e--p7kI4D20mcGZE6t4gS53_Q" title="Ltd" class="mw-redirect">Ltd.</a> "</span> Peraturan ini disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhiTrXX1lreRvB5VjSXaHl3qwsSj_Q" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">tanggung jawab terbatas,</a> dan mengapa perusahaan itu diakhiri dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ltd.&usg=ALkJrhg29e--p7kI4D20mcGZE6t4gS53_Q" title="Ltd" class="mw-redirect">"Ltd"</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(or some variant like " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc.&usg=ALkJrhhP4Dw0jSFjwqwVyE0U2ewJYeHssg" title="Inc">Inc.</a> " and " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plc&usg=ALkJrhgcxzNuCljnG9q0DMe-u6-ixOdByA" title="Plc" class="mw-redirect">plc</a> ").</span> (atau beberapa varian seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc.&usg=ALkJrhhP4Dw0jSFjwqwVyE0U2ewJYeHssg" title="Inc">"Inc"</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plc&usg=ALkJrhgcxzNuCljnG9q0DMe-u6-ixOdByA" title="Plc" class="mw-redirect">"plc").</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the words of British judge, Walton J, a company is...</span> Dalam perkataan hakim Inggris, J Walton, perusahaan yang ...</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"...only a juristic figment of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination&usg=ALkJrhh3oGib0mpIEfiRNPUUpgJGFzpJsg" title="Imajinasi">imagination</a> , lacking both a body to be kicked and a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul&usg=ALkJrhh8VieO9UgVhk41putn9X9jN0ADjg" title="Jiwa">soul</a> to be damned." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> "... hanya khayalan hukum dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination&usg=ALkJrhh3oGib0mpIEfiRNPUUpgJGFzpJsg" title="Imajinasi">imajinasi,</a> kurang baik tubuh akan kicked dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul&usg=ALkJrhh8VieO9UgVhk41putn9X9jN0ADjg" title="Jiwa">jiwa</a> untuk dikutuk." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[4]</span></sup></a></span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But despite this, corporations are recognised by the law to have rights and responsibilities like actual people.</span> Tapi meskipun ini, perusahaan-perusahaan yang diakui oleh hukum memiliki hak dan kewajiban seperti orang-orang yang sebenarnya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Corporations can exercise <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhjreRr3UNjrTIt8LoZhDrNGKZZQ6g" title="Hak asasi manusia">human rights</a> against real individuals and the state, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a> and they may be responsible for human rights violations. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a> Just as they are "born" into existence through its members obtaining a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_incorporation&usg=ALkJrhgsTfQgmEkDx4-KA03Bzl-oyMjMAg" title="Sertifikat inkorporasi">certificate of incorporation</a> , they can "die" when they lose money into <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency&usg=ALkJrhitgvw__ErsOIcHCiuWcJbK3Fz5kQ" title="Insolvensi">insolvency</a> .</span> Perusahaan dapat melaksanakan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhjreRr3UNjrTIt8LoZhDrNGKZZQ6g" title="Hak asasi manusia">hak asasi manusia</a> nyata terhadap individu dan negara, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[5]</span></sup></a> dan mereka mungkin tidak bertanggung jawab atas pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[6]</span></sup></a> Seperti mereka "lahir" ke dalam keberadaan melalui anggota mendapatkan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_incorporation&usg=ALkJrhgsTfQgmEkDx4-KA03Bzl-oyMjMAg" title="Sertifikat inkorporasi">sertifikat inkorporasi,</a> mereka dapat "mati "ketika mereka kehilangan uang dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency&usg=ALkJrhitgvw__ErsOIcHCiuWcJbK3Fz5kQ" title="Insolvensi">keadaan bangkrut.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Corporations can even be convicted of criminal offences, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhgQaeRLbd7pPU-5ju6ZRKVSieSyQg" title="Penipuan">fraud</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhjuXwGWpJ7eT-BIWNR0PK4uD9jeHA" title="Pembunuhan orang">manslaughter</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Bahkan bisa menjadi perusahaan yang divonis pelanggaran kriminal, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhgQaeRLbd7pPU-5ju6ZRKVSieSyQg" title="Penipuan">penipuan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhjuXwGWpJ7eT-BIWNR0PK4uD9jeHA" title="Pembunuhan orang">pembunuhan orang.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhi7g6m8iJoZFWyD8AJsBF7Eoj-Kpw" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhi7g6m8iJoZFWyD8AJsBF7Eoj-Kpw" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sejarah</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_corporate_law&usg=ALkJrhjKYEH8RVkbX4X8VYBkZvMSXzXdoA" title="Sejarah hukum korporat" class="mw-redirect">History of corporate law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_corporate_law&usg=ALkJrhjKYEH8RVkbX4X8VYBkZvMSXzXdoA" title="Sejarah hukum korporat" class="mw-redirect">Sejarah hukum korporat</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sea_Bubble.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhw6WNE6gd_QvSwoLsHcRZo9HxBLQ" class="image" title="Hogarthian gambar South Sea Bubble, oleh Edward Matthew Ward, Tate Gallery"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/South_Sea_Bubble.jpg/180px-South_Sea_Bubble.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="122" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sea_Bubble.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhw6WNE6gd_QvSwoLsHcRZo9HxBLQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Hogarthian image of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble&usg=ALkJrhiUguU_qfPXtf0TZOlwABIEdXpYlw" title="Laut Selatan Bubble" class="mw-redirect">South Sea Bubble</a> , by <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Matthew_Ward&usg=ALkJrhh6Gu2LR4sELJZFeP_t87vMLn4Pqg" title="Edward Matthew Ward">Edward Matthew Ward</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Gallery&usg=ALkJrhiFfi4UNLdZCiCVYPGH48pD_RHeoA" title="Tate Gallery" class="mw-redirect">Tate Gallery</a></span> Hogarthian gambar <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble&usg=ALkJrhiUguU_qfPXtf0TZOlwABIEdXpYlw" title="Laut Selatan Bubble" class="mw-redirect">South Sea Bubble,</a> oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Matthew_Ward&usg=ALkJrhh6Gu2LR4sELJZFeP_t87vMLn4Pqg" title="Edward Matthew Ward">Edward Matthew Ward,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Gallery&usg=ALkJrhiFfi4UNLdZCiCVYPGH48pD_RHeoA" title="Tate Gallery" class="mw-redirect">Tate Gallery</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although some forms of companies are thought to have existed during <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome&usg=ALkJrhg7l9_LXPNi4WgVesv4pdaYcprnyA" title="Roma kuno">Ancient Rome</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece&usg=ALkJrhhdA4DPxtHTIgpx16pu45YSITPdJw" title="Yunani kuno">Ancient Greece</a> , the closest recognizable ancestors of the modern company did not appear until the second millennium.</span> Meskipun beberapa bentuk perusahaan yang sudah ada pemikiran selama <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome&usg=ALkJrhg7l9_LXPNi4WgVesv4pdaYcprnyA" title="Roma kuno">Roma Kuno</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece&usg=ALkJrhhdA4DPxtHTIgpx16pu45YSITPdJw" title="Yunani kuno">Yunani Kuno,</a> yang dikenal dekat leluhur dari perusahaan modern tidak muncul sampai milenium kedua.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The first recognizable commercial associations were medieval guilds, where guild members agreed to abide by guild rules, but did not participate in ventures for common profit.</span> Pertama dikenali komersial asosiasi yang Guilds abad, di mana anggota serikat buruh sepakat untuk mematuhi aturan serikat buruh, tetapi tidak berpartisipasi dalam Ventures keuntungan untuk umum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The earliest forms of joint commercial enterprise under the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Merchant&usg=ALkJrhhF15J19aXImtxewTh6-dwFJKzVyQ" title="Hukum Merchant" class="mw-redirect"><i>lex mercatoria</i></a> were in fact partnerships.</span> Paling awal bentuk kerjasama usaha komersial di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Merchant&usg=ALkJrhhF15J19aXImtxewTh6-dwFJKzVyQ" title="Hukum Merchant" class="mw-redirect"><i>undang-undang mercatoria</i></a> kemitraan yang sebenarnya.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But with the expansion of international trade, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter&usg=ALkJrhhlfUakLhK_BMII7WdjxQrj439-UA" title="Royal charter" class="mw-redirect">Royal charters</a> were increasingly granted in Europe (notably in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhiSWp4Jqy1Ow55fd5eHSyM1JjQqqg" title="England">England</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland&usg=ALkJrhgsSuZJm91eFE5SQ_yBdzQlDeVx_w" title="Holland">Holland</a> ) to merchant adventurers.</span> Tetapi dengan perluasan dari perdagangan internasional, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter&usg=ALkJrhhlfUakLhK_BMII7WdjxQrj439-UA" title="Royal charter" class="mw-redirect">Royal Charters</a> yang semakin diberikan di Eropa (terutama di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhiSWp4Jqy1Ow55fd5eHSyM1JjQqqg" title="England">Inggris</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland&usg=ALkJrhgsSuZJm91eFE5SQ_yBdzQlDeVx_w" title="Holland">Belanda)</a> ke pedagang petualang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Royal charters usually conferred special privileges on the trading company (including, usually, some form of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly&usg=ALkJrhicOnMukzLKqdrni8WNdGe6gQ92aw" title="Monopoli">monopoly</a> ).</span> Royal Charters biasanya conferred hak khusus pada perusahaan perdagangan (termasuk, biasanya, beberapa bentuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly&usg=ALkJrhicOnMukzLKqdrni8WNdGe6gQ92aw" title="Monopoli">monopoli).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Originally, traders in these entities traded stock on their own account, but later the members came to operate on joint account and with joint stock, and the new <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_stock_company&usg=ALkJrhg0vw-XzEUXhueKwkpQdrCId9m8CA" title="Saham perusahaan joint">Joint stock company</a> was born. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Awalnya, pedagang di badan perdagangan saham pada mereka sendiri, tetapi kemudian para anggota datang untuk beroperasi pada rekening bersama dan bersama dengan saham, dan yang baru <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_stock_company&usg=ALkJrhg0vw-XzEUXhueKwkpQdrCId9m8CA" title="Saham perusahaan joint">Joint saham perusahaan</a> dilahirkan. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[8]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Early companies were purely economic ventures; it was only belatedly realized that an incidental benefit of holding joint stock was that the company's stock could not be seized for the debts of any individual member. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a> The development of company law in Europe was hampered by two notorious "bubbles" (the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_South_Sea_Company&usg=ALkJrhhH5wYmpx6jSuoE5VyKQw_9jPJWhg" title="Perusahaan Laut Selatan" class="mw-redirect">South Sea Bubble</a> in England and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania&usg=ALkJrhhusuPEVTY6gTfQnb8u5va6cYFhng" title="Tulip mania">Tulip Bulb Bubble</a> in Holland) in the 17th century, which set the development of companies in the two leading jurisdictions back by over a century in popular estimation.</span> Awal perusahaan adalah murni ekonomi Ventures; ia hanya belatedly menyadari bahwa manfaat dari suatu kebetulan memegang saham gabungan adalah perusahaan saham tidak dapat menangkap untuk hutang dari setiap anggota. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[9]</span></sup></a> Perkembangan hukum perusahaan di Eropa telah terhambat oleh terkenal jahat dua "gelembung" <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_South_Sea_Company&usg=ALkJrhhH5wYmpx6jSuoE5VyKQw_9jPJWhg" title="Perusahaan Laut Selatan" class="mw-redirect">(South Sea Bubble</a> di Inggris dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania&usg=ALkJrhhusuPEVTY6gTfQnb8u5va6cYFhng" title="Tulip mania">Tulip Bulb Bubble</a> di Belanda) pada abad ke-17, yang mengatur pembangunan perusahaan terkemuka di dua wilayah hukum kembali oleh lebih dari satu abad populer di estimasi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But companies, almost inevitably, returned to the forefront of commerce, although in England to circumvent the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Act&usg=ALkJrhj9riy_Q9y-OheHHDxDfQuG7bZb6w" title="Undang-undang bubble">Bubble Act</a> 1720 investors had reverted to trading the stock of unincorporated associations, until it was repealed in 1825.</span> Tetapi perusahaan, hampir pasti, kembali ke terdepan commerce, meskipun di Inggris untuk mengalahkan yang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Act&usg=ALkJrhj9riy_Q9y-OheHHDxDfQuG7bZb6w" title="Undang-undang bubble">Bubble Act</a> 1720 investor telah dikembalikan ke perdagangan yang stok unincorporated asosiasi, sampai ia repealed di 1825.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, the cumbersome process of obtaining Royal charters was simply insufficient to keep up with demand.</span> Namun, proses yang rumit untuk mendapatkan Royal Charters itu hanya cukup untuk bersaing dengan permintaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In England there was a lively trade in the charters of defunct companies.</span> Di Inggris ada yang hidup di Charters perdagangan dari perusahaan mati.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, prevarication amongst the legislation meant that in England it was not until the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Stock_Companies_Act_1844&usg=ALkJrhhnyS8FlhBtrap8acH2mHBXI_4yNA" title="Joint Stock Companies Act 1844">Joint Stock Companies Act 1844</a> that the first equivalent of modern companies, formed by registration, appeared.</span> Namun, di antara prevarication perundang-undangan yang dimaksudkan di Inggris itu tidak sampai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Stock_Companies_Act_1844&usg=ALkJrhhnyS8FlhBtrap8acH2mHBXI_4yNA" title="Joint Stock Companies Act 1844">Joint Stock Companies Act 1844</a> yang pertama setara modern perusahaan, dibentuk oleh pendaftaran, muncul.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Soon after came the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Liability_Act_1855&usg=ALkJrhjdk1Y6OKkgB4Ij2Wno42Twhds20A" title="Kewajiban terbatas Undang-undang 1855">Limited Liability Act 1855</a> , which in the event of a company's bankruptcy limited the liability of all shareholders to the amount of capital they had invested.</span> Segera setelah datanglah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Liability_Act_1855&usg=ALkJrhjdk1Y6OKkgB4Ij2Wno42Twhds20A" title="Kewajiban terbatas Undang-undang 1855">Limited Liability Act 1855,</a> yang dalam hal kepailitan dari sebuah perusahaan terbatas pada tanggung jawab dari semua pemegang saham dengan jumlah modal investasi mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The beginning of modern company law came when the two pieces of legislation were codified under the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Stock_Companies_Act_1856&usg=ALkJrhhwzez9AHoHukgg6xdjWIsQEKxpXQ" title="Joint Stock Companies Act 1856">Joint Stock Companies Act 1856</a> at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, Mr <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowe&usg=ALkJrhg2L1BBaDIDUNt6gUMZQveoBd2hwA" title="Robert Lowe" class="mw-redirect">Robert Lowe</a> .</span> Awal perusahaan hukum modern datang ketika dua lembar di bawah undang-undang yang dikodifikasikan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Stock_Companies_Act_1856&usg=ALkJrhhwzez9AHoHukgg6xdjWIsQEKxpXQ" title="Joint Stock Companies Act 1856">Joint Stock Companies Act 1856</a> pada perintah yang kemudian Vice President Dewan Perdagangan, Tuan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowe&usg=ALkJrhg2L1BBaDIDUNt6gUMZQveoBd2hwA" title="Robert Lowe" class="mw-redirect">Robert Lowe.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">That legislation shortly gave way to the railway boom, and from there the numbers of companies formed soared.</span> Perundang-undangan yang segera memberi jalan ke boom rel kereta api, dan dari sana jumlah perusahaan yang dibentuk soared.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the later nineteenth century depression took hold, and just as company numbers had boomed, many began to implode and fall into insolvency.</span> Pada waktu abad kesembilanbelas depresi mengambil terus, dan hanya sebagai perusahaan nomor telah boomed, banyak mulai meledak dan jatuh ke dalam keadaan bangkrut.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Much strong academic, legislative and judicial opinion was opposed to the notion that businessmen could escape accountability for their role in the failing businesses.</span> Lebih kuat akademik, legislatif, dan yudikatif yang bertentangan dengan pendapat bahwa pengusaha dapat melepaskan diri untuk akuntabilitas peran mereka gagal dalam usaha.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The last significant development in the history of companies was the decision of the House of Lords in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_v._Salomon_%26_Co.&usg=ALkJrhi8-3JrxUTOIWLXzyxDESflyj4L3Q" title="Salomon v. Salomon & Co" class="mw-redirect"><i>Salomon v. Salomon & Co.</i></a> where the House of Lords confirmed the separate legal personality of the company, and that the liabilities of the company were separate and distinct from those of its owners.</span> Perkembangan terakhir signifikan dalam sejarah perusahaan adalah keputusan House of Lords dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_v._Salomon_%26_Co.&usg=ALkJrhi8-3JrxUTOIWLXzyxDESflyj4L3Q" title="Salomon v. Salomon & Co" class="mw-redirect"><i>ayat Salomon Salomon & Co</i></a> dimana rumah tuhan yang dikonfirmasi terpisah kepribadian hukum perusahaan, dan bahwa kewajiban perusahaan yang terpisah dan berbeda dari orang-orang dari pemilik.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In a December 2006 article, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist&usg=ALkJrhjgfuxc_ktdGiB9IusnZMEoGx0JHA" title="The Economist"><i>The Economist</i></a> identified the development of the joint stock company as one of the key reasons why Western commerce moved ahead of its rivals in the Middle East in post- <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance&usg=ALkJrhiImHOb5-50iw793eOJLLkDmUnBqg" title="Renaisans">renaissance</a> era. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a> Of course one should not underestimate the effects of early <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation&usg=ALkJrhiIkhNZsRAYYMFHvO78YUIK4rmc3g" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> either. <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Agustus 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhiekWhWzGTF1tHzUYi7IQAEUCQg4A" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span></span> Desember 2006 dalam sebuah artikel, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist&usg=ALkJrhjgfuxc_ktdGiB9IusnZMEoGx0JHA" title="The Economist"><i>The Economist</i></a> mengidentifikasi perkembangan bersama saham perusahaan sebagai salah satu alasan utama mengapa Barat commerce bergerak maju dari saingan di Timur Tengah dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance&usg=ALkJrhiImHOb5-50iw793eOJLLkDmUnBqg" title="Renaisans">pos-kebangunan</a> era. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[10]</span></sup></a> Tentu saja satu seharusnya tidak meremehkan efek dari awal <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation&usg=ALkJrhiIkhNZsRAYYMFHvO78YUIK4rmc3g" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> baik. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhiekWhWzGTF1tHzUYi7IQAEUCQg4A" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Agustus 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><i>[kutipan diperlukan]</i></sup></span></a></span> </p><p><a name="Corporate_governance" id="Corporate_governance"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhhzj9AtOt5dMoN9JWYOI85KAx7rsA" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate governance">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Corporate governance</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhhzj9AtOt5dMoN9JWYOI85KAx7rsA" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate governance"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perusahaan pemerintahan</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance&usg=ALkJrhgI6XcYos-s6QSYrZ_NtjnvoNoyGg" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance&usg=ALkJrhgI6XcYos-s6QSYrZ_NtjnvoNoyGg" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Corporate governance is primarily the study of the power relations between the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">board of directors</a> and those who elect them ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholders&usg=ALkJrhhsIXUOb4Hodm8XgQObrF7SOeKdtw" title="Saham" class="mw-redirect">shareholders</a> in the " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_meeting&usg=ALkJrhgM5ynLPH8BD4FkB2r-Z_UwuKBKpg" title="Rapat umum" class="mw-redirect">general meeting</a> " and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employees&usg=ALkJrhhO5auJgogyInK7hgwmS33HgaMB5Q" title="Karyawan" class="mw-redirect">employees</a> ).</span> Corporate governance adalah terutama ilmu hubungan kuasa antara <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">dewan direksi</a> dan mereka yang memilih mereka <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholders&usg=ALkJrhhsIXUOb4Hodm8XgQObrF7SOeKdtw" title="Saham" class="mw-redirect">(pemegang saham</a> dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_meeting&usg=ALkJrhgM5ynLPH8BD4FkB2r-Z_UwuKBKpg" title="Rapat umum" class="mw-redirect">"rapat umum"</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employees&usg=ALkJrhhO5auJgogyInK7hgwmS33HgaMB5Q" title="Karyawan" class="mw-redirect">karyawan).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It also concerns other stakeholders, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creditors&usg=ALkJrhjcssErfrAzhTbNo4GSayGfzAVo6g" title="Kreditor" class="mw-redirect">creditors</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers&usg=ALkJrhjlpszlQJBwEzGEaC6A2iMx3-Ogpg" title="Konsumen" class="mw-redirect">consumers</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_%28biophysical%29&usg=ALkJrhh3o5h07vUc4sKemL99dU8Zd3n4Yg" title="Lingkungan (biophysical)">environment</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community&usg=ALkJrhi-ZcgukaoWC90YpY87jrkMjEIIuQ" title="Komunitas">community</a> at large.</span> Ada juga kekhawatiran para pemangku kepentingan lainnya, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creditors&usg=ALkJrhjcssErfrAzhTbNo4GSayGfzAVo6g" title="Kreditor" class="mw-redirect">kreditur,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers&usg=ALkJrhjlpszlQJBwEzGEaC6A2iMx3-Ogpg" title="Konsumen" class="mw-redirect">konsumen,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_%28biophysical%29&usg=ALkJrhh3o5h07vUc4sKemL99dU8Zd3n4Yg" title="Lingkungan (biophysical)">lingkungan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community&usg=ALkJrhi-ZcgukaoWC90YpY87jrkMjEIIuQ" title="Komunitas">masyarakat</a> luas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One of the main differences between different countries in the internal form of companies is between a two-tier and a one tier board.</span> Salah satu perbedaan antara negara yang berbeda dalam bentuk internal perusahaan adalah antara dua tingkat dan satu tingkat papan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The United Kingdom, the United States, and most Commonwealth countries have single unified boards of directors.</span> Inggris, Amerika Serikat, dan sebagian besar negara-negara Commonwealth memiliki satu unified papan direksi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Germany, companies have two tiers, so that shareholders (and employees) elect a "supervisory board", and then the supervisory board chooses the "management board".</span> Di Jerman, perusahaan memiliki dua tingkatan, sehingga pemegang saham (dan karyawan) yang terpilih "pengawasan papan", maka pengawasan dan papan yang memilih "manajemen papan".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There is the option to use two tiers in France, and in the new European Companies ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_Europa&usg=ALkJrhjbzThFGe-kMgsKvbGEiRq0dU9vTQ" title="Societas Eropa" class="mw-redirect">Societas Europea</a> ).</span> Ada pilihan untuk menggunakan dua tingkatan di Perancis, dan di Eropa baru Perusahaan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_Europa&usg=ALkJrhjbzThFGe-kMgsKvbGEiRq0dU9vTQ" title="Societas Eropa" class="mw-redirect">(Societas Europea).</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Recent literature, especially from the United States, has begun to discuss corporate governance in the terms of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_science&usg=ALkJrhjSbGJwbOCq33qYaxcbcK0qZUrA9A" title="Manajemen sains">management science</a> .</span> Literatur baru, terutama dari Amerika Serikat, telah mulai membahas corporate governance dalam hal <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_science&usg=ALkJrhjSbGJwbOCq33qYaxcbcK0qZUrA9A" title="Manajemen sains">pengelolaan ilmu.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While post-war discourse centred on how to achieve effective "corporate democracy" for shareholders or other stakeholders, many scholars have shifted to discussing the law in terms of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal-agent_problem&usg=ALkJrhibY3pbIA7NKpgyf9x1T_WpIFKJoQ" title="Agen-masalah pokok">principal-agent problems</a> .</span> Sementara pasca perang wacana pada cara efektif untuk mencapai "korporat demokrasi" bagi pemegang saham atau pihak lain, banyak cendekiawan telah dialihkan untuk membahas hukum dalam hal <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal-agent_problem&usg=ALkJrhibY3pbIA7NKpgyf9x1T_WpIFKJoQ" title="Agen-masalah pokok">pokok-agen masalah.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">On this view, the basic issue of corporate law is that when a "principal" party delegates his property (usually the shareholder's capital, but also the employee's labour) into the control of an "agent" (ie the director of the company) there is the possibility that the agent will act in his own interests, be "opportunistic", rather than fulfill the wishes of the principle.</span> Pada pandangan ini, persoalan dasar hukum perusahaan adalah bahwa ketika sebuah "sekolah" nya milik pihak tamu (biasanya modal dari pemegang saham, tetapi juga karyawan dari tenaga kerja) ke dalam kontrol yang "agen" (misalnya direktur perusahaan) ada adalah kemungkinan bahwa agen akan bertindak dalam kepentingan sendiri, jangan "oportunistik", daripada memenuhi keinginan dari prinsip.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Reducing the risks of this opportunism, or the "agency cost", is said to be central to the goal of corporate law.</span> Mengurangi risiko ini paham oportunis, atau "biaya agen", yang dikatakan menjadi pusat untuk tujuan perusahaan hukum.</span> </p><p><a name="Corporate_constitution" id="Corporate_constitution"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhglkEWaII6P2rJ5A2Z9BV9T5wVVrg" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate konstitusi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Corporate constitution</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhglkEWaII6P2rJ5A2Z9BV9T5wVVrg" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate konstitusi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perusahaan konstitusi</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_constitution&usg=ALkJrhhto16lr8Ii7I6kPyW-0pA00qITqQ" title="Perusahaan konstitusi" class="mw-redirect">Corporate constitution</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_constitution&usg=ALkJrhhto16lr8Ii7I6kPyW-0pA00qITqQ" title="Perusahaan konstitusi" class="mw-redirect">Perusahaan konstitusi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj-522hnBZEQPrXjXOPFxSjP9kkfw" class="image" title="J obligasi yang diterbitkan oleh Dutch East India Company, dating dari 7 November 1623, untuk jumlah 2400 florins"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond.jpg/180px-Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="149" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj-522hnBZEQPrXjXOPFxSjP9kkfw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhiANii0y-u8oliq56DulLVqPWPZIg" title="Bond (finance)">bond</a> issued by the Dutch East India Company, dating from <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_7&usg=ALkJrhiwPxeL83vUVOGqf1uyPdqiL15_qw" title="7 November">7 November</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1623&usg=ALkJrhi1DfrB3PK_bp7p3yx2iW24qsp39w" title="1623">1623</a> , for the amount of 2,400 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_gulden&usg=ALkJrhjpVOcNoArWx7QkLw2Q-GfTzOhm8g" title="Rupiah Belanda Belanda" class="mw-redirect">florins</a></span> J <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhiANii0y-u8oliq56DulLVqPWPZIg" title="Bond (finance)">obligasi</a> yang diterbitkan oleh Dutch East India Company, dating dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_7&usg=ALkJrhiwPxeL83vUVOGqf1uyPdqiL15_qw" title="7 November">7 November</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1623&usg=ALkJrhi1DfrB3PK_bp7p3yx2iW24qsp39w" title="1623">1623,</a> untuk jumlah 2400 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_gulden&usg=ALkJrhjpVOcNoArWx7QkLw2Q-GfTzOhm8g" title="Rupiah Belanda Belanda" class="mw-redirect">florins</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The rules for corporations derive from two sources.</span> Peraturan-peraturan untuk perusahaan berasal dari dua sumber.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These are the country's statutes (in the US, usually the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law&usg=ALkJrhgePvZaO5iOsOtH82DHYt1ryShfxQ" title="Delaware Umum Hukum Corporation">Delaware General Corporation Law</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGCL&usg=ALkJrhjy3UzzUslGGGmF3dJZ2HlGi-SG-w" title="DGCL" class="mw-redirect">DGCL</a> ); in the UK, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_2006&usg=ALkJrhi8g1DESc5UFSLwGpomC8Suqi26wQ" title="Undang-undang perusahaan 2006">Companies Act 2006</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_2006&usg=ALkJrhhnMx8nBGIRnfYWAjoRRT2T-HvU9A" title="CA 2006" class="mw-redirect">CA 2006</a> ); in Germany, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/aktg/&usg=ALkJrhhhpuG5OS1x8xexfIyz0YPr2RbT_Q" class="external text" title="http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/aktg/" rel="nofollow">Aktiengesetz (AktG)</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/gmbhg/index.html&usg=ALkJrhjuequRjszUJL4b_ykBbo3r-3ozwA" class="external text" title="http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/gmbhg/index.html" rel="nofollow">Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH-Gesetz, GmbHG).</a> The law will set out which rules are mandatory, and which rules can be derogated from. Examples of important rules which cannot be derogated from would usually include how to fire the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">board of directors</a> , what duties directors owe to the company or when a company must be dissolved as it approaches bankruptcy. Examples of rules that members of a company would be allowed to change and choose could include, what kind of procedure <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_meeting&usg=ALkJrhgM5ynLPH8BD4FkB2r-Z_UwuKBKpg" title="Rapat umum" class="mw-redirect">general meetings</a> should follow, when dividends get paid out, or how many members (beyond a minimum set out in the law) can amend the constitution. Usually, the statute will set out <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DModel_articles%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgit6q8i6K3AFYghH8AV3lyEwj4IA" class="new" title="Model artikel (halaman tidak ditemukan)">model articles</a> , which the corporation's constitution will be assumed to have if it is silent on a bit of particular procedure.</span> Ini adalah negara statutes (di Amerika Serikat, biasanya <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law&usg=ALkJrhgePvZaO5iOsOtH82DHYt1ryShfxQ" title="Delaware Umum Hukum Corporation">Delaware Corporation Hukum Umum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGCL&usg=ALkJrhjy3UzzUslGGGmF3dJZ2HlGi-SG-w" title="DGCL" class="mw-redirect">(DGCL);</a> di Inggris, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_2006&usg=ALkJrhi8g1DESc5UFSLwGpomC8Suqi26wQ" title="Undang-undang perusahaan 2006">Perusahaan Act 2006</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_2006&usg=ALkJrhhnMx8nBGIRnfYWAjoRRT2T-HvU9A" title="CA 2006" class="mw-redirect">(CA 2006);</a> di Jerman, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/aktg/&usg=ALkJrhhhpuG5OS1x8xexfIyz0YPr2RbT_Q" class="external text" title="http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/aktg/" rel="nofollow">Aktiengesetz (AktG)</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/gmbhg/index.html&usg=ALkJrhjuequRjszUJL4b_ykBbo3r-3ozwA" class="external text" title="http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/gmbhg/index.html" rel="nofollow">Gesetz betreffend mati Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH-Gesetz, GmbHG).</a> Undang-undang yang akan ditetapkan aturan yang wajib, dan aturan-aturan yang dapat dari derogated. Contoh penting aturan yang tidak dapat derogated dari biasanya termasuk bagaimana api <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">dewan direksi,</a> apa tugas-tugas direksi berhutang kepada perusahaan atau jika perusahaan harus dibubarkan karena pendekatan kepailitan. Contoh aturan bahwa anggota dari sebuah perusahaan akan diizinkan untuk mengubah dan memilih dapat meliputi, jenis prosedur <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_meeting&usg=ALkJrhgM5ynLPH8BD4FkB2r-Z_UwuKBKpg" title="Rapat umum" class="mw-redirect">rapat umum</a> harus diikuti, bila dividen dibayar keluar, atau bagaimana banyak anggota (melebihi minimum ditetapkan dalam undang-undang) dapat merubah konstitusi. Biasanya, undang-undang yang akan ditetapkan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DModel_articles%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgit6q8i6K3AFYghH8AV3lyEwj4IA" class="new" title="Model artikel (halaman tidak ditemukan)">model artikel,</a> yang korporasi konstitusi akan dianggap jika sudah ada pada diam sedikit prosedur tertentu.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The United States, and a few other common law countries, split the corporate constitution into two separate documents (the UK got rid of this in 2006).</span> Amerika Serikat, dan beberapa negara lainnya hukum umum, perusahaan konstitusi terbelah menjadi dua dokumen (Inggris got a ini pada tahun 2006).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_Association&usg=ALkJrhi6O-VZaUOuf1icK6swr3hFJgM3Og" title="Memorandum of Association" class="mw-redirect">memorandum of Association</a> (or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_incorporation&usg=ALkJrhgVUeptXtaM1lSeawXyZjUwclKqiA" title="Artikel inkorporasi" class="mw-redirect">articles of incorporation</a> ) is the primary document, and will generally regulate the company's activities with the outside world.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_Association&usg=ALkJrhi6O-VZaUOuf1icK6swr3hFJgM3Og" title="Memorandum of Association" class="mw-redirect">memorandum of Association</a> (atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_incorporation&usg=ALkJrhgVUeptXtaM1lSeawXyZjUwclKqiA" title="Artikel inkorporasi" class="mw-redirect">artikel-artikel inkorporasi)</a> adalah dokumen utama, dan biasanya akan mengatur kegiatan perusahaan dengan dunia luar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It states which objects the company is meant to follow (eg "this company makes automobiles") and specifies the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorised_share_capital&usg=ALkJrhjD1Mm7BIEKOMkWHkcmipf3XI7pjw" title="Authorised share capital" class="mw-redirect">authorised share capital</a> of the company.</span> Ada yang menyatakan benda perusahaan tersebut dimaksudkan untuk mengikuti (misalnya "perusahaan ini membuat mobil") dan menentukan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorised_share_capital&usg=ALkJrhjD1Mm7BIEKOMkWHkcmipf3XI7pjw" title="Authorised share capital" class="mw-redirect">diizinkan berbagi modal</a> perusahaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Association_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgzeLen4MXdEv7ZoOtraqpmN-y2QQ" title="Artikel Association (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">articles of association</a> (or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bylaw&usg=ALkJrhiugQ3V-bfG34W0IcvSC_rYCM-fyA" title="Anggaran rumah tangga">by-laws</a> ) is the secondary document, and will generally regulate the company's internal affairs and management, such as procedures for board meetings, dividend entitlements etc. In the event of any inconsistency, the memorandum prevails <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span></sup></a> and in the United States only the memorandum is publicised.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Association_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgzeLen4MXdEv7ZoOtraqpmN-y2QQ" title="Artikel Association (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">Artikel berserikat</a> (atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bylaw&usg=ALkJrhiugQ3V-bfG34W0IcvSC_rYCM-fyA" title="Anggaran rumah tangga">oleh-undang-undang)</a> adalah dokumen sekunder, dan umumnya akan mengatur urusan internal perusahaan dan manajemen, seperti prosedur untuk papan rapat, hak dividen dan lain-lain jika ada ketidaksesuaian, maka memorandum prevails <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[11]</span></sup></a> dan di Amerika Serikat hanya memorandum adalah publicised.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhiZx42JEqO9QCFDojT9z10IrBfjeA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> jurisdictions, the company's constitution is normally consolidated into a single document, often called the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter&usg=ALkJrhj8oyzkRr1OaZZeVgNXHlZxEkJPsQ" title="Piagam">charter</a> .</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhiZx42JEqO9QCFDojT9z10IrBfjeA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata</a> jurisdiksi, perusahaan konstitusi biasanya konsolidasian dalam satu dokumen, yang sering disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter&usg=ALkJrhj8oyzkRr1OaZZeVgNXHlZxEkJPsQ" title="Piagam">carter.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is quite common for members of a company to supplement the corporate constitution with additional arrangements, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholders%27_agreement&usg=ALkJrhhqFxA1nsMpOO-oNLE3yWFsupoH9w" title="Pemegang Saham perjanjian"><i>shareholders' agreements</i></a> , whereby they agree to exercise their membership rights in a certain way.</span> Hal ini sangat umum untuk anggota dari sebuah perusahaan untuk melengkapi perusahaan konstitusi dengan aturan tambahan, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholders%27_agreement&usg=ALkJrhhqFxA1nsMpOO-oNLE3yWFsupoH9w" title="Pemegang Saham perjanjian"><i>pemegang saham 'kesepakatan,</i></a> dimana mereka setuju untuk melaksanakan hak keanggotaan mereka dengan cara tertentu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Conceptually a shareholders' agreement fulfills many of the same functions as the corporate constitution, but because it is a contract, it will not normally bind new members of the company unless they accede to it somehow. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></sup></a> One benefit of shareholders' agreement is that they will usually be confidential, as most jurisdictions do not require shareholders' agreements to be publicly filed.</span> Pemegang saham yang konseptual 'memenuhi perjanjian banyak dari yang sama berfungsi sebagai perusahaan konstitusi, tetapi karena merupakan kontrak, biasanya tidak akan mengikat anggota baru dari perusahaan, kecuali jika mereka accede ke entah. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[12]</span></sup></a> Satu keuntungan dari pemegang saham' adalah perjanjian mereka yang biasanya akan rahasia, karena kebanyakan jurisdiksi tidak memerlukan saham 'kesepakatan untuk publik filed.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another common method of supplementing the corporate constitution is by means of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_trust&usg=ALkJrhhFDZZkAfqTGQob-P2D418atU8aHA" title="Voting kepercayaan"><i>voting trusts</i></a> , although these are relatively uncommon outside of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgT041SR5hPDjgUAAdiBBVzygADgA" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> and certain <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_Financial_Centre&usg=ALkJrhh53VwKKD1L7fniMRII41AG_07Tbg" title="Offshore Financial Centre" class="mw-redirect">offshore jurisdictions</a> .</span> Lain umum metode supplementing perusahaan konstitusi adalah dengan cara <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_trust&usg=ALkJrhhFDZZkAfqTGQob-P2D418atU8aHA" title="Voting kepercayaan"><i>voting percaya,</i></a> walaupun ini relatif jarang di luar <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgT041SR5hPDjgUAAdiBBVzygADgA" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan beberapa <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_Financial_Centre&usg=ALkJrhh53VwKKD1L7fniMRII41AG_07Tbg" title="Offshore Financial Centre" class="mw-redirect">yurisdiksi lepas pantai.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some jurisdictions consider the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_seal&usg=ALkJrhgjzTKqK-Gx1F2PaYILwFaQuud60w" title="Cap perusahaan">company seal</a> to be a party of the "constitution" (in the loose sense of the word) of the company, but the requirement for a seal has been abrogated by legislation in most countries.</span> Beberapa yurisdiksi mempertimbangkan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_seal&usg=ALkJrhgjzTKqK-Gx1F2PaYILwFaQuud60w" title="Cap perusahaan">cap perusahaan</a> untuk menjadi partai yang "konstitusi" (dalam arti longgar kata) dari perusahaan, tapi syarat untuk mati telah abrogated oleh undang-undang di banyak negara.</span> </p><p><a name="Balance_of_power" id="Balance_of_power"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhgLrJTQTB4Sqn2wVz1w-ThcdfKzGg" title="Sunting bagian: Saldo kekuasaan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Balance of power</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhgLrJTQTB4Sqn2wVz1w-ThcdfKzGg" title="Sunting bagian: Saldo kekuasaan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Saldo kekuasaan</span></span> </h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adolf_Augustus_Berle_NYWTS.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgruEBGGdOmJOGugSJPtojjUbvPGg" class="image" title="Adolf Berle The Modern Corporation dan Swasta Properti berpendapat bahwa pemisahan kontrol perusahaan dari investor yang dimaksudkan untuk mereka sendiri yang terancam punah ekonomi Amerika dan dipimpin ke mal-distribusi kekayaan."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Adolf_Augustus_Berle_NYWTS.jpg/180px-Adolf_Augustus_Berle_NYWTS.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="222" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adolf_Augustus_Berle_NYWTS.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgruEBGGdOmJOGugSJPtojjUbvPGg" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Berle&usg=ALkJrhgo-XWl6VInILoaSBtUPQGcKfK6yA" title="Adolf Berle">Adolf Berle</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Modern_Corporation_and_Private_Property&usg=ALkJrhjErtmmvDTs1_GKN7tJ9bs2x54OnA" title="The Modern Corporation dan Swasta Properti"><i>The Modern Corporation and Private Property</i></a> argued that the separation of control of companies from the investors who were meant to own them endangered the American economy and led to a mal- <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth&usg=ALkJrhjXOeV7VFEfrlPfOrHRM-jYnoBnAw" title="Distribusi kekayaan">distribution of wealth</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Berle&usg=ALkJrhgo-XWl6VInILoaSBtUPQGcKfK6yA" title="Adolf Berle">Adolf Berle</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Modern_Corporation_and_Private_Property&usg=ALkJrhjErtmmvDTs1_GKN7tJ9bs2x54OnA" title="The Modern Corporation dan Swasta Properti"><i>The Modern Corporation dan Swasta Properti</i></a> berpendapat bahwa pemisahan kontrol perusahaan dari investor yang dimaksudkan untuk mereka sendiri yang terancam punah ekonomi Amerika dan dipimpin ke <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth&usg=ALkJrhjXOeV7VFEfrlPfOrHRM-jYnoBnAw" title="Distribusi kekayaan">mal-distribusi kekayaan.</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most important rules for corporate governance are those concerning the balance of power between the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">board of directors</a> and the members of the company.</span> Aturan yang paling penting untuk corporate governance mereka tentang keseimbangan kekuasaan antara <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">dewan direksi</a> dan anggota perusahaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Authority is given or "delegated" to the board to manage the company for the success of the investors.</span> Kewenangan yang diberikan atau "didelegasikan" pada papan untuk mengelola perusahaan untuk keberhasilan investor.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Certain specific decision rights are often reserved for shareholders, where their interests could be fundamentally affected.</span> Tertentu spesifik keputusan hak sering untuk pemegang saham, di mana mereka dapat fundamental terpengaruh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are necessarily rules on when directors can be removed from office and replaced.</span> Tentu ada aturan bila direksi bisa dihapus dari kantor dan diganti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To do that, meetings need to be called in order to vote on the issues.</span> Untuk melakukan itu, rapat harus dipanggil untuk memberikan suara pada masalah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">How easily the constitution can be amended and by who necessarily affects the relations of power.</span> Cara mudah konstitusi dapat diubah dan yang tentu akan mempengaruhi hubungan kekuasaan.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is a principle of corporate law that the directors of a company have the right to manage.</span> Ini adalah prinsip hukum perusahaan yang direktur sebuah perusahaan mempunyai hak untuk mengelola.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is expressed in statute in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGCL&usg=ALkJrhjy3UzzUslGGGmF3dJZ2HlGi-SG-w" title="DGCL" class="mw-redirect">DGCL</a> , where §141(a) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span></sup></a> states,</span> Hal ini dinyatakan dalam undang-undang di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGCL&usg=ALkJrhjy3UzzUslGGGmF3dJZ2HlGi-SG-w" title="DGCL" class="mw-redirect">DGCL,</a> dimana § 141 (a) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[13]</span></sup></a> menyatakan,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(a) The business and affairs of every corporation organized under this chapter shall be managed by or under the direction of a board of directors, except as may be otherwise provided in this chapter or in its certificate of incorporation.</span> (a) urusan bisnis dan dari setiap perusahaan yang disusun dalam bab ini akan dikelola oleh atau dibawah arahan dari dewan direksi, kecuali mungkin jika diberikan dalam bab ini atau dalam penggabungan sertifikat.</span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Germany, §76 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AktG&usg=ALkJrhj_TRFcUKlVFHs0yVA6toPEHSl4AA" title="AktG" class="mw-redirect">AktG</a> says the same for the management board, while under §111 AktG the supervisory board's role is stated to be to "supervise" ( <i>überwachen</i> ).</span> Di Jerman, § 76 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AktG&usg=ALkJrhj_TRFcUKlVFHs0yVA6toPEHSl4AA" title="AktG" class="mw-redirect">AktG</a> kata yang sama untuk pengelolaan papan, sementara di bawah § 111 AktG di papan peran pengawasan yang dinyatakan to "mengawasi" <i>(überwachen).</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the UK, the right to manage is not laid down in law, but is found in Art.2 of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Articles&usg=ALkJrhgKNtaLyeWuba5OrnZnxcdSZuzcXQ" title="Model Artikel">Model Articles</a> .</span> Di Inggris, hak untuk mengelola tidak diletakkan di bawah undang-undang, tetapi ditemukan di Art.2 dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Articles&usg=ALkJrhgKNtaLyeWuba5OrnZnxcdSZuzcXQ" title="Model Artikel">Model Artikel.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This means it is a default rule, which companies can opt out of (s.20 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_2006&usg=ALkJrhhnMx8nBGIRnfYWAjoRRT2T-HvU9A" title="CA 2006" class="mw-redirect">CA 2006</a> ) by reserving powers to members, although companies rarely do.</span> Ini berarti ia adalah standar aturan, perusahaan yang dapat keluar dari (s.20 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_2006&usg=ALkJrhhnMx8nBGIRnfYWAjoRRT2T-HvU9A" title="CA 2006" class="mw-redirect">CA 2006)</a> oleh reserving kekuasaan kepada anggota, walaupun perusahaan jarang dilakukan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">UK law specifically reserves shareholders right and duty to approve "substantial non cash asset transactions" (s.190 CA 2006), which means those over 10% of company value, with a minimum of £5,000 and a maximum of £100,000. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span></sup></a> Similar rules, though much less stringent, exist in §271 DGCL <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span></sup></a> and through case law in Germany under the so called <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHolzm%25C3%25BCller%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhpQ7WbDrf_nZqfYtMJFDRR3BVAiQ" class="new" title="Holzmüller (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Holzmüller</i></a> doctrine. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Inggris hukum khusus cadangan kanan dan kewajiban pemegang saham menyetujui "substansial aset transaksi non tunai" (s.190 CA 2006), yang berarti mereka lebih dari 10% dari nilai perusahaan, dengan minimum sebesar £ 5000 dan tidak lebih dari £ 100,000. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[14 ]</span></sup></a> peraturan serupa, namun jauh lebih sedikit ketat, ada dalam § 271 DGCL <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[15]</span></sup></a> dan melalui kasus hukum di Jerman di bawah disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHolzm%25C3%25BCller%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhpQ7WbDrf_nZqfYtMJFDRR3BVAiQ" class="new" title="Holzmüller (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Holzmüller</i></a> doktrin. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[16]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Probably the must fundamental guarantee that directors will act in the members' interests is that they can easily be sacked.</span> Mungkin yang mendasar harus menjamin bahwa direksi akan bertindak dalam anggota minat adalah bahwa mereka mudah sacked.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">During the Great Depression, two Harvard scholars, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Berle&usg=ALkJrhgo-XWl6VInILoaSBtUPQGcKfK6yA" title="Adolf Berle">Adolf Berle</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner_Means&usg=ALkJrhjjfgYzDRgw8a4g-m6OuHcxgZ6oLA" title="Gardiner Means">Gardiner Means</a> wrote <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Modern_Corporation_and_Private_Property&usg=ALkJrhjErtmmvDTs1_GKN7tJ9bs2x54OnA" title="The Modern Corporation dan Swasta Properti"><i>The Modern Corporation and Private Property</i></a> , an attack on American law which failed to hold directors to account, and linked the growing power and autonomy of directors to the economic crisis.</span> Selama Great Depression, dua cendekiawan Harvard, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Berle&usg=ALkJrhgo-XWl6VInILoaSBtUPQGcKfK6yA" title="Adolf Berle">Adolf Berle</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner_Means&usg=ALkJrhjjfgYzDRgw8a4g-m6OuHcxgZ6oLA" title="Gardiner Means">Gardiner Means</a> wrote <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Modern_Corporation_and_Private_Property&usg=ALkJrhjErtmmvDTs1_GKN7tJ9bs2x54OnA" title="The Modern Corporation dan Swasta Properti"><i>The Modern Corporation dan Private Property,</i></a> yang menyerang di Amerika hukum yang gagal terus direksi ke rekening, dan dihubungkan dengan pertumbuhan kuasa dan otonomi direksi ke krisis ekonomi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the UK, the right of members to remove directors by a simple majority is assured under s.168 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_2006&usg=ALkJrhhnMx8nBGIRnfYWAjoRRT2T-HvU9A" title="CA 2006" class="mw-redirect">CA 2006</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span></sup></a> Moreover, Art.20 of the Model Articles requires a third of the board to put themselves up for re-election every year (in effect creating maximum three year terms).</span> Di Inggris, hak untuk menghapus anggota direksi oleh mayoritas sederhana adalah terjamin di bawah s.168 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_2006&usg=ALkJrhhnMx8nBGIRnfYWAjoRRT2T-HvU9A" title="CA 2006" class="mw-redirect">CA 2006</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[17]</span></sup></a> Selain itu, dari Model Art.20 Artikel memerlukan sepertiga dari papan untuk menempatkan diri untuk pemilihan kembali setiap tahun (dalam membuat efek maksimum tiga tahun terms).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">10% of shareholders can demand a meeting any time, and 5% can if it has been a year since the last one (s.303 CA 2006).</span> 10% dari pemegang saham dapat menuntut pertemuan saja, dan 5% dapat jika sudah setahun sejak terakhir (s.303 CA 2006).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Germany, where employee participation creates the need for greater boardroom stability, §84(3) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AktG&usg=ALkJrhj_TRFcUKlVFHs0yVA6toPEHSl4AA" title="AktG" class="mw-redirect">AktG</a> states that management board directors can only be removed by the supervisory board for an important reason ( <i>ein wichtiger Grund</i> ) though this can include a vote of no-confidence by the shareholders.</span> Di Jerman, dimana partisipasi karyawan perlu untuk menciptakan stabilitas lebih besar boardroom, § 84 (3) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AktG&usg=ALkJrhj_TRFcUKlVFHs0yVA6toPEHSl4AA" title="AktG" class="mw-redirect">AktG</a> menyatakan bahwa manajemen dewan direksi hanya dapat dihapus oleh dewan pengawas yang penting untuk alasan <i>(ein wichtiger Grund)</i> walaupun ini dapat termasuk suara yang tidak -keyakinan oleh para pemegang saham.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Terms last for five years, unless 75% of shareholders vote otherwise.</span> Persyaratan untuk lima tahun terakhir, kecuali 75% dari pemegang saham suara lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">§122 AktG lets 10% of shareholders demand a meeting.</span> § 122 AktG memungkinkan 10% dari permintaan pemegang saham rapat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the US, Delaware lets directors enjoy considerable autonomy.</span> Di AS, Delaware memungkinkan direksi menikmati banyak otonomi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">§141(k) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGCL&usg=ALkJrhjy3UzzUslGGGmF3dJZ2HlGi-SG-w" title="DGCL" class="mw-redirect">DGCL</a> states that directors can be removed without any cause, unless the board is "classified", meaning that directors only come up for re-appointment on different years.</span> § 141 (k) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGCL&usg=ALkJrhjy3UzzUslGGGmF3dJZ2HlGi-SG-w" title="DGCL" class="mw-redirect">DGCL</a> menyatakan bahwa direksi dapat dihilangkan tanpa alasan, kecuali papan "digolongkan", berarti direksi hanya datang kembali untuk janji pada tahun berbeda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If the board is classifed, which every board in Delaware is, then directors cannot be removed unless there is gross misconduct.</span> Jika papan classifed, yang setiap papan di Delaware adalah, maka direksi tersebut tidak dapat dihilangkan kecuali ada kotor jahat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Director's autonomy from shareholders is seen further in §216 DGCL, which allows for plurality voting and §211(d) which states shareholder meetings can only be called if the constitution allows for it. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span></sup></a> The problem is that in America, directors usually choose where a company is incorporated and §242(b)(1) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGCL&usg=ALkJrhjy3UzzUslGGGmF3dJZ2HlGi-SG-w" title="DGCL" class="mw-redirect">DGCL</a> says any constitutional amendment requires a resolution by the directors.</span> Direktur dari otonomi dari pemegang saham terlihat lebih lanjut dalam § 216 DGCL, yang memungkinkan untuk voting dan kemajemukan § 211 (d) yang menyatakan pertemuan pemegang saham hanya dapat dipanggil jika konstitusi memungkinkan untuk itu. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[18]</span></sup></a> Masalahnya adalah bahwa di Amerika, biasanya direksi memilih mana perusahaan yang berbadan hukum dan § 242 (b) (1) <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGCL&usg=ALkJrhjy3UzzUslGGGmF3dJZ2HlGi-SG-w" title="DGCL" class="mw-redirect">DGCL</a> mengatakan apapun konstitusional amandemen memerlukan resolusi oleh direksi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By contrast, constitutional amendments can be made at any time by 75% of shareholders in Germany (§179 AktG) and the UK (s.21 CA 2006 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span></sup></a> ).</span> Dengan kontras, perubahan konstitusi dapat dilakukan setiap saat dengan 75% dari pemegang saham di Jerman (AktG § 179) dan Inggris (s.21 CA 2006 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[19]).</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Corporate_personality" id="Corporate_personality"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhi2L5oLJjq8xrqlHSAD5ozRbQ1jkQ" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate kepribadian">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Corporate personality</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhi2L5oLJjq8xrqlHSAD5ozRbQ1jkQ" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate kepribadian"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perusahaan kepribadian</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil&usg=ALkJrhgBgB64FFYwNIvapLCuMxyBNRX-zg" title="Piercing perusahaan cadarnya">Piercing the corporate veil</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil&usg=ALkJrhgBgB64FFYwNIvapLCuMxyBNRX-zg" title="Piercing perusahaan cadarnya">Piercing perusahaan cadarnya</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One of the key legal features of corporations are their separate legal personality, also known as "personhood" or being "artificial persons".</span> Salah satu fitur utama hukum perusahaan yang terpisah hukum kepribadian mereka, yang juga dikenal sebagai "personhood" atau sedang "buatan orang".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, the separate legal personality was not confirmed under <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhhPUmdNS9ufhBBXe5BWScMRMF12SA" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">English law</a> until <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895&usg=ALkJrhjncKccRNvos9EUj0DpvxbwpbY4mQ" title="1895">1895</a> by the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhgVqMxCjgmtFQY8gexezdVpcRkWtQ" title="Hakim fungsi House of Lords">House of Lords</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_v._Salomon_%26_Co.&usg=ALkJrhi8-3JrxUTOIWLXzyxDESflyj4L3Q" title="Salomon v. Salomon & Co" class="mw-redirect"><i>Salomon v. Salomon & Co.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><span>[</span> 20 <span>]</span></sup></a> Separate legal personality often has <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_consequence&usg=ALkJrhj6ldXTDE7P2fdqN8RnC2BhCr6dvw" title="Unintended konsekuensi">unintended consequences</a> , particularly in relation to smaller, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_company&usg=ALkJrhhilOh_XF4nAa77-VduZdFQCsbCuw" title="Perusahaan keluarga" class="mw-redirect">family companies</a> .</span> Namun, hukum terpisah kepribadian tidak dikonfirmasi di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhhPUmdNS9ufhBBXe5BWScMRMF12SA" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">hukum Inggris</a> sampai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895&usg=ALkJrhjncKccRNvos9EUj0DpvxbwpbY4mQ" title="1895">1895</a> oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhgVqMxCjgmtFQY8gexezdVpcRkWtQ" title="Hakim fungsi House of Lords">House of Lords</a> dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_v._Salomon_%26_Co.&usg=ALkJrhi8-3JrxUTOIWLXzyxDESflyj4L3Q" title="Salomon v. Salomon & Co" class="mw-redirect"><i>ayat Salomon Salomon & Co</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><span>[20]</span></sup></a> Pisahkan hukum sering memiliki kepribadian <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_consequence&usg=ALkJrhj6ldXTDE7P2fdqN8RnC2BhCr6dvw" title="Unintended konsekuensi">unintended konsekuensi,</a> terutama dalam kaitannya dengan lebih kecil, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_company&usg=ALkJrhhilOh_XF4nAa77-VduZdFQCsbCuw" title="Perusahaan keluarga" class="mw-redirect">perusahaan keluarga.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DB_v._B%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjeQCOs6elKCc1o_h-BA9YfJ450Vg" class="new" title="B vs B (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>B v. B</i></a> [1978] Fam 181 it was held that a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhdM6iOeS6XsBEPVm0TfecE8dkPag" title="Discovery (hukum)">discovery order</a> obtained by a wife against her husband was not effective against the husband's company as it was not named in the order and was separate and distinct from him. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-20" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><span>[</span> 21 <span>]</span></sup></a> And in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMacaura_v._Northern_Assurance_Co_Ltd%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgyN-aKaSDKLA0bjpLBapxAjPNItw" class="new" title="V. Macaura Northern Assurance Co Ltd (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Macaura v. Northern Assurance Co Ltd</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-21" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><span>[</span> 22 <span>]</span></sup></a> a claim under an insurance policy failed where the insured had transferred timber from his name into the name of a company wholly owned by him, and it was subsequently destroyed in a fire; as the property now belonged to the company and not to him, he no longer had an "insurable interest" in it and his claim failed.</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DB_v._B%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjeQCOs6elKCc1o_h-BA9YfJ450Vg" class="new" title="B vs B (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>ayat B B</i></a> [1978] 181 Fam ia menyatakan bahwa sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhdM6iOeS6XsBEPVm0TfecE8dkPag" title="Discovery (hukum)">penemuan rangka</a> diperoleh oleh seorang isteri terhadap suaminya tidak efektif terhadap suami sebagai perusahaan yang tidak bernama dalam susunan dan terpisah dan berbeda dari dia. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-20" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><span>[21]</span></sup></a> Dan dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMacaura_v._Northern_Assurance_Co_Ltd%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgyN-aKaSDKLA0bjpLBapxAjPNItw" class="new" title="V. Macaura Northern Assurance Co Ltd (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>ayat Macaura Northern Assurance Co Ltd</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-21" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><span>[22]</span></sup></a> klaim asuransi di bawah kebijakan gagal dimana telah diasuransikan ditransfer dari kayu namanya menjadi nama sebuah perusahaan yang dimiliki oleh-Nya, dan kemudian musnah dalam api; sebagai sekarang harta milik perusahaan dan tidak, ia tidak lagi memiliki "dpt diasuransikan bunga" di dalamnya dan klaim gagal.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, separate legal personality does allow corporate groups a great deal of flexibility in relation to tax planning, and also enables <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation&usg=ALkJrhhr8TLWxHh0hi7pCkoKFnk2k77COw" title="Korporasi multinasional">multinational companies</a> to manage the liability of their overseas operations.</span> Namun, hukum terpisah kepribadian tidak membolehkan perusahaan kelompok yang banyak fleksibilitas dalam kaitannya dengan perencanaan pajak, dan juga memungkinkan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation&usg=ALkJrhhr8TLWxHh0hi7pCkoKFnk2k77COw" title="Korporasi multinasional">perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional</a> untuk mengatur kewajiban mereka operasi di luar negeri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdams_v._Cape_Industries_plc%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjZHy-5afa9siduNMjBEovkgwjK0Q" class="new" title="Adams ayat Cape plc Industri (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Adams v. Cape Industries plc</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-22" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><span>[</span> 23 <span>]</span></sup></a> it was held that victims of asbestos poisoning at the hands of an American subsidiary could not sue the English parent in tort.</span> Misalnya dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdams_v._Cape_Industries_plc%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjZHy-5afa9siduNMjBEovkgwjK0Q" class="new" title="Adams ayat Cape plc Industri (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>ayat Adams Cape plc Industri</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-22" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><span>[23]</span></sup></a> ia menyatakan bahwa korban keracunan asbes di tangan perusahaan Amerika tidak bisa menuntut orang tua dalam bahasa Inggris tort.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are certain specific situations where courts are generally prepared to " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil&usg=ALkJrhgBgB64FFYwNIvapLCuMxyBNRX-zg" title="Piercing perusahaan cadarnya">pierce the corporate veil</a> ", to look directly at, and impose liability directly on the individuals behind the company.</span> Ada beberapa situasi di mana pengadilan khusus biasanya bersedia <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil&usg=ALkJrhgBgB64FFYwNIvapLCuMxyBNRX-zg" title="Piercing perusahaan cadarnya">"pierce perusahaan cadarnya",</a> untuk melihat secara langsung pada, dan menentukan tanggung jawab secara langsung pada individu di belakang perusahaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most commonly cited examples are:</span> Yang paling sering dikutip contoh adalah:</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">where the company is a mere façade</span> dimana perusahaan tersebut hanya façade</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">where the company is effectively just the agent of its members or controllers</span> dimana perusahaan tersebut secara efektif hanya dari agen atau anggota pengendali</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">where a representative of the company has taken some personal responsibility for a statement or action <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-23" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><span>[</span> 24 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> dimana seorang perwakilan dari beberapa perusahaan telah mengambil tanggung jawab pribadi untuk suatu pernyataan atau tindakan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-23" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><span>[24]</span></sup></a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">where the company is engaged in fraud or other criminal wrongdoing</span> tempat perusahaan tersebut terlibat dalam tindak pidana penipuan atau kesalahan</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">where the natural interpretation of a contract or statute is as a reference to the corporate group and not the individual company</span> alam di mana interpretasi dari kontrak atau undang-undang tersebut sebagai acuan bagi perusahaan dan kelompok bukan individu perusahaan</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">where permitted by statute (for example, many jurisdictions provide for shareholder liability where a company breaches <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhiDA-quQ2Ozjrxy3hvs8H3E3ipCXA" title="Hukum lingkungan">environmental protection laws</a> )</span> di mana diperbolehkan oleh undang-undang (misalnya, untuk menyediakan berbagai jurisdiksi kewajiban pemegang saham di mana sebuah perusahaan melanggar <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhiDA-quQ2Ozjrxy3hvs8H3E3ipCXA" title="Hukum lingkungan">undang-undang perlindungan lingkungan hidup)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">in many jurisdictions, where a company continues to trade despite inevitable <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy&usg=ALkJrhjrGChmMsWF_jX1NsVaCNGOzUsnzw" title="Kepailitan">bankruptcy</a> , the directors can be forced to account for trading losses personally</span> di berbagai jurisdiksi, di mana sebuah perusahaan perdagangan terus meskipun pasti terjadi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy&usg=ALkJrhjrGChmMsWF_jX1NsVaCNGOzUsnzw" title="Kepailitan">kepailitan,</a> direktur yang dapat dipaksa untuk memperhitungkan kerugian perdagangan pribadi</span> </li></ul><p><a name="Capacity_and_powers" id="Capacity_and_powers"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhgSP9VMWPrT7W0DkLY91P6lmCLgSA" title="Sunting bagian: Kapasitas dan kekuasaan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Capacity and powers</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhgSP9VMWPrT7W0DkLY91P6lmCLgSA" title="Sunting bagian: Kapasitas dan kekuasaan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kapasitas dan kekuasaan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_benefit&usg=ALkJrhjbBbmwLZscrBRkHX5lmdzpNyQQMg" title="Keuntungan perusahaan">Corporate benefit</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_benefit&usg=ALkJrhjbBbmwLZscrBRkHX5lmdzpNyQQMg" title="Keuntungan perusahaan">Corporate manfaat</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Historically, because companies are artificial persons created by operation of law, the law prescribed what the company could and could not do.</span> Secara historis, karena perusahaan yang dibuat oleh orang buatan operasi hukum, undang-undang resep apa yang dapat perusahaan dan tidak dapat dilakukan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Usually this was an expression of the commercial purpose which the company was formed for, and came to referred to as the company's <i>objects</i> , and the extent of the objects are referred to as the company's <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhRNCQp4e2ougy9jXX2oWc_vt9UUQ" title="Kapasitas (hukum)">capacity</a> .</span> Biasanya ini adalah ekspresi dari tujuan komersial perusahaan yang dibentuk, dan datang untuk disebut sebagai perusahaan <i>benda,</i> dan luasnya obyek yang disebut sebagai perusahaan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhRNCQp4e2ougy9jXX2oWc_vt9UUQ" title="Kapasitas (hukum)">kapasitas.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If an activity fell outside of the company's capacity it was said to be <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires&usg=ALkJrhjk0yCWy0yxFNr9LdBXrPHW50wmBQ" title="Ultra vires"><i>ultra vires</i></a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgdrEoK9fxURFYcL6_n2KiTW7STng" title="Void (hukum)">void</a> .</span> Jika suatu kegiatan jatuh di luar kemampuan perusahaan dikatakan menjadi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires&usg=ALkJrhjk0yCWy0yxFNr9LdBXrPHW50wmBQ" title="Ultra vires"><i>ultra vires</i></a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgdrEoK9fxURFYcL6_n2KiTW7STng" title="Void (hukum)">tidak berlaku.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By way of distinction, the organs of the company were expressed to have various <i>corporate powers</i> .</span> Dengan cara perbezaan, organ-organ perusahaan yang telah dinyatakan ke berbagai <i>perusahaan kekuasaan.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If the objects were the things that the company was able to do, then the powers were the means by which it could do them.</span> Jika objek adalah perusahaan yang mampu melakukannya, maka kekuasaan adalah sarana yang bisa mereka lakukan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Usually expressions of powers were limited to methods of raising capital, although from earlier times distinctions between objects and powers have caused lawyers difficulty. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-24" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span></sup></a> Most jurisdictions have now modified the position by statute, and companies generally have capacity to do all the things that a natural person could do, and power to do it in any way that a natural person could do it.</span> Biasanya ekspresi dari kekuasaan yang terbatas untuk meningkatkan metode modal, meskipun dari awal kali distinctions antara objek dan kekuasaan telah menyebabkan kesulitan pengacara. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-24" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><span>[25]</span></sup></a> Sebagian besar jurisdiksi telah diubah posisi oleh undang-undang, dan perusahaan-perusahaan umumnya memiliki kapasitas untuk melakukan semua hal-hal yang alam yang dapat dilakukan, dan kuasa untuk melakukannya dengan cara apapun yang wajar dapat melakukannya.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, references to corporate capacity and powers have not quite been consigned to the dustbin of legal history.</span> Namun, kemampuan perusahaan untuk referensi dan kekuasaan tidak pernah cukup consigned ke dustbin hukum sejarah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In many jurisdictions, directors can still be liable to their shareholders if they cause the company to engage in businesses outside of its objects, even if the transactions are still valid as between the company and the third party.</span> Di berbagai jurisdiksi, direksi masih dapat bertanggung jawab kepada pemegang saham mereka jika mereka menyebabkan perusahaan untuk ikut serta dalam usaha di luar dari objek, meskipun transaksi masih berlaku sebagai antara perusahaan dan pihak ketiga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">And many jurisdictions also still permit transactions to be challenged for lack of " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_benefit&usg=ALkJrhjbBbmwLZscrBRkHX5lmdzpNyQQMg" title="Keuntungan perusahaan">corporate benefit</a> ", where the relevant transaction has no prospect of being for the commercial benefit of the company or its shareholders.</span> Dan masih banyak jurisdiksi juga mengizinkan transaksi menjadi cacat karena kekurangan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_benefit&usg=ALkJrhjbBbmwLZscrBRkHX5lmdzpNyQQMg" title="Keuntungan perusahaan">"keuntungan perusahaan",</a> dimana transaksi yang tidak memiliki prospek untuk menjadi manfaat komersial dari perusahaan atau para pemegang saham.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As artificial persons, companies can only act through human agents.</span> Sebagai buatan orang, perusahaan hanya dapat bertindak melalui agen manusia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The main agent who deals with the company's management and business is the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">board of directors</a> , but in many jurisdictions other officers can be appointed too.</span> Agen utama yang berkaitan dengan perusahaan manajemen dan bisnis adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">dewan direksi,</a> tetapi dalam banyak yurisdiksi petugas lainnya dapat juga ditunjuk.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The board of directors is normally elected by the members, and the other officers are normally appointed by the board.</span> Dewan direksi biasanya dipilih oleh anggota, dan petugas lainnya yang biasanya diangkat oleh dewan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These agents enter into contracts on behalf of the company with third parties.</span> Agen ini masuk ke dalam kontrak atas nama perusahaan dengan pihak ketiga.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although the company's agents owe duties to the company (and, indirectly, to the shareholders) to exercise those powers for a proper purpose, generally speaking third parties' rights are not impugned if it transpires that the officers were acting improperly.</span> Walaupun perusahaan agen berhutang kewajiban terhadap perusahaan (dan, secara tidak langsung, kepada pemegang saham) untuk melaksanakan kekuasaan mereka untuk tujuan yang baik, umumnya pihak ketiga hak-hak tersebut tidak impugned jika transpires bahwa petugas yang bertindak kesalahan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Third parties are entitled to rely on the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostensible_authority&usg=ALkJrhg_WU075hB6Mnn3M-smfP9dwMUPKA" title="Pura-pura kewenangan">ostensible authority</a> of agents held out by the company to act on its behalf.</span> Pihak ketiga yang berhak bergantung pada <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostensible_authority&usg=ALkJrhg_WU075hB6Mnn3M-smfP9dwMUPKA" title="Pura-pura kewenangan">nyata kewenangan</a> agen yang diselenggarakan oleh perusahaan untuk bertindak atas nama.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A line of common law cases reaching back to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_British_Bank_v_Turquand&usg=ALkJrhj8xl76Wr-_u2wWjGF8m65KsiNSKA" title="British Royal Bank v Turquand"><i>Royal British Bank v Turquand</i></a> established in common law that third parties were entitled to assume that the internal management of the company was being conducted properly, and the rule has now been codified into statute in most countries.</span> J baris umum hukum kasus mencapai kembali ke <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_British_Bank_v_Turquand&usg=ALkJrhj8xl76Wr-_u2wWjGF8m65KsiNSKA" title="British Royal Bank v Turquand"><i>Inggris Royal Bank v Turquand</i></a> didirikan di hukum umum bahwa pihak ketiga yang berhak untuk menganggap bahwa manajemen internal perusahaan telah dilakukan dengan benar, dan aturan yang telah dikodifikasikan ke dalam undang-undang di banyak negara.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Accordingly, companies will normally be liable for all the act and omissions of their officers and agents.</span> Dengan demikian, perusahaan biasanya akan bertanggung jawab untuk semua perbuatan mereka dan kelalaian petugas dan agen.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This will include almost all <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torts&usg=ALkJrhgKEM8f2pzg6p59CUCM4FxNiKS37A" title="Torts" class="mw-redirect">torts</a> , but the law relating to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhg1oASN7zMMsKLIKRMcidJ474jA0w" title="Perusahaan pembunuhan orang">crimes committed by companies</a> is complex, and varies significantly between countries.</span> Ini akan meliputi hampir semua <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torts&usg=ALkJrhgKEM8f2pzg6p59CUCM4FxNiKS37A" title="Torts" class="mw-redirect">torts,</a> namun undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhg1oASN7zMMsKLIKRMcidJ474jA0w" title="Perusahaan pembunuhan orang">kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan</a> yang kompleks, dan sangat bervariasi antara negara.</span> </p><p><a name="Director.27s_duties" id="Director.27s_duties"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhjaszRS8gXarPmF-3fYkUYodfeYNw" title="Sunting bagian: Direktur dari tugas">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Director's duties</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhjaszRS8gXarPmF-3fYkUYodfeYNw" title="Sunting bagian: Direktur dari tugas"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Direktur dari tugas</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">Board of directors</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors%27_duties&usg=ALkJrhgP73Ma9WQmwV7tAy5CX1XIiYzrpg" title="Direksi 'tugas">Directors' duties</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors&usg=ALkJrhiBYLdqEezW61NUG-rF0s_0bKrYzQ" title="Dewan direksi">Dewan direksi</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors%27_duties&usg=ALkJrhgP73Ma9WQmwV7tAy5CX1XIiYzrpg" title="Direksi 'tugas">Direksi 'tugas</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In most jurisdictions, directors owe <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary&usg=ALkJrhhPFxRCZ7bTuX6LIt8acDJdCaEHLg" title="Gadai">strict duties of good faith</a> , as well as duties of care and skill, to safeguard the interests of the company and the members.</span> Di sebagian besar wilayah hukum, direksi berhutang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary&usg=ALkJrhhPFxRCZ7bTuX6LIt8acDJdCaEHLg" title="Gadai">ketat tugas yang baik,</a> serta tugas-tugas perawatan dan keahlian, untuk menjaga kepentingan perusahaan dan anggota.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The standard of skill and care that a director owes is usually described as acquiring and maintaining sufficient knowledge and understanding of the company's business to enable him to properly discharge his duties.</span> Standar ketrampilan dan perawatan yang direksi owes biasanya digambarkan sebagai mendapatkan dan mempertahankan cukup pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang bisnis perusahaan untuk mengaktifkan dia untuk tugas-tugas yang benar keluarnya.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Directors are also strictly charged to exercise their powers only for a proper purpose.</span> Direksi juga sangat dituntut untuk melaksanakan kekuasaan mereka hanya untuk tujuan yang baik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance, were a director to issue a large number of new shares, not for the purposes of raising capital but in order to defeat a potential takeover bid, that would be an improper purpose. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-25" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><span>[</span> 26 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sebagai contoh, adalah direktur untuk mengeluarkan sejumlah saham baru, bukan untuk kepentingan meningkatkan modal tapi untuk mengalahkan tawaran takeover yang potensial, yang akan menjadi salah satu tujuan. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-25" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><span>[26]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Directors also owe strict duties not to permit any <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest&usg=ALkJrhg5f6kP6NhixtL02ThVY3wP7R5f9A" title="Konflik kepentingan">conflict of interest</a> or conflict with their duty to act in the best interests of the company.</span> Direksi juga wajib tugas ketat untuk tidak mengizinkan setiap <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest&usg=ALkJrhg5f6kP6NhixtL02ThVY3wP7R5f9A" title="Konflik kepentingan">konflik kepentingan</a> atau konflik dengan tugas mereka untuk bertindak dalam kepentingan terbaik perusahaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This rule is so strictly enforced that, even where the conflict of interest or conflict of duty is purely hypothetical, the directors can be forced to disgorge all personal gains arising from it.</span> Aturan ini sangat ketat itu, bahkan di mana konflik kepentingan atau konflik tugas adalah murni hipotesis, direktur yang dapat dipaksa untuk mengembalikan semua keuntungan pribadi yang timbul dari situ.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAberdeen_Ry_v._Blaikie%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgxbx1UFcnQ-r8mG4HQ_aZoaZnmHQ" class="new" title="Aberdeen Ry Blaikie ayat (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Aberdeen Ry v. Blaikie</i></a> (1854) 1 Macq HL 461 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rolfe,_1st_Baron_Cranworth&usg=ALkJrhjunvjkbAoE-4Bu5YSdf_bCUYrEYg" title="Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth">Lord Cranworth</a> stated in his judgment that,</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAberdeen_Ry_v._Blaikie%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgxbx1UFcnQ-r8mG4HQ_aZoaZnmHQ" class="new" title="Aberdeen Ry Blaikie ayat (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Aberdeen Ry ayat Blaikie</i></a> (1854) 1 Macq HL 461 <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rolfe,_1st_Baron_Cranworth&usg=ALkJrhjunvjkbAoE-4Bu5YSdf_bCUYrEYg" title="Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth">Tuhan Cranworth</a> dinyatakan dalam keputusan itu,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"A corporate body can only act by agents, and it is, of course, the duty of those agents so to act as best to promote the interests of the corporation whose affairs they are conducting. Such agents have duties to discharge of a fiduciary nature towards their principal. And it is a rule of universal application that no one, having such duties to discharge, shall be allowed to enter into engagements in which he has, <i>or can have</i> , a personal interest conflicting <i>or which possibly may conflict</i> , with the interests of those whom he is bound to protect... So strictly is this principle adhered to that no question is allowed to be raised as to the fairness or unfairness of the contract entered into..."</span> "Sebuah perusahaan hanya dapat bertindak tubuh oleh agen, dan ini, tentu saja, tugas mereka jadi agen untuk bertindak sebagai terbaik untuk memajukan kepentingan korporasi yang melakukan urusan mereka. Seperti agen memiliki tugas untuk pembuangan yang gadai alam sekolah terhadap mereka. Dan itu merupakan aturan universal bahwa tidak ada satu aplikasi, seperti yang memiliki tugas untuk pembebasan, maka ia akan diizinkan untuk memasuki Pertunangan di mana dia, <i>atau dapat,</i> konflik kepentingan pribadi <i>atau konflik yang mungkin Mei,</i> dengan kepentingan orang-orang yang dia terikat untuk melindungi ... Jadi ini adalah sangat prinsip adhered ke pertanyaan yang tidak diperbolehkan untuk dibangkitkan kepada keadilan atau unfairness dari kontrak dimasukkan ke dalam ... "</span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, in many jurisdictions the members of the company are permitted to ratify transactions which would otherwise fall foul of this principle.</span> Namun, di banyak jurisdiksi anggota perusahaan diijinkan untuk mengesahkan transaksi yang akan jatuh curang lain dari prinsip ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle should be capable of being abrogated in the company's constitution.</span> Ia juga diterima di sebagian besar wilayah hukum yang paling prinsip ini harus mampu menjadi perusahaan abrogated dalam konstitusi.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v._Van_Gorkom&usg=ALkJrhhzCdyFFDGo90T-Jk0IU72IQevGcA" title="Smith v. Van Gorkom"><i>Smith v. Van Gorkom</i></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v._Van_Gorkom&usg=ALkJrhhzCdyFFDGo90T-Jk0IU72IQevGcA" title="Smith v. Van Gorkom"><i>Smith v. Van Gorkom</i></a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Corporate_litigation" id="Corporate_litigation"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhg4RG_dIP4tdMCpL9YsGs2VobStvw" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate litigasi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Corporate litigation</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhg4RG_dIP4tdMCpL9YsGs2VobStvw" title="Sunting bagian: Corporate litigasi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perusahaan litigasi</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_suit&usg=ALkJrhhpAeeSovQn_1i1RGmduBCIFG6iig" title="Turunan sesuai">Derivative suit</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_prejudice&usg=ALkJrhgcVi1Zpd4DhoFYFm7ch_memKYf-A" title="Prasangka yang tidak adil" class="mw-redirect">Unfair prejudice</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_suit&usg=ALkJrhhpAeeSovQn_1i1RGmduBCIFG6iig" title="Turunan sesuai">Derivative sesuai</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_prejudice&usg=ALkJrhgcVi1Zpd4DhoFYFm7ch_memKYf-A" title="Prasangka yang tidak adil" class="mw-redirect">Unfair prasangka</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Members of a company generally have rights against each other and against the company, as framed under the company's constitution.</span> Anggota dari sebuah perusahaan biasanya memiliki hak terhadap satu sama lain dan terhadap perusahaan, sebagai bingkai di bawah perusahaan konstitusi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In relation to the exercise of their rights, minority shareholders usually have to accept that, because of the limits of their voting rights, they cannot direct the overall control of the company and must accept the will of the majority (often expressed as <i>majority rule</i> ).</span> Sehubungan dengan pelaksanaan hak-hak mereka, pemegang saham minoritas biasanya harus menerima itu, karena batas voting hak mereka, mereka tidak dapat langsung keseluruhan kontrol dari perusahaan dan harus menerima akan mayoritas (sering dinyatakan sebagai <i>aturan mayoritas)</i> .</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, majority rule can be iniquitous, particularly where there is one controlling shareholder.</span> Namun, mayoritas aturan dapat bengis, terutama di mana ada satu pengendalian pemegang saham.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Accordingly, a number of exceptions have developed in law in relation to the general principle of majority rule.</span> Dengan demikian, jumlah yang ada pengecualian dalam hukum dikembangkan dalam kaitannya dengan prinsip umum dari kebanyakan aturan.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Where the majority shareholder(s) are exercising their votes to perpetrate a fraud on the minority, the courts may permit the minority to sue <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-26" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><span>[</span> 27 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Dimana pemegang saham mayoritas (s) adalah melaksanakan suara untuk melakukan penipuan pada minoritas, pengadilan mengizinkan Mei minoritas ke sue <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-26" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><span>[27]</span></sup></a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">members always retain the right to sue if the majority acts to invade their personal rights, eg where the company's affairs are not conducted in accordance with the company's constitution (this position has been debated because the extent of a personal right is not set in law). <i>Macdougall v Gardiner</i> and <i>Pender v Lushington</i> present irreconcilable differences in this area.</span> anggota selalu mempertahankan hak untuk menuntut jika mayoritas bertindak untuk menakluk mereka hak pribadi, misalnya, di mana perusahaan urusan tidak dilakukan sesuai dengan konstitusi perusahaan (posisi ini telah diperdebatkan karena luasnya adalah hak pribadi yang tidak diatur dalam undang-undang) . <i>Macdougall v Gardiner</i> dan <i>Pender v Lushington</i> perbedaan yg tdk dpt didamaikan kembali hadir di daerah ini.</span> </li><li> in many jurisdictions it is possible for minority shareholders to take a <i>representative</i> or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_action&usg=ALkJrhgUM3gzyQI-9CutLYCFL1j0r3RQqw" title="Derivative action" class="mw-redirect"><i>derivative action</i></a> in the name of the company, where the company is controlled by the alleged wrongdoers </li></ul><p><a name="Corporate_finance" id="Corporate_finance"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhhBCJ-3TvPAf14ZbRrOwDp_j6Un1g" title="Edit section: Corporate finance">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Corporate finance</span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_finance&usg=ALkJrhiFZDSsy2di4jM3KGEwN_5r-Pryug" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p><a name="Shares_and_share_capital" id="Shares_and_share_capital"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhi_BuDKL5Jf_8Xy7Y5h-Eti3nuSjA" title="Edit section: Shares and share capital">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Shares and share capital</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock&usg=ALkJrhjIVssfSBS379wM69_IQBe4tblQ1g" title="Stock">Stock</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> Companies generally raise capital for their business ventures either by <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhiANii0y-u8oliq56DulLVqPWPZIg" title="Bond (finance)">debt</a> or equity. Capital raised by way of equity is usually raised by issued shares (sometimes called "stock" (not to be confused with stock-in-trade)) or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhhDG1e8-Ps-p1SnhqVF-k-XBakUeg" title="Warrant (finance)">warrants</a> . </p><p> A share is an item of property, and can be sold or transferred. Holding a share makes the holder a member of the company, and entitles them to enforce the provisions of the company's constitution against the company and against other members. Shares also normally have a nominal or par value, which is the limit of the shareholder's liability to contribute to the debts of the company on an insolvent liquidation. </p><p> Shares usually confer a number of rights on the holder. These will normally include: </p><ul><li> voting rights </li><li> rights to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend&usg=ALkJrhgE8QGvQOyvXsOI8thhuZXGJ3Aw4A" title="Dividend">dividends</a> declared by the company </li><li> rights to any return of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhiEeN37kDbmedyf5wKLLtUmbpXcSA" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> either upon redemption of the share, or upon the liquidation of the company </li><li> in some countries, shareholders have preemption rights, whereby they have a preferential right to participate in future share issues by the company </li></ul><p> Many companies have different classes of shares, offering different rights to the shareholders. For example, a company might issue both ordinary shares and preference shares, with the two types having different voting and/or economic rights. For example, a company might provide that preference shareholders shall each receive a cumulative preferred dividend of a certain amount per annum, but the ordinary shareholders shall receive everything else. </p><p> The total number of issued shares in a company is said to represent its <i>capital</i> . Many jurisdictions regulate the minimum amount of capital which a company may have, although some countries only prescribe minimum amounts of capital for companies engaging in certain types of business (eg <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking&usg=ALkJrhhPJiXf88FaBR9PqB6Sb0XWO9-mzQ" title="Banking" class="mw-redirect">banking</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance&usg=ALkJrhji9pLMXcs46B-ZxmQcLaFYJDmNPQ" title="Insurance">insurance</a> etc.). </p><p> Similarly, most jurisdictions regulate the maintenance of capital, and prevent companies returning funds to shareholders by way of distribution when this might leave the company financially exposed. In some jurisdictions this extends to prohibiting a company from providing <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_assistance&usg=ALkJrhjWdLesEVUexwdlpanmQbJflsLNNg" title="Financial assistance">financial assistance</a> for the purchase of its own shares. </p><p><a name="Liquidations" id="Liquidations"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhhQZ0HBE2Pc1or98ipwJhj8ZGPDUw" title="Edit section: Liquidations">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Liquidations</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation&usg=ALkJrhj9dQKEi8w1iZvOOYG4Uz2RnpL1mA" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> Liquidation is the normal means by which a company's existence is brought to an end. It is also referred to (either alternatively or concurrently) in some jurisdictions as <i>winding up</i> and/or <i>dissolution</i> . </p><p> Liquidations generally come in two forms, either <i>compulsory liquidations</i> (sometimes called <i>creditors' liquidations</i> ) and <i>voluntary liquidations</i> (sometimes called <i>members' liquidations</i> , although a voluntary liquidation where the company is insolvent will also be controlled by the creditors, and is properly referred to as a <i>creditors' voluntary liquidation</i> ). </p><p> As its names imply, applications for compulsory liquidation are normally made by <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creditor&usg=ALkJrhi4s0BmRvXYHlkb7idHYtYOwWUjdg" title="Creditor">creditors</a> of the company when the company is unable to pay its debts. However, in some jurisdictions, regulators have the power to apply for the liquidation of the company on the grounds of public good, ie where the company is believed to have engaged in unlawful conduct, or conduct which is otherwise harmful to the public at large. </p><p> Voluntary liquidations occur when the company's members decide voluntarily to wind up the affairs of the company. This may be because they believe that the company will soon become <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvent&usg=ALkJrhgzozHiUbt-pN-UMFVsXFjutvs6cg" title="Insolvent" class="mw-redirect">insolvent</a> , or it may be on economic grounds if they believe that the purpose for which the company was formed is now at an end, or that the company is not providing an adequate return on assets and should be broken up and sold off. </p><p> Some jurisdictions also permit companies to be wound up on "just and equitable" grounds. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_note-27" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><span>[</span> 28 <span>]</span></sup></a> Generally, applications for just and equitable winding-up are brought by a member of the company who alleges that the affairs of the company are being conducted in a prejudicial manner, and asking the court to bring an end to the company's existence. For obvious reasons, in most countries, the courts have been reluctant to wind up a company solely on the basis of the disappointment of one member, regardless of how well-founded that member's complaints are. Accordingly, most jurisdictions which permit just and equitable winding up also permit the court to impose other remedies, such as requiring the majority shareholder(s) to buy out the disappointed minority shareholder at a fair value. </p><p> Where a company goes into liquidation, normally a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidator_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhgxU2qqznXa3R9AC3JtaQIPK-YrQ" title="Liquidator (law)">liquidator</a> is appointed to gather in all the company's assets and settle all claims against the company. If there is any surplus after paying off all the creditors of the company, this surplus is then distributed to the members. </p><p><a name="Insider_dealing" id="Insider_dealing"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhjeJg8-BFor83IafDcyn5z2LZTJRQ" title="Edit section: Insider dealing">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Insider dealing</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_dealing&usg=ALkJrhgpP_DFt47N7lmRIdsp0WarsCurww" title="Insider dealing" class="mw-redirect">Insider dealing</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p><a name="Corporate_life_and_death" id="Corporate_life_and_death"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhipH3HjI3jJ7iHyB6DNm1Kr4DRMYg" title="Edit section: Corporate life and death">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Corporate life and death</span> </h2><p><a name="Corporate_crime" id="Corporate_crime"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhhr0zZBxdlUvCLiN3ZpBCUM50FfUA" title="Edit section: Corporate crime">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Corporate crime</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_liability&usg=ALkJrhhbA_fz7xqIwU1KONjXK6UM65xlUg" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_crime&usg=ALkJrhj1QI-WsO9Ho0aCRvsVotrdZTJv5Q" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></i> </div></dd></dl><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Manslaughter_and_Corporate_Homicide_Act_2007&usg=ALkJrhhf7QE7zg8G6phldRajnFrvnzLd1w" title="Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007">Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007</a> </li></ul><p><a name="Mergers_and_acquisitions" id="Mergers_and_acquisitions"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhj3u3r-NtKG2SmPvT166uVhM_pQEQ" title="Edit section: Mergers and acquisitions">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Mergers and acquisitions</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions&usg=ALkJrhjdl16ke1HaK0Z1Rr_eYTdx-r71PA" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></i> </div></dd></dl><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjCJoOOLxfO-t3nG-Z8YZwD9Az9CA" title="Reconstruction (law)">Reconstruction (law)</a> </li></ul><p><a name="Corporate_insolvency" id="Corporate_insolvency"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhiGfL2sR2AjKbc5-NbmaZ645ZBglw" title="Edit section: Corporate insolvency">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Corporate insolvency</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency_law&usg=ALkJrhhWeqLccwf8XEjUOYw_D-uImNakzw" title="Insolvency law" class="mw-redirect">Insolvency law</a></i> </div></dd></dl><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Rescue_and_Insolvency_Journal&usg=ALkJrhiwJ5-GY407-21ZfQBQnzNjpI2idQ" title="Corporate Rescue and Insolvency Journal">Corporate Rescue and Insolvency Journal</a> </li></ul><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhjBpc4od9kmOPGmBt7t58f-9NDsoA" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhjBpc4od9kmOPGmBt7t58f-9NDsoA" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><dl><dt> Corporate laws </dt></dl><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law&usg=ALkJrhiqxdJ340m7mfIoVm1MMO8wHytOdw" title="United Kingdom company law">United Kingdom company law</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Act_2006&usg=ALkJrhi8g1DESc5UFSLwGpomC8Suqi26wQ" title="Undang-undang perusahaan 2006">Companies Act 2006</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_corporate_law&usg=ALkJrhhk9WIO3WkTncn2C0A2WCoIHXZmjw" title="United States corporate law" class="mw-redirect">United States corporate law</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law&usg=ALkJrhgePvZaO5iOsOtH82DHYt1ryShfxQ" title="Delaware Umum Hukum Corporation">Delaware General Corporation Law</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Business_Corporation_Act&usg=ALkJrhjd_GtU_3D93Uf2XkxfGjbhiCaiZw" title="Model Business Corporation Act">Model Business Corporation Act</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGerman_corporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgIwYfkPN5SXzCSk1yem09vScksnA" class="new" title="German corporate law (page does not exist)">German corporate law</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.http//bundesrecht.juris.de/aktg/&usg=ALkJrhj8SywVNQ9hMRMFAwzSysEWKih0xw" class="external text" title="http://www.http://bundesrecht.juris.de/aktg/" rel="nofollow">Aktiengesetz (AktG)</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.http//www.bundesrecht.juris.de/gmbhg/index.html&usg=ALkJrhi1zYOHsE-nGdeMwrt1Y4FqSwAViw" class="external text" title="http://www.http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/gmbhg/index.html" rel="nofollow">Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH-Gesetz, GmbHG)</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Company_Statute&usg=ALkJrhjjisATmN7TSL1tYZa3gQvaVQoATw" title="Perusahaan Eropa Statuta">European Company Statute</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_Europa&usg=ALkJrhjbzThFGe-kMgsKvbGEiRq0dU9vTQ" title="Societas Eropa" class="mw-redirect"><i>Societas Europa</i></a> </li></ul><dl><dt> General pages </dt></dl><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_company_name_etymologies&usg=ALkJrhitSJcIRtt68xQvCEhes61DsOd_sg" title="List of company name etymologies">List of company name etymologies</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_named_after_people&usg=ALkJrhhqtg4c_FfF6LDKbJ1EgXZDnVW3wQ" title="List of companies named after people">List of companies named after people</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_companies&usg=ALkJrhgQqXf0kGM4FC_Jmh5w2C9drrFzSA" title="Types of companies" class="mw-redirect">Types of companies</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi_corporation&usg=ALkJrhhVhUln-DVah0cTEDLvjn44bKgjJg" title="Quasi corporation">Quasi corporation</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_regulation_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhimmc0z093Bci6qkE8r-_zBk9F1JA" title="Securities regulation in the United States">Securities regulation in the United States</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom&usg=ALkJrhjyACK7xkF-KrZE5ZJOFv0vYv_W0w" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> </li></ul><p><a name="Notes_and_references" id="Notes_and_references"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D19&usg=ALkJrhhpbKX3SP7O5kVcewFqGcwjmUkNtA" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes and references</span> </h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hansmann and Kraakman, 'The End of History for Corporate Law?' (2001) 89 <i>Georgetown Law Journal</i> 439, 443; see also, <i>Anatomy of Corporate Law</i> (2004) Ch.1 </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> Paul Davies, <i>Introduction to Company Law</i> (2003) Ch.9 </li><li id="cite_note-2"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> 8th edition (2004), <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0314151990&usg=ALkJrhiE4mB9rnRMDV2qHpts-UVs1OZoyg" class="internal">ISBN 0 314 15199 0</a> </li><li id="cite_note-3"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-3" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DNorthern_Counties_Securities_Ltd._v._Jackson_%2526_Steeple_Ltd.%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiqFdj-6cYLU7E4araLc6V7YbBLlA" class="new" title="Northern Counties Securities Ltd. v. Jackson & Steeple Ltd. (page does not exist)"><i>Northern Counties Securities Ltd. v. Jackson & Steeple Ltd.</i></a> [1974] 1 WLR 1133; Walton J actually attributes the term to his counsel, Mr Price, quoting Lord Haldane. But Lord Haldane never used such figurative words. They may trace back to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thurlow,_1st_Baron_Thurlow&usg=ALkJrhixukCKBt_KoDIVrxc6Mgx3HJyzjQ" title="Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow">Lord Chancellor Thurlow</a> (1731–1806), who is said to have asked rhetorically, "did you ever expect a corporation to have a conscience, when it has no soul to be damned and no body to be kicked?" Though it seems his exact phrase was, "Corporations have neither bodies to be punished, nor souls to be condemned; they therefore do as they like." John Poynder Literary Extracts (1844) vol. 1, p. 2 or 268 </li><li id="cite_note-4"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhjEcFOq4LYjVn1OKbM4Ssm3uliPOg" title="South African Constitution" class="mw-redirect">South African Constitution</a> Art.8, especially Art.(4) </li><li id="cite_note-5"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-5" title=""><b>^</b></a> Phillip I. Blumberg, The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993) has a very good discussion of the controversial nature of additional rights being granted to corporations. </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Manslaughter_and_Corporate_Homicide_Act_2007&usg=ALkJrhhf7QE7zg8G6phldRajnFrvnzLd1w" title="Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007">Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007</a> </li><li id="cite_note-7"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> In England the first joint stock company was the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company&usg=ALkJrhjccKQ7O4bDFCAL6z7pN8rVLvqP1w" title="British East India Company" class="mw-redirect">East India Company</a> , which received its charter in 1600. The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company&usg=ALkJrhhndaXOSdBXPnyWmJt4ntA0T5IYVQ" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> received its charter in 1602, but is generally recognized as the first company in the world to issue joint stock. Not coincidentally, the two companies were competitors. </li><li id="cite_note-8"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> In England, see <i>Edmunds v Brown Tillard</i> (1668) 1 Lev 237 and <i>Salmon v The Hamborough Co</i> (1671) 1 Ch Cas 204 </li><li id="cite_note-9"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-9" title=""><b>^</b></a> "Long ago, the region's failure to develop joint-stock companies was one reason why it fell behind the West." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3DE1_RQTPDDJ%26login%3DY%26CFID%3D104408993%26CFTOKEN%3D3fd5f61-d9f0ee11-3443-43d4-b694-1160bf9d5298&usg=ALkJrhiZTIZdH8r8rXVOn-WSAJM5xY8p6w" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_RQTPDDJ&login=Y&CFID=104408993&CFTOKEN=3fd5f61-d9f0ee11-3443-43d4-b694-1160bf9d5298" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> The Economist </li><li id="cite_note-10"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-10" title=""><b>^</b></a> see <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAshbury_v._Watson%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgcQtd39y2BAK35nANv6wbsoQOBfg" class="new" title="Ashbury v. Watson (page does not exist)"><i>Ashbury v. Watson</i></a> (1885) 30 Ch D 376 </li><li id="cite_note-11"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-11" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Shalfoon v Cheddar Valley</i> [1924] NZLR 561 </li><li id="cite_note-12"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-12" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc04/index.shtml&usg=ALkJrhjK1AXc-vQA7nDMxpj2RfoiMNPMcA#TopOfPage" class="external text" title="http://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc04/index.shtml#TopOfPage" rel="nofollow">§141(a)</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law&usg=ALkJrhgePvZaO5iOsOtH82DHYt1ryShfxQ" title="Delaware Umum Hukum Corporation">Delaware General Corporation Law</a> </li><li id="cite_note-13"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-13" title=""><b>^</b></a> See also, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DListing_Rule%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhRdRT3BndJ7LgpZ_TsmjxHEpNeMQ" class="new" title="Listing Rule (page does not exist)">Listing Rule</a> 10 for public companies, setting out a scale of transactions requiring shareholder approval and disclosure. </li><li id="cite_note-14"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-14" title=""><b>^</b></a> Shareholders must approve sale of "all or substantially all assets", held in <i>Gimbel</i> (1974) to be those "qualitatively vital to the existence and purprose" of the corporation; which in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DKatz_v._Bregman%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgmdzWPkcsSSEljvx6OcXj3Z3GTyw" class="new" title="Katz v. Bregman (page does not exist)"><i>Katz v. Bregman</i></a> (1981) was held to include assets under 50% of the company's value </li><li id="cite_note-15"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-15" title=""><b>^</b></a> The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesgerichtshof&usg=ALkJrhiwcDKUdye5DELFOnozFLbSIVOKYA" title="Bundesgerichtshof" class="mw-redirect"><i>Bundesgerichtshof</i></a> held that shareholders must approve a sale of assets amounting to 80% of the company's value </li><li id="cite_note-16"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-16" title=""><b>^</b></a> cf <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBushell_v._Faith%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhi4d0tIh_UUMYNj8MA6cPDa2OP4w" class="new" title="Bushell v. Faith (page does not exist)"><i>Bushell v. Faith</i></a> , and query whether the decision would still be decided the same way. </li><li id="cite_note-17"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-17" title=""><b>^</b></a> See also, SEC 13d-5, dating from times when groups of investors were considered potential <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel&usg=ALkJrhhsvag06bWIR-J8BwZ_IVEyNdFsvg" title="Cartel">cartels</a> , saying any 5% shareholder voting block must register with the Federal financial authority, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission&usg=ALkJrhgol5DRQ0gXYswf5nJjXmhQwNAQjQ" title="Securities and Exchange Commission" class="mw-redirect">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> . </li><li id="cite_note-18"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-18" title=""><b>^</b></a> Though the Constitution may allow particular provisions to be further "entrenched", s.22; Furthermore, Art.3 of the Model Articles allows 75% of members in general meeting to give the directors specific instructions. </li><li id="cite_note-19"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-19" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_v._Salomon_%26_Co.&usg=ALkJrhi8-3JrxUTOIWLXzyxDESflyj4L3Q" title="Salomon v. Salomon & Co" class="mw-redirect"><i>Salomon v. Salomon & Co.</i></a> [1897] AC 22. </li><li id="cite_note-20"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-20" title=""><b>^</b></a> Although it did attach to documents within the husband's custody or control. </li><li id="cite_note-21"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-21" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMacaura_v._Northern_Assurance_Co_Ltd%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgyN-aKaSDKLA0bjpLBapxAjPNItw" class="new" title="V. Macaura Northern Assurance Co Ltd (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Macaura v. Northern Assurance Co Ltd</i></a> [1925] AC 619 </li><li id="cite_note-22"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-22" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdams_v._Cape_Industries_plc%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjZHy-5afa9siduNMjBEovkgwjK0Q" class="new" title="Adams ayat Cape plc Industri (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Adams v. Cape Industries plc</i></a> [1990] Ch 433 </li><li id="cite_note-23"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-23" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Williams v Natural Life</i> [1998] 1 WLR 830 </li><li id="cite_note-24"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-24" title=""><b>^</b></a> See the frustration expressed by the House of Lords in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCotman_v._Brougham%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgZ2YuY6LwJLkb2WwJANYAMDqZTwg" class="new" title="Cotman v. Brougham (page does not exist)"><i>Cotman v. Brougham</i></a> [1918] AC 514 </li><li id="cite_note-25"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-25" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHarlowe%27s_Nominees_Pty_v._Woodside%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhggxvddSipF3-6DJtMZ8UfZ0iT_Zg" class="new" title="Harlowe's Nominees Pty v. Woodside (page does not exist)"><i>Harlowe's Nominees Pty v. Woodside</i></a> (1968) 121 CLR 483 (Aust HC) </li><li id="cite_note-26"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-26" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foss_v_Harbottle&usg=ALkJrhjLidMeMBS2BIfqQWMRnrEwLy0D6w" title="Foss v Harbottle"><i>Foss v Harbottle</i></a> (1843) 2 Hare 461 </li><li id="cite_note-27"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhjcHkbGDisBjBhkgQ6ijy4YqotGoQ#cite_ref-27" title=""><b>^</b></a> In England, see <i>Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries</i> [1973] AC 360 </li></ol></div><p><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhjNgaIVOAEYwwxFKXjlRScqVBNNMA" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih membaca">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhjNgaIVOAEYwwxFKXjlRScqVBNNMA" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih membaca"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lebih lanjut membaca</span></span> </h2><ul><li> Reiner Kraakman, Henry Hansmann, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Davies&usg=ALkJrhia9Lj3U_Nl1B8B-qQMMmqt-oV51w" title="Paul L. Davies">Paul L. Davies</a> , Klaus Hopt, Gerard Hertig, Hideki Kanda, <i>The Anatomy of Corporate Law</i> (2004) Oxford University Press </li></ul><p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p><h2> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhjKiuLiBFjj7fntgnE6Wm3DndrwVQ" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCorporate_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhjKiuLiBFjj7fntgnE6Wm3DndrwVQ" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pranala luar</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://ssrn.com/abstract%3D1103644&usg=ALkJrhgLxanwSnQveoDj_3zjMQiANNwlrQ" class="external text" title="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1103644" rel="nofollow">A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law</a> </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-51284442737051438342009-01-21T01:09:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:33:06.563-08:00Hukum Dagang<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhQS_c65fR5ostnMZZR9s9sGbgQrg#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhQS_c65fR5ostnMZZR9s9sGbgQrg#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhQS_c65fR5ostnMZZR9s9sGbgQrg#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhQS_c65fR5ostnMZZR9s9sGbgQrg#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="" cellspacing=""><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhiHz0sKyRbmyKRBUe3UL25mLahdzA" class="image" title="Scales keadilan"><img alt="Scales keadilan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" height="102" /></a> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:145%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhicLCvFGJkWkWOLM7XN096Vez8PLQ" title="Hukum perusahaan">Companies law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhicLCvFGJkWkWOLM7XN096Vez8PLQ" title="Hukum perusahaan">Hukum perusahaan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company&usg=ALkJrhh_yWRPhqjKq8UjU_kQ8Ut3uoY2Pw" title="Perusahaan">Company</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business&usg=ALkJrhiIclh4OzRj2k7BIj5x8uQdeO3xjg" title="Bisnis">Business</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company&usg=ALkJrhh_yWRPhqjKq8UjU_kQ8Ut3uoY2Pw" title="Perusahaan">Perusahaan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business&usg=ALkJrhiIclh4OzRj2k7BIj5x8uQdeO3xjg" title="Bisnis">Bisnis</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_proprietorship&usg=ALkJrhiPbUveuJjvxxBAeGsR5JHdgl_p5Q" title="Satu-satunya milik">Sole proprietorship</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_proprietorship&usg=ALkJrhiPbUveuJjvxxBAeGsR5JHdgl_p5Q" title="Satu-satunya milik">Satu-satunya milik</a></span> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership&usg=ALkJrhixdp9lDn_rwt5BPPB-ja3Y5CYtwA" title="Kemitraan">Partnership</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership&usg=ALkJrhixdp9lDn_rwt5BPPB-ja3Y5CYtwA" title="Kemitraan">Kemitraan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_partnership&usg=ALkJrhhVs5dBk41BLfctI5kT3iU6Sid9_g" title="Umum kemitraan">General</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_partnership&usg=ALkJrhjPdgPL5NtF3LF0I7NvVssU3Zoj4g" title="Komanditer">Limited</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership&usg=ALkJrhh7QsktzL8NvCXeq0gx1hduynba_g" title="Terbatas kewajiban kemitraan">LLP</a> )</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_partnership&usg=ALkJrhhVs5dBk41BLfctI5kT3iU6Sid9_g" title="Umum kemitraan">(Umum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_partnership&usg=ALkJrhjPdgPL5NtF3LF0I7NvVssU3Zoj4g" title="Komanditer">Limited</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership&usg=ALkJrhh7QsktzL8NvCXeq0gx1hduynba_g" title="Terbatas kewajiban kemitraan">LLP)</a></span> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhuJFERRLKaF8vwX1XPp60AX-JP8w" title="Korporasi">Corporation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhuJFERRLKaF8vwX1XPp60AX-JP8w" title="Korporasi">Korporasi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative&usg=ALkJrhj-7NLPlmdTwKSIK0_VRUNpN_IR2w" title="Koperasi">Cooperative</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative&usg=ALkJrhj-7NLPlmdTwKSIK0_VRUNpN_IR2w" title="Koperasi">Koperasi</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">United States</span> Amerika Serikat</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_corporation&usg=ALkJrhhcpnMc-a_pkv1GEeVela84igtHEg" title="S korporasi">S corporation</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_corporation&usg=ALkJrhh73OFziKd08P5-xk8BDI68fgriWw" title="C korporasi">C corporation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_corporation&usg=ALkJrhhcpnMc-a_pkv1GEeVela84igtHEg" title="S korporasi">S korporasi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_corporation&usg=ALkJrhh73OFziKd08P5-xk8BDI68fgriWw" title="C korporasi">korporasi C</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company&usg=ALkJrhgbEpHA3q1op5roX_sRyqcyvAF1jw" title="Kewajiban perusahaan terbatas">LLC</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_limited_partnership&usg=ALkJrhiMs9MDOkcPEHP2fzFm3xLyaT8-yQ" title="Terbatas kewajiban komanditer">LLLP</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_LLC&usg=ALkJrhj2U0JRof-HP2V-S76u2vangdU_5g" title="Seri LLC">Series LLC</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company&usg=ALkJrhgbEpHA3q1op5roX_sRyqcyvAF1jw" title="Kewajiban perusahaan terbatas">LLC</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_limited_partnership&usg=ALkJrhiMs9MDOkcPEHP2fzFm3xLyaT8-yQ" title="Terbatas kewajiban komanditer">LLLP</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_LLC&usg=ALkJrhj2U0JRof-HP2V-S76u2vangdU_5g" title="Seri LLC">Seri LLC</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_corporation&usg=ALkJrhgqO1VaYLsMioJIf3b9jjjsBQcnZA" title="Delaware korporasi" class="mw-redirect">Delaware corporation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_corporation&usg=ALkJrhgqO1VaYLsMioJIf3b9jjjsBQcnZA" title="Delaware korporasi" class="mw-redirect">Delaware korporasi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_corporation&usg=ALkJrhiVk970KmwMbQ1P9DwvydzSVf5fsQ" title="Nevada korporasi">Nevada corporation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_corporation&usg=ALkJrhiVk970KmwMbQ1P9DwvydzSVf5fsQ" title="Nevada korporasi">Nevada korporasi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_business_trust&usg=ALkJrhiflAMfR85X-Tj3iy-uROEvdXvcrg" title="Massachusetts bisnis kepercayaan">Massachusetts business trust</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_business_trust&usg=ALkJrhiflAMfR85X-Tj3iy-uROEvdXvcrg" title="Massachusetts bisnis kepercayaan">Massachusetts bisnis kepercayaan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">UK / Ireland / Commonwealth</span> Inggris / Irlandia / Commonwealth</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_company&usg=ALkJrhhqhyKz6R48PmNIJmvxQekGzdy5sA" title="Perseroan terbatas">Limited company</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_company&usg=ALkJrhhqhyKz6R48PmNIJmvxQekGzdy5sA" title="Perseroan terbatas">Perseroan terbatas</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares&usg=ALkJrhjQ92XWVTW7mJGuJMZNV95zpVBMCA" title="Perusahaan swasta dibatasi oleh saham">by shares</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_limited_by_guarantee&usg=ALkJrhjHusHVSunRKOHvAprOP6OOTA4uug" title="Perusahaan dibatasi oleh menjamin">by guarantee</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares&usg=ALkJrhjQ92XWVTW7mJGuJMZNV95zpVBMCA" title="Perusahaan swasta dibatasi oleh saham">(Oleh saham</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_limited_by_guarantee&usg=ALkJrhjHusHVSunRKOHvAprOP6OOTA4uug" title="Perusahaan dibatasi oleh menjamin">oleh menjamin</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_limited_company&usg=ALkJrhhjBkVjBE1zqMvAdJUXd9yYfsJXrA" title="Umum terbatas">Public</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_limited_company&usg=ALkJrhjq1sPxdAd-j0FKLlf_-kFadmFaKQ" title="Milik perusahaan terbatas" class="mw-redirect">Proprietary</a> )</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_limited_company&usg=ALkJrhhjBkVjBE1zqMvAdJUXd9yYfsJXrA" title="Umum terbatas">Publik</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_limited_company&usg=ALkJrhjq1sPxdAd-j0FKLlf_-kFadmFaKQ" title="Milik perusahaan terbatas" class="mw-redirect">MILIK)</a></span> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_interest_company&usg=ALkJrhiVy4cmpYQSf0ByngVOXWTv9LXR2A" title="Minat masyarakat perusahaan">Community interest company</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_interest_company&usg=ALkJrhiVy4cmpYQSf0ByngVOXWTv9LXR2A" title="Minat masyarakat perusahaan">Minat masyarakat perusahaan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">European Union / <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area&usg=ALkJrhiOaMd0v8etw1WqoLC1q7smLSVXog" title="Wilayah Ekonomi Eropa">EEA</a></span> Uni Eropa / <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area&usg=ALkJrhiOaMd0v8etw1WqoLC1q7smLSVXog" title="Wilayah Ekonomi Eropa">EEA</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Company_Statute&usg=ALkJrhjfTeQ4-diY00llvYah5lvvUNJmqA" title="Perusahaan Eropa Statuta">SE</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cooperative_Society&usg=ALkJrhg2U2leCKuQY-KivSrPALnw_6Fnnw" title="Koperasi Masyarakat Eropa">SCE</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Private_Company&usg=ALkJrhimq0uxC5UtDoX-Lhy67CvOlNBPEQ" title="Eropa Perusahaan Swasta">SPE</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping&usg=ALkJrhiIrUqGMv53KH4KHAgFMrtQR8RCkQ" title="Kelompok kepentingan ekonomi Eropa">EEIG</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Company_Statute&usg=ALkJrhjfTeQ4-diY00llvYah5lvvUNJmqA" title="Perusahaan Eropa Statuta">SE</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cooperative_Society&usg=ALkJrhg2U2leCKuQY-KivSrPALnw_6Fnnw" title="Koperasi Masyarakat Eropa">SCE</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Private_Company&usg=ALkJrhimq0uxC5UtDoX-Lhy67CvOlNBPEQ" title="Eropa Perusahaan Swasta">SPE</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping&usg=ALkJrhiIrUqGMv53KH4KHAgFMrtQR8RCkQ" title="Kelompok kepentingan ekonomi Eropa">EEIG</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Elsewhere</span> Di tempat lain</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiebolag&usg=ALkJrhhP96Adz7iyBm3iSOq6JQXq6H87Sg" title="Aktiebolag">AB</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft&usg=ALkJrhhp88fhIY5Q1YmAC5wHEqK5H0qEyg" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansvarlig_selskap&usg=ALkJrhhkMbFaMhUgZOi0ZOAiuihowqsEkw" title="Ansvarlig selskap">ANS</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktieselskab&usg=ALkJrhhmZ26l5hV454GOVwS4oF9kSx2uag" title="Aktieselskab">A/S</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksjeselskap&usg=ALkJrhi3rX_yq8LYP08ruWR-3sWEzRIBCQ" title="Aksjeselskap">AS</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%25C3%25A4nkter_Haftung&usg=ALkJrhhb1FmQAbVyxJo6vdLNtk_ifH9XnA" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung">GmbH</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiebolag&usg=ALkJrhhP96Adz7iyBm3iSOq6JQXq6H87Sg" title="Aktiebolag">AB</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft&usg=ALkJrhhp88fhIY5Q1YmAC5wHEqK5H0qEyg" title="Aktiengesellschaft">AG</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansvarlig_selskap&usg=ALkJrhhkMbFaMhUgZOi0ZOAiuihowqsEkw" title="Ansvarlig selskap">ANS</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">A</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktieselskab&usg=ALkJrhhmZ26l5hV454GOVwS4oF9kSx2uag" title="Aktieselskab">/</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">S</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksjeselskap&usg=ALkJrhi3rX_yq8LYP08ruWR-3sWEzRIBCQ" title="Aksjeselskap">SEBAGAIMANA</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%25C3%25A4nkter_Haftung&usg=ALkJrhhb1FmQAbVyxJo6vdLNtk_ifH9XnA" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung">GmbH</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_kaisha&usg=ALkJrhiYDLpnUuGXievdkWu4js5VAp997A" title="Kabushiki kaisha" class="mw-redirect">KK</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamloze_Vennootschap&usg=ALkJrhi7hoQ9rNQeSgLP4HdVOnAaat_8rQ" title="Naamloze Vennootschap" class="mw-redirect">NV</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakeyhti%25C3%25B6&usg=ALkJrhiDx09mhW5N684aCW1_740V_8PgCQ" title="Osakeyhtiö">OY</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.A._%28corporation%29&usg=ALkJrhgmf-n_YEdEp9i4v10mCWkZKxORjg" title="S.A. (korporasi)">SA</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity&usg=ALkJrhjg9JnB3eQPPILfIqjZmLhxicgJjg" title="Jenis entitas bisnis">more</a></i></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_kaisha&usg=ALkJrhiYDLpnUuGXievdkWu4js5VAp997A" title="Kabushiki kaisha" class="mw-redirect">KK</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamloze_Vennootschap&usg=ALkJrhi7hoQ9rNQeSgLP4HdVOnAaat_8rQ" title="Naamloze Vennootschap" class="mw-redirect">NV</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osakeyhti%25C3%25B6&usg=ALkJrhiDx09mhW5N684aCW1_740V_8PgCQ" title="Osakeyhtiö">Oy</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.A._%28corporation%29&usg=ALkJrhgmf-n_YEdEp9i4v10mCWkZKxORjg" title="S.A. (korporasi)">SA</a> <i><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_business_entity&usg=ALkJrhjg9JnB3eQPPILfIqjZmLhxicgJjg" title="Jenis entitas bisnis">lebih</a></i></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Doctrines</span> Doktrin</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance&usg=ALkJrhi87CUvJVHRgMoVlNwGvNmS8oMukQ" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance&usg=ALkJrhi87CUvJVHRgMoVlNwGvNmS8oMukQ" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhj_6oJsF92xSCF3XZHZY7GOt416sw" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">Limited liability</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires&usg=ALkJrhjULcFuYpjsB2zpb_QzrDZYk0RxIA" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhj_6oJsF92xSCF3XZHZY7GOt416sw" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">Tanggung jawab terbatas</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires&usg=ALkJrhjULcFuYpjsB2zpb_QzrDZYk0RxIA" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_judgment_rule&usg=ALkJrhid1DNR3aBr5RpYrlyVqYrPRftIPA" title="Usaha penghakiman aturan">Business judgment rule</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_judgment_rule&usg=ALkJrhid1DNR3aBr5RpYrlyVqYrPRftIPA" title="Usaha penghakiman aturan">Usaha penghakiman aturan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhgri63kpmNvZLFG8L7UtED6O7WXow" title="Urusan internal doktrin">Internal affairs doctrine</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhgri63kpmNvZLFG8L7UtED6O7WXow" title="Urusan internal doktrin">Urusan internal doktrin</a></span> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhh7RTSoiaRNwmaSN7IAbZuUPgB_QQ" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel">De facto corporation and</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhh7RTSoiaRNwmaSN7IAbZuUPgB_QQ" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel">De facto dan korporasi</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhh7RTSoiaRNwmaSN7IAbZuUPgB_QQ" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel"><br /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhh7RTSoiaRNwmaSN7IAbZuUPgB_QQ" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel">corporation by estoppel</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhh7RTSoiaRNwmaSN7IAbZuUPgB_QQ" title="De facto korporasi dan korporasi oleh estoppel">korporasi oleh estoppel</a></span> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil&usg=ALkJrhjmwmaWuW9jelwtrYKcWB80fNcS3g" title="Piercing perusahaan cadarnya">Piercing the corporate veil</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil&usg=ALkJrhjmwmaWuW9jelwtrYKcWB80fNcS3g" title="Piercing perusahaan cadarnya">Piercing perusahaan cadarnya</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Principles&usg=ALkJrhj-u-_Mt8X8gaGW6WWzlxpAYoKUSw" title="Prinsip Rochdale">Rochdale Principles</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Principles&usg=ALkJrhj-u-_Mt8X8gaGW6WWzlxpAYoKUSw" title="Prinsip Rochdale">Prinsip Rochdale</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Related areas</span> Daerah terkait</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhg3FqjqsEdmToM0i8l3LwlpPSlhow" title="Kontrak">Contract</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhgL-jjV6QOBq6dYkunvYRR8x_5SfQ" title="Sipil prosedur">Civil procedure</a></b></span> <b><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhg3FqjqsEdmToM0i8l3LwlpPSlhow" title="Kontrak">Kontrak</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhgL-jjV6QOBq6dYkunvYRR8x_5SfQ" title="Sipil prosedur">Sipil prosedur</a></b></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal;font-size:xx-small;color:transparent;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhgUMmMbo_WIVETHtGdZ-0dAxhvrfQ" title="Template: Perusahaan hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhghryoQZBhjp4Pq0YLa6_QV1JT8kA" title="Template talk: Perusahaan hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Companies_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiQXrqTpSu1o39weIw3PG4RlPyHXA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Companies_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhgUMmMbo_WIVETHtGdZ-0dAxhvrfQ" title="Template: Perusahaan hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Companies_law&usg=ALkJrhghryoQZBhjp4Pq0YLa6_QV1JT8kA" title="Template talk: Perusahaan hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Companies_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiQXrqTpSu1o39weIw3PG4RlPyHXA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Companies_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Commercial law</b> (sometimes known as <b>business law</b> ) is the body of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhiTQimWbJeviHd_9W3fSFPFGwoOUA" title="Hukum">law</a> which governs <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business&usg=ALkJrhiIclh4OzRj2k7BIj5x8uQdeO3xjg" title="Bisnis">business</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce&usg=ALkJrhi35SbSUgEE94o268IdHW-09zmKSQ" title="Niaga">commercial</a> transactions.</span> <b>Hukum komersial</b> (kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai <b>hukum bisnis)</b> adalah badan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhiTQimWbJeviHd_9W3fSFPFGwoOUA" title="Hukum">hukum</a> yang governs <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business&usg=ALkJrhiIclh4OzRj2k7BIj5x8uQdeO3xjg" title="Bisnis">bisnis</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce&usg=ALkJrhi35SbSUgEE94o268IdHW-09zmKSQ" title="Niaga">komersial</a> transaksi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is often considered to be a branch of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhhHTs8n1YTjFMuCZWzCSfYvvv2dKA" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">civil law</a> and deals both with issues of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhg5e3bjyWO4oE3SULcAPFuWyZoDMw" title="Hukum perdata">private law</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhiUosuVF96-NjnhZWBQpS_jEwRVOA" title="Hukum publik">public law</a> .</span> Hal ini sering dianggap sebagai satu cabang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhhHTs8n1YTjFMuCZWzCSfYvvv2dKA" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">hukum perdata</a> dan kedua berkaitan dengan masalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhg5e3bjyWO4oE3SULcAPFuWyZoDMw" title="Hukum perdata">hukum perdata</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhiUosuVF96-NjnhZWBQpS_jEwRVOA" title="Hukum publik">hukum publik.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Commercial law includes within its compass such titles as principal and agent; carriage by land and sea; merchant shipping; guarantee; marine, fire, life and accident insurance; bills of exchange and partnership.</span> Komersial termasuk di dalam undang-undang seperti kompas sebagai judul utama dan agen; gerbong oleh tanah dan laut; merchant shipping; jaminan; laut, kebakaran, dan asuransi kecelakaan; tagihan tukar dan kemitraan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It can also be understood to regulate <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhuJFERRLKaF8vwX1XPp60AX-JP8w" title="Korporasi">corporate</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhg3FqjqsEdmToM0i8l3LwlpPSlhow" title="Kontrak">contracts</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment&usg=ALkJrhg_Rvp3w9HUWDI3O4w1ILdGnqMiiQ" title="Rekrutmen">hiring practices</a> , and the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing&usg=ALkJrhgm-HTPGxgicV2SRHz-HD9nm1pkGQ" title="Manufaktur">manufacture</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales&usg=ALkJrhjppG62KJo7PLiLgy8RvTL_FSiHSg" title="Penjualan">sales</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer&usg=ALkJrhjtmOACd73lvMPKYdbzutZhrA2wfg" title="Konsumen">consumer</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattel&usg=ALkJrhjgBubYkFv8UPTIRSTF_OIUef6bgw" title="Budak" class="mw-redirect">goods</a> .</span> Juga dapat dimengerti untuk mengatur <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation&usg=ALkJrhhuJFERRLKaF8vwX1XPp60AX-JP8w" title="Korporasi">perusahaan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhg3FqjqsEdmToM0i8l3LwlpPSlhow" title="Kontrak">kontrak,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment&usg=ALkJrhg_Rvp3w9HUWDI3O4w1ILdGnqMiiQ" title="Rekrutmen">mempekerjakan praktik,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing&usg=ALkJrhgm-HTPGxgicV2SRHz-HD9nm1pkGQ" title="Manufaktur">manufaktur</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales&usg=ALkJrhjppG62KJo7PLiLgy8RvTL_FSiHSg" title="Penjualan">penjualan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer&usg=ALkJrhjtmOACd73lvMPKYdbzutZhrA2wfg" title="Konsumen">barang</a> keperluan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many countries have adopted <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgjKpOH0C2x03iT7Tuz3SmVfaYlIg" title="Hukum perdata">civil codes</a> which contain comprehensive statements of their commercial law.</span> Banyak negara telah mengadopsi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code&usg=ALkJrhgjKpOH0C2x03iT7Tuz3SmVfaYlIg" title="Hukum perdata">kode sipil</a> yang komprehensif berisi pernyataan mereka komersial hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the United States, commercial law is the province of both the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress&usg=ALkJrhjjx39V3qB8b3BXHwBvnh-O-uYNsg" title="Kongres Amerika">United States Congress</a> under its power to regulate interstate commerce and the states under their police power.</span> Di Amerika Serikat, komersial hukum adalah provinsi kedua <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress&usg=ALkJrhjjx39V3qB8b3BXHwBvnh-O-uYNsg" title="Kongres Amerika">Kongres Amerika Serikat</a> di bawah kuasanya untuk mengatur perdagangan antar negara dan di bawah kuasa mereka polisi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Efforts have been made to create a unified body of commercial law in the US; the most successful of these attempts has resulted in the general adoption of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code&usg=ALkJrhg9XiMgvu6GE47f7iLUDPfdOvKVIA" title="Seragam Kode Komersial">Uniform Commercial Code</a> .</span> Upaya telah dilakukan untuk membuat tubuh unified hukum komersial di AS, yang paling berhasil dari upaya ini telah mengakibatkan umum adopsi dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code&usg=ALkJrhg9XiMgvu6GE47f7iLUDPfdOvKVIA" title="Seragam Kode Komersial">Uniform Commercial Code.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Various regulatory schemes control how commerce is conducted.</span> Berbagai peraturan skema kontrol bagaimana commerce dilakukan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Privacy laws, safety laws (ie the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act&usg=ALkJrhgcMIPJb6nuFG2N4fLilYis5t8qkg" title="Pekerjaan Undang-undang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan">Occupational Safety and Health Act</a> in the United States), food and drug laws are some examples.</span> Privasi hukum, undang-undang tentang keselamatan (yaitu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act&usg=ALkJrhgcMIPJb6nuFG2N4fLilYis5t8qkg" title="Pekerjaan Undang-undang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan">Occupational UU Keselamatan dan Kesehatan</a> di Amerika Serikat), makanan dan obat-obatan adalah beberapa contoh undang-undang.</span> </p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCommercial_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhjol5lcjbIlqK0G-34I2eY2_gKdA" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCommercial_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhjol5lcjbIlqK0G-34I2eY2_gKdA" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_law_topics&usg=ALkJrhgzda2Z8gIR988fAUhl9OSrDJ90sA" title="Daftar topik hukum bisnis">List of business law topics</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_law_topics&usg=ALkJrhgzda2Z8gIR988fAUhl9OSrDJ90sA" title="Daftar topik hukum bisnis">Daftar topik hukum bisnis</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhg3FqjqsEdmToM0i8l3LwlpPSlhow" title="Kontrak">Contracts</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhg3FqjqsEdmToM0i8l3LwlpPSlhow" title="Kontrak">Kontrak</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law&usg=ALkJrhh9kv4AfWc-SiujpgnPAAY5FG0CcQ" title="Hukum perusahaan">Corporate law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law&usg=ALkJrhh9kv4AfWc-SiujpgnPAAY5FG0CcQ" title="Hukum perusahaan">Hukum perusahaan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&usg=ALkJrhhyLLz3UKK6-PSK0kJx8ceYwYi3yA" title="Kekayaan intelektual">Intellectual property</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&usg=ALkJrhhyLLz3UKK6-PSK0kJx8ceYwYi3yA" title="Kekayaan intelektual">Kekayaan intelektual</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_credit&usg=ALkJrhgkVGEQ4ZzLuj1VNSy_5EKf_w2mew" title="Surat kredit">Letter of credit</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_credit&usg=ALkJrhgkVGEQ4ZzLuj1VNSy_5EKf_w2mew" title="Surat kredit">Surat kredit</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiable_instrument&usg=ALkJrhh273dEWV8786hWG7YKR2yz3dNryQ" title="Negotiable instrumen">Negotiable instrument</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiable_instrument&usg=ALkJrhh273dEWV8786hWG7YKR2yz3dNryQ" title="Negotiable instrumen">Negotiable instrumen</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhj37v6xOKQXwDa0CIOj9YaOwLZLOA" title="Hukum properti">Property law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhj37v6xOKQXwDa0CIOj9YaOwLZLOA" title="Hukum properti">Hukum properti</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjchvbmfRDNvqze53pbjZH0YZF-nA" title="Peraturan keuangan">Financial regulation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation&usg=ALkJrhjchvbmfRDNvqze53pbjZH0YZF-nA" title="Peraturan keuangan">Peraturan keuangan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow" title="Hukum pajak">Tax law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhh7XmaB3dkp8lND1XYnToTPJ9RMow" title="Hukum pajak">Hukum pajak</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration&usg=ALkJrhgdZAz-A3Gol4AUvietCVtGYYhqAA" title="Arbitrasi">Arbitration</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration&usg=ALkJrhgdZAz-A3Gol4AUvietCVtGYYhqAA" title="Arbitrasi">Arbitrasi</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCommercial_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhjYYTpZt9rMiCDi84b5WwRGWsHi7g" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCommercial_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhjYYTpZt9rMiCDi84b5WwRGWsHi7g" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pranala luar</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/commercial.html&usg=ALkJrhikFWtP1VrNsD1S4U1Ozs_RZGkGIw" class="external text" title="http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/commercial.html" rel="nofollow">topical listing of US commercial law from Cornell's Legal Information Institute</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/commercial.html&usg=ALkJrhikFWtP1VrNsD1S4U1Ozs_RZGkGIw" class="external text" title="http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/commercial.html" rel="nofollow">Daftar topik hukum dari US komersial dari Cornell Legal Information Institute</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.llmstudy.com/editorial/llmbusiness/&usg=ALkJrhgMxPWQHRkfkhocTumJEz0V0KdVwQ" class="external free" title="http://www.llmstudy.com/editorial/llmbusiness/" rel="nofollow">http://www.llmstudy.com/editorial/llmbusiness/</a> Useful Info about Commercial Law masters programmes</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.llmstudy.com/editorial/llmbusiness/&usg=ALkJrhgMxPWQHRkfkhocTumJEz0V0KdVwQ" class="external free" title="http://www.llmstudy.com/editorial/llmbusiness/" rel="nofollow">http://www.llmstudy.com/editorial/llmbusiness/</a> Berguna Info Komersial Hukum tentang program master</span> </li><li> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.quizlaw.com/what-is-business-law&usg=ALkJrhhlAjtjadZck37mBSRDjrCbyIxWeA" class="external text" title="http://www.quizlaw.com/what-is-business-law" rel="nofollow">100s of Answers to Basic Business Law Questions</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.quizlaw.com/what-is-business-law&usg=ALkJrhhlAjtjadZck37mBSRDjrCbyIxWeA" class="external text" title="http://www.quizlaw.com/what-is-business-law" rel="nofollow">100s jawaban ke Pertanyaan Dasar Hukum Bisnis</a></span> </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-68886139509240961282009-01-21T01:05:00.000-08:002009-01-21T01:06:26.702-08:00Hukum Keluarga<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Family law</h1> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> <div class="dablink">This article is about the legal concept. For the television drama, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Law_%28TV_series%29" title="Family Law (TV series)">Family Law (TV series)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="" cellspacing=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="image" title="Scales of justice"><img alt="Scales of justice" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" height="102" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><strong class="selflink">Family law</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0pt; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.4em;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Entering into marriage</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenuptial_agreement" title="Prenuptial agreement">Prenuptial agreement</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law marriage</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 1.1em;">Legal states similar<br />to marriage</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">Domestic partnership</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_partnership" title="Registered partnership">Registered partnership</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_marriage" title="Putative marriage">Putative marriage</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Dissolution of marriage</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">Alimony</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Issues affecting children</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_%28law%29" title="Paternity (law)">Paternity</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_%28law%29" title="Legitimacy (law)">Legitimacy</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">Legal guardian</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_%28law%29" title="Ward (law)">Ward</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors" title="Emancipation of minors">Emancipation of minors</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Protective_Services" title="Child Protective Services">Child Protective Services<br /><small>(United States)</small></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_responsibility_%28access_and_custody%29" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_%28law%29" title="Contact (law)">Contact (including visitation)</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_in_English_family_law" title="Residence in English family law">Residence in English law</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Custody</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">Related areas</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spousal_abuse" title="Spousal abuse" class="mw-redirect">Spousal abuse</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abduction" title="Child abduction">Child abduction</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy" class="mw-redirect">Bigamy</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_%28conflict%29" title="Marriage (conflict)">Marriage</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullity_%28conflict%29" title="Nullity (conflict)">Nullity</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_%28conflict%29" title="Divorce (conflict)">Divorce</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 0.4em;"> <div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Family_law" title="Template:Family law"><span title="View this template" style="">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Family_law" title="Template talk:Family law"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Discussion about this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Family_law&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Family_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Family law</b> is an area of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> that deals with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family" title="Family">family-related</a> issues and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_relations" title="Domestic relations">domestic relations</a> including, but not limited to:</p> <ul><li>the nature of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domestic partnerships</a>;</li><li>issues arising during marriage, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spousal_abuse" title="Spousal abuse" class="mw-redirect">spousal abuse</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_%28law%29" title="Legitimacy (law)">legitimacy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">surrogacy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abduction" title="Child abduction">child abduction</a></li><li>the termination of the relationship and ancillary matters including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_settlement" title="Property settlement" class="mw-redirect">property settlements</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">alimony</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_responsibility_%28access_and_custody%29" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">parental responsibility</a> orders (in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">child custody</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_%28law%29" title="Contact (law)">visitation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">child support</a> awards).</li></ul> <p>This list is by no means dispositive of the potential issues that come through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_court" title="Family court">family court</a> system. In many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> in the United States, the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> see the most crowded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docket" title="Docket">dockets</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigant" title="Litigant" class="mw-redirect">Litigants</a> representative of all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_class" title="Economic class" class="mw-redirect">economic classes</a> are parties within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system" title="Judicial system" class="mw-redirect">system</a>.</p> <p>For the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_Laws" title="Conflict of Laws" class="mw-redirect">Conflict of Laws</a> elements dealing with transnational and interstate issues, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_%28conflict%29" title="Marriage (conflict)">marriage (conflict)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_%28conflict%29" title="Divorce (conflict)">divorce (conflict)</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullity_%28conflict%29" title="Nullity (conflict)">nullity (conflict)</a>.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law#Criticism_of_Family_Law"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism of Family Law</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a name="Criticism_of_Family_Law" id="Criticism_of_Family_Law"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Criticism of Family Law">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Criticism of Family Law</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights movement</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Members of the fathers' rights movement criticize the win or lose nature of family law currently used in most Western countries to determine divorce and child custody issues, and define "winning custody" not as the right to parent one's children, but as the power to prevent someone else from parenting his children with the help of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Taken_Into_Custody_21_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law#cite_note-Taken_Into_Custody_21-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Criticism of family law is also directed at the difficulties experienced by cross-national parties struggling with cross-border issues. These include legal and procedural concerns regarding child abduction, child custody and visitation. These concerns are addressed, to some degree, in international human rights treaties and the Hague Convention agreements.</p> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity fraud</a></li></ul> <p>Specific jurisdictions</p> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Family_Code" title="Algerian Family Code">Algerian Family Code</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Family Court of Australia">Family Court of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_family_law" title="Australian family law">Australian family law</a></li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudawana" title="Mudawana">Mudawana</a> (The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan" title="Moroccan" class="mw-redirect">Moroccan</a> Family Code).</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law_system_in_England_and_Wales" title="Family law system in England and Wales">Family law system in England and Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children_Act" title="The Children Act" class="mw-redirect">The Children Act</a> 1989</li><li>Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Finer" title="Morris Finer">Morris Finer</a> - Report on One Parent Families</li></ul> </li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_the_Philippines" title="Civil Code of the Philippines">Civil Code of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-Taken_Into_Custody_21-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law#cite_ref-Taken_Into_Custody_21_0-0" title="">^</a></b> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFBaskerville2009">Baskerville, Stephen (2007). <i>Taken Into Custody - The War Against Fathers, Marriage and the Family</i>. Cumberland House.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taken+Into+Custody+-+The+War+Against+Fathers%2C+Marriage+and+the+Family&rft.aulast=Baskerville&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Baskerville%2C+Stephen&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Cumberland+House&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Family_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ol> </div> <p><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://marriage.rutgers.edu/Publications/Pub%20Whitehead%20Testimony%20Apr%2004.htm" class="external text" title="http://marriage.rutgers.edu/Publications/Pub%20Whitehead%20Testimony%20Apr%2004.htm" rel="nofollow">Testimony of Barbara DaFoe Whitehead, Ph.D, Co-Director, National Marriage Project Rutgers University, before US Senate Subcommitee</a></li><li><a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/conversation/july-dec00/wallerstein_12-19.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/conversation/july-dec00/wallerstein_12-19.htm" rel="nofollow">Wallerstein, Judith, Ph.D., "The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce", an analysis of the long-term effect of divorce on children; NPR interview (2000)</a></li></ul>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-5477018307728260462009-01-21T00:57:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:31:36.241-08:00Hukum Acara Pidana<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg&usg=ALkJrhg3TEMmjqnQu7xlbrFYjySaGZJllw" class="image" title="Pertanyaan buku-new.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="39" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This article <b>does not <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhhChxH_kcMmvyzliffLsGDh3_J8_g" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhgsnbV9Q9lFyeDJ5DAaLxYcnn1KMg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">references or sources</a></b> .</span> Artikel ini <b>tidak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhhChxH_kcMmvyzliffLsGDh3_J8_g" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">menyebut</a> apapun <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhgsnbV9Q9lFyeDJ5DAaLxYcnn1KMg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">atau sumber referensi.</a></b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjtecXy_0emgu6KgC0k_0mSB0gwEQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_procedure&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhiw_0dFGdcw7NmS0omZghxQeGf29g" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">reliable sources</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhgsnbV9Q9lFyeDJ5DAaLxYcnn1KMg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> material may be challenged and removed. <i><small>(July 2007)</small></i></span> Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjtecXy_0emgu6KgC0k_0mSB0gwEQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_procedure&action=edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> dengan menambahkan citations ke <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhiw_0dFGdcw7NmS0omZghxQeGf29g" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">sumber terpercaya.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhgsnbV9Q9lFyeDJ5DAaLxYcnn1KMg" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> bahan mungkin cacat dan dibuang. <i><small>(Juli 2007)</small></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="" cellspacing=""><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhiHz0sKyRbmyKRBUe3UL25mLahdzA" class="image" title="Scales keadilan"><img alt="Scales keadilan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" height="102" /></a> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:145%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Criminal procedure</strong></span> <strong class="selflink">Pidana prosedur</strong></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0pt 0.8em; line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Investigating and</span> Investigasi dan</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">charging crimes</span> pengisian kejahatan</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminal investigation</span> Investigasi kriminal</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant&usg=ALkJrhg_Eg1Wdp3uYe_-bO8oUhLsh4QBwQ" title="Penangkapan menjamin">Arrest warrant</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant&usg=ALkJrhg_Eg1Wdp3uYe_-bO8oUhLsh4QBwQ" title="Penangkapan menjamin">Penangkapan menjamin</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_warrant&usg=ALkJrhjaRxuSld8CO7yRtvbBZoaoAvGgiA" title="Surat kuasa">Search warrant</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_warrant&usg=ALkJrhjaRxuSld8CO7yRtvbBZoaoAvGgiA" title="Surat kuasa">Surat kuasa</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probable_cause&usg=ALkJrhjc0SuhBEJru6gCGZgbF6TqJfiRLQ" title="Kemungkinan penyebab">Probable cause</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probable_cause&usg=ALkJrhjc0SuhBEJru6gCGZgbF6TqJfiRLQ" title="Kemungkinan penyebab">Kemungkinan penyebab</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock-and-announce&usg=ALkJrhjmzUHmsMi_Mpj216Mv-GZ35IKKQg" title="Knock-and-announce">Knock-and-announce</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock-and-announce&usg=ALkJrhjmzUHmsMi_Mpj216Mv-GZ35IKKQg" title="Knock-and-announce">Knock-and-announce</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exigent_circumstance&usg=ALkJrhivl_mdnKaNdpeDyv99hp3eyGVb4w" title="Keadaan darurat">Exigent circumstance</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exigent_circumstance&usg=ALkJrhivl_mdnKaNdpeDyv99hp3eyGVb4w" title="Keadaan darurat">Keadaan darurat</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion&usg=ALkJrhjSjLjfbF-TZ0YYK_hYmGgLQ1MaKw" title="Wajar kecurigaan">Reasonable suspicion</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion&usg=ALkJrhjSjLjfbF-TZ0YYK_hYmGgLQ1MaKw" title="Wajar kecurigaan">Wajar kecurigaan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_seizure&usg=ALkJrhhGaCYL7K2KiQpVK-zTSKSefde0eQ" title="Pencarian dan penyitaan">Search and seizure</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_seizure&usg=ALkJrhhGaCYL7K2KiQpVK-zTSKSefde0eQ" title="Pencarian dan penyitaan">Pencarian dan penyitaan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_of_persons&usg=ALkJrhjBxL6yjbV4N-c-E94FvvaaNZfNAA" title="Cari orang">Search of persons</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_of_persons&usg=ALkJrhjBxL6yjbV4N-c-E94FvvaaNZfNAA" title="Cari orang">Cari orang</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest&usg=ALkJrhiSr5eoXzhDzUFm5xrrQ7_8jcNn8g" title="Penangkapan">Arrest</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_suspects&usg=ALkJrhguV_TY9GWLH9MSNllUS78oGSFR9w" title="Penahanan dari tersangka">Detention</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest&usg=ALkJrhiSr5eoXzhDzUFm5xrrQ7_8jcNn8g" title="Penangkapan">Penangkapan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_of_suspects&usg=ALkJrhguV_TY9GWLH9MSNllUS78oGSFR9w" title="Penahanan dari tersangka">penahanan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_silence&usg=ALkJrhjsjne5UdaV7cMSWHo7YibXJDxFgw" title="Hak untuk mendiamkan">Right to silence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_silence&usg=ALkJrhjsjne5UdaV7cMSWHo7YibXJDxFgw" title="Hak untuk mendiamkan">Hak untuk mendiamkan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_warning&usg=ALkJrhijnv7Kgvak1WvEEDAVT3-RHtEUkg" title="Miranda peringatan">Miranda warning</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_warning&usg=ALkJrhijnv7Kgvak1WvEEDAVT3-RHtEUkg" title="Miranda peringatan">Miranda peringatan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury&usg=ALkJrhjuyIXkyFPTr3JmZTYRfTGLqDwEHA" title="Grand juri">Grand jury</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury&usg=ALkJrhjuyIXkyFPTr3JmZTYRfTGLqDwEHA" title="Grand juri">Grand juri</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_trial&usg=ALkJrhh6-6uxlx4LT-GiXYen-xeg2VN6UA" title="Pidana percobaan" class="mw-redirect">Criminal prosecution</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_trial&usg=ALkJrhh6-6uxlx4LT-GiXYen-xeg2VN6UA" title="Pidana percobaan" class="mw-redirect">Penuntutan pidana</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations&usg=ALkJrhiZfbx-ByhiALgltTu0aFOuzB-Wrw" title="Statuta dari keterbatasan">Statute of limitations</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations&usg=ALkJrhiZfbx-ByhiALgltTu0aFOuzB-Wrw" title="Statuta dari keterbatasan">Statuta dari keterbatasan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolle_prosequi&usg=ALkJrhixBzf8i-H5oia7sB73N6waXIOu6w" title="Nolle prosequi">Nolle prosequi</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolle_prosequi&usg=ALkJrhixBzf8i-H5oia7sB73N6waXIOu6w" title="Nolle prosequi">Nolle prosequi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_attainder&usg=ALkJrhi1aDPL3Aou9vfff-1fUMzltHjydg" title="Bill of attainder">Bill of attainder</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_attainder&usg=ALkJrhi1aDPL3Aou9vfff-1fUMzltHjydg" title="Bill of attainder">Bill of attainder</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law&usg=ALkJrhhzGcSyCLmVbGy6P6u5ZFSWbsAp9w" title="Ex post facto hukum">Ex post facto law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law&usg=ALkJrhhzGcSyCLmVbGy6P6u5ZFSWbsAp9w" title="Ex post facto hukum">Ex post facto hukum</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhgXB_Vb5nXMjg1useNxyJ28Sf34Rw" title="Yurisdiksi pidana">Criminal jurisdiction</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhgXB_Vb5nXMjg1useNxyJ28Sf34Rw" title="Yurisdiksi pidana">Yurisdiksi pidana</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition&usg=ALkJrhirTwib6kUEY_k0nSrOFK_WVXX-yw" title="Ekstradisi">Extradition</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition&usg=ALkJrhirTwib6kUEY_k0nSrOFK_WVXX-yw" title="Ekstradisi">Ekstradisi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus&usg=ALkJrhgwr8Zo1L2IOLMpApWhMQDVUSuiwg" title="Surat panggilan">Habeas corpus</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail&usg=ALkJrhjoDTe_FkVAsf5YTtVSR4F-hp2J9Q" title="Jaminan">Bail</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus&usg=ALkJrhgwr8Zo1L2IOLMpApWhMQDVUSuiwg" title="Surat panggilan">Surat panggilan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail&usg=ALkJrhjoDTe_FkVAsf5YTtVSR4F-hp2J9Q" title="Jaminan">jaminan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system&usg=ALkJrhi9ZQNt6ecdGTiAsDQ8AhSCQudYsg" title="Melit sistem">Inquisitorial system</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system&usg=ALkJrhi9ZQNt6ecdGTiAsDQ8AhSCQudYsg" title="Melit sistem">Melit sistem</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversarial_system&usg=ALkJrhiEQf2ov_dBTgW6WEcgVVpZRb8Vqg" title="Adversarial sistem">Adversarial system</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversarial_system&usg=ALkJrhiEQf2ov_dBTgW6WEcgVVpZRb8Vqg" title="Adversarial sistem">Adversarial sistem</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Charges and pleas</span> Biaya dan pleas</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignment&usg=ALkJrhhmOi57Y6LMF89OX2vK-SD454ZxWw" title="Dakwa">Arraignment</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_%28formal_criminal_charge%29&usg=ALkJrhihHDUBtgrrWBldps7lnQ3mdMzUxg" title="Informasi (formal pidana biaya)">Information</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignment&usg=ALkJrhhmOi57Y6LMF89OX2vK-SD454ZxWw" title="Dakwa">Dakwa</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_%28formal_criminal_charge%29&usg=ALkJrhihHDUBtgrrWBldps7lnQ3mdMzUxg" title="Informasi (formal pidana biaya)">Informasi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment&usg=ALkJrhgRtUiA9xjXzhMNy5WyMqiweIkowQ" title="Dakwaan">Indictment</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment&usg=ALkJrhgRtUiA9xjXzhMNy5WyMqiweIkowQ" title="Dakwaan">Dakwaan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea&usg=ALkJrhjBaYclt2rjwQjwmevhRLeYpABmDg" title="Dalih">Plea</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peremptory_plea&usg=ALkJrhhx8jVPEOHUEh5Scow24vGlejy9MQ" title="Pasti dalih">Peremptory plea</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea&usg=ALkJrhjBaYclt2rjwQjwmevhRLeYpABmDg" title="Dalih">Pembelaan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peremptory_plea&usg=ALkJrhhx8jVPEOHUEh5Scow24vGlejy9MQ" title="Pasti dalih">pasti dalih</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolo_contendere&usg=ALkJrhgar2I8Gp4SVTZ8iU3YpZc44E6cTw" title="Nolo contendere">Nolo contendere</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolo_contendere&usg=ALkJrhgar2I8Gp4SVTZ8iU3YpZc44E6cTw" title="Nolo contendere">Nolo contendere</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea_bargain&usg=ALkJrhh4IKYeafA6L_warqJBU8mb9pzeDw" title="Permohonan persetujuan">Plea bargain</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea_bargain&usg=ALkJrhh4IKYeafA6L_warqJBU8mb9pzeDw" title="Permohonan persetujuan">Permohonan persetujuan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentence_Investigation&usg=ALkJrhj5aUriWCA8WmXXrVBJBs0IgSd2DQ" title="Presentence Investigasi">Presentence Investigation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentence_Investigation&usg=ALkJrhj5aUriWCA8WmXXrVBJBs0IgSd2DQ" title="Presentence Investigasi">Presentence Investigasi</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Related areas</span> Daerah terkait</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Criminal_defenses&usg=ALkJrhgbh-LTaGsFCLlVQJsHenSspcKXLg" title="Kategori: Kriminal defenses">Criminal defenses</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Criminal_defenses&usg=ALkJrhgbh-LTaGsFCLlVQJsHenSspcKXLg" title="Kategori: Kriminal defenses">Pidana defenses</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhc9-tdlvOYwHYXIinGyeunRcfq5w" title="Hukum pidana">Criminal law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgfxC5T1lJLC3x3muwCTFwxu_iBbw" title="Bukti (hukum)">Evidence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhc9-tdlvOYwHYXIinGyeunRcfq5w" title="Hukum pidana">Hukum pidana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgfxC5T1lJLC3x3muwCTFwxu_iBbw" title="Bukti (hukum)">Bukti</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhgL-jjV6QOBq6dYkunvYRR8x_5SfQ" title="Sipil prosedur">Civil procedure</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhgL-jjV6QOBq6dYkunvYRR8x_5SfQ" title="Sipil prosedur">Sipil prosedur</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Portals</span> Portal</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law&usg=ALkJrhg6FadtCDdG8hGGGGekfVpHMKokVg" title="Portal: Hukum">Law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Criminal_justice&usg=ALkJrhjmA0osqOoTLo6KI2hXXVwNepWDGg" title="Portal: Kriminal keadilan">Criminal justice</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law&usg=ALkJrhg6FadtCDdG8hGGGGekfVpHMKokVg" title="Portal: Hukum">Hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Criminal_justice&usg=ALkJrhjmA0osqOoTLo6KI2hXXVwNepWDGg" title="Portal: Kriminal keadilan">Pidana keadilan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; font-weight: normal;font-size:xx-small;color:transparent;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Criminal_procedure_%28investigation%29&usg=ALkJrhhy76TioxUF1NzfpgBNo0bLF9ZGdA" title="Template: Kriminal prosedur (investigasi)">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_procedure_%28investigation%29&usg=ALkJrhgCDj8L1L8YGVsyxo7x8M1xCEU7Ow" title="Template talk: Kriminal prosedur (investigasi)">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Criminal_procedure_%28investigation%29%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiaSEcoD6zFCctKDtBDjaNfvJYZPw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Criminal_procedure_ (investigasi) & action = edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Criminal_procedure_%28investigation%29&usg=ALkJrhhy76TioxUF1NzfpgBNo0bLF9ZGdA" title="Template: Kriminal prosedur (investigasi)">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_procedure_%28investigation%29&usg=ALkJrhgCDj8L1L8YGVsyxo7x8M1xCEU7Ow" title="Template talk: Kriminal prosedur (investigasi)">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Criminal_procedure_%28investigation%29%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiaSEcoD6zFCctKDtBDjaNfvJYZPw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Criminal_procedure_ (investigasi) & action = edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Criminal procedure</b> refers to the legal process for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication&usg=ALkJrhjuyaqBg1uzhJ7_cNYqJWIp1sO-xA" title="Penyelesaian">adjudicating</a> claims that someone has violated <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhc9-tdlvOYwHYXIinGyeunRcfq5w" title="Hukum pidana">criminal law</a> .</span> <b>Pidana prosedur</b> merujuk kepada proses hukum untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication&usg=ALkJrhjuyaqBg1uzhJ7_cNYqJWIp1sO-xA" title="Penyelesaian">adjudicating</a> mengklaim bahwa seseorang telah melanggar <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhc9-tdlvOYwHYXIinGyeunRcfq5w" title="Hukum pidana">hukum pidana.</a></span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#Differences_between_civil_law_and_common_law_systems"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Differences between civil law and common law systems</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#Differences_between_civil_law_and_common_law_systems"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Perbedaan antara hukum perdata dan hukum umum sistem</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#Basic_rights"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Basic rights</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#Basic_rights"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">hak Dasar</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#Difference_in_criminal_and_civil_procedures"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Difference in criminal and civil procedures</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#Difference_in_criminal_and_civil_procedures"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Perbedaan dalam pidana dan perdata prosedur</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Lebih lanjut membaca</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Differences_between_civil_law_and_common_law_systems" id="Differences_between_civil_law_and_common_law_systems"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgIibVTmVEnoRo2AGC-8zBnk526pQ" title="Sunting bagian: Perbedaan antara hukum perdata dan hukum umum sistem">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Differences between civil law and common law systems</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgIibVTmVEnoRo2AGC-8zBnk526pQ" title="Sunting bagian: Perbedaan antara hukum perdata dan hukum umum sistem"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perbedaan antara hukum perdata dan hukum umum sistem</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The majority of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhiIXxHF5MIMrhWOQqc0bCHt2Rs7og" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> jurisdictions follow an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system&usg=ALkJrhi9ZQNt6ecdGTiAsDQ8AhSCQudYsg" title="Melit sistem">inquisitorial system</a> of adjudication, in which judges undertake an active investigation of the claims by examining the evidence and preparing reports.</span> Mayoritas <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhiIXxHF5MIMrhWOQqc0bCHt2Rs7og" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata</a> jurisdiksi yang mengikuti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system&usg=ALkJrhi9ZQNt6ecdGTiAsDQ8AhSCQudYsg" title="Melit sistem">melit sistem</a> pengadilan, dimana hakim-hakim yang aktif melakukan penyelidikan di klaim oleh memeriksa bukti-bukti dan pembuatan laporan.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhgCdCFCFZfE0HScmGSmMtkVyD6Thg" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> systems, the trial judge, the investigators, and the prosecution are separate functions.</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhgCdCFCFZfE0HScmGSmMtkVyD6Thg" title="Umum hukum">hukum adat,</a> sistem persidangan hakim, maka penyidik, dan penuntutan yang terpisah fungsinya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">After an investigation has been completed and charges lodged, the trial judge presides over proceedings grounded in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversarial_system&usg=ALkJrhiEQf2ov_dBTgW6WEcgVVpZRb8Vqg" title="Adversarial sistem">adversarial system</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution&usg=ALkJrhhKNWXUUiV-6FB-KjgE2w4kd_5jPA" title="Sengketa">dispute resolution</a> , where both the prosecution and the defense prepare arguments to be presented before the court.</span> Setelah penyelidikan telah selesai dan biaya bersarang, persidangan hakim presides melalui proses beralasan di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversarial_system&usg=ALkJrhiEQf2ov_dBTgW6WEcgVVpZRb8Vqg" title="Adversarial sistem">adversarial sistem</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution&usg=ALkJrhhKNWXUUiV-6FB-KjgE2w4kd_5jPA" title="Sengketa">penyelesaian sengketa,</a> di mana kedua penuntutan dan pembelaan mempersiapkan argumen yang akan disajikan di hadapan pengadilan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some civil law systems have adopted adversarial procedures.</span> Beberapa hukum perdata telah mengadopsi sistem adversarial prosedur.</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Proponents of either system tend to consider that their system defends best the rights of the innocent.</span> Proponents baik dari sistem cenderung untuk mempertimbangkan bahwa sistem mereka defends terbaik hak-hak yang bersalah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There is a tendency in common law countries to believe that civil law / <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system&usg=ALkJrhi9ZQNt6ecdGTiAsDQ8AhSCQudYsg" title="Melit sistem">inquisitorial systems</a> do not have the so-called " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence&usg=ALkJrhimr2HXYM8Fh40brukeLZ50Xb3TKA" title="Dugaan of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> ", and do not provide the defense with adequate rights.</span> Ada kecenderungan umum di negara-negara hukum bahwa hukum perdata / <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system&usg=ALkJrhi9ZQNt6ecdGTiAsDQ8AhSCQudYsg" title="Melit sistem">melit sistem</a> tidak memiliki apa yang disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence&usg=ALkJrhimr2HXYM8Fh40brukeLZ50Xb3TKA" title="Dugaan of innocence">"dugaan of innocence",</a> dan tidak memberikan pembelaan hak-hak yang cukup.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Conversely, there is a tendency in countries with an inquisitorial system to believe that accusatorial proceedings unduly favor rich defendants who can afford large legal teams, and are very harsh on poorer defendants.</span> Sebaliknya, ada kecenderungan di negara-negara dengan sistem melit bahwa proses penuduhan favor terlalu kaya terdakwa yang mampu tim besar hukum, dan sangat tajam pada miskin terdakwa.</span> </p><p><a name="Basic_rights" id="Basic_rights"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhi6KGmYbGQVqJPdJEVgkyIozAK8KQ" title="Sunting bagian: Dasar hak">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Basic rights</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhi6KGmYbGQVqJPdJEVgkyIozAK8KQ" title="Sunting bagian: Dasar hak"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Dasar hak</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Currently, in many countries with a democratic system and the rule of law, criminal procedure puts the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhjItuHISwyFyo6Ckho5YNJ0A-KwTQ" title="Bukti beban">burden of proof</a> on the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution&usg=ALkJrhjxFqB5nqK9aZkJxMAD8-rtrHmPZQ" title="Penuntutan" class="mw-redirect">prosecution</a> – that is, it is up to the prosecution to prove that the defendant is guilty, as opposed to having the defense prove that s/he is innocent, and any doubt is resolved in favor of the defendant.</span> Saat ini, di banyak negara dengan sistem demokrasi dan supremasi hukum, pidana prosedur menyerahkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhjItuHISwyFyo6Ckho5YNJ0A-KwTQ" title="Bukti beban">bukti beban</a> pada <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution&usg=ALkJrhjxFqB5nqK9aZkJxMAD8-rtrHmPZQ" title="Penuntutan" class="mw-redirect">penuntutan</a> - yakni, ia sampai ke kejaksaan untuk membuktikan bahwa terdakwa bersalah, karena bertentangan dengan memiliki pertahanan membuktikan yang s / dia bersalah, dan keraguan adalah terselesaikan di nikmat dari terdakwa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This provision, known as the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence&usg=ALkJrhimr2HXYM8Fh40brukeLZ50Xb3TKA" title="Dugaan of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> , is required, for example, in the 46 countries that are members of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe&usg=ALkJrhirLvpGvur2H41bs8Tgbqn-DFA29Q" title="Dewan Eropa">Council of Europe</a> , under Article 6 of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhjyJgKJXgh3f14p_odGjq2cpeC_pQ" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">European Convention on Human Rights</a> , and it is included in other human rights documents.</span> Ketentuan ini, dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence&usg=ALkJrhimr2HXYM8Fh40brukeLZ50Xb3TKA" title="Dugaan of innocence">dugaan of innocence,</a> diperlukan, misalnya, dalam 46 negara yang menjadi anggota <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe&usg=ALkJrhirLvpGvur2H41bs8Tgbqn-DFA29Q" title="Dewan Eropa">Dewan Eropa,</a> di bawah Pasal 6 dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhjyJgKJXgh3f14p_odGjq2cpeC_pQ" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">Konvensi Eropa tentang HAM,</a> dan lainnya yang termasuk dalam dokumen hak asasi manusia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, in practice it operates somewhat differently in different countries.</span> Namun, dalam praktiknya itu beroperasi agak berbeda di berbagai negara.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Similarly, all such jurisdictions allow the defendant the right to legal <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsel&usg=ALkJrhj84Y8ODvTH-NQxW7OS6Oe-XsaiQg" title="Pengacara">counsel</a> and provide any defendant who cannot afford their own <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer&usg=ALkJrhh5g11EGKBEIlA3g9IioYOCS9VODQ" title="Pengacara">lawyer</a> with a lawyer paid for at the public expense (which is in some countries called a "court-appointed lawyer").</span> Demikian juga, semua wilayah hukum memperbolehkan terdakwa hak untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsel&usg=ALkJrhj84Y8ODvTH-NQxW7OS6Oe-XsaiQg" title="Pengacara">konsultan</a> hukum dan memberikan terdakwa yang tidak mampu mereka sendiri <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer&usg=ALkJrhh5g11EGKBEIlA3g9IioYOCS9VODQ" title="Pengacara">pengacara</a> dengan pengacara untuk dibayarkan pada pengeluaran publik (yang di beberapa negara yang disebut "pengadilan-ditunjuk pengacara").</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Again, the efficiency of this system depends greatly on the jurisdictions.</span> Sekali lagi, efisiensi sistem ini sangat tergantung pada wilayah hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In some jurisdictions, the lawyers provided to indigent defendants are often overworked or less competent, or may not take much interest in the cases they have to defend. <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Februari 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhhM-nHQEC8JIZWl4AJbusoGxAjkEA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span></span> Di beberapa wilayah hukum, yang diberikan kepada fakir pengacara terdakwa sering overworked atau kurang kompeten, atau mungkin tidak akan banyak minat pada kasus-kasus mereka harus mempertahankan. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhhM-nHQEC8JIZWl4AJbusoGxAjkEA" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Februari 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><i>[Kutipan diperlukan]</i></sup></span></a></span> </p><p><a name="Difference_in_criminal_and_civil_procedures" id="Difference_in_criminal_and_civil_procedures"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhgAtMhFmyYcEKN7WFTZtWKh8emZBw" title="Sunting bagian: Perbedaan dalam pidana dan perdata prosedur">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Difference in criminal and civil procedures</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhgAtMhFmyYcEKN7WFTZtWKh8emZBw" title="Sunting bagian: Perbedaan dalam pidana dan perdata prosedur"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perbedaan dalam pidana dan perdata prosedur</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and <strong class="selflink">criminal procedures</strong> .</span> Membuat sebagian besar negara yang cukup jelas antara perdata dan <strong class="selflink">pidana prosedur.</strong></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhiHeyBWq5WNJUTIemwdu2vtTt7o5w" title="England">English</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhhBfJqThGDAmuXQfuwTE05cad5IMw" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">criminal court</a> may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLegal_cost%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjVSKw1zzCvQonrV9kVcni_73-QYg" class="new" title="Biaya hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">legal costs</a> of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution&usg=ALkJrhjxFqB5nqK9aZkJxMAD8-rtrHmPZQ" title="Penuntutan" class="mw-redirect">prosecution</a> .</span> Misalnya, bahasa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhiHeyBWq5WNJUTIemwdu2vtTt7o5w" title="England">Inggris</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhhBfJqThGDAmuXQfuwTE05cad5IMw" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">pengadilan pidana</a> Mei memaksa seorang terdakwa untuk membayar denda sebagai hukuman atas kejahatan, dan kadang-kadang ia harus membayar <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLegal_cost%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjVSKw1zzCvQonrV9kVcni_73-QYg" class="new" title="Biaya hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">biaya hukum</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution&usg=ALkJrhjxFqB5nqK9aZkJxMAD8-rtrHmPZQ" title="Penuntutan" class="mw-redirect">penuntutan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But the victim of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime&usg=ALkJrhg19y74Hl-bH7vATBc9eo6-GEAeoQ" title="Kejahatan">crime</a> pursues his claim for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhgba95DvkJ_nLFGacLGJZoW5Wl7nA" title="Kerusakan">compensation</a> in a civil, not a criminal, action. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_note-law1-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-law1_0-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhgQWTx5B_YKw3kY7JHONTOma0Q5ug" title="Prancis">France</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhjLLWehXAOfu_HwSLqV8FckF_L6jA" title="Italia">Italy</a> , and many countries besides, the victim of a crime (known as the "injured party") may be awarded <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhgba95DvkJ_nLFGacLGJZoW5Wl7nA" title="Kerusakan">damages</a> by a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhhBfJqThGDAmuXQfuwTE05cad5IMw" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">criminal court</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhgEOeRuRYAQshNWU45Jot3afuq-SQ" title="Hakim">judge</a> .</span> Tetapi korban <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime&usg=ALkJrhg19y74Hl-bH7vATBc9eo6-GEAeoQ" title="Kejahatan">kejahatan</a> pursues his klaim untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhgba95DvkJ_nLFGacLGJZoW5Wl7nA" title="Kerusakan">kompensasi</a> dalam perdata, bukan pidana, tindakan. <span><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_note-law1-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-law1_0-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhgQWTx5B_YKw3kY7JHONTOma0Q5ug" title="Prancis">Perancis,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy&usg=ALkJrhjLLWehXAOfu_HwSLqV8FckF_L6jA" title="Italia">Italia,</a> dan banyak negara selain itu, korban dari kejahatan (yang dikenal sebagai "terluka pihak") dapat diberikan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhgba95DvkJ_nLFGacLGJZoW5Wl7nA" title="Kerusakan">ganti rugi</a> oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhhBfJqThGDAmuXQfuwTE05cad5IMw" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">pengadilan pidana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhgEOeRuRYAQshNWU45Jot3afuq-SQ" title="Hakim">hakim.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The standards of proof are higher in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_action%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjRTn7VYz6rGPR4Hi3zVd0H7EBfUQ" class="new" title="Tindak pidana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">criminal action</a> than in a civil one since the loser risks not only financial penalties but also being sent to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhgayWVeLlrAVZeA5ZC881VU5bLVgg" title="Penjara">prison</a> (or, in some countries, executed).</span> Standar bukti yang lebih tinggi dalam sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_action%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjRTn7VYz6rGPR4Hi3zVd0H7EBfUQ" class="new" title="Tindak pidana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">tindak pidana</a> selain di satu sipil sejak loser risiko tidak hanya finansial tetapi juga hukuman yang dikirim ke <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhgayWVeLlrAVZeA5ZC881VU5bLVgg" title="Penjara">penjara</a> (atau, dalam beberapa negara, dijalankan).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhiIf5uMjE9rCR_hoNAQzH3J5_u0ng" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">English law</a> the prosecution must prove the guilt of a criminal “beyond reasonable doubt”; but the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff&usg=ALkJrhhjOwX70vG3NoCvEKejvK2tFZV7qg" title="Penggugat">plaintiff</a> in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhj5FqV1E3OoAyx7MZ_czOdNmA_h2Q" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">civil action</a> is required to prove his case “on the balance of probabilities”. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_note-law1-0" title=""><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_case&usg=ALkJrhgmLpVd1JrrxKilYVYeGwsWjSafhw" title="Kasus pidana" class="mw-redirect">criminal case</a> a crime cannot be proven if the person or persons judging it doubt the guilt of the suspect and have a reason (not just a feeling or intuition) for this doubt.</span> Dalam bahasa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhiIf5uMjE9rCR_hoNAQzH3J5_u0ng" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">Inggris hukum</a> penuntutan harus membuktikan kesalahan dari pidana "diluar wajar keraguan", tetapi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff&usg=ALkJrhhjOwX70vG3NoCvEKejvK2tFZV7qg" title="Penggugat">penuntut</a> dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhj5FqV1E3OoAyx7MZ_czOdNmA_h2Q" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">sipil tindakan</a> yang diperlukan untuk membuktikan hal itu "pada keseimbangan probabilities". [1] Dengan demikian, dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_case&usg=ALkJrhgmLpVd1JrrxKilYVYeGwsWjSafhw" title="Kasus pidana" class="mw-redirect">kasus pidana</a> kejahatan tidak dapat membuktikan jika orang atau orang itu menilai keraguan yang bersalah dari tersangka dan memiliki alasan (bukan hanya perasaan atau intuisi) untuk keraguan ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_case&usg=ALkJrhiNMbAEpx3eLZ03dYGmFqs8ElQVyQ" title="Kasus perdata" class="mw-redirect">civil case</a> , the court will weigh all the evidence and decide what is most probable.</span> Tetapi dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_case&usg=ALkJrhiNMbAEpx3eLZ03dYGmFqs8ElQVyQ" title="Kasus perdata" class="mw-redirect">kasus perdata,</a> pengadilan akan timbangkan semua bukti dan memutuskan apa yang paling mungkin.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminal and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhgL-jjV6QOBq6dYkunvYRR8x_5SfQ" title="Sipil prosedur">civil procedure</a> are different.</span> Pidana dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhgL-jjV6QOBq6dYkunvYRR8x_5SfQ" title="Sipil prosedur">perdata prosedur</a> yang berbeda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although some systems, including the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhiHeyBWq5WNJUTIemwdu2vtTt7o5w" title="England">English</a> , allow a private citizen to bring a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_prosecution&usg=ALkJrhgMFLd5N5mxQ_cNBvvKNrHJrgcuIA" title="Penuntutan pidana" class="mw-redirect">criminal prosecution</a> against another <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen&usg=ALkJrhic5BK4j8Ghe4uKCiV2YuShWKEgXQ" title="Citizen" class="mw-redirect">citizen</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_action%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjRTn7VYz6rGPR4Hi3zVd0H7EBfUQ" class="new" title="Tindak pidana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">criminal actions</a> are nearly always started by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhivm2thvmPJXindS9L9FiR9wn8CEA" title="Menyatakan">state</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhj5FqV1E3OoAyx7MZ_czOdNmA_h2Q" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">Civil actions</a> , on the other hand, are usually started by <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual&usg=ALkJrhgwa7gtr4DloOkjJpWYBEDq8Cx0xA" title="Masing-masing">individuals</a> .</span> Walaupun beberapa sistem, termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhiHeyBWq5WNJUTIemwdu2vtTt7o5w" title="England">Inggris,</a> memungkinkan pribadi warga membawa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_prosecution&usg=ALkJrhgMFLd5N5mxQ_cNBvvKNrHJrgcuIA" title="Penuntutan pidana" class="mw-redirect">penuntutan pidana</a> lain terhadap <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen&usg=ALkJrhic5BK4j8Ghe4uKCiV2YuShWKEgXQ" title="Citizen" class="mw-redirect">warga,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_action%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjRTn7VYz6rGPR4Hi3zVd0H7EBfUQ" class="new" title="Tindak pidana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">tindakan kriminal</a> yang hampir selalu dimulai oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhivm2thvmPJXindS9L9FiR9wn8CEA" title="Menyatakan">negara.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhj5FqV1E3OoAyx7MZ_czOdNmA_h2Q" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">Sipil tindakan,</a> di sisi lain, biasanya dimulai oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual&usg=ALkJrhgwa7gtr4DloOkjJpWYBEDq8Cx0xA" title="Masing-masing">individu.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases, the state) is called the <b>prosecution</b> , but the party bringing a civil action is the <b>plaintiff</b> .</span> Dalam hukum Anglo-Amerika, partai yang membawa tindakan kriminal (yang, dalam banyak kasus, negara) disebut <b>penuntutan,</b> namun pihak membawa madani adalah tindakan <b>penuntut.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In both kinds of action the other party is known as the <b>defendant</b> .</span> Dalam kedua jenis tindakan pihak lain yang dikenal sebagai <b>terdakwa.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A criminal case against a person called Ms. Sanchez would be described as “The People vs. (=versus, or against) Sanchez” in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgaUY8v4IF_TkkI5nWW39l7BaNbig" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> and “R.</span> J kasus pidana terhadap seseorang bernama Ibu Sanchez akan digambarkan sebagai "The People vs (= lawan, atau melawan) Sanchez" di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhgaUY8v4IF_TkkI5nWW39l7BaNbig" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan "R.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina&usg=ALkJrhiAqGrCDr4hnF0Ghy0_XJHjLByj4g" title="Regina">Regina</a> , that is, the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant&usg=ALkJrhh9OTzePwIBZUU1WLzVx9QS1b52Lg" title="Queen yg beraja">Queen</a> ) vs. Sanchez” in England.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina&usg=ALkJrhiAqGrCDr4hnF0Ghy0_XJHjLByj4g" title="Regina">(Regina,</a> yaitu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant&usg=ALkJrhh9OTzePwIBZUU1WLzVx9QS1b52Lg" title="Queen yg beraja">Queen)</a> vs Sanchez "di Inggris.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But a civil action between Ms. Sanchez and a Mr. Smith would be “Sanchez vs. Smith” if it was started by Sanchez, and “Smith vs. Sanchez” if it was started by Mr. Smith.</span> Namun aksi sipil antara Sanchez Ibu dan Bapak akan Smith "Sanchez vs Smith" jika dimulai oleh Sanchez, dan "Smith vs Sanchez" jika dimulai oleh Mr Smith.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Evidence from a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_trial&usg=ALkJrhh6-6uxlx4LT-GiXYen-xeg2VN6UA" title="Pidana percobaan" class="mw-redirect">criminal trial</a> is not necessarily admissible as evidence in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhj5FqV1E3OoAyx7MZ_czOdNmA_h2Q" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">civil action</a> about the same matter.</span> Bukti dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_trial&usg=ALkJrhh6-6uxlx4LT-GiXYen-xeg2VN6UA" title="Pidana percobaan" class="mw-redirect">pidana percobaan</a> tidak selalu dpt sebagai bukti dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhj5FqV1E3OoAyx7MZ_czOdNmA_h2Q" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">tindakan sipil</a> tentang hal yang sama.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime&usg=ALkJrhg19y74Hl-bH7vATBc9eo6-GEAeoQ" title="Kejahatan">crime</a> of careless driving.</span> Misalnya, korban kecelakaan di jalan tidak langsung mendapatkan keuntungan jika driver yang terluka dia ditemukan bersalah dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime&usg=ALkJrhg19y74Hl-bH7vATBc9eo6-GEAeoQ" title="Kejahatan">kejahatan</a> yang lengah berkendara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He still has to prove his case in a civil action. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_0-2" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_note-law1-0" title=""><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></a></sup> In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial.</span> Dia masih harus membuktikan hal itu dalam sebuah tindakan sipil. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_0-2" class="reference"><span><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_note-law1-0" title="">[1]</a></span></sup> Bahkan ia mungkin dapat membuktikan kepada kasus perdata bahkan ketika driver tidak ditemukan bersalah dalam persidangan pidana.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil court is about the amount of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money&usg=ALkJrhiJex6Vf5rQN-1NgPk4JhtladQChg" title="Uang">money</a> , or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhgba95DvkJ_nLFGacLGJZoW5Wl7nA" title="Kerusakan"><b>damages</b></a> , which the defendant should pay to the plaintiff. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_0-3" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_note-law1-0" title=""><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></a></sup></span> Setelah penggugat telah menunjukkan bahwa terdakwa adalah bertanggung jawab, argumen utama dalam sebuah pengadilan sipil adalah tentang jumlah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money&usg=ALkJrhiJex6Vf5rQN-1NgPk4JhtladQChg" title="Uang">uang,</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhgba95DvkJ_nLFGacLGJZoW5Wl7nA" title="Kerusakan"><b>kerusakan,</b></a> yang menjadi terdakwa harus membayar kepada penggugat. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_0-3" class="reference"><span><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_note-law1-0" title="">[1]</a></span></sup></span> </p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjZwuEGqeIGjzJSjIWupHpoA7jLUQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjZwuEGqeIGjzJSjIWupHpoA7jLUQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhhySqBgZitZ4gnv2FWksgAMRIsyVA" title="Pidana prosedur di Amerika Serikat">Criminal procedure in the United States</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure_in_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhhySqBgZitZ4gnv2FWksgAMRIsyVA" title="Pidana prosedur di Amerika Serikat">Pidana prosedur di Amerika Serikat</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhc9-tdlvOYwHYXIinGyeunRcfq5w" title="Hukum pidana">Criminal law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhc9-tdlvOYwHYXIinGyeunRcfq5w" title="Hukum pidana">Hukum pidana</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognizable_offence&usg=ALkJrhipvM85QsQWl2CT8c9G3mKQRsHB3Q" title="Kejahatan yg dpt dihukum">Cognizable offence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognizable_offence&usg=ALkJrhipvM85QsQWl2CT8c9G3mKQRsHB3Q" title="Kejahatan yg dpt dihukum">Kejahatan yg dpt dihukum</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhiGQrV1QJiO15aMaUkUFVrqkcJLtQ" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhiGQrV1QJiO15aMaUkUFVrqkcJLtQ" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-law1-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_ref-law1_0-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_ref-law1_0-1" title="">b</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_ref-law1_0-2" title="">c</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_ref-law1_0-3" title="">d</a></b></i></sup> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">Richard Powell (1993). <i>Law today</i> .</cite></span> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_ref-law1_0-0" title="">A</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_ref-law1_0-1" title="">b</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_ref-law1_0-2" title="">c</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhi0CsrNNxat0HFdeyDF6wYbuu9Kgw#cite_ref-law1_0-3" title="">d</a></b></i></sup> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">Richard Powell (1993). <i>Undang-undang ini.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">Harlow: Longman.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">Harlow: Longman.</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">pp. 34. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582056357&usg=ALkJrhiL9zGMS51TsxJ3rUXzNS5Oi-h5Gw" class="internal">ISBN 0582056357</a> , 9780582056350. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC&usg=ALkJrhiUYY6suOd40Tlq5CUF32g4hdhEwA" title="OCLC" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/30075861&usg=ALkJrhjDoekZrj5kd-bA8xl4vnwS8jdixw" class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/oclc/30075861" rel="nofollow">30075861</a> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">hal. 34. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582056357&usg=ALkJrhiL9zGMS51TsxJ3rUXzNS5Oi-h5Gw" class="internal">ISBN 0582056357,</a> 9780582056350. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC&usg=ALkJrhiUYY6suOd40Tlq5CUF32g4hdhEwA" title="OCLC" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/30075861&usg=ALkJrhjDoekZrj5kd-bA8xl4vnwS8jdixw" class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/oclc/30075861" rel="nofollow">30075861.</a></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = Hukum + today & rft.aulast = Richard + Powell & rft.au = Richard + Powell & rft.date = 1993 & pp = rft.pages. % 26nbsp% 3B34 & rft.place = Harlow & rft.pub = Longman & rft_id = info: oclcnum/30075861 & rft.isbn = 0582056357% 2C +9780582056350 & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_procedure"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li></ol></div><p><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></a></p><h2> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhhI3t2RLXJT5jJLh44Eq1NB62guvw" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih membaca">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhhI3t2RLXJT5jJLh44Eq1NB62guvw" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih membaca"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lebih lanjut membaca</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFIsraelKamisar.2C_Yale.3B_LaFave.2C_Wayne_R.2003">Israel, Jerold H.; Kamisar, Yale; LaFave, Wayne R. (2003). <i>Criminal Procedure and the Constitution: Leading Supreme Court Cases and Introductory Text</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFIsraelKamisar.2C_Yale.3B_LaFave.2C_Wayne_R.2003">Israel, Jerold H.; Kamisar, Yale; LaFave, Wayne R. (2003). <i>Kriminal Prosedur dan konstitusi: Leading Mahkamah Agung dan Kasus Pendahuluan Teks.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFIsraelKamisar.2C_Yale.3B_LaFave.2C_Wayne_R.2003">St. Paul, MN: West Publishing. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0314146695&usg=ALkJrhioJLdejkVtCrXaLto8m49-84vkYw" class="internal">ISBN 0314146695</a> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFIsraelKamisar.2C_Yale.3B_LaFave.2C_Wayne_R.2003">St Paul, MN: West Publishing. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0314146695&usg=ALkJrhioJLdejkVtCrXaLto8m49-84vkYw" class="internal">ISBN 0314146695.</a></cite></span></li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-10027189779157872592009-01-21T00:16:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:27:28.998-08:00Hukum Acara Perdata<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_globe_content.svg&usg=ALkJrhh7FkebmKvk3e92CzwQrXbxH4qfAQ" class="image" title="Ambox globe content.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/40px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="40" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> and do not represent a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&usg=ALkJrhhxH8UZToHyojXaftfRtlhi8pdKhA" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering sistemik bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b> .</span> Contoh dan perspektif dalam artikel ini <b>terutama berhubungan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan tidak mewakili seluruh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&usg=ALkJrhhxH8UZToHyojXaftfRtlhi8pdKhA" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering sistemik bias">dunia melihat</a> dari subjek.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Please <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiV5pzJNvJq8N9GoO2yHA_EjedCaQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_procedure&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhiOYtHOZPBm_-fldWTkxd7IOQMbPA" title="Talk: Civil procedure">talk page</a> .</span> Harap <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiV5pzJNvJq8N9GoO2yHA_EjedCaQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_procedure&action=edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> atau membahas persoalan di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhiOYtHOZPBm_-fldWTkxd7IOQMbPA" title="Talk: Civil procedure">halaman bicara.</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><table style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; background: rgb(255, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; float: right; border-collapse: collapse;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding: 7px; background: rgb(204, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center; margin-left: 0.5em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Civil procedure</strong> in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a></span> <strong class="selflink">Prosedur sipil</strong> di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></span> </th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 5px;font-size:90%;"><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure&usg=ALkJrhhuQ2nZ06QB5Ao2MCxFxbBwWSq3Rg" title="Federal Peraturan Prosedur Sipil"><i>Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</i></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure&usg=ALkJrhhuQ2nZ06QB5Ao2MCxFxbBwWSq3Rg" title="Federal Peraturan Prosedur Sipil"><i>Federal Peraturan Prosedur Sipil</i></a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrines_of_civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhg1R5UDyZ71n6xXaHDyrZRn1TdWww" title="Doktrin dari sipil prosedur"><i>Doctrines of civil procedure</i></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrines_of_civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhg1R5UDyZ71n6xXaHDyrZRn1TdWww" title="Doktrin dari sipil prosedur"><i>Doktrin dari sipil prosedur</i></a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhgfa_mYvZyF0vpzGOmclLi_mt-t_w" title="Yurisdiksi">Jurisdiction</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhgfa_mYvZyF0vpzGOmclLi_mt-t_w" title="Yurisdiksi">Yurisdiksi</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhjp2uuJqdDF2jpu44sE6O73eqqX9Q" title="Pelajaran-hal yurisdiksi">Subject-matter jurisdiction</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhjp2uuJqdDF2jpu44sE6O73eqqX9Q" title="Pelajaran-hal yurisdiksi">Pelajaran-hal yurisdiksi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhg-QVZRd6s5NVI6a5ZJ0AiUW_Agyg" title="Keanekaragaman yurisdiksi">Diversity jurisdiction</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhg-QVZRd6s5NVI6a5ZJ0AiUW_Agyg" title="Keanekaragaman yurisdiksi">Keanekaragaman yurisdiksi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhjaRP2-HqwXp3Ga9F0qz2EfcvjacA" title="Yurisdiksi pribadi" class="mw-redirect">Personal jurisdiction</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhjaRP2-HqwXp3Ga9F0qz2EfcvjacA" title="Yurisdiksi pribadi" class="mw-redirect">Yurisdiksi pribadi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhJabbsdr7r2_oYXRwO0sf7VwUGlA" title="Removal yurisdiksi">Removal jurisdiction</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhJabbsdr7r2_oYXRwO0sf7VwUGlA" title="Removal yurisdiksi">Removal yurisdiksi</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venue_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiMMLL9b4rVDQkH5cggSA_sU_Tkvw" title="Lokasi (hukum)">Venue</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venue_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiMMLL9b4rVDQkH5cggSA_sU_Tkvw" title="Lokasi (hukum)">Lokasi</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_venue&usg=ALkJrhjmkF4O3e4yWIitKL30AZg2g0RRBA" title="Perubahan tempat">Change of venue</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_venue&usg=ALkJrhjmkF4O3e4yWIitKL30AZg2g0RRBA" title="Perubahan tempat">Perubahan tempat</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_non_conveniens&usg=ALkJrhgJlxDFLz6oHY_2vTUu6-mzMo5oaw" title="Forum non conveniens"><i>Forum non conveniens</i></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_non_conveniens&usg=ALkJrhgJlxDFLz6oHY_2vTUu6-mzMo5oaw" title="Forum non conveniens"><i>Forum non conveniens</i></a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleading&usg=ALkJrhhj5W9QMl6BmG8TOLGAJY2Wh-iUXg" title="Pembelaan">Pleadings</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhgt5wAArZGJvhOwOblx1vBguNsUFA" title="Motion (hukum)">motions</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleading&usg=ALkJrhhj5W9QMl6BmG8TOLGAJY2Wh-iUXg" title="Pembelaan">Pleadings</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhgt5wAArZGJvhOwOblx1vBguNsUFA" title="Motion (hukum)">gerakan</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_of_process&usg=ALkJrhilp1GZYfXqUEKGru_5z2GWPIRk4w" title="Proses pelayanan">Service of process</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_of_process&usg=ALkJrhilp1GZYfXqUEKGru_5z2GWPIRk4w" title="Proses pelayanan">Proses pelayanan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complaint&usg=ALkJrhgP6-zItLinITfmiQGJhYpXOLTpAA" title="Keluhan">Complaint</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complaint&usg=ALkJrhgP6-zItLinITfmiQGJhYpXOLTpAA" title="Keluhan">Keluhan</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_action&usg=ALkJrhg062QigqF2xs15iKb_wOrt4vBOfw" title="Tindakan">Cause of action</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_action&usg=ALkJrhg062QigqF2xs15iKb_wOrt4vBOfw" title="Tindakan">Tindakan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Information_Statement&usg=ALkJrhi4_s_bj9-yoyeMeFlKjj9F7wF6FQ" title="Informasi kasus Pernyataan">Case Information Statement</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Information_Statement&usg=ALkJrhi4_s_bj9-yoyeMeFlKjj9F7wF6FQ" title="Informasi kasus Pernyataan">Informasi kasus Pernyataan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action&usg=ALkJrhgebOUnxioaxaBSolxmKoCksd0gmQ" title="Tindakan kelas">Class action</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action&usg=ALkJrhgebOUnxioaxaBSolxmKoCksd0gmQ" title="Tindakan kelas">Tindakan kelas</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005&usg=ALkJrhgTgnts47ssiKaECY_KqxQ0Opm8iQ" title="Kelas Aksi Keadilan Act of 2005">Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005&usg=ALkJrhgTgnts47ssiKaECY_KqxQ0Opm8iQ" title="Kelas Aksi Keadilan Act of 2005">Kelas Aksi Keadilan Act of 2005</a></span> </li></ul></li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demurrer&usg=ALkJrhh7dNPGNC2Oo5WHfHmWqrSoHchs2A" title="Penangkisan">Demurrer</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demurrer&usg=ALkJrhh7dNPGNC2Oo5WHfHmWqrSoHchs2A" title="Penangkisan">Penangkisan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer&usg=ALkJrhi50aYQ968LHTMcgjrp4aZ1FS-kIA" title="Jawaban">Answer</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer&usg=ALkJrhi50aYQ968LHTMcgjrp4aZ1FS-kIA" title="Jawaban">Jawaban</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_defense&usg=ALkJrhgGfvoMQwacAkpHEKr5UD_iPJ_OuA" title="Afirmatif pertahanan">Affirmative defense</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_defense&usg=ALkJrhgGfvoMQwacAkpHEKr5UD_iPJ_OuA" title="Afirmatif pertahanan">Afirmatif pertahanan</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_%28legal_term%29&usg=ALkJrhgWeDdKJkmIseIdbHUngFr_g9b1Sw" title="Balas (istilah hukum)">Reply</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_%28legal_term%29&usg=ALkJrhgWeDdKJkmIseIdbHUngFr_g9b1Sw" title="Balas (istilah hukum)">Menjawab</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterclaim&usg=ALkJrhiquvAL-mYAGnXPHJTPPzDk2cpOdg" title="Tuntutan balasan">Counterclaim</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterclaim&usg=ALkJrhiquvAL-mYAGnXPHJTPPzDk2cpOdg" title="Tuntutan balasan">Tuntutan balasan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-claim&usg=ALkJrhhAYzhx5VZUTboGabfzFCsKj-cDaA" title="Cross-klaim">Cross-claim</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-claim&usg=ALkJrhhAYzhx5VZUTboGabfzFCsKj-cDaA" title="Cross-klaim">Cross-klaim</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joinder&usg=ALkJrhjVdotijhoE5GfilsBmcZu4L0R0Lg" title="Uni">Joinder</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joinder&usg=ALkJrhjVdotijhoE5GfilsBmcZu4L0R0Lg" title="Uni">Uni</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indispensable_party&usg=ALkJrhh6-oSGOP7LkJk5DI_Lbw3UQdr-Nw" title="Pihak sangat">Indispensable party</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indispensable_party&usg=ALkJrhh6-oSGOP7LkJk5DI_Lbw3UQdr-Nw" title="Pihak sangat">Pihak sangat</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impleader&usg=ALkJrhiWSGHViYrEOX8n06IJlidQcU_b5A" title="Impleader">Impleader</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impleader&usg=ALkJrhiWSGHViYrEOX8n06IJlidQcU_b5A" title="Impleader">Impleader</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpleader&usg=ALkJrhiV3Gr0FAXGI6LydQscjDIi8W7alA" title="Interpleader">Interpleader</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpleader&usg=ALkJrhiV3Gr0FAXGI6LydQscjDIi8W7alA" title="Interpleader">Interpleader</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervention_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhj2znPlnpbsQiDxMQA8UqQmadSNTg" title="Intervensi (hukum)">Intervention</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervention_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhj2znPlnpbsQiDxMQA8UqQmadSNTg" title="Intervensi (hukum)">Intervensi</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Pre- <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial&usg=ALkJrhhzVs1JVN6_OXHpMiHkF6Aj5wSScg" title="Percobaan" class="mw-redirect">trial</a> procedure</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial&usg=ALkJrhhzVs1JVN6_OXHpMiHkF6Aj5wSScg" title="Percobaan" class="mw-redirect">Pra-percobaan</a> prosedur</span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhvzz_6pz7ecpZa0M12pehnCHzvlA" title="Discovery (hukum)">Discovery</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhvzz_6pz7ecpZa0M12pehnCHzvlA" title="Discovery (hukum)">Discovery</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogatories&usg=ALkJrhiM4OQx_mFye8KRmLSQzhthP1Jqyg" title="Interrogatories">Interrogatories</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogatories&usg=ALkJrhiM4OQx_mFye8KRmLSQzhthP1Jqyg" title="Interrogatories">Interrogatories</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiY7YUZQoZsUG10XYnqEBX_o-3rzw" title="Endapan (hukum)">Depositions</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiY7YUZQoZsUG10XYnqEBX_o-3rzw" title="Endapan (hukum)">Depositions</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_admissions&usg=ALkJrhh3-fURIaVpsTOakUW_f5eU5US4pg" title="Permintaan untuk penerimaan">Request for Admissions</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_admissions&usg=ALkJrhh3-fURIaVpsTOakUW_f5eU5US4pg" title="Permintaan untuk penerimaan">Permintaan untuk Admissions</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Resolution Without Trial</span> Tanpa resolusi Percobaan</span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_judgment&usg=ALkJrhgh3KgZLs7vBwkWifm4hD0uDLP8PA" title="Standar penghakiman">Default judgment</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_judgment&usg=ALkJrhgh3KgZLs7vBwkWifm4hD0uDLP8PA" title="Standar penghakiman">Standar penghakiman</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_judgment&usg=ALkJrhgS7YTlQp72oDLP0nqLU1EuSQ--HA" title="Aktivitas penghakiman">Summary judgment</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_judgment&usg=ALkJrhgS7YTlQp72oDLP0nqLU1EuSQ--HA" title="Aktivitas penghakiman">Aktivitas penghakiman</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_dismissal&usg=ALkJrhjaZElk_gYW0jbyBahIxwspMlOwpA" title="Sukarela pemecatan">Voluntary dismissal</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_dismissal&usg=ALkJrhjaZElk_gYW0jbyBahIxwspMlOwpA" title="Sukarela pemecatan">Sukarela pemecatan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_dismissal&usg=ALkJrhjIDw1rhbPimi_w_Lyo35fMSjorNA" title="Involuntary pemecatan">Involuntary dismissal</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_dismissal&usg=ALkJrhjIDw1rhbPimi_w_Lyo35fMSjorNA" title="Involuntary pemecatan">Involuntary pemecatan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29&usg=ALkJrhhpp-BBI_vkEF87aDXjDwVhJIDyig" title="Penyelesaian (litigasi)">Settlement</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_%28litigation%29&usg=ALkJrhhpp-BBI_vkEF87aDXjDwVhJIDyig" title="Penyelesaian (litigasi)">Penyelesaian</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjAP4SV6T_TYVWv-ioPyAcJ8VoDnA" title="Percobaan (hukum)">Trial</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjAP4SV6T_TYVWv-ioPyAcJ8VoDnA" title="Percobaan (hukum)">Percobaan</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjZvu6Osx9IovIgafym2yZuY-wqkQ" title="Pihak (hukum)">Parties</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjZvu6Osx9IovIgafym2yZuY-wqkQ" title="Pihak (hukum)">Pihak</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff&usg=ALkJrhiVBuWJ809G7p7yps2vHyIZnE0ULg" title="Penggugat">Plaintiff</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff&usg=ALkJrhiVBuWJ809G7p7yps2vHyIZnE0ULg" title="Penggugat">Penggugat</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant&usg=ALkJrhj0lMKOU97TmS8yXkOdWhabL2BspA" title="Terdakwa">Defendant</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant&usg=ALkJrhj0lMKOU97TmS8yXkOdWhabL2BspA" title="Terdakwa">Terdakwa</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury&usg=ALkJrhgCvNriEkwqx2KsEVKCYJD982lNdw" title="Juri">Jury</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury&usg=ALkJrhgCvNriEkwqx2KsEVKCYJD982lNdw" title="Juri">Juri</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voir_dire&usg=ALkJrhgksdQ3ImoiFPDZ8zdYXtSrDwdCTA" title="Voir dire">Voir dire</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voir_dire&usg=ALkJrhgksdQ3ImoiFPDZ8zdYXtSrDwdCTA" title="Voir dire">Voir dire</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhjV3zOizb2hoiPfxIu6hNH0hK3m0w" title="Bukti beban">Burden of proof</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhjV3zOizb2hoiPfxIu6hNH0hK3m0w" title="Bukti beban">Bukti beban</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgauXdW3z26N76OnHWjQpjnHsEJ_w" title="Hukum (law)">Judgment</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgauXdW3z26N76OnHWjQpjnHsEJ_w" title="Hukum (law)">Penghakiman</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_as_a_matter_of_law&usg=ALkJrhhdiH7cqMLxfthmZycEDf-2rYkkcQ" title="Penghakiman sebagai masalah hukum">Judgment as a matter of law</a> (JMOL)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_as_a_matter_of_law&usg=ALkJrhhdiH7cqMLxfthmZycEDf-2rYkkcQ" title="Penghakiman sebagai masalah hukum">Penghakiman sebagai masalah hukum</a> (JMOL)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewed_JMOL&usg=ALkJrhir90THbOqchTrc2PS5ltGIv3h3fw" title="Diperpanjang JMOL">Renewed JMOL</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_notwithstanding_verdict&usg=ALkJrhipJ_CIlZUYCPB4p0F9XSlPV6opkg" title="Meskipun putusan pengadilan">JNOV</a> )</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewed_JMOL&usg=ALkJrhir90THbOqchTrc2PS5ltGIv3h3fw" title="Diperpanjang JMOL">JMOL diperbaharui</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_notwithstanding_verdict&usg=ALkJrhipJ_CIlZUYCPB4p0F9XSlPV6opkg" title="Meskipun putusan pengadilan">(JNOV)</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_to_set_aside_judgment&usg=ALkJrhgcG-35FjXcoK_3HwaLMDeRf3Lkag" title="Motion untuk menyisihkan penghakiman">Motion to set aside judgment</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_to_set_aside_judgment&usg=ALkJrhgcG-35FjXcoK_3HwaLMDeRf3Lkag" title="Motion untuk menyisihkan penghakiman">Motion untuk menyisihkan penghakiman</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_de_novo&usg=ALkJrhjM7RFa-JEqxhtQoW75ueEh8lYOsg" title="Percobaan dari baru">New trial</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_de_novo&usg=ALkJrhjM7RFa-JEqxhtQoW75ueEh8lYOsg" title="Percobaan dari baru">Baru percobaan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_remedy&usg=ALkJrhh-GtKJHX14rl-dEVGuV60FfrlXeQ" title="Hakim remedy" class="mw-redirect">Remedy</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_remedy&usg=ALkJrhh-GtKJHX14rl-dEVGuV60FfrlXeQ" title="Hakim remedy" class="mw-redirect">Remedy</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction&usg=ALkJrhj_M9yJj0TF2mV9_71JY7Uc2juG9Q" title="Perintah">Injunction</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction&usg=ALkJrhj_M9yJj0TF2mV9_71JY7Uc2juG9Q" title="Perintah">Perintah</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">Damages</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">Kerusakan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney%27s_fees&usg=ALkJrhh6-515-SVw49kbTmVExTvTZTQr8w" title="Pengacara dari biaya" class="mw-redirect">Attorney's fees</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney%27s_fees&usg=ALkJrhh6-515-SVw49kbTmVExTvTZTQr8w" title="Pengacara dari biaya" class="mw-redirect">Pengacara dari biaya</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_rule_%28legal_term%29&usg=ALkJrhgn9uLJhu3KlEIXLGDScWYh1-kIBQ" title="American aturan (istilah hukum)" class="mw-redirect">American rule</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_rule_%28legal_term%29&usg=ALkJrhgn9uLJhu3KlEIXLGDScWYh1-kIBQ" title="American aturan (istilah hukum)" class="mw-redirect">American aturan</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_rule_%28legal_term%29&usg=ALkJrhhrpP9RbeHiVjfMsmydOsujslYB9g" title="Aturan Inggris (istilah hukum)" class="mw-redirect">English rule</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_rule_%28legal_term%29&usg=ALkJrhhrpP9RbeHiVjfMsmydOsujslYB9g" title="Aturan Inggris (istilah hukum)" class="mw-redirect">English aturan</a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_judgment&usg=ALkJrhg4s6rOkKoad_InUYMoamCmWHANhA" title="Menyatakan pendapat" class="mw-redirect">Declaratory judgment</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_judgment&usg=ALkJrhg4s6rOkKoad_InUYMoamCmWHANhA" title="Menyatakan pendapat" class="mw-redirect">Menyatakan pendapat</a></span> </li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhh6fyXLC_Z4vfY5yymnSpFmqcrliA" title="Banding">Appeal</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhh6fyXLC_Z4vfY5yymnSpFmqcrliA" title="Banding">Banding</a></span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandamus&usg=ALkJrhjjXYEtVtCQKZ3x51iiPkK8QQ7DqQ" title="Mandamus">Mandamus</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandamus&usg=ALkJrhjjXYEtVtCQKZ3x51iiPkK8QQ7DqQ" title="Mandamus">Mandamus</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari&usg=ALkJrhjiFhxJIQjwBNyCo0l9MTWpIzByeA" title="Certiorari">Certiorari</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari&usg=ALkJrhjiFhxJIQjwBNyCo0l9MTWpIzByeA" title="Certiorari">Certiorari</a></span> </li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background: rgb(204, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center;font-size:85%;" height="25"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Civil_procedure_%28United_States%29&usg=ALkJrhh018IJHFuVxvIb9ExfcFrROjI4Fw" title="Template: prosedur Sipil (Amerika)"><i>view/edit this template</i></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Civil_procedure_%28United_States%29&usg=ALkJrhh018IJHFuVxvIb9ExfcFrROjI4Fw" title="Template: prosedur Sipil (Amerika)"><i>melihat / mengedit template ini</i></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unbalanced_scales.svg&usg=ALkJrhhoDQ1qlK-5pHYAEDhHtZIPR-xBSg" class="image" title="Mengimbal scales.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/40px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="35" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&usg=ALkJrhjgOGtMS7oQHhI6ilTRX2iSyJ3f5w" title="Wikipedia: Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute&usg=ALkJrhiiDd-UU_aurrln5XzNCU3MnQiJqA" title="Wikipedia: NPOV sengketa">disputed</a> .</b></span> <b>The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&usg=ALkJrhjgOGtMS7oQHhI6ilTRX2iSyJ3f5w" title="Wikipedia: Neutral point of view">kenetralan</a> artikel ini adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute&usg=ALkJrhiiDd-UU_aurrln5XzNCU3MnQiJqA" title="Wikipedia: NPOV sengketa">sengketa.</a></b></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small>Please see the discussion on the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhiOYtHOZPBm_-fldWTkxd7IOQMbPA" title="Talk: Civil procedure">talk page</a> . <i>(May 2008)</i></small></span> <small>Silakan lihat diskusi di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhiOYtHOZPBm_-fldWTkxd7IOQMbPA" title="Talk: Civil procedure">halaman pembicaraan.</a> <i>(Mei 2008)</i></small></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small>Please do not remove this message until the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVD&usg=ALkJrhjAataNgyUfH3u9xStCM8pp4r83Bg#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3F" title="Wikipedia: NPOVD" class="mw-redirect">dispute is resolved.</a></small></span> <small>Jangan hapus pesan ini sampai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVD&usg=ALkJrhjAataNgyUfH3u9xStCM8pp4r83Bg#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3F" title="Wikipedia: NPOVD" class="mw-redirect">sengketa sudah terselesaikan.</a></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Civil procedure</b> is the body of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">law</a> that sets out the rules and standards that <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court&usg=ALkJrhixlfqmvAVqZWO-1RnL7ZCkSOSSrQ" title="Pengadilan">courts</a> follow when <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication&usg=ALkJrhj0_ToEa-oNBqzVKx_9IgrRn8Fjlg" title="Penyelesaian">adjudicating</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhjfEqvEisG8NXR-J2lIFJvz6bD43Q" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">civil</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuits&usg=ALkJrhjeAn2O3powE_QVOXG4_ENqIJMwpw" title="Lawsuits" class="mw-redirect">lawsuits</a> (as opposed to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjv_rgW3MjUlphoSf0GBV8R3uxT2A" title="Pidana prosedur">procedures</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhE_4yAU3qXUX8DIYUvPMrNzsBmfg" title="Hukum pidana">criminal law</a> matters).</span> <b>Sipil prosedur</b> adalah badan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">hukum</a> yang menetapkan aturan-aturan dan standar yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court&usg=ALkJrhixlfqmvAVqZWO-1RnL7ZCkSOSSrQ" title="Pengadilan">pengadilan</a> ketika mengikuti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication&usg=ALkJrhj0_ToEa-oNBqzVKx_9IgrRn8Fjlg" title="Penyelesaian">adjudicating</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhjfEqvEisG8NXR-J2lIFJvz6bD43Q" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">sipil</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuits&usg=ALkJrhjeAn2O3powE_QVOXG4_ENqIJMwpw" title="Lawsuits" class="mw-redirect">lawsuits</a> (karena bertentangan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjv_rgW3MjUlphoSf0GBV8R3uxT2A" title="Pidana prosedur">prosedur</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhE_4yAU3qXUX8DIYUvPMrNzsBmfg" title="Hukum pidana">hukum pidana</a> hal-hal).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These rules govern how a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit&usg=ALkJrhivhoFbUqL8Nz4yFg3pyeuXUo6fBQ" title="Perkara">lawsuit</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_case&usg=ALkJrhhpeRa9kEr91ugv1A3b4xnCMdrXMQ" title="Hukum kasus">case</a> may be commenced, what kind of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_of_process&usg=ALkJrhilp1GZYfXqUEKGru_5z2GWPIRk4w" title="Proses pelayanan">service of process</a> (if any) is required, the types of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleading&usg=ALkJrhhj5W9QMl6BmG8TOLGAJY2Wh-iUXg" title="Pembelaan">pleadings</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statements_of_case&usg=ALkJrhgDpriziFAKmV0JBJqAaE6TgpJ-qA" title="Pernyataan kasus" class="mw-redirect">statements of case</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhgt5wAArZGJvhOwOblx1vBguNsUFA" title="Motion (hukum)">motions</a> or applications, and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_order&usg=ALkJrhje2RkUZzLu2FSa1ned2Va6qcBJDw" title="Pengadilan">orders</a> allowed in civil cases, the timing and manner of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiY7YUZQoZsUG10XYnqEBX_o-3rzw" title="Endapan (hukum)">depositions</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhvzz_6pz7ecpZa0M12pehnCHzvlA" title="Discovery (hukum)">discovery</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclosure&usg=ALkJrhhyKP8qC7kllznoMHZO6O4dF-MNHA" title="Pengungkapan">disclosure</a> , the conduct of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjAP4SV6T_TYVWv-ioPyAcJ8VoDnA" title="Percobaan (hukum)">trials</a> , the process for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgauXdW3z26N76OnHWjQpjnHsEJ_w" title="Hukum (law)">judgment</a> , various available <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_remedy&usg=ALkJrhiMGOsFqjJ6Q_xzT0ty8Is99FKVTA" title="Legal remedy">remedies</a> , and how the courts and clerks must function.</span> Pada peraturan pemerintah bagaimana <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit&usg=ALkJrhivhoFbUqL8Nz4yFg3pyeuXUo6fBQ" title="Perkara">perkara</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_case&usg=ALkJrhhpeRa9kEr91ugv1A3b4xnCMdrXMQ" title="Hukum kasus">kasus</a> mungkin akan dimulai, jenis <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_of_process&usg=ALkJrhilp1GZYfXqUEKGru_5z2GWPIRk4w" title="Proses pelayanan">pelayanan proses</a> (jika ada) diperlukan, jenis <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleading&usg=ALkJrhhj5W9QMl6BmG8TOLGAJY2Wh-iUXg" title="Pembelaan">pleadings</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statements_of_case&usg=ALkJrhgDpriziFAKmV0JBJqAaE6TgpJ-qA" title="Pernyataan kasus" class="mw-redirect">pernyataan kasus,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhgt5wAArZGJvhOwOblx1vBguNsUFA" title="Motion (hukum)">gerakan</a> atau aplikasi, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_order&usg=ALkJrhje2RkUZzLu2FSa1ned2Va6qcBJDw" title="Pengadilan">pesanan</a> diperbolehkan dalam kasus perdata, yang waktu dan cara yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiY7YUZQoZsUG10XYnqEBX_o-3rzw" title="Endapan (hukum)">depositions</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhvzz_6pz7ecpZa0M12pehnCHzvlA" title="Discovery (hukum)">discovery</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclosure&usg=ALkJrhhyKP8qC7kllznoMHZO6O4dF-MNHA" title="Pengungkapan">penyingkapan,</a> pelaksanan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjAP4SV6T_TYVWv-ioPyAcJ8VoDnA" title="Percobaan (hukum)">persidangan,</a> proses <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgauXdW3z26N76OnHWjQpjnHsEJ_w" title="Hukum (law)">pengadilan,</a> tersedia berbagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_remedy&usg=ALkJrhiMGOsFqjJ6Q_xzT0ty8Is99FKVTA" title="Legal remedy">solusi,</a> dan bagaimana pengadilan dan fungsi harus clerks.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Civil Procedure is one of the first-year law school courses mandated by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association&usg=ALkJrhhCEeq-FI0C62TopZYj4hxE_tQgeQ" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Prosedur sipil merupakan salah satu tahun pertama-hukum sekolah kursus diamanatkan oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association&usg=ALkJrhhCEeq-FI0C62TopZYj4hxE_tQgeQ" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association.</a> <span><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span></span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#Civil_court_in_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Civil court in Canada</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#Civil_court_in_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Sipil pengadilan di Kanada</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#Civil_court_in_England_and_Wales"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Civil court in England and Wales</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#Civil_court_in_England_and_Wales"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sipil pengadilan di Inggris dan Wales</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#Civil_court_in_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Civil court in the United States</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#Civil_court_in_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sipil pengadilan di Amerika Serikat</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#Difference_in_civil_and_criminal_procedures"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Difference in civil and criminal procedures</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#Difference_in_civil_and_criminal_procedures"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Selisih prosedur perdata dan pidana</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#See_also_2"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#See_also_2"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat pula</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Civil_court_in_Canada" id="Civil_court_in_Canada"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhdm8oF2dPoGKOzmGxdJBGMx-WFwA" title="Sunting bagian: Sipil pengadilan di Kanada">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Civil court in Canada</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhdm8oF2dPoGKOzmGxdJBGMx-WFwA" title="Sunting bagian: Sipil pengadilan di Kanada"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sipil pengadilan di Kanada</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&usg=ALkJrhjEMT4zt6fpLTNZyNvxdc6P5PoQEg" title="Kanada">Canada</a> the rules of civil procedure are administered by each jurisdiction (federal and each province) and thus each has its own set of rules.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&usg=ALkJrhjEMT4zt6fpLTNZyNvxdc6P5PoQEg" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> aturan sipil adalah prosedur administratif oleh masing-masing yurisdiksi (federal dan masing-masing provinsi) sehingga masing-masing memiliki sekumpulan aturan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most provinces base their civil procedure rules on the mixture of English and American rules adapted to the needs of the province.</span> Provinsi paling dasar mereka aturan prosedur sipil pada campuran bahasa Inggris dan Amerika aturan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan provinsi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Ontario Rules of Civil Procedure have been largely adopted by Manitoba, PEI, and North West Territories.</span> The Ontario Peraturan Prosedur Sipil sebagian besar telah diadopsi oleh Manitoba, PEI, dan North West Territories.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Ontario the stated general principle of the Rules of Civil Procedure is</span> Ontario yang dinyatakan dalam prinsip umum dari Peraturan Prosedur Sipil adalah</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">to secure the just, most expeditious and least expensive determination of every civil proceeding on its merits.</span> untuk mengamankan saja, paling cepat dan paling tidak mahal penentuan setiap sipil melanjutkan pada ciri.</span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Civil procedure is generally developed by a civil procedure committee consisting of judges of the local jurisdiction.</span> Prosedur sipil pada umumnya dikembangkan oleh madani prosedur komite yang terdiri dari hakim-hakim dari yurisdiksi lokal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This committee makes recommendations concerning procedural changes which must be ratified by the attorney general of that jurisdiction in order to move into affect.</span> Ini panitia acara membuat rekomendasi tentang perubahan yang harus meratifikasi oleh pengacara umum yang berwenang untuk pindah ke mempengaruhi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The courts may also exercise <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inherent_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhiVS4pKIzbgs3XD4BUrMkwAxgitig" title="Melekat yurisdiksi">inherent jurisdiction</a> to control their own processes, but inherent jurisdiction cannot be exercised so as to conflict with a statute or rule.</span> Pengadilan juga dapat melakukan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inherent_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhiVS4pKIzbgs3XD4BUrMkwAxgitig" title="Melekat yurisdiksi">inheren yurisdiksi</a> untuk mengendalikan proses mereka sendiri, tetapi melekat yurisdiksi tidak dapat dilaksanakan, sehingga konflik dengan undang-undang atau peraturan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As a result, if a process has been contemplated by the civil procedure a court does not have the authority to alter or dispense compliance with that process.</span> Akibatnya, jika suatu proses telah contemplated dengan prosedur pengadilan sipil tidak memiliki kewenangan untuk merubah atau memberikan obat yang sesuai dengan proses.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The noted exception to the required compliance with the civil procedure is that the rules themselves often contain a rule which permits a court to</span> Yang dicatat pengecualian yang diperlukan sesuai dengan prosedur sipil adalah bahwa aturan itu sendiri seringkali mengandung aturan yang izin pengadilan untuk</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">only where and as necessary in the interest of justice, dispense with compliance with any rule at any time.</span> dan di mana saja yang diperlukan demi kepentingan keadilan, dengan memberikan obat sesuai dengan aturan apapun kapan saja.</span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The onus is on the party seeking to dispense with compliance with a rule to demonstrate that it is in the interest of justice. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Tanggung jawab yang ada pada pihak yang ingin membebaskan sesuai dengan aturan untuk menunjukkan bahwa demi kepentingan keadilan. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution&usg=ALkJrhiZRRwXX-gPN_IeZt5qzSbtklL7Jg" title="Alternatif penyelesaian sengketa">Alternative dispute resolution</a> proceedings and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ" title="Administrasi hukum">administrative law</a> proceedings both tend to have relatively simple rules of procedure, in comparison to the highly formalized procedures seen in the federal and state courts.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution&usg=ALkJrhiZRRwXX-gPN_IeZt5qzSbtklL7Jg" title="Alternatif penyelesaian sengketa">Alternatif penyelesaian sengketa</a> dan proses <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ" title="Administrasi hukum">hukum administrasi</a> proses kedua cenderung memiliki relatif sederhana aturan prosedur, dibandingkan dengan prosedur resmi sangat terlihat dalam pengadilan federal dan negara.</span> </p><p><a name="Civil_court_in_England_and_Wales" id="Civil_court_in_England_and_Wales"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhh_0242Q3Py8UFxrqCXocJL31bG_A" title="Sunting bagian: Sipil pengadilan di Inggris dan Wales">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Civil court in England and Wales</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhh_0242Q3Py8UFxrqCXocJL31bG_A" title="Sunting bagian: Sipil pengadilan di Inggris dan Wales"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sipil pengadilan di Inggris dan Wales</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The civil courts of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales&usg=ALkJrhgA3hRxJd-x7U8y2Rj4p8mxjcVAbw" title="Inggris dan Wales">England and Wales</a> adopted an overwhelmingly unified body of rules as a result of the Woolf Reforms on 26 April 1999.</span> Pengadilan sipil di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales&usg=ALkJrhgA3hRxJd-x7U8y2Rj4p8mxjcVAbw" title="Inggris dan Wales">Inggris dan Wales</a> yang mengadopsi unified tubuh sangat penting sebagai akibat dari reformasi Woolf pada tanggal 26 April 1999.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These are collectively known as the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Procedure_Rules_1998&usg=ALkJrhhA6V2nggfASCop2w64bKNbEkLElQ" title="Aturan Prosedur sipil 1998">Civil Procedure Rules 1998</a> and in all but some very confined areas replaced the older Rules of the Supreme Court (applicable to the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_of_England_and_Wales&usg=ALkJrhg_5uOEvfzUE9Glokm5x9ryGQd9_g" title="High Court of Justice di Inggris dan Wales" class="mw-redirect">High Court of Justice</a> ) and the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Court&usg=ALkJrhhfBKNfCbm68mBLNX-0FlT1X5jQww" title="County Court">County Court</a> Rules.</span> Ini adalah secara kolektif dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Procedure_Rules_1998&usg=ALkJrhhA6V2nggfASCop2w64bKNbEkLElQ" title="Aturan Prosedur sipil 1998">Aturan Prosedur Sipil 1998</a> dan di semua tetapi beberapa daerah sangat dibatasi menggantikan Aturan tua dari Mahkamah Agung (berlaku untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_of_England_and_Wales&usg=ALkJrhg_5uOEvfzUE9Glokm5x9ryGQd9_g" title="High Court of Justice di Inggris dan Wales" class="mw-redirect">High Court of Justice)</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Court&usg=ALkJrhhfBKNfCbm68mBLNX-0FlT1X5jQww" title="County Court">Pengadilan County</a> Aturan.</span> </p><p><a name="Civil_court_in_the_United_States" id="Civil_court_in_the_United_States"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhij3l5LZWVqXe1DUxskZpu1YnhvnA" title="Sunting bagian: Sipil pengadilan di Amerika Serikat">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Civil court in the United States</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhij3l5LZWVqXe1DUxskZpu1YnhvnA" title="Sunting bagian: Sipil pengadilan di Amerika Serikat"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sipil pengadilan di Amerika Serikat</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> federal court system adopted standardized <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure&usg=ALkJrhhuQ2nZ06QB5Ao2MCxFxbBwWSq3Rg" title="Federal Peraturan Prosedur Sipil">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> on <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_16&usg=ALkJrhhSUmClxpa4xBl2XoOwkusJf1doOA" title="16 September">September 16</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938&usg=ALkJrhiSBmqDJbPlyP01xoffqtnvqGMqpQ" title="1938">1938</a> , before which time there were varying rules that governed different types of civil cases such as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> mengadopsi sistem pengadilan federal standar <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure&usg=ALkJrhhuQ2nZ06QB5Ao2MCxFxbBwWSq3Rg" title="Federal Peraturan Prosedur Sipil">Federal Peraturan Prosedur Sipil</a> pada <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_16&usg=ALkJrhhSUmClxpa4xBl2XoOwkusJf1doOA" title="16 September">16 September</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938&usg=ALkJrhiSBmqDJbPlyP01xoffqtnvqGMqpQ" title="1938">1938,</a> sebelum waktu yang terdapat berbagai peraturan yang diatur berbagai jenis kasus perdata seperti kasus di hukum atau di dalam keadilan atau admiralty.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(These differences grew from the history of "law" and "equity" as separate court systems in English law.) There are exceptions to the types of cases that the Federal Rules now control but they are few in number and somewhat esoteric (eg, " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhh0PM8GV1I80wSLqUqnttPoOR781g" title="Hadiah (hukum)">prize</a> proceedings in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law&usg=ALkJrhjm8HqcGu6SnqKTbiJddcZwAp2PVw" title="Admiralty hukum">admiralty</a> ").</span> (Berbagai perbedaan tumbuh dari sejarah "hukum" dan "keadilan" sebagai pengadilan terpisah dalam sistem hukum Inggris.) Terdapat pengecualian untuk jenis kasus yang Federal Aturan sekarang kontrol tetapi di beberapa nomor dan agak esoterik (misalnya, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhh0PM8GV1I80wSLqUqnttPoOR781g" title="Hadiah (hukum)">"hadiah</a> dalam proses <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law&usg=ALkJrhjm8HqcGu6SnqKTbiJddcZwAp2PVw" title="Admiralty hukum">admiralty").</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most states have also adopted the Federal Rules (with various minor modifications) to govern procedures in their <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_court&usg=ALkJrhhvUDZOwSEk7Exr2-V7oW-6XSIX8Q" title="Negara pengadilan">state court</a> systems.</span> Sebagian besar negara juga telah mengadopsi Aturan Federal (dengan berbagai modifikasi kecil) untuk memerintah prosedur dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_court&usg=ALkJrhhvUDZOwSEk7Exr2-V7oW-6XSIX8Q" title="Negara pengadilan">pengadilan negara</a> sistem.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California&usg=ALkJrhgA-cPtkEkaiPUklCA_bKe9ws3EBg" title="California">California</a> is the odd exception in that its homegrown civil procedure system is enshrined in statutory law (the Code of Civil Procedure), not in rules promulgated by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_supreme_court&usg=ALkJrhjazQcx12zI3wNw3hthNe375W6pdA" title="Pengadilan tertinggi negara">state supreme court</a> or the state bar association.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California&usg=ALkJrhgA-cPtkEkaiPUklCA_bKe9ws3EBg" title="California">California</a> adalah aneh pengecualian dalam homegrown sipil bahwa prosedur sistem diabadikan dalam undang-undang (Kode Sipil Prosedur), bukan dalam aturan promulgated oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_supreme_court&usg=ALkJrhjazQcx12zI3wNw3hthNe375W6pdA" title="Pengadilan tertinggi negara">pengadilan tertinggi negara</a> atau negara bar asosiasi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Rhode Island, on the other hand, has its own Civil Court Rules of Procedure.</span> Rhode Island, di sisi lain, memiliki Sipil Pengadilan Aturan Prosedur.</span> </p><p><a name="Difference_in_civil_and_criminal_procedures" id="Difference_in_civil_and_criminal_procedures"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiUz57fu6VM3DujXbLkj8A88uOKHQ" title="Sunting bagian: Perbedaan dalam prosedur perdata dan pidana">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Difference in civil and criminal procedures</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiUz57fu6VM3DujXbLkj8A88uOKHQ" title="Sunting bagian: Perbedaan dalam prosedur perdata dan pidana"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perbedaan dalam prosedur perdata dan pidana</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjv_rgW3MjUlphoSf0GBV8R3uxT2A" title="Pidana prosedur">criminal procedures</a> .</span> Membuat sebagian besar negara yang cukup jelas antara perdata dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjv_rgW3MjUlphoSf0GBV8R3uxT2A" title="Pidana prosedur">pidana prosedur.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjNjzsXlr3SPFrF2WekNBYmkEfA1g" title="England">English</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhgRn47J8PmHqNE3LLVNh3JEcZn8Ig" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">criminal court</a> may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_costs&usg=ALkJrhiEgIh6Ml9TTNtpB1HJgEN3o8mjYw" title="Pidana biaya">legal costs</a> of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution&usg=ALkJrhjbMm5_XjKqOXXsyu5ajQSTZqYo2w" title="Penuntutan" class="mw-redirect">prosecution</a> .</span> Misalnya, bahasa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjNjzsXlr3SPFrF2WekNBYmkEfA1g" title="England">Inggris</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhgRn47J8PmHqNE3LLVNh3JEcZn8Ig" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">pengadilan pidana</a> Mei memaksa seorang terdakwa untuk membayar denda sebagai hukuman atas kejahatan, dan kadang-kadang ia harus membayar <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_costs&usg=ALkJrhiEgIh6Ml9TTNtpB1HJgEN3o8mjYw" title="Pidana biaya">biaya hukum</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution&usg=ALkJrhjbMm5_XjKqOXXsyu5ajQSTZqYo2w" title="Penuntutan" class="mw-redirect">penuntutan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But the victim of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime&usg=ALkJrhj-BXvDVDCS34A1-kSa14_I9wMLug" title="Kejahatan">crime</a> pursues his claim for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">compensation</a> in a civil, not a criminal, action. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-law1-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-law1_2-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhi5JMThDJaUl2iiUuBrT1dk11oO-Q" title="Prancis">France</a> , however, a victim of a crime may be awarded <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">damages</a> by a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhgRn47J8PmHqNE3LLVNh3JEcZn8Ig" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">criminal court</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhjes9iStmRMiM-GaOpvH5hl6T3QyQ" title="Hakim">judge</a> .</span> Tetapi korban <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime&usg=ALkJrhj-BXvDVDCS34A1-kSa14_I9wMLug" title="Kejahatan">kejahatan</a> pursues his klaim untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">kompensasi</a> dalam perdata, bukan pidana, tindakan. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-law1-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-law1_2-0" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhi5JMThDJaUl2iiUuBrT1dk11oO-Q" title="Prancis">Perancis,</a> namun, korban dari tindak pidana dapat diberikan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">ganti rugi</a> oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhgRn47J8PmHqNE3LLVNh3JEcZn8Ig" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">pengadilan pidana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhjes9iStmRMiM-GaOpvH5hl6T3QyQ" title="Hakim">hakim.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The standards of proof are higher in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_action%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiBPIHZLR1mNMVhIKFiNtkJoHXdZA" class="new" title="Tindak pidana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">criminal action</a> than in a civil one since the loser risks not only financial penalties but also being sent to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhiR8-PzMJ0JDDmvR1-wb_KmVy_TrQ" title="Penjara">prison</a> (or, in some countries, executed).</span> Standar bukti yang lebih tinggi dalam sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_action%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiBPIHZLR1mNMVhIKFiNtkJoHXdZA" class="new" title="Tindak pidana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">tindak pidana</a> selain di satu sipil sejak loser risiko tidak hanya finansial tetapi juga hukuman yang dikirim ke <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhiR8-PzMJ0JDDmvR1-wb_KmVy_TrQ" title="Penjara">penjara</a> (atau, dalam beberapa negara, dijalankan).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhh_aaxYYy1yH_SBpqyWY448DogeFA" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">English law</a> the prosecution must prove the guilt of a criminal “beyond reasonable doubt”; but the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff&usg=ALkJrhiVBuWJ809G7p7yps2vHyIZnE0ULg" title="Penggugat">plaintiff</a> in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhgz4kBs-Tt_Z65klmbzj3BxQmOKHg" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">civil action</a> is required to prove his case “on the balance of probabilities”. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-law1-2" title=""><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, in a criminal case a crime cannot be proven if the person or persons judging it doubt the guilt of the suspect and have a reason (not just a feeling or intuition) for this doubt.</span> Dalam bahasa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhh_aaxYYy1yH_SBpqyWY448DogeFA" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">Inggris hukum</a> penuntutan harus membuktikan kesalahan dari pidana "diluar wajar keraguan", tetapi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff&usg=ALkJrhiVBuWJ809G7p7yps2vHyIZnE0ULg" title="Penggugat">penuntut</a> dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhgz4kBs-Tt_Z65klmbzj3BxQmOKHg" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">sipil tindakan</a> yang diperlukan untuk membuktikan hal itu "pada keseimbangan probabilities". [3] Dengan demikian, dalam kasus kejahatan kriminal tidak dapat membuktikan jika orang atau orang itu menilai keraguan yang bersalah dari tersangka dan memiliki alasan (bukan hanya perasaan atau intuisi) untuk keraguan ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But in a civil case, the court will weigh all the evidence and decide what is most probable.</span> Tetapi dalam kasus perdata, pengadilan akan timbangkan semua bukti dan memutuskan apa yang paling mungkin.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminal and <strong class="selflink">civil procedure</strong> are different.</span> Pidana dan <strong class="selflink">perdata prosedur</strong> yang berbeda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although some systems, including the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjNjzsXlr3SPFrF2WekNBYmkEfA1g" title="England">English</a> , allow a private citizen to bring a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_prosecution&usg=ALkJrhhSYFYjlc_rtQWRYJ36HqzUeLqEPg" title="Penuntutan pidana" class="mw-redirect">criminal prosecution</a> against another <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen&usg=ALkJrhgF2n74N35a7L-39ePg5TIW1t_r0g" title="Citizen" class="mw-redirect">citizen</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_action%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiBPIHZLR1mNMVhIKFiNtkJoHXdZA" class="new" title="Tindak pidana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">criminal actions</a> are nearly always started by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhiokb9Ux-IbxP1ilSbGdENiUcL7qw" title="Menyatakan">state</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhgz4kBs-Tt_Z65klmbzj3BxQmOKHg" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">Civil actions</a> , on the other hand, are usually started by <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual&usg=ALkJrhi-pnnZatYYFMQ39a-owJ6Wgm4chg" title="Masing-masing">individuals</a> .</span> Walaupun beberapa sistem, termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjNjzsXlr3SPFrF2WekNBYmkEfA1g" title="England">Inggris,</a> memungkinkan pribadi warga membawa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_prosecution&usg=ALkJrhhSYFYjlc_rtQWRYJ36HqzUeLqEPg" title="Penuntutan pidana" class="mw-redirect">penuntutan pidana</a> lain terhadap <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen&usg=ALkJrhgF2n74N35a7L-39ePg5TIW1t_r0g" title="Citizen" class="mw-redirect">warga,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_action%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiBPIHZLR1mNMVhIKFiNtkJoHXdZA" class="new" title="Tindak pidana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">tindakan kriminal</a> yang hampir selalu dimulai oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhiokb9Ux-IbxP1ilSbGdENiUcL7qw" title="Menyatakan">negara.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhgz4kBs-Tt_Z65klmbzj3BxQmOKHg" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">Sipil tindakan,</a> di sisi lain, biasanya dimulai oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual&usg=ALkJrhi-pnnZatYYFMQ39a-owJ6Wgm4chg" title="Masing-masing">individu.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases, the state) is called the <b>prosecution</b> , but the party bringing a civil action is the <b>plaintiff</b> .</span> Dalam hukum Anglo-Amerika, partai yang membawa tindakan kriminal (yang, dalam banyak kasus, negara) disebut <b>penuntutan,</b> namun pihak membawa madani adalah tindakan <b>penuntut.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In both kinds of action the other party is known as the <b>defendant</b> .</span> Dalam kedua jenis tindakan pihak lain yang dikenal sebagai <b>terdakwa.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A criminal case against a person called Ms. Sanchez would be described as “The People vs. (=versus, or against) Sanchez” in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> and “R.</span> J kasus pidana terhadap seseorang bernama Ibu Sanchez akan digambarkan sebagai "The People vs (= lawan, atau melawan) Sanchez" di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan "R.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina&usg=ALkJrhjNmFe1Ns6iNfFFhrOJuHWZ7Op8VQ" title="Regina">Regina</a> , that is, the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant&usg=ALkJrhg895Qthg6gXyGBK_rls_G6WB0G6w" title="Queen yg beraja">Queen</a> ) vs. Sanchez” in England.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina&usg=ALkJrhjNmFe1Ns6iNfFFhrOJuHWZ7Op8VQ" title="Regina">(Regina,</a> yaitu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant&usg=ALkJrhg895Qthg6gXyGBK_rls_G6WB0G6w" title="Queen yg beraja">Queen)</a> vs Sanchez "di Inggris.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But a civil action between Ms. Sanchez and a Mr. Smith would be “Sanchez vs. Smith” if it was started by Sanchez, and “Smith vs. Sanchez” if it was started by Mr. Smith.</span> Namun aksi sipil antara Sanchez Ibu dan Bapak akan Smith "Sanchez vs Smith" jika dimulai oleh Sanchez, dan "Smith vs Sanchez" jika dimulai oleh Mr Smith.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Evidence from a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_trial&usg=ALkJrhhpIJ07ebFWM15YmCUow-05eZjEyA" title="Pidana percobaan" class="mw-redirect">criminal trial</a> is not necessarily admissible as evidence in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhgz4kBs-Tt_Z65klmbzj3BxQmOKHg" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">civil action</a> about the same matter.</span> Bukti dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_trial&usg=ALkJrhhpIJ07ebFWM15YmCUow-05eZjEyA" title="Pidana percobaan" class="mw-redirect">pidana percobaan</a> tidak selalu dpt sebagai bukti dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_action&usg=ALkJrhgz4kBs-Tt_Z65klmbzj3BxQmOKHg" title="Tindakan sipil" class="mw-redirect">tindakan sipil</a> tentang hal yang sama.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, the victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime&usg=ALkJrhj-BXvDVDCS34A1-kSa14_I9wMLug" title="Kejahatan">crime</a> of careless driving.</span> Misalnya, korban kecelakaan di jalan tidak langsung mendapatkan keuntungan jika driver yang terluka dia ditemukan bersalah dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime&usg=ALkJrhj-BXvDVDCS34A1-kSa14_I9wMLug" title="Kejahatan">kejahatan</a> yang lengah berkendara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He still has to prove his case in a civil action. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-law1-2" title=""><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></a></sup> In fact he may be able to prove his civil case even when the driver is found not guilty in the criminal trial.</span> Dia masih harus membuktikan hal itu dalam sebuah tindakan sipil. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-law1-2" title=""><span>[3]</span></a></sup> Bahkan ia mungkin dapat membuktikan kepada kasus perdata bahkan ketika driver tidak ditemukan bersalah dalam persidangan pidana.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil court is about the amount of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money&usg=ALkJrhhjB4Ev6kkVBc3ti0FouAVQeInOVw" title="Uang">money</a> , or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan"><b>damages</b></a> , which the defendant should pay to the plaintiff. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-law1-2" title=""><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></a></sup></span> Setelah penggugat telah menunjukkan bahwa terdakwa adalah bertanggung jawab, argumen utama dalam sebuah pengadilan sipil adalah tentang jumlah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money&usg=ALkJrhhjB4Ev6kkVBc3ti0FouAVQeInOVw" title="Uang">uang,</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan"><b>kerusakan,</b></a> yang menjadi terdakwa harus membayar kepada penggugat. <sup id="cite_ref-law1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_note-law1-2" title=""><span>[3]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjIHU8wjW0TWYCfQ_T3w1k9mxD1ig" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCivil_procedure%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjIHU8wjW0TWYCfQ_T3w1k9mxD1ig" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standards.html&usg=ALkJrhhPmHYQCqQeoBITc-AMs86yKAeqDw" class="external text" title="http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standards.html" rel="nofollow">Legal Standarts - PDF, page 302</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standards.html&usg=ALkJrhhPmHYQCqQeoBITc-AMs86yKAeqDw" class="external text" title="http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standards.html" rel="nofollow">Hukum Standarts - PDF, 302 halaman</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> Supreme Court of Canada, Gustovson Drilling, 1976</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> Mahkamah Agung Kanada, Gustovson Drilling, 1976</span> </li><li id="cite_note-law1-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-law1_2-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-law1_2-1" title="">b</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-law1_2-2" title="">c</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-law1_2-3" title="">d</a></b></i></sup> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">Richard Powell (1993). <i>Law today</i> .</cite></span> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-law1_2-0" title="">A</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-law1_2-1" title="">b</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-law1_2-2" title="">c</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjDKBjEQyVAEkOCWiI7SncEmmYF0w#cite_ref-law1_2-3" title="">d</a></b></i></sup> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">Richard Powell (1993). <i>Undang-undang ini.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">Harlow: Longman.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">Harlow: Longman.</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">pp. 34. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582056357&usg=ALkJrhhEn46xjPQFt2utCpPcfkbfNdtCgQ" class="internal">ISBN 0582056357</a> , 9780582056350. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC&usg=ALkJrhhkFrbVE_zccpkzbf6eTz0RZuuMZQ" title="OCLC" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/30075861&usg=ALkJrhhvuUD2qboelmzYZ9QiLkk1ojk1zw" class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/oclc/30075861" rel="nofollow">30075861</a> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFRichard_Powell1993">hal. 34. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582056357&usg=ALkJrhhEn46xjPQFt2utCpPcfkbfNdtCgQ" class="internal">ISBN 0582056357,</a> 9780582056350. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC&usg=ALkJrhhkFrbVE_zccpkzbf6eTz0RZuuMZQ" title="OCLC" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/30075861&usg=ALkJrhhvuUD2qboelmzYZ9QiLkk1ojk1zw" class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/oclc/30075861" rel="nofollow">30075861.</a></cite></span></li></ol></div></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-61235372275928568422009-01-21T00:13:00.000-08:002009-01-23T19:00:15.050-08:00Hukum & Hak Asasi Manusia<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="contentSub"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">(Redirected from <a title="Hukum hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHuman_rights_law%26redirect%3Dno&usg=ALkJrhg9SWImTlrSSPrzo7pF7nchyAPAWg">Human rights law</a> )</span> (Dialihkan dari <a title="Hukum hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHuman_rights_law%26redirect%3Dno&usg=ALkJrhg9SWImTlrSSPrzo7pF7nchyAPAWg">hukum Hak Asasi Manusia)</a></span> </div><div id="jump-to-nav"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><b>International human rights law</b> is a system of laws, both domestic, regional and international, designed to promote human rights.</span> <b>Hukum internasional hak asasi manusia</b> adalah sebuah sistem hukum, baik domestik, regional dan internasional, yang dirancang untuk memajukan hak asasi manusia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Human rights law is made up of various <a title="Instrumen HAM internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgLAFuIWRDsG92Wwbgop9cmkYB28g">international human rights instruments</a> which are binding to its parties (nation-states that have ratified the treaty).</span> Hukum hak asasi manusia terdiri dari berbagai <a title="Instrumen HAM internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgLAFuIWRDsG92Wwbgop9cmkYB28g">instrumen HAM internasional</a> yang mengikat untuk para pihak (negara-negara yang telah meratifikasi perjanjian).</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">An important concept within human rights law is that of <a title="Yurisdiksi universal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhCLkyw6zyVvs2S-gd9vZ_4I8Sg3A">universal jurisdiction</a> .</span> Konsep yang penting dalam hukum adalah hak asasi manusia yang <a title="Yurisdiksi universal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhCLkyw6zyVvs2S-gd9vZ_4I8Sg3A">universal yurisdiksi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This concept, which is not widely accepted, is that any nation is authorized to prosecute and punish violations of human rights wherever and whenever they may have occurred.</span> Konsep ini, yang tidak diterima secara luas, adalah bahwa setiap negara berwenang untuk menuntut dan menghukum pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di manapun dan kapanpun mereka mungkin telah terjadi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Some customary <a title="Menentukan norma" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peremptory_norm&usg=ALkJrhiKqL9OQ0d9HOwZNQ3aL7JyaFCoNg">peremptory norms</a> of human rights are also recognised, and these are considered binding on all nations, even those that have not ratified the relevant treaty.</span> Beberapa adat <a title="Menentukan norma" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peremptory_norm&usg=ALkJrhiKqL9OQ0d9HOwZNQ3aL7JyaFCoNg">menentukan norma-norma</a> hak asasi manusia juga diakui, dan ini dianggap mengikat semua negara, bahkan mereka yang belum meratifikasi perjanjian yang relevan.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In principle human rights law is enforced on a domestic level and nation states that ratify human rights treaties commit themselves to enact domestic human rights legislations.</span> Dalam prinsip hak asasi manusia adalah hukum enforced pada tingkat domestik dan negara-negara yang mensahkan perjanjian hak asasi manusia berkomitmen untuk memainkan legislations domestik hak asasi manusia.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In addition to international human rights law, human rights law has been created on a regional level.</span> Selain undang-undang HAM internasional, hukum hak asasi manusia yang telah dibuat di tingkat regional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The three regional human rights instrument that form binding human rights law to party states are: <a title="African Charter on Human dan Peoples' Rights" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgeT8F7GBYYb5X0uncDyKZtigXyhQ">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> , the <a title="Konvensi Amerika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhh-35Rvx-B2f85Umvw1qiMCXNyTSQ">American Convention on Human Rights</a> (the Americas) and the <a title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgA5bol8Q38ayaEMEBQ6XCMNJEzxg">European Convention on Human Rights</a> .</span> Tiga daerah HAM bentuk instrumen yang mengikat hak asasi manusia ke pihak negara hukum adalah: <a title="African Charter on Human dan Peoples' Rights" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgeT8F7GBYYb5X0uncDyKZtigXyhQ">African Charter on Human dan Peoples' Rights,</a> <a title="Konvensi Amerika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhh-35Rvx-B2f85Umvw1qiMCXNyTSQ">American Convention on Human Rights</a> (Amerika) dan <a title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgA5bol8Q38ayaEMEBQ6XCMNJEzxg">Konvensi Eropa tentang HAM.</a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Human rights law is related to, but not the same as <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum internasional Kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Law&usg=ALkJrhgk56vw7vU9AkyAaTA6kE8OcHUCTQ">International Humanitarian Law</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Pengungsi Hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Law&usg=ALkJrhgD-v22U99l_DJLh9dOmhZ3EswQ1Q">Refugee Law</a> . <a title="Kejahatan perang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime&usg=ALkJrhjBVZ7v_itJnRiFyzUvZSpBTv-t-Q">War crimes</a> , <a title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhhaXi5LRjHYEwCkiuC1DuvFMdl3Ug">crimes against humanity</a> and <a title="Genosida" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide&usg=ALkJrhi9HLu79w-UjojDv70O2Eo7DBuh5w">genocide</a> have their own treaty law.</span> Hak asasi manusia berkaitan dengan hukum, tetapi tidak sama dengan <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum internasional Kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Law&usg=ALkJrhgk56vw7vU9AkyAaTA6kE8OcHUCTQ">Hukum Internasional Kemanusiaan</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" title="Pengungsi Hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Law&usg=ALkJrhgD-v22U99l_DJLh9dOmhZ3EswQ1Q">Hukum pengungsi.</a> <a title="Kejahatan perang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime&usg=ALkJrhjBVZ7v_itJnRiFyzUvZSpBTv-t-Q">Kejahatan perang,</a> <a title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhhaXi5LRjHYEwCkiuC1DuvFMdl3Ug">kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan</a> dan <a title="Genosida" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide&usg=ALkJrhi9HLu79w-UjojDv70O2Eo7DBuh5w">genosida</a> memiliki perjanjian hukum.</span> </p><table class="toc" id="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#The_Two_Covenants"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The Two Covenants</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#The_Two_Covenants"><span class="toctext"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> Dua Perjanjian</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#International_human_rights_treaties"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">International human rights treaties</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#International_human_rights_treaties"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">perjanjian internasional hak asasi manusia</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#Regional_human_rights_instruments"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Regional human rights instruments</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#Regional_human_rights_instruments"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Daerah instrumen hak asasi manusia</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#Enforcement_of_human_rights_law"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Enforcement of human rights law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#Enforcement_of_human_rights_law"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Penegakan hukum hak asasi manusia</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#Universal_Jurisdiction"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Universal Jurisdiction</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#Universal_Jurisdiction"><span class="tocnumber">5,1</span> <span class="toctext">Universal Yurisdiksi</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><br /><p><a id="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" name="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjVPd59QZma6DCG3cRDKlweBptayw">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjVPd59QZma6DCG3cRDKlweBptayw"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhg8rPNMJN4CokvKg3jtuURxjc5fFw">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhg8rPNMJN4CokvKg3jtuURxjc5fFw">Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The <a title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhg8rPNMJN4CokvKg3jtuURxjc5fFw">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> is a declaration that does not form binding international human rights law.</span> <a title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhg8rPNMJN4CokvKg3jtuURxjc5fFw">Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia</a> adalah sebuah deklarasi yang tidak mengikat bentuk hukum internasional hak asasi manusia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Although some legal scholars cite the UDHR as evidence for customary international law and more broadly the UDH has become an authoritative human rights reference.</span> Meskipun beberapa sarjana hukum yang menyebut UDHR sebagai bukti untuk adat dan hukum internasional yang lebih luas UDH telah menjadi referensi berwibawa hak asasi manusia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The UDHR has provided the basis for subsequent <a title="Instrumen HAM internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgLAFuIWRDsG92Wwbgop9cmkYB28g">international human rights instruments</a> that form binding international human rights law.</span> UDHR yang telah memberikan dasar untuk kemudian <a title="Instrumen HAM internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgLAFuIWRDsG92Wwbgop9cmkYB28g">instrumen HAM internasional</a> yang mengikat bentuk hukum internasional hak asasi manusia.</span> </p><p><a id="The_Two_Covenants" name="The_Two_Covenants"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: The Dua Perjanjian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhjxeRi8p5DiFd_zX1JqjaLizmg7HQ">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">The Two Covenants</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: The Dua Perjanjian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhjxeRi8p5DiFd_zX1JqjaLizmg7HQ"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">The Dua Perjanjian</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgFrBIV0-AeZNvFlvtC-AZhycW4Gw">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgFrBIV0-AeZNvFlvtC-AZhycW4Gw">Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik</a></i></span> </div></dd><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Ekonomi, Sosial Budaya dan Hak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights&usg=ALkJrhjcChlxQh7ahMx9kKWRMWeV4Ifk3A">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Ekonomi, Sosial Budaya dan Hak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights&usg=ALkJrhjcChlxQh7ahMx9kKWRMWeV4Ifk3A">Kovenan Internasional tentang Ekonomi, Sosial Budaya dan Hak</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The <a title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhg8rPNMJN4CokvKg3jtuURxjc5fFw">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR) was adopted as binding international treaty into two distinct and different covenants, the <a title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgFrBIV0-AeZNvFlvtC-AZhycW4Gw">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR) and the <a title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Ekonomi, Sosial Budaya dan Hak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights&usg=ALkJrhjcChlxQh7ahMx9kKWRMWeV4Ifk3A">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR).</span> <a title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhg8rPNMJN4CokvKg3jtuURxjc5fFw">Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia</a> (UDHR) diadopsi sebagai mengikat perjanjian internasional ke dua dan berbagai perjanjian, <a title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgFrBIV0-AeZNvFlvtC-AZhycW4Gw">Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik</a> (ICCPR) dan <a title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Ekonomi, Sosial Budaya dan Hak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights&usg=ALkJrhjcChlxQh7ahMx9kKWRMWeV4Ifk3A">Kovenan Internasional tentang Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya Rights</a> (ICESCR).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The two Covenants form treaty law, that is international human rights law, and ratifying parties (nation states) to the Covenant commit themselves to implement the contained rights in their domestic <a title="Yurisdiksi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og">jurisdictions</a> .</span> Perjanjian dua bentuk perjanjian hukum, yaitu hukum internasional hak asasi manusia, dan meratifikasi pihak (negara) untuk Perjanjian berkomitmen untuk menerapkan yang hak mereka di dalam negeri <a title="Yurisdiksi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og">yurisdiksi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Note that some states have signed but not ratified the Covenants.</span> Perlu diketahui bahwa beberapa negara telah menandatangani tetapi belum meratifikasi Perjanjian.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Both covenants came in force in 1976 when a sufficient number of countries had ratified the Covenants. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-0"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 1 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Kedua perjanjian itu berlaku pada tahun 1976 ketika jumlah negara-negara telah meratifikasi Perjanjian. <span style="font-size:+0;"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-0"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0">[1]</sup></a></span></span> </p><p><a id="International_human_rights_treaties" name="International_human_rights_treaties"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: perjanjian internasional hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhgBvVc75EI-St1JF7_eHXk5QcNA0Q">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">International human rights treaties</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: perjanjian internasional hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhgBvVc75EI-St1JF7_eHXk5QcNA0Q"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">International perjanjian hak asasi manusia</span></span> </h2><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="WIDTH: 52px"><a class="image" title="Wiki huruf w.svg" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg&usg=ALkJrhiNk-ouJMbObEUzvESBBYMXLcom6w"><img height="36" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/36px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="36" border="0" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><b>Please help <a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiTNpI5f9QCzzjVaVgf6Q8RUb7mXA" rel="nofollow" action="edit">improve this section</a> by expanding it.</b> Further information might be found on the <a title="Talk: hukum internasional hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:International_human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhhpiX9hDTv1jJJVP9_Xr8px9Gl4Pw">talk page</a> . <small><i>(July 2008)</i></small></span> <b>Harap membantu <a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiTNpI5f9QCzzjVaVgf6Q8RUb7mXA" rel="nofollow" action="edit">meningkatkan bagian ini</a> oleh perluasan itu.</b> Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan di <a title="Talk: hukum internasional hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:International_human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhhpiX9hDTv1jJJVP9_Xr8px9Gl4Pw">halaman pembicaraan.</a> <small><i>(Juli 2008)</i></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Since the adoption of the two Covenants a number of other treaties ( <a title="Instrumen HAM internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgLAFuIWRDsG92Wwbgop9cmkYB28g">pieces of legislation</a> ) have been adopted at the international level.</span> Karena adopsi dari dua Perjanjian sejumlah perjanjian lainnya <a title="Instrumen HAM internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgLAFuIWRDsG92Wwbgop9cmkYB28g">(lembar undang-undang)</a> telah diterapkan di tingkat internasional.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">They are generally known as <i>human rights instruments</i> .</span> Mereka biasanya dikenal sebagai <i>instrumen hak asasi manusia.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Some of the most significant include:</span> Beberapa yang paling penting adalah:</span> </p><ul><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Konvensi Eliminasi Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Racial" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination&usg=ALkJrhhkRtsMtTVCHdSBLmOtUkLJUPETwA">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> ( <b>CERD</b> ) (adopted 1966, entry into force: 1969) <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-1"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 2 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> <a title="Konvensi Eliminasi Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Racial" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination&usg=ALkJrhhkRtsMtTVCHdSBLmOtUkLJUPETwA">Konvensi Eliminasi Segala Bentuk Racial Discrimination</a> <b>(CERD)</b> (diadopsi tahun 1966, memaksa masuk ke: 1969) <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-1"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span style="font-size:+0;">[2]</span></sup></a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Konvensi Eliminasi Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women&usg=ALkJrhis6WPNtj3aoTgQpflpDRcekt8sNQ">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> ( <b>CEDAW</b> ) (entry into force: 1981) <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-2"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 3 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> <a title="Konvensi Eliminasi Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women&usg=ALkJrhis6WPNtj3aoTgQpflpDRcekt8sNQ">Konvensi Eliminasi Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan</a> <b>(CEDAW)</b> (masuk ke dalam angkatan: 1981) <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-2"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span style="font-size:+0;">[3]</span></sup></a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Konvensi PBB terhadap Penyiksaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture&usg=ALkJrhhQX67tNli0jZQJoZIvKIZOSbmA1g">United Nations Convention Against Torture</a> ( <b>CAT</b> ) (adopted 1984, entry into force: 1984) <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-3"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 4 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> <a title="Konvensi PBB terhadap Penyiksaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture&usg=ALkJrhhQX67tNli0jZQJoZIvKIZOSbmA1g">Konvensi PBB terhadap Penyiksaan</a> <b>(CAT)</b> (diadopsi tahun 1984, memaksa masuk ke: 1984) <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-3"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span style="font-size:+0;">[4]</span></sup></a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Konvensi tentang Hak-hak Anak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child&usg=ALkJrhg2OUaDu5kkeZc5XwLMIfAzbB3U5w">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> ( <b>CRC</b> ) (adopted 1989, entry into force: 1989) <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-4"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 5 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> <a title="Konvensi tentang Hak-hak Anak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child&usg=ALkJrhg2OUaDu5kkeZc5XwLMIfAzbB3U5w">Konvensi tentang Hak-hak Anak</a> <b>(CRC)</b> (diadopsi tahun 1989, memaksa masuk ke: 1989) <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-4"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span style="font-size:+0;">[5]</span></sup></a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Konvensi PBB tentang Perlindungan Hak-hak Semua Buruh Migran dan Anggota-anggota keluarga mereka" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families&usg=ALkJrhj5T-ywkLh6Z2YmhXzC21ZULtNGTg">International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families</a> ( <b>ICRMW</b> ) (adopted 1990)</span> <a title="Konvensi PBB tentang Perlindungan Hak-hak Semua Buruh Migran dan Anggota-anggota keluarga mereka" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families&usg=ALkJrhj5T-ywkLh6Z2YmhXzC21ZULtNGTg">Konvensi Internasional tentang Perlindungan Hak Semua Buruh Migran dan Anggota-anggota keluarga mereka</a> <b>(ICRMW)</b> (diadopsi 1990)</span> </li></ul><p><a id="Regional_human_rights_instruments" name="Regional_human_rights_instruments"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Daerah instrumen hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjCfb0HzlTa4M_D3hF7t-SZMwb29A">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Regional human rights instruments</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Daerah instrumen hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjCfb0HzlTa4M_D3hF7t-SZMwb29A"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Daerah instrumen hak asasi manusia</span></span> </h2><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">There are three key regional human rights instruments which establish human rights law on a regional basis.</span> Ada tiga tombol instrumen regional hak asasi manusia yang membuat undang-undang tentang hak asasi manusia regional dasar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">These are:</span> Ini adalah:</span> </p><ul><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">the <a title="African Charter on Human dan Peoples' Rights" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgeT8F7GBYYb5X0uncDyKZtigXyhQ">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> for <a title="Afrika" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa&usg=ALkJrhiAWTvEKtTRae68QcCQmeWSip5R6w">Africa</a></span> <a title="African Charter on Human dan Peoples' Rights" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgeT8F7GBYYb5X0uncDyKZtigXyhQ">Afrika Charter on Human dan Peoples' Hak</a> untuk <a title="Afrika" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa&usg=ALkJrhiAWTvEKtTRae68QcCQmeWSip5R6w">Afrika</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">the <a title="Konvensi Amerika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhh-35Rvx-B2f85Umvw1qiMCXNyTSQ">American Convention on Human Rights</a> for the <a title="Amerika" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas&usg=ALkJrhihk-O7a9Fzpanel1IVmN0y_wy9ag">Americas</a></span> <a title="Konvensi Amerika tentang Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhh-35Rvx-B2f85Umvw1qiMCXNyTSQ">American Konvensi HAM</a> untuk <a title="Amerika" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas&usg=ALkJrhihk-O7a9Fzpanel1IVmN0y_wy9ag">Amerika</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">the <a title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgA5bol8Q38ayaEMEBQ6XCMNJEzxg">European Convention on Human Rights</a> for <a title="Eropa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe&usg=ALkJrhg4hSJ1D_YZ88btaYUdYTRBUcW5uw">Europe</a></span> <a title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgA5bol8Q38ayaEMEBQ6XCMNJEzxg">Konvensi Eropa tentang HAM</a> untuk <a title="Eropa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe&usg=ALkJrhg4hSJ1D_YZ88btaYUdYTRBUcW5uw">Eropa</a></span> </li></ul><p><a id="Enforcement_of_human_rights_law" name="Enforcement_of_human_rights_law"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Penegakan hukum hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhihL4tXwP3FbICCvjXoFxAz3sUqXQ">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Enforcement of human rights law</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Penegakan hukum hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhihL4tXwP3FbICCvjXoFxAz3sUqXQ"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Penegakan hukum hak asasi manusia</span></span> </h2><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="WIDTH: 52px"><a class="image" title="Wiki huruf w.svg" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg&usg=ALkJrhiNk-ouJMbObEUzvESBBYMXLcom6w"><img height="36" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/36px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="36" border="0" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><b>Please help <a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiTNpI5f9QCzzjVaVgf6Q8RUb7mXA" rel="nofollow" action="edit">improve this section</a> by expanding it.</b> Further information might be found on the <a title="Talk: hukum internasional hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:International_human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhhpiX9hDTv1jJJVP9_Xr8px9Gl4Pw">talk page</a> . <small><i>(July 2008)</i></small></span> <b>Harap membantu <a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiTNpI5f9QCzzjVaVgf6Q8RUb7mXA" rel="nofollow" action="edit">meningkatkan bagian ini</a> oleh perluasan itu.</b> Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan di <a title="Talk: hukum internasional hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:International_human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhhpiX9hDTv1jJJVP9_Xr8px9Gl4Pw">halaman pembicaraan.</a> <small><i>(Juli 2008)</i></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">There is currently no international court to administer international human rights law.</span> Saat ini tidak ada pengadilan internasional untuk mengatur hukum internasional hak asasi manusia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction over the crime of genocide, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kejahatan perang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes&usg=ALkJrhjhWnczZ3UnFBGoDT5phZAZunhY3w">war crimes</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhiD9lO4TMtpVsFRYBZ5EgT7ItYB3w">crimes against humanity</a> .</span> Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional (ICC) mempunyai yurisdiksi atas kejahatan dari genosida, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kejahatan perang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes&usg=ALkJrhjhWnczZ3UnFBGoDT5phZAZunhY3w">kejahatan perang</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhiD9lO4TMtpVsFRYBZ5EgT7ItYB3w">kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">While the <a title="Eropa Pengadilan HAM" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhge_v7q9ISX2c4qYMLtoGjYdSlp_A">European Court of Human Rights</a> , and the <a title="Inter-Amerika Pengadilan HAM" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiEESt7DKIThji-p1DR2ixKc1tRtg">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a> enforce regional human rights law.</span> Sedangkan <a title="Eropa Pengadilan HAM" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhge_v7q9ISX2c4qYMLtoGjYdSlp_A">Eropa Pengadilan HAM,</a> dan <a title="Inter-Amerika Pengadilan HAM" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiEESt7DKIThji-p1DR2ixKc1tRtg">Inter-American Pengadilan HAM</a> daerah menegakkan hukum hak asasi manusia.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The enforcement of international human rights law is the responsibility of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Negara bangsa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_State&usg=ALkJrhg5tqcyLt_IfWmlVaZ6idALAxFPtA">Nation State</a> , and its the primary responsibility of the State to make human rights a reality.</span> Penegakan hukum internasional hak asasi manusia adalah tanggung jawab <a class="mw-redirect" title="Negara bangsa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_State&usg=ALkJrhg5tqcyLt_IfWmlVaZ6idALAxFPtA">Negara Bangsa,</a> dan tanggung jawab utama dari Negara untuk membuat hak asasi manusia menjadi kenyataan.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In practice, many human rights are very difficult to legally enforce due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-5"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 6 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Dalam praktek, banyak hak-hak asasi manusia sangat sulit untuk menegakkan hukum karena tidak adanya konsensus mengenai penerapan hak-hak tertentu, kekurangan relevan legislasi nasional atau badan-badan kewenangan untuk mengambil tindakan hukum untuk menegakkan mereka. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-5"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span style="font-size:+0;">[6]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In over 110 countries <a title="Lembaga nasional hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_human_rights_institutions&usg=ALkJrhj8ImXcSS0TXpUP1adLsJB9ObI8Bg">national human rights institutions</a> (NHRIs) have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-6"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 7 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> Although not all NHRIs are compliant with the Paris Principles, <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-7"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 8 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> the number and effect of these institutions is increasing. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-8"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 9 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> The <a title="Prinsip Paris" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Principles&usg=ALkJrhgNG2zYl1zM9rqWykj5tw2H93zT0g">Paris Principles</a> were defined at the first International Workshop on National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Paris on 7-9 October 1991, and adopted by United Nations Human Rights Commission Resolution 1992/54 of 1992 and the General Assembly Resolution 48/134 of 1993.</span> Di lebih dari 110 negara <a title="Lembaga nasional hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_human_rights_institutions&usg=ALkJrhj8ImXcSS0TXpUP1adLsJB9ObI8Bg">lembaga-lembaga nasional hak asasi manusia</a> (NHRIs) telah didirikan untuk melindungi, mempromosikan atau memantau hak asasi manusia dengan yurisdiksi dalam satu negara. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-6"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span style="font-size:+0;">[7]</span></sup></a> Meskipun tidak semua NHRIs yang sesuai dengan Prinsip-prinsip Paris, <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-7"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span style="font-size:+0;">[8]</span></sup></a> dan nomor efek dari lembaga ini adalah peningkatan. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-8"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span style="font-size:+0;">[9]</span></sup></a> The <a title="Prinsip Paris" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Principles&usg=ALkJrhgNG2zYl1zM9rqWykj5tw2H93zT0g">Paris Prinsip-prinsip</a> yang ditetapkan di bagian pertama International Workshop Nasional Lembaga untuk Promosi dan Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia di Paris pada 7-9 Oktober 1991, dan diadopsi oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Resolusi Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia 1992 / 54 tahun 1992 dan Resolusi Majelis Umum 48/134 tahun 1993.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The Paris Principles list a number of responsibilities for national institutions. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-9"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 10 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Paris Prinsip daftar sejumlah kewajiban bagi lembaga-lembaga nasional. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-9"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><span style="font-size:+0;">[10]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a id="Universal_Jurisdiction" name="Universal_Jurisdiction"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Universal Yurisdiksi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhj6baleSNxk8OHsoZGtKHdhugPXCA">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Universal Jurisdiction</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Universal Yurisdiksi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhj6baleSNxk8OHsoZGtKHdhugPXCA"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Universal Yurisdiksi</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Yurisdiksi universal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhCLkyw6zyVvs2S-gd9vZ_4I8Sg3A">universal jurisdiction</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Yurisdiksi universal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhCLkyw6zyVvs2S-gd9vZ_4I8Sg3A">yurisdiksi universal</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Yurisdiksi universal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhCLkyw6zyVvs2S-gd9vZ_4I8Sg3A">Universal jurisdiction</a> is a controversial principle in international law whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over persons whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence, or any other relation with the prosecuting country.</span> <a title="Yurisdiksi universal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhCLkyw6zyVvs2S-gd9vZ_4I8Sg3A">Yurisdiksi universal</a> adalah kontroversial prinsip dalam hukum internasional dimana negara tuntutan pidana yurisdiksi atas orang yang diduga telah melakukan kejahatan di luar batas-batas dari para negara, apapun kebangsaan, negara tempat tinggal, atau hubungan dengan para negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The state backs its claim on the grounds that the crime committed is considered a crime against all, which any state is authorized to punish.</span> Punggung negara dengan klaim atas dasar bahwa kejahatan yang dilakukan dianggap sebagai kejahatan terhadap semua, setiap negara yang berwenang untuk menghukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that certain international norms are <a title="Erga omnes" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erga_omnes&usg=ALkJrhj209W7Ll67_ocNTDZ9f6_46wq_4Q">erga omnes</a> , or owed to the entire world community, as well as the concept of jus cogens.</span> Konsep yurisdiksi universal karena itu erat terkait dengan gagasan bahwa beberapa norma internasional yang <a title="Erga omnes" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erga_omnes&usg=ALkJrhj209W7Ll67_ocNTDZ9f6_46wq_4Q">erga omnes,</a> atau owed kepada seluruh masyarakat dunia, serta konsep jus cogens.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In 1993 <a title="Belgia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium&usg=ALkJrhjauqIiLv4Qf8ytUqaWlr8j2Hva7w">Belgium</a> passed a <i>law of universal jurisdiction</i> to give its courts jurisdiction over crimes against humanity in other countries, and in 1998 <a title="Augusto Pinochet" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet&usg=ALkJrhhFyfB7wgwpRaZOQmiCGkZ80ttxuw">Augusto Pinochet</a> was arrested in <a title="London" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London&usg=ALkJrhhX4EmQSO1wVUZe-ZaMT8oGQYO7IQ">London</a> following an indictment by Spanish judge <a title="Baltasar Garzón" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Garz%25C3%25B3n&usg=ALkJrhgVISFHZweDzDoroD6WbfC79KTpKQ">Baltasar Garzón</a> under the universal jurisdiction principle. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-10"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 11 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> The principle is supported by <a title="Amnesty International" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International&usg=ALkJrhgWYsNmQp1LL_xuAlZemAk4iJ6gnQ">Amnesty International</a> and other <a title="Daftar organisasi-organisasi hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations&usg=ALkJrhgFQ5F7hektZ9SRxW1aYnv07IJb1w">human rights organisations</a> as they believe certain crimes pose a threat to the international community as a whole and the community has a moral duty to act, but others, including <a title="Henry Kissinger" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger&usg=ALkJrhg_eRrDHQC3olAjqv_Sfc6-Sb2Fgw">Henry Kissinger</a> argue that "widespread agreement that human rights violations and crimes against humanity must be prosecuted has hindered active consideration of the proper role of international courts. Universal jurisdiction risks creating universal tyranny – that of judges". <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-11"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 12 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Pada tahun 1993 <a title="Belgia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium&usg=ALkJrhjauqIiLv4Qf8ytUqaWlr8j2Hva7w">Belgia</a> lulus <i>hukum universal</i> yang memberikan <i>yurisdiksi</i> pengadilan yurisdiksi atas kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan di negara-negara lain, dan pada tahun 1998 <a title="Augusto Pinochet" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet&usg=ALkJrhhFyfB7wgwpRaZOQmiCGkZ80ttxuw">Augusto Pinochet</a> telah ditangkap di <a title="London" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London&usg=ALkJrhhX4EmQSO1wVUZe-ZaMT8oGQYO7IQ">London</a> berikut sebuah surat dakwaan oleh hakim Spanyol <a title="Baltasar Garzón" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Garz%25C3%25B3n&usg=ALkJrhgVISFHZweDzDoroD6WbfC79KTpKQ">Baltasar Garzón</a> berdasarkan prinsip yurisdiksi universal. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-10"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><span style="font-size:+0;">[11]</span></sup></a> Prinsip didukung oleh <a title="Amnesty International" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International&usg=ALkJrhgWYsNmQp1LL_xuAlZemAk4iJ6gnQ">Amnesty International</a> dan <a title="Daftar organisasi-organisasi hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations&usg=ALkJrhgFQ5F7hektZ9SRxW1aYnv07IJb1w">organisasi hak asasi manusia</a> karena mereka percaya kejahatan tertentu mengajukan sebuah ancaman bagi masyarakat internasional secara keseluruhan dan masyarakat memiliki kewajiban moral untuk bertindak, tetapi yang lain, termasuk <a title="Henry Kissinger" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger&usg=ALkJrhg_eRrDHQC3olAjqv_Sfc6-Sb2Fgw">Henry Kissinger</a> menyatakan bahwa "perjanjian yang meluas pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan harus dituntut telah aktif terentang pertimbangan yang tepat peran pengadilan internasional. yurisdiksi Universal risiko membuat kelaliman universal - yang hakim ". <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_note-11"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><span style="font-size:+0;">[12]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhgkq8rQtCoSJHMlg59_ISLbBFve7Q">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhgkq8rQtCoSJHMlg59_ISLbBFve7Q"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><ul><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhiD9lO4TMtpVsFRYBZ5EgT7ItYB3w">Crimes against humanity</a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhiD9lO4TMtpVsFRYBZ5EgT7ItYB3w">Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Adat hukum internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_international_law&usg=ALkJrhgBIxjKlq5N9Ch6nut1pJrJ2kfSWA">Customary international law</a></span> <a title="Adat hukum internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_international_law&usg=ALkJrhgBIxjKlq5N9Ch6nut1pJrJ2kfSWA">Adat hukum internasional</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Genosida" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide&usg=ALkJrhi9HLu79w-UjojDv70O2Eo7DBuh5w">Genocide</a></span> <a title="Genosida" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide&usg=ALkJrhi9HLu79w-UjojDv70O2Eo7DBuh5w">Genosida</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA">Human rights</a></span> <a title="Hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA">Hak asasi manusia</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Law&usg=ALkJrhhefdbW5ZQD6ZeFyNgbeWFgdWjHIw">International Law</a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Law&usg=ALkJrhhefdbW5ZQD6ZeFyNgbeWFgdWjHIw">Hukum Internasional</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum internasional Kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Law&usg=ALkJrhgk56vw7vU9AkyAaTA6kE8OcHUCTQ">International Humanitarian Law</a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum internasional Kemanusiaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Law&usg=ALkJrhgk56vw7vU9AkyAaTA6kE8OcHUCTQ">Hukum internasional Kemanusiaan</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Instrumen HAM internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgLAFuIWRDsG92Wwbgop9cmkYB28g">International human rights instruments</a></span> <a title="Instrumen HAM internasional" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments&usg=ALkJrhgLAFuIWRDsG92Wwbgop9cmkYB28g">Instrumen HAM internasional</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pengungsi Hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Law&usg=ALkJrhgD-v22U99l_DJLh9dOmhZ3EswQ1Q">Refugee Law</a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Pengungsi Hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Law&usg=ALkJrhgD-v22U99l_DJLh9dOmhZ3EswQ1Q">Pengungsi Hukum</a></span> </li></ul><p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhgxB4jKqSvpZLDnJVpqia02tVqFzw">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DInternational_human_rights_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhgxB4jKqSvpZLDnJVpqia02tVqFzw"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="moz-column-count: 2"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> Ball, Gready (2007) p.37</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> Ball, Gready (2007) hal. 37</span> </li><li id="cite_note-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm&usg=ALkJrhgsVrvgymS-Cf0gf5A0ZozBwj4E1Q" rel="nofollow">http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm&usg=ALkJrhgsVrvgymS-Cf0gf5A0ZozBwj4E1Q</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm&usg=ALkJrhgsVrvgymS-Cf0gf5A0ZozBwj4E1Q" rel="nofollow">http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm&usg=ALkJrhgsVrvgymS-Cf0gf5A0ZozBwj4E1Q</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/index.html" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/index.html&usg=ALkJrhiX1vXYTg320fAlzmO2rg1rEUIGuw" rel="nofollow">http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/index.html&usg=ALkJrhiX1vXYTg320fAlzmO2rg1rEUIGuw</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/index.html" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/index.html&usg=ALkJrhiX1vXYTg320fAlzmO2rg1rEUIGuw" rel="nofollow">http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/index.html&usg=ALkJrhiX1vXYTg320fAlzmO2rg1rEUIGuw</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-3"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm&usg=ALkJrhgIJBsKqRi_X2ONpQQGYCFRQ2xNCA" rel="nofollow">http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm&usg=ALkJrhgIJBsKqRi_X2ONpQQGYCFRQ2xNCA</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm&usg=ALkJrhgIJBsKqRi_X2ONpQQGYCFRQ2xNCA" rel="nofollow">http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm&usg=ALkJrhgIJBsKqRi_X2ONpQQGYCFRQ2xNCA</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-4"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.unicef.org/crc" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unicef.org/crc&usg=ALkJrhhMGk2K5-0FGX4uLajwR8pMWhHzTw" rel="nofollow">http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unicef.org/crc&usg=ALkJrhhMGk2K5-0FGX4uLajwR8pMWhHzTw</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external free" title="http://www.unicef.org/crc" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unicef.org/crc&usg=ALkJrhhMGk2K5-0FGX4uLajwR8pMWhHzTw" rel="nofollow">http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unicef.org/crc&usg=ALkJrhhMGk2K5-0FGX4uLajwR8pMWhHzTw</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-5"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> See, REDRESS, <a class="external text" title="http://www.redress.org/publications/master_enforcement% 20May% 2030% 202006.pdf" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.redress.org/publications/master_enforcement%252030%2520May%25202006.pdf&usg=ALkJrhjGlaZWukGZ1ngiOCP50UpPLalvhQ" rel="nofollow">Enforcement of Awards for Victims of Torture and Other International Crimes</a> May, 2006</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> Lihat, ganti rugi, <a class="external text" title="http://www.redress.org/publications/master_enforcement% 20May% 2030% 202006.pdf" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.redress.org/publications/master_enforcement%252030%2520May%25202006.pdf&usg=ALkJrhjGlaZWukGZ1ngiOCP50UpPLalvhQ" rel="nofollow">dari Penegakan Penghargaan untuk Korban Penyiksaan dan Lain-lain Kejahatan Internasional</a> Mei, 2006</span> </li><li id="cite_note-6"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nhri.net" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.nhri.net/&usg=ALkJrhgzloCDrLj0msxfvRzjGBKDavhYag" rel="nofollow">National Human Rights Institutions Forum</a> is the official portal for the National Human Rights Institutions and show a list of 119 institutions that can be found at <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.nhri.net/nationaldatalist.asp" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.nhri.net/nationaldatalist.asp&usg=ALkJrhihMG5dqsR_mRYsDavwh2gbSIDxLA" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nhri.net" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.nhri.net/&usg=ALkJrhgzloCDrLj0msxfvRzjGBKDavhYag" rel="nofollow">Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Lembaga Forum</a> resmi untuk portal Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia dan Lembaga menampilkan daftar 119 lembaga yang dapat ditemukan di <a class="external autonumber" title="http://www.nhri.net/nationaldatalist.asp" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.nhri.net/nationaldatalist.asp&usg=ALkJrhihMG5dqsR_mRYsDavwh2gbSIDxLA" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-7"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> " <a class="external text" title="http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf&usg=ALkJrhiJZ_5Cy5HYcYoO7NVoy-9noh1YfA" rel="nofollow">Chart of the Status of National Institutions</a> " (PDF).</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf&usg=ALkJrhiJZ_5Cy5HYcYoO7NVoy-9noh1YfA" rel="nofollow">"Lagu dari Status Nasional Lembaga"</a> (PDF).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">National Human Rights Institutions Forum (November 2007).</span> Institusi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Forum (November 2007).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Retrieved on 2008-01-06. "ACCREDITED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS</span> Retrieved on 2008/01/06. "Diakreditasi oleh THE INTERNASIONAL KOORDINATOR KOMITE NASIONAL DARI LEMBAGA UNTUK PROMOSI DAN PERLINDUNGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA DARI</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In accordance with the Paris Principles and the ICC Sub-Committee Rules of Procedure, the following classifications for accreditation are used by the ICC: A: Compliance with the Paris Principles;</span> Sesuai dengan Prinsip-prinsip Paris ICC dan Sub-Komite Peraturan Prosedur, berikut klasifikasi akreditasi untuk digunakan oleh ICC: A: Kepatuhan dengan Prinsip Paris;</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A(R): Accreditation with reserve – granted where insufficient documentation is submitted to confer A status;</span> A (R): Akreditasi dengan cadangan - dimana diberikan cukup dokumentasi dikirimkan ke J menganugerahkan status;</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">B: Observer Status - Not fully in compliance with the Paris Principles or insufficient information provided to make a determination;</span> B: Observer Status - Tidak sepenuhnya sesuai dengan Prinsip-prinsip Paris atau informasi yang cukup untuk membuat penetapan;</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">C: Non-compliant with the Paris Principles."</span> C: Tidak sesuai dengan Prinsip-prinsip Paris. "</span> </li><li id="cite_note-8"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.huridocs.org" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.huridocs.org/&usg=ALkJrhgdrM4kwBMumIJyQckDNBj-NLbx1w" rel="nofollow">HURIDOCS</a> has developed extensive methodologies for monitoring and documenting human rights violations, and more resources can be found at <a class="external text" title="http://www.humanrightstools.org/dir/1__Monitoring_-_brown_Documentation_-_Advocacy/Monitoring_and_fact-finding_/" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.humanrightstools.org/dir/1__Monitoring_-_brown_Documentation_-_Advocacy/Monitoring_and_fact-finding_/&usg=ALkJrhgHqJkXIOnxMTsoiEXzt7XmloRT4A" rel="nofollow">Human Rights Tools</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.huridocs.org" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.huridocs.org/&usg=ALkJrhgdrM4kwBMumIJyQckDNBj-NLbx1w" rel="nofollow">HURIDOCS</a> ekstensif telah mengembangkan metodologi untuk pemantauan dan dokumentasi pelanggaran hak asasi manusia, dan banyak lagi dapat ditemukan di <a class="external text" title="http://www.humanrightstools.org/dir/1__Monitoring_-_brown_Documentation_-_Advocacy/Monitoring_and_fact-finding_/" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.humanrightstools.org/dir/1__Monitoring_-_brown_Documentation_-_Advocacy/Monitoring_and_fact-finding_/&usg=ALkJrhgHqJkXIOnxMTsoiEXzt7XmloRT4A" rel="nofollow">Human Rights Tools</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-9"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> National Human Rights Institutions - Implementing Human Rights", Executive Director Morten Kjærum, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2003. <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8790744721&usg=ALkJrhjBX6-C9aO_G80nXOgUqsExPIh4EA">ISBN 87-90744-72-1</a> , page 6</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> Institusi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia - Pelaksanaan Hak Asasi Manusia ", Direktur Eksekutif Morten Kjærum, Denmark The Institute for Human Rights, 2003. <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8790744721&usg=ALkJrhjBX6-C9aO_G80nXOgUqsExPIh4EA">ISBN 87-90744-72-1,</a> halaman 6</span> </li><li id="cite_note-10"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> Ball, Gready (2007) p.70</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> Ball, Gready (2007) p.70</span> </li><li id="cite_note-11"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFKissinger.2C_Henry" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Kissinger, Henry (July/August 2001).</cite></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFKissinger.2C_Henry" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Kissinger, Henry (Juli / Agustus 2001).</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFKissinger.2C_Henry" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">" <a class="external text" title="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html&usg=ALkJrhgKY6begTkVI_dX20EVVAQAsZ9Qjg" rel="nofollow">The Pitfall of Universal Jurisdiction</a> ". <i>Foreign Affairs</i> <span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html&usg=ALkJrhgKY6begTkVI_dX20EVVAQAsZ9Qjg" rel="nofollow">http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html&usg=ALkJrhgKY6begTkVI_dX20EVVAQAsZ9Qjg</a></span> .</cite></span> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFKissinger.2C_Henry" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a class="external text" title="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html&usg=ALkJrhgKY6begTkVI_dX20EVVAQAsZ9Qjg" rel="nofollow">"The dari jebakan Yurisdiksi Universal".</a> <i>Luar</i></cite></span></li></ol></div></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-58918425168180862672009-01-21T00:09:00.000-08:002009-01-21T00:11:33.319-08:00Hukum perburuhan<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 352px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colliery.jpg&usg=ALkJrhi0j0Prrp_zWbj2RVT9V9phDJMM_Q" class="image" title="Hukum perburuhan adalah mengenai ketidaksetaraan dari daya tawar antara pengusaha dan pekerja."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Colliery.jpg/350px-Colliery.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="350" border="0" height="255" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colliery.jpg&usg=ALkJrhi0j0Prrp_zWbj2RVT9V9phDJMM_Q" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Labour law concerns the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality&usg=ALkJrhi4TSRj06e_fYLMRQ04kua5_Mew2A" title="Kesenjangan ekonomi">inequality</a> of bargaining power between employers and workers.</span> Hukum perburuhan adalah mengenai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality&usg=ALkJrhi4TSRj06e_fYLMRQ04kua5_Mew2A" title="Kesenjangan ekonomi">ketidaksetaraan</a> dari daya tawar antara pengusaha dan pekerja.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Labour law</b> (also known as <i>employment</i> or <i>labor</i> law) is the body of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">laws</a> , administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organisations.</span> <b>Undang-undang tenaga kerja</b> (juga dikenal sebagai <i>tenaga kerja</i> atau hukum) adalah badan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">hukum,</a> administrasi rulings, dan preseden yang menangani hak-hak hukum, dan membatasi, orang bekerja dan organisasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As such, it mediates many aspects of the relationship between <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhjrly-tPYd2D2ZCbFBsGjoZ29bieA" title="Serikat pekerja" class="mw-redirect">trade unions</a> , employers and employees.</span> Karena itu, ia menengahi berbagai aspek hubungan antara <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhjrly-tPYd2D2ZCbFBsGjoZ29bieA" title="Serikat pekerja" class="mw-redirect">serikat pekerja,</a> pengusaha dan karyawan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&usg=ALkJrhjEMT4zt6fpLTNZyNvxdc6P5PoQEg" title="Kanada">Canada</a> , employment laws related to unionised workplaces are differentiated from those relating to particular individuals.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&usg=ALkJrhjEMT4zt6fpLTNZyNvxdc6P5PoQEg" title="Kanada">Kanada,</a> pekerjaan yang berkaitan dengan undang-undang tempat kerja yang unionised dibedakan dari orang-orang yang berhubungan dengan individu tertentu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In most countries however, no such distinction is made.</span> Namun di banyak negara, tidak ada perbedaan seperti itu dibuat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, there are two broad categories of labour law.</span> Namun, ada dua kategori dari hukum perburuhan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">First, collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer and union.</span> Pertama, hukum perburuhan kolektif yang dilakukan oleh tiga pihak terkait dengan hubungan antara karyawan, majikan dan serikat buruh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Second, individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work and through the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw" title="Kontrak">contract</a> for work.</span> Kedua, setiap tenaga kerja hukum keprihatinan karyawan dan hak-hak di tempat kerja melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> kerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement&usg=ALkJrhiyCISRJYbMW-jN9tPzRwXTL5FHpw" title="Gerakan buruh">labour movement</a> has been instrumental in the enacting of laws protecting <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_rights&usg=ALkJrhi0GrKCW2nXtIClbVVNF5wWk_VkmQ" title="Hak pekerja" class="mw-redirect">labour rights</a> in the 19th and 20th centuries.</span> Dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement&usg=ALkJrhiyCISRJYbMW-jN9tPzRwXTL5FHpw" title="Gerakan buruh">gerakan buruh</a> telah memainkan peranan dalam menjadikan undang-undang yang melindungi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_rights&usg=ALkJrhi0GrKCW2nXtIClbVVNF5wWk_VkmQ" title="Hak pekerja" class="mw-redirect">hak-hak pekerja</a> di abad ke-20 dan 19..</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Labour rights have been integral to the social and economic development since the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution&usg=ALkJrhiQ7P4YNpi9DQzpCzrjoX2UqJVJyw" title="Revolusi industri" class="mw-redirect">industrial revolution</a> .</span> Hak-hak buruh telah integral dengan pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi sejak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution&usg=ALkJrhiQ7P4YNpi9DQzpCzrjoX2UqJVJyw" title="Revolusi industri" class="mw-redirect">revolusi industri.</a></span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Labour_law_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Labour law history</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Labour_law_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Perburuhan hukum sejarah</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Contract_of_employment"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Contract of employment</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Contract_of_employment"><span class="toctext">Kontrak kerja</span> <span class="tocnumber">1,1</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Minimum_wage"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Minimum wage</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Minimum_wage"><span class="toctext">Upah minimum</span> <span class="tocnumber">1,2</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Working_time"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Working time</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Working_time"><span class="toctext">Bekerja waktu</span> <span class="tocnumber">1,3</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Health_and_safety"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Health and safety</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Health_and_safety"><span class="tocnumber">1,4</span> <span class="toctext">Kesehatan dan keselamatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Anti-discrimination"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-discrimination</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Anti-discrimination"><span class="tocnumber">1,5</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-diskriminasi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Unfair_dismissal"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Unfair dismissal</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Unfair_dismissal"><span class="tocnumber">1,6</span> <span class="toctext">Unfair pemecatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Child_labour"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Child labour</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Child_labour"><span class="toctext">Anak</span> <span class="tocnumber">1,7</span> <span class="toctext">pekerja</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Collective_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Collective labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Collective_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Collective hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Trade_unions"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Trade unions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Trade_unions"><span class="tocnumber">2,1</span> <span class="toctext">Perdagangan serikat</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Strikes"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Strikes</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Strikes"><span class="tocnumber">2,2</span> <span class="toctext">Strikes</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Pickets"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pickets</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Pickets"><span class="tocnumber">2,3</span> <span class="toctext">Pickets</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Workplace_involvement"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Workplace involvement</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Workplace_involvement"><span class="tocnumber">2,4</span> <span class="toctext">Kerja keterlibatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Co-determination"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Co-determination</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Co-determination"><span class="tocnumber">2,5</span> <span class="toctext">Co-determination</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#International_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">International labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#International_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">International hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#International_Labour_Organisation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">International Labour Organisation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#International_Labour_Organisation"><span class="tocnumber">3,1</span> <span class="toctext">International Labour Organisation</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#European_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">European labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#European_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">3,2</span> <span class="toctext">Eropa hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#National_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">National labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#National_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Nasional hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Australian_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australian labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Australian_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4,1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Canadian_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canadian labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Canadian_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4,2</span> <span class="toctext">Kanada hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#British_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">British labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#British_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4,3</span> <span class="toctext">British hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#French_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">French labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#French_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4,4</span> <span class="toctext">Prancis hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Mexican_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Mexican labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Mexican_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4,5</span> <span class="toctext">Meksiko hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#United_States_labor_law"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">United States labor law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#United_States_labor_law"><span class="tocnumber">4,6</span> <span class="toctext">hukum tenaga kerja Amerika Serikat</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Iranian_labour_law"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Iranian labour law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Iranian_labour_law"><span class="toctext">Iran</span> <span class="tocnumber">4,7</span> <span class="toctext">hukum perburuhan</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Labour_law_history" id="Labour_law_history"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhwcLIuDh_QmXiV4oEpspYC5u22aQ" title="Sunting bagian: Perburuhan hukum sejarah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Labour law history</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhwcLIuDh_QmXiV4oEpspYC5u22aQ" title="Sunting bagian: Perburuhan hukum sejarah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Tenaga hukum sejarah</span></span> </h2><table id="collapsibleTable0" class="navbox collapsible" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; float: right; clear: right; width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><th style="background: rgb(238, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">hide</a>]</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Part of a series on</span> Bagian dari rangkaian pada</span> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><big style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour&usg=ALkJrhiqlqJm35zSLnPo7-Ve-_2HBgBtyQ" title="Portal: Diselenggarakan Perburuhan">Organized labour</a></big></span> <big style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour&usg=ALkJrhiqlqJm35zSLnPo7-Ve-_2HBgBtyQ" title="Portal: Diselenggarakan Perburuhan">Diselenggarakan kerja</a></big></span> </p></th></tr><tr><td> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg&usg=ALkJrhgNyKqzUqEsxU5t9yKNc3jkdC17aQ" class="image" title="Syndicalism.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/80px-Syndicalism.svg.png" width="80" border="0" height="80" /></a> </td></tr><tr><th style="background: rgb(238, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement&usg=ALkJrhiyCISRJYbMW-jN9tPzRwXTL5FHpw" title="Gerakan buruh">The labour movement</a></span></span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement&usg=ALkJrhiyCISRJYbMW-jN9tPzRwXTL5FHpw" title="Gerakan buruh">Gerakan buruh yang</a></span></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Unionism&usg=ALkJrhjsbtlTmSbRiSYBItCC1-fIpYVOqA" title="Baru Unionism">New Unionism</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat&usg=ALkJrhhyL3ftH3ufu2eKtzBEHYnzsQ3h-w" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Unionism&usg=ALkJrhjsbtlTmSbRiSYBItCC1-fIpYVOqA" title="Baru Unionism">Baru Unionism</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat&usg=ALkJrhhyL3ftH3ufu2eKtzBEHYnzsQ3h-w" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a></span> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Movement_Unionism&usg=ALkJrhjVsVnwweDBB8WLoScffRxYLUXzZg" title="Gerakan Sosial Unionism">Social Movement Unionism</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism&usg=ALkJrhi3idImoxT61H5k1Yd3c534TSeCSA" title="Sosialisme">Socialism</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Movement_Unionism&usg=ALkJrhjVsVnwweDBB8WLoScffRxYLUXzZg" title="Gerakan Sosial Unionism">Gerakan Sosial Unionism</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism&usg=ALkJrhi3idImoxT61H5k1Yd3c534TSeCSA" title="Sosialisme">sosialisme</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalism&usg=ALkJrhi26RVZLi022if_oGFkSZH9ZDGQoA" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism&usg=ALkJrhg7j_pKoOWCtG2OC8FmQ3oHQCq4Yg" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalism&usg=ALkJrhi26RVZLi022if_oGFkSZH9ZDGQoA" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism&usg=ALkJrhg7j_pKoOWCtG2OC8FmQ3oHQCq4Yg" title="Anarcho-syndicalism"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Anarcho-syndicalism</span></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events&usg=ALkJrhjTrRItQ-EtptdN-eZ0h4LcMSukng" title="Timeline masalah tenaga kerja dan kegiatan">Labour timeline</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events&usg=ALkJrhjTrRItQ-EtptdN-eZ0h4LcMSukng" title="Timeline masalah tenaga kerja dan kegiatan">Waktu kerja</a></span> </p></td></tr><tr><th style="background: rgb(238, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_rights&usg=ALkJrhi0GrKCW2nXtIClbVVNF5wWk_VkmQ" title="Hak pekerja" class="mw-redirect">Labour rights</a></span></span> <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_rights&usg=ALkJrhi0GrKCW2nXtIClbVVNF5wWk_VkmQ" title="Hak pekerja" class="mw-redirect">Hak pekerja</a></span></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor&usg=ALkJrhhtYZ6Bp26FwRlgWmstfpurRlYS_Q" title="Pekerja anak" class="mw-redirect">Child labor</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day&usg=ALkJrhhnsQrflEgF50v9WFsoU1ngGOpC0w" title="Delapan jam sehari">Eight-hour day</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor&usg=ALkJrhhtYZ6Bp26FwRlgWmstfpurRlYS_Q" title="Pekerja anak" class="mw-redirect">Pekerja anak</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day&usg=ALkJrhhnsQrflEgF50v9WFsoU1ngGOpC0w" title="Delapan jam sehari"><span style="font-weight: bold;">delapan</span> jam sehari</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health&usg=ALkJrhhxhMSqC_-LGLiDTebL8G44Kd3jqQ" title="Keselamatan dan kesehatan">Occupational safety and health</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health&usg=ALkJrhhxhMSqC_-LGLiDTebL8G44Kd3jqQ" title="Keselamatan dan kesehatan">Keselamatan dan kesehatan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining&usg=ALkJrhhvImzXdcESZTvOE-GuzU1f5OYicw" title="Berunding bersama">Collective bargaining</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining&usg=ALkJrhhvImzXdcESZTvOE-GuzU1f5OYicw" title="Berunding bersama">Berunding bersama</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th style="background: rgb(238, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union&usg=ALkJrhi1JQKFM9m6gzKG_qVEpkscQbt-UQ" title="Serikat buruh"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Trade unions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union&usg=ALkJrhi1JQKFM9m6gzKG_qVEpkscQbt-UQ" title="Serikat buruh"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Serikat pekerja</span></a></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhggx_O0jJV9slkwauN9lQckYo7ZJA" title="Daftar serikat pekerja">Trade unions by country</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhggx_O0jJV9slkwauN9lQckYo7ZJA" title="Daftar serikat pekerja">Serikat pekerja oleh negara</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federations_of_trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhhTnryhfPtkAXmF6Il4Mwo5FOZLww" title="Daftar dari federasi serikat pekerja">Trade union federations</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federations_of_trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhhTnryhfPtkAXmF6Il4Mwo5FOZLww" title="Daftar dari federasi serikat pekerja">Federasi serikat buruh</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_comparisons_of_labor_unions&usg=ALkJrhiyB9dYtuEXq3UEApf8xTWNbsOHJw" title="Perbandingan internasional dari serikat buruh">International comparisons</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_comparisons_of_labor_unions&usg=ALkJrhiyB9dYtuEXq3UEApf8xTWNbsOHJw" title="Perbandingan internasional dari serikat buruh">Perbandingan internasional</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation&usg=ALkJrhjaSJVNei5sXLnLKqI75Qox6cB2uQ" title="International Trade Union Konfederasi">ITUC</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions&usg=ALkJrhjN9ABFH1kKKxfiwAmH4wB5gzUI2A" title="Perdagangan dunia Federasi Serikat">WFTU</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers_Association&usg=ALkJrhg_l5LTPEenlK5uLcZZeIHngh6Z-Q" title="Internasional Asosiasi Pekerja">IWA</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation&usg=ALkJrhjaSJVNei5sXLnLKqI75Qox6cB2uQ" title="International Trade Union Konfederasi">ITUC</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions&usg=ALkJrhjN9ABFH1kKKxfiwAmH4wB5gzUI2A" title="Perdagangan dunia Federasi Serikat">WFTU</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers_Association&usg=ALkJrhg_l5LTPEenlK5uLcZZeIHngh6Z-Q" title="Internasional Asosiasi Pekerja">Iwa</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th style="background: rgb(238, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg" title="Aksi mogok"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Strike actions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg" title="Aksi mogok"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Aksi mogok</span></a></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_strikes&usg=ALkJrhjzlZsiI4WbN09xU8m_aig8cOeRww" title="Daftar pemogokan">Chronological list of strikes</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_strikes&usg=ALkJrhjzlZsiI4WbN09xU8m_aig8cOeRww" title="Daftar pemogokan">Kronologis daftar pemogokan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike&usg=ALkJrhjZwZLhyKEI2Ws4I1AcHVOApG0bnw" title="Umum mogok">General strike</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy_strike&usg=ALkJrhjmsBewgkK3GtJcTgGPdgxo1NUE7w" title="Simpati mogok">Sympathy strike</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike&usg=ALkJrhjZwZLhyKEI2Ws4I1AcHVOApG0bnw" title="Umum mogok">Umum mogok</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy_strike&usg=ALkJrhjmsBewgkK3GtJcTgGPdgxo1NUE7w" title="Simpati mogok">simpati mogok</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitdown_strike&usg=ALkJrhh-lqRsqMoyj9SpMOaIT9p2hFxLdw" title="Sitdown mogok">Sitdown strike</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-to-rule&usg=ALkJrhhBpcZe6nJGOaPg3QYDZJIBqU2qnA" title="Bekerja-untuk-aturan">Work-to-rule</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitdown_strike&usg=ALkJrhh-lqRsqMoyj9SpMOaIT9p2hFxLdw" title="Sitdown mogok">Sitdown mogok</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-to-rule&usg=ALkJrhhBpcZe6nJGOaPg3QYDZJIBqU2qnA" title="Bekerja-untuk-aturan"><span style="font-weight: bold;">kerja-ke-peraturan</span></a></span> </td></tr><tr><th style="background: rgb(238, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trade_unionists&usg=ALkJrhjs_hrcoREhRw7W5YmvbARSfZMLpw" title="Kategori: Perdagangan unionists"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Trade unionists</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trade_unionists&usg=ALkJrhjs_hrcoREhRw7W5YmvbARSfZMLpw" title="Kategori: Perdagangan unionists"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Perdagangan unionists</span></a></span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25A9sar_Ch%25C3%25A1vez&usg=ALkJrhjQfDoLiXLg0D7f1htH4hUjioTMRw" title="César Chávez">César Chávez</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers&usg=ALkJrhiV0wKeIGYbEbOgBVfDrpgMP2u6gQ" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25A9sar_Ch%25C3%25A1vez&usg=ALkJrhjQfDoLiXLg0D7f1htH4hUjioTMRw" title="César Chávez">César Chávez</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers&usg=ALkJrhiV0wKeIGYbEbOgBVfDrpgMP2u6gQ" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa&usg=ALkJrhiK2LI6xGD5SbwltdUoiIW54vP9wg" title="Jimmy Hoffa">Jimmy Hoffa</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph&usg=ALkJrhjHwH0hxiHGDTsJ-0xiX6S_nNb67g" title="A. Philip Randolph">A.</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa&usg=ALkJrhiK2LI6xGD5SbwltdUoiIW54vP9wg" title="Jimmy Hoffa">Jimmy Hoffa</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph&usg=ALkJrhjHwH0hxiHGDTsJ-0xiX6S_nNb67g" title="A. Philip Randolph">A.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph&usg=ALkJrhjHwH0hxiHGDTsJ-0xiX6S_nNb67g" title="A. Philip Randolph">Philip Randolph</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph&usg=ALkJrhjHwH0hxiHGDTsJ-0xiX6S_nNb67g" title="A. Philip Randolph">Philip Randolph</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa&usg=ALkJrhhB6b2xGozjsFwS1O1M08OiN_vxSA" title="Ken Saro-Wiwa">Ken Saro-Wiwa</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Mill_Girls&usg=ALkJrhjDR5Z5pV6rUFytH-y4rNHzDVdyLw" title="Lowell Mill Girls">Lowell Mill Girls</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa&usg=ALkJrhhB6b2xGozjsFwS1O1M08OiN_vxSA" title="Ken Saro-Wiwa">Ken <span style="font-weight: bold;">Saro-Wiwa</span></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Mill_Girls&usg=ALkJrhjDR5Z5pV6rUFytH-y4rNHzDVdyLw" title="Lowell Mill Girls">Lowell Mill Girls</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Larkin&usg=ALkJrhiqqiU0vZhsB5gJIYe2pd-5FgpT0A" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_White_%28trade_unionist%29&usg=ALkJrhig6rOKWKkjWodNUS1b74UDsVdd-g" title="Bob White (perdagangan serikat buruh)">Bob White</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Larkin&usg=ALkJrhiqqiU0vZhsB5gJIYe2pd-5FgpT0A" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_White_%28trade_unionist%29&usg=ALkJrhig6rOKWKkjWodNUS1b74UDsVdd-g" title="Bob White (perdagangan serikat buruh)">Bob White</a></span> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Labor%26action%3Dpurge&usg=ALkJrhj1S0FvR6gSeculKggAchl9Ab_LMg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Labor&action=purge" rel="nofollow">more names</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Labor%26action%3Dpurge&usg=ALkJrhj1S0FvR6gSeculKggAchl9Ab_LMg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Labor&action=purge" rel="nofollow">lebih nama</a></span> </p></td></tr><tr><th style="background: rgb(238, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Academic disciplines</span> Disiplin akademik</span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_economics&usg=ALkJrhgUhQQUVfoxdvt7C4ijb-ydgESCvA" title="Kerja ekonomi">Labor in economics</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_economics&usg=ALkJrhgUhQQUVfoxdvt7C4ijb-ydgESCvA" title="Kerja ekonomi">Tenaga kerja di bidang ekonomi</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history_%28discipline%29&usg=ALkJrhgD8__0g19lTJCWBJxZ8uv1V7M8yg" title="Sejarah perburuhan (disiplin)">Labor history</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history_%28discipline%29&usg=ALkJrhgD8__0g19lTJCWBJxZ8uv1V7M8yg" title="Sejarah perburuhan (disiplin)">Sejarah perburuhan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_relations&usg=ALkJrhjiPB_YjYpBuR2iXp13xpTLEvJuAw" title="Hubungan industrial">Industrial relations</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <strong class="selflink">Labor law</strong></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_relations&usg=ALkJrhjiPB_YjYpBuR2iXp13xpTLEvJuAw" title="Hubungan industrial">Hubungan industrial</a> <strong class="selflink">UU Tenaga Kerja</strong></span> </td></tr><tr><td><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This box: <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Labor&usg=ALkJrhjRlihwfB-Kn2PtiTjPbjoaO0Zq_g" title="Template: Tenaga Kerja">view</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Labor&usg=ALkJrhjv2siwSzByr7bmzVdLFQWeERNAuA" title="Template talk: Tenaga Kerja">talk</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Labor%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiPO4gHRuONq04BWMhPmjFl2q1rJQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Labor&action=edit" rel="nofollow">edit</a></span></span> Kotak ini: <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Labor&usg=ALkJrhjRlihwfB-Kn2PtiTjPbjoaO0Zq_g" title="Template: Tenaga Kerja">lihat</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Labor&usg=ALkJrhjv2siwSzByr7bmzVdLFQWeERNAuA" title="Template talk: Tenaga Kerja">bicara</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Labor%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiPO4gHRuONq04BWMhPmjFl2q1rJQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Labor&action=edit" rel="nofollow">sunting</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_labour_law&usg=ALkJrhhxSAdKMqe7evQw3vbBz3agZHHg5A" title="Sejarah hukum perburuhan">History of labour law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_labour_law&usg=ALkJrhhxSAdKMqe7evQw3vbBz3agZHHg5A" title="Sejarah hukum perburuhan">Sejarah hukum perburuhan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Labour law arose due to the demands of workers for better conditions, the right to organise, and the simultaneous demands of employers to restrict the powers of workers' many organisations and to keep labour costs low.</span> Hukum perburuhan timbul akibat tuntutan para pekerja untuk kondisi yang lebih baik, hak untuk mengatur, dan serentak permintaan pengusaha untuk membatasi kekuasaan pekerja berbagai organisasi dan tenaga kerja untuk menjaga biaya rendah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Employers' costs can increase due to workers organizing to win higher wages, or by laws imposing costly requirements, such as health and safety or equal opportunities conditions.</span> Pengusaha 'dapat meningkatkan biaya karena mengorganisir pekerja untuk mendapatkan upah lebih tinggi, atau oleh undang-undang mengesankan mahal persyaratan, seperti kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja atau kesempatan yang sama kondisi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Workers' organisations, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhjrly-tPYd2D2ZCbFBsGjoZ29bieA" title="Serikat pekerja" class="mw-redirect">trade unions</a> , can also transcend purely industrial disputes, and gain political power - which some employers may oppose.</span> Kerja organisasi, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhjrly-tPYd2D2ZCbFBsGjoZ29bieA" title="Serikat pekerja" class="mw-redirect">serikat pekerja,</a> juga dapat melampaui industri murni sengketa, dan mendapatkan kekuasaan politik - yang menentang Mei beberapa pengusaha.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The state of labour law at any one time is therefore both the product of, and a component of, struggles between different interests in society.</span> Negara undang-undang tenaga kerja setiap satu waktu itu, kedua produk, dan komponen, perjuangan di antara berbagai kepentingan di masyarakat.</span> </p><p><a name="Contract_of_employment" id="Contract_of_employment"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhi6N9Dtzh9N0feUw8dBXtQIGHRPdQ" title="Sunting bagian: Kontrak kerja">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Contract of employment</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhi6N9Dtzh9N0feUw8dBXtQIGHRPdQ" title="Sunting bagian: Kontrak kerja"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kontrak kerja</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_contract&usg=ALkJrhj1HHaHS17LWT461it3kE-h33Liyg" title="Kontrak kerja">Employment contract</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-will_employment&usg=ALkJrhhjDPd17xUTJbObFDMswKJygcdMYA" title="Pekerjaan akan di -">At-will employment</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_contract&usg=ALkJrhj1HHaHS17LWT461it3kE-h33Liyg" title="Kontrak kerja">Pekerjaan kontrak</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-will_employment&usg=ALkJrhhjDPd17xUTJbObFDMswKJygcdMYA" title="Pekerjaan akan di -">At-akan pekerjaan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The basic feature of labour law in almost every country is that the rights and obligations of the worker and the employer between one another are mediated through the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw" title="Kontrak">contract</a> of employment between the two.</span> Fitur dasar hukum perburuhan di hampir setiap negara adalah bahwa hak-hak dan kewajiban pekerja dan majikan antara satu sama lain adalah melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> kerja antara keduanya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This has been the case since the collapse of feudalism and is the core reality of modern economic relations.</span> Ini telah terjadi sejak gagalnya dari feodalisme dan merupakan inti dari realitas hubungan ekonomi modern.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many terms and conditions of the contract are however implied by legislation or common law, in such a way as to restrict the freedom of people to agree to certain things in order to protect employees, and facilitate a fluid labour market.</span> Banyak persyaratan dan ketentuan kontrak yang diterapkan namun oleh undang-undang atau hukum umum, dengan cara yang untuk membatasi kebebasan orang untuk menyetujui hal-hal tertentu untuk melindungi karyawan, dan memfasilitasi suatu cairan pasar kerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One example in many countries <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> is the duty to provide written particulars of employment with the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialia_negotii&usg=ALkJrhjuKo6wBDyxWwtw5cOeO4ncSdAayw" title="Essentialia negotii"><i>essentialia negotii</i></a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhi0iKVJ2F9vtGSEQNRXuHhfmn4l8A" title="Latin">Latin</a> for essential terms) to an employee.</span> Salah satu contoh di banyak negara-negara <span><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span> adalah kewajiban untuk memberikan keterangan-keterangan tertulis pekerjaan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialia_negotii&usg=ALkJrhjuKo6wBDyxWwtw5cOeO4ncSdAayw" title="Essentialia negotii"><i>essentialia negotii</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhi0iKVJ2F9vtGSEQNRXuHhfmn4l8A" title="Latin">(Latin</a> untuk hal penting) ke salah satu karyawan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This aims to allow the employee to know concretely what to expect and is expected; in terms of wages, holiday rights, notice in the event of dismissal, job description and so on.</span> Hal ini bertujuan untuk memungkinkan karyawan untuk concretely tahu apa yang harus diharapkan dan diharapkan dalam hal upah, hak libur, pemberitahuan dalam hal pemberhentian, uraian pekerjaan dan sebagainya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An employer may not legally offer a contract in which the employer pays the worker less than a minimum wage.</span> Sebuah perusahaan mungkin tidak menawarkan kontrak hukum yang majikan membayar pekerja kurang dari upah minimum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An employee may not for instance agree to a contract which allows an employer to dismiss them unfairly.</span> Seorang karyawan mungkin tidak setuju misalnya untuk kontrak yang memungkinkan sebuah perusahaan untuk membubarkan mereka tidak adil.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are certain categories that people may simply not agree to because they are deemed categorically unfair.</span> Ada beberapa kategori orang yang dapat dengan mudah untuk tidak setuju karena dianggap pasti tidak adil.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, this depends entirely on the particular legislation of the country in which the work is. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Namun, hal ini sepenuhnya tergantung pada undang-undang khusus dari negara di mana pekerjaan itu. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Minimum_wage" id="Minimum_wage"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhg2Rp0Z9xaANGrVHsZBYJz4YL8Smw" title="Sunting bagian: upah minimum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Minimum wage</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhg2Rp0Z9xaANGrVHsZBYJz4YL8Smw" title="Sunting bagian: upah minimum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Upah Minimum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage&usg=ALkJrhhjefKJDFYS7OUq9bhTuiOhr-6boA" title="Upah minimum">Minimum wage</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage&usg=ALkJrhhjefKJDFYS7OUq9bhTuiOhr-6boA" title="Upah minimum">upah minimum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There may be law stating the minimum amount that a worker can be paid per hour.</span> Mungkin ada hukum yang menyatakan bahwa jumlah minimum pekerja yang dapat dibayar per jam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Australia, Canada, China, Belgium, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Paraguay, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Spain, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States and others have laws of this kind.</span> Australia, Kanada, Cina, Belgia, Prancis, Yunani, Hungaria, India, Irlandia, Jepang, Korea, Luxemburg, Belanda, Selandia Baru, Paraguay, Portugal, Polandia, Romania, Spanyol, Taiwan, Inggris, dan Amerika Serikat lain ada peraturan semacam ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The minimum wage is usually different from the lowest wage determined by the forces of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand&usg=ALkJrhgtuUqOfgj7qRJ9zY8H7q0sOyx0bA" title="Persediaan dan permintaan">supply and demand</a> in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market&usg=ALkJrhiiEprJIaz7VirvbHCM15H1WWP9Sg" title="Pasar bebas">free market</a> , and therefore acts as a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_floor&usg=ALkJrhjWEHXNVdpgyYLPogmNxVpXR30gxA" title="Harga lantai">price floor</a> .</span> Upah minimum biasanya berbeda dari yang terendah upah ditentukan oleh kekuatan-kekuatan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand&usg=ALkJrhgtuUqOfgj7qRJ9zY8H7q0sOyx0bA" title="Persediaan dan permintaan">penawaran dan permintaan</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market&usg=ALkJrhiiEprJIaz7VirvbHCM15H1WWP9Sg" title="Pasar bebas">pasar bebas,</a> dan karena itu bertindak sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_floor&usg=ALkJrhjWEHXNVdpgyYLPogmNxVpXR30gxA" title="Harga lantai">harga lantai.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Those unable to command the minimum wage due to a lack of education, experience or opportunity would typically work in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_economy&usg=ALkJrhji0tWkgOcADxmxbfPLArzv2fKz3Q" title="Underground ekonomi">underground economy</a> , if at all.</span> Mereka tidak dapat perintah upah minimum karena kurangnya pendidikan, pengalaman atau kesempatan biasanya akan bekerja di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_economy&usg=ALkJrhji0tWkgOcADxmxbfPLArzv2fKz3Q" title="Underground ekonomi">bawah perekonomian,</a> jika sama sekali.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Each country sets its own minimum wage laws and regulations, and while a majority of industrialised countries has a minimum wage, many developing countries have not.</span> Setiap negara menentukan sendiri upah minimum peraturan perundang-undangan, dan mayoritas dari negara-negara industri memiliki upah minimum, banyak negara-negara berkembang tidak.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Minimum wage laws were first introduced nationally in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> in 1938, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-dol-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-dol_2-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> India in 1948, France in 1950, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-France-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-France_3-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a> and in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhoTU5PKcCPNLu8RV2euH5-2Ca61g" title="Inggris">United Kingdom</a> in 1999. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-uk-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-uk_4-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a> In the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhjThgoUyhpFXOA9ZxZ9ccUZ6wFvyA" title="Uni Eropa">European Union</a> , 18 out of 25 member states currently have national minimum wages. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-Eurostat_2005-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Eurostat_2005_5-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Upah minimum hukum pertama kali diperkenalkan secara nasional di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> pada tahun 1938, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-dol-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-dol_2-0" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a> Indonesia in 1948, Perancis pada tahun 1950, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-France-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-France_3-0" class="reference"><span>[4]</span></sup></a> dan di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhoTU5PKcCPNLu8RV2euH5-2Ca61g" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> pada tahun 1999. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-uk-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-uk_4-0" class="reference"><span>[5]</span></sup></a> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhjThgoUyhpFXOA9ZxZ9ccUZ6wFvyA" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa,</a> 18 dari 25 negara anggota Saat ini ada upah minimum nasional. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-Eurostat_2005-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Eurostat_2005_5-0" class="reference"><span>[6]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Working_time" id="Working_time"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjH6SjGCItaItaBcve-0Kk61Dp_GA" title="Sunting bagian: Bekerja timne">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Working time</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjH6SjGCItaItaBcve-0Kk61Dp_GA" title="Sunting bagian: Bekerja timne"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Bekerja timne</span></span> </h3><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day&usg=ALkJrhhnsQrflEgF50v9WFsoU1ngGOpC0w" title="Delapan jam sehari">Eight-hour day</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day&usg=ALkJrhhnsQrflEgF50v9WFsoU1ngGOpC0w" title="Delapan jam sehari">delapan jam sehari</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Before the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution&usg=ALkJrhgFthDSQxmXIfXwPptPCI41sRZe4Q" title="Revolusi Industri">Industrial Revolution</a> , the workday varied between 11 and 14 hours.</span> Sebelum <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution&usg=ALkJrhgFthDSQxmXIfXwPptPCI41sRZe4Q" title="Revolusi Industri">Revolusi Industri,</a> yang kerja bervariasi antara 11 dan 14 jam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">With the growth of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialism&usg=ALkJrhihuEtbC5SgEc-iYl4k6zfnbsokMQ" title="Industrialism" class="mw-redirect">industrialism</a> and the introduction of machinery, longer hours became far more common, with 14-15 hours being the norm, and 16 not at all uncommon.</span> Dengan perkembangan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialism&usg=ALkJrhihuEtbC5SgEc-iYl4k6zfnbsokMQ" title="Industrialism" class="mw-redirect">industrialism</a> dan pengenalan mesin, bulan lagi menjadi lebih umum, dengan 14-15 jam sebagai norma, dan 16 sama sekali tidak biasa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Use of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour&usg=ALkJrhh5JvWn9EiHmTKwnY3d1cnBZjbsYw" title="Pekerja anak">child labour</a> was commonplace, often in factories.</span> Penggunaan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour&usg=ALkJrhh5JvWn9EiHmTKwnY3d1cnBZjbsYw" title="Pekerja anak">pekerja anak</a> adalah biasa, sering di pabrik-pabrik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjNjzsXlr3SPFrF2WekNBYmkEfA1g" title="England">England</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland&usg=ALkJrhjhpJixeWs-wL3mQ4BfyYX7TeWy1A" title="Skotlandia">Scotland</a> in 1788, about two-thirds of persons working in the new water-powered textile factories were children. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a> The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day&usg=ALkJrhhnsQrflEgF50v9WFsoU1ngGOpC0w" title="Delapan jam sehari">eight-hour movement</a> 's struggle finally led to the first law on the length of a working day, passed in 1833 in England, limiting miners to 12 hours, and children to 8 hours.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjNjzsXlr3SPFrF2WekNBYmkEfA1g" title="England">Inggris</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland&usg=ALkJrhjhpJixeWs-wL3mQ4BfyYX7TeWy1A" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a> pada 1788, sekitar dua pertiga dari orang yang baru bekerja di air-powered pabrik tekstil anak-anak itu. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7]</span></sup></a> yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day&usg=ALkJrhhnsQrflEgF50v9WFsoU1ngGOpC0w" title="Delapan jam sehari">delapan jam-gerakan</a> 's perjuangan akhirnya menyebabkan pertama pada hukum yang panjang hari kerja, lulus pada 1833 di Inggris, sehingga miners sampai 12 jam, dan anak-anak hingga 8 jam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The 10-hour day was established in 1848, and shorter hours with the same pay were gradually accepted thereafter.</span> 10 jam sehari didirikan pada 1848, dan singkat hari yang sama dengan membayar bertahap telah diterima itu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The 1802 <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Act&usg=ALkJrhjE2IX93vFROB7BCUMss0akZL65ig" title="Undang-undang pabrik" class="mw-redirect">Factory Act</a> was the first labour law in the UK.</span> The 1802 <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Act&usg=ALkJrhjE2IX93vFROB7BCUMss0akZL65ig" title="Undang-undang pabrik" class="mw-redirect">Pabrik Undang-undang</a> adalah yang pertama hukum perburuhan di Inggris.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">After England, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhizuYaa3aqcq6IKr_x0QvKbFQGE7w" title="Jerman">Germany</a> was the first European country to pass labour laws; Chancellor <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck&usg=ALkJrhhh2zQzJTkk40C6_t_De30mgM2piA" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> 's main goal being to undermine the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhiLRw9CNSZmWno4_eTgdeQkcLOQdg" title="Partai Sosial Demokratis Jerman">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD).</span> Setelah Inggris, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhizuYaa3aqcq6IKr_x0QvKbFQGE7w" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> adalah negara Eropa pertama melalui undang-undang tenaga kerja; Chancellor <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck&usg=ALkJrhhh2zQzJTkk40C6_t_De30mgM2piA" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> 's menjadi tujuan utama untuk meruntuhkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhiLRw9CNSZmWno4_eTgdeQkcLOQdg" title="Partai Sosial Demokratis Jerman">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1878, Bismarck instituted a variety of anti-socialist measures, but despite this, socialists continued gaining seats in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_%28institution%29&usg=ALkJrhgBaJS2aT9yiYVPTniOY2Cv8AK0ng" title="Reichstag (institusi)">Reichstag</a> .</span> Dalam 1878, Bismarck instituted berbagai tindakan anti-sosialis, tetapi walaupun ini, socialists terus mendapatkan kursi di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_%28institution%29&usg=ALkJrhgBaJS2aT9yiYVPTniOY2Cv8AK0ng" title="Reichstag (institusi)">Reichstag.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Chancellor, then, adopted a different approach to tackling <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism&usg=ALkJrhi3idImoxT61H5k1Yd3c534TSeCSA" title="Sosialisme">socialism</a> .</span> The Chancellor, maka mengadopsi pendekatan yang berbeda untuk menanggulangi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism&usg=ALkJrhi3idImoxT61H5k1Yd3c534TSeCSA" title="Sosialisme">sosialisme.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In order to appease the working class, he enacted a variety of paternalistic social reforms, which became the first type of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security&usg=ALkJrhjaM-bvnrmsUEFJ2RHBy5FB2QGoZA" title="Jaminan sosial">social security</a> .</span> Dalam rangka untuk memenuhi tuntutan pekerjaan kelas, ia diundangkan berbagai kebapak-bapakan reformasi sosial, yang menjadi yang pertama jenis <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security&usg=ALkJrhjaM-bvnrmsUEFJ2RHBy5FB2QGoZA" title="Jaminan sosial">jaminan sosial.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The year 1883 saw the passage of the Health Insurance Act, which entitled workers to health insurance; the worker paid two-thirds, and the employer one-third, of the premiums.</span> Tahun 1883 melihat petikan dari Undang-Undang Asuransi Kesehatan, yang berhak asuransi kesehatan untuk pekerja; pekerja dibayar dua pertiga, dan satu majikan ketiga, dari premi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Accident insurance was provided in 1884, while old age pensions and disability insurance were established in 1889.</span> Asuransi kecelakaan diberikan pada tahun 1884, sementara pensiun hari tua dan asuransi cacat didirikan di 1889.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other laws restricted the employment of women and children.</span> Undang-undang lainnya membatasi kerja perempuan dan anak-anak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These efforts, however, were not entirely successful; the working class largely remained unreconciled with Bismarck's conservative government.</span> Upaya ini, bagaimanapun, tidak sepenuhnya berhasil; kerja kelas besar dengan tetap unreconciled konservatif Bismarck dari pemerintah.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhi5JMThDJaUl2iiUuBrT1dk11oO-Q" title="Prancis">France</a> , the first labour law was voted in 1841.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhi5JMThDJaUl2iiUuBrT1dk11oO-Q" title="Prancis">Perancis,</a> yang pertama adalah hukum perburuhan di pemilu 1841.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, it limited only under-age miners' hours, and it was not until the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic&usg=ALkJrhjDb6QrsQb3qtjBBOD3LSaV0XcF7Q" title="Ketiga Republik Perancis">Third Republic</a> that labour law was effectively enforced, in particular after <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeck-Rousseau&usg=ALkJrhgd_r6dI1jgwJnBGuXjWC6dIup9kQ" title="Waldeck-Rousseau" class="mw-redirect">Waldeck-Rousseau</a> 1884 law legalizing <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhjrly-tPYd2D2ZCbFBsGjoZ29bieA" title="Serikat pekerja" class="mw-redirect">trade unions</a> .</span> Namun, terbatas hanya di bawah umur miners' jam, dan ia tidak sampai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic&usg=ALkJrhjDb6QrsQb3qtjBBOD3LSaV0XcF7Q" title="Ketiga Republik Perancis">Republik Ketiga</a> undang-undang tenaga kerja yang telah efektif enforced, khususnya setelah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeck-Rousseau&usg=ALkJrhgd_r6dI1jgwJnBGuXjWC6dIup9kQ" title="Waldeck-Rousseau" class="mw-redirect">Waldeck-Rousseau</a> 1884 hukum legalizing <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhjrly-tPYd2D2ZCbFBsGjoZ29bieA" title="Serikat pekerja" class="mw-redirect">serikat pekerja.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">With the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Accords_%281936%29&usg=ALkJrhghGePlCmPraL1da58jU6SROf47tw" title="Matignon Accords (1936)" class="mw-redirect">Matignon Accords</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_%28France%29&usg=ALkJrhihhj9G0MtpCi5drtzJLRpWpklWUA" title="Muka populer (Prancis)">Popular Front</a> (1936-38) enacted the laws mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday&usg=ALkJrhiqLDR5Yngdnn04_4UMaDz3YutPHw" title="Hari libur">paid vacations</a> for workers and the law limiting to 40 hours the workweek (outside of overtime).</span> Dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Accords_%281936%29&usg=ALkJrhghGePlCmPraL1da58jU6SROf47tw" title="Matignon Accords (1936)" class="mw-redirect">Matignon Accords,</a> yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_%28France%29&usg=ALkJrhihhj9G0MtpCi5drtzJLRpWpklWUA" title="Muka populer (Prancis)">populer Muka</a> (1936-38) ditetapkan dengan undang-undang mandat 12 hari (2 bulan) setiap tahun <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday&usg=ALkJrhiqLDR5Yngdnn04_4UMaDz3YutPHw" title="Hari libur">liburan dibayar</a> untuk pekerja dan hukum untuk membatasi yang pekan kerja 40 jam (di luar lembur).</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York&usg=ALkJrhiaTq7YzIIZRGpYryURORguZz4xzA" title="Lochner v. New York"><i>Lochner v. New York</i></a> , 198 US 45 (1905), a notorious, and now defunct case by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Supreme_Court&usg=ALkJrhj7ZbdywF5wdn9x8ckVaVRAT6G7RA" title="Mahkamah Agung AS" class="mw-redirect">US Supreme Court</a> that regulation of working time (for bakeries) to limit workers to a 10 hour day.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York&usg=ALkJrhiaTq7YzIIZRGpYryURORguZz4xzA" title="Lochner v. New York"><i>Lochner v. New York,</i></a> 198 US 45 (1905), yang terkenal jahat, dan sekarang mati kasus oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Supreme_Court&usg=ALkJrhj7ZbdywF5wdn9x8ckVaVRAT6G7RA" title="Mahkamah Agung AS" class="mw-redirect">Mahkamah Agung AS</a> bahwa ketentuan waktu kerja (untuk bakeries) untuk membatasi pekerja ke dalam 10 jam sehari.</span> </li></ul><p><a name="Health_and_safety" id="Health_and_safety"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhiT6bJ5QJ4fQaROE95Wdl47rwSskg" title="Sunting bagian: Kesehatan dan keselamatan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Health and safety</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhiT6bJ5QJ4fQaROE95Wdl47rwSskg" title="Sunting bagian: Kesehatan dan keselamatan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kesehatan dan keselamatan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health&usg=ALkJrhhxhMSqC_-LGLiDTebL8G44Kd3jqQ" title="Keselamatan dan kesehatan">Occupational safety and health</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health&usg=ALkJrhhxhMSqC_-LGLiDTebL8G44Kd3jqQ" title="Keselamatan dan kesehatan">Occupational keselamatan dan kesehatan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other labour laws involve safety concerning workers.</span> Lainnya melibatkan keselamatan kerja undang-undang tentang pekerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The earliest <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjNjzsXlr3SPFrF2WekNBYmkEfA1g" title="England">English</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory&usg=ALkJrhinEYcGrIfbKJq-a1bjGHGffNIUDQ" title="Pabrik">factory</a> law was drafted in 1802 and dealt with the safety and health of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour&usg=ALkJrhh5JvWn9EiHmTKwnY3d1cnBZjbsYw" title="Pekerja anak">child</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile&usg=ALkJrhiWUpfB2EndtIp_fI3uOsEiio8zQQ" title="Tekstil">textile</a> workers.</span> Paling awal <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjNjzsXlr3SPFrF2WekNBYmkEfA1g" title="England">Inggris</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory&usg=ALkJrhinEYcGrIfbKJq-a1bjGHGffNIUDQ" title="Pabrik">pabrik</a> hukum telah dirancang di 1802 dan berurusan dengan keselamatan dan kesehatan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour&usg=ALkJrhh5JvWn9EiHmTKwnY3d1cnBZjbsYw" title="Pekerja anak">anak</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile&usg=ALkJrhiWUpfB2EndtIp_fI3uOsEiio8zQQ" title="Tekstil">tekstil</a> pekerja.</span> </p><p><a name="Anti-discrimination" id="Anti-discrimination"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhgQviyyTaV312cSa1SbNfJgQ_eg6w" title="Sunting bagian: Anti-diskriminasi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Anti-discrimination</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhgQviyyTaV312cSa1SbNfJgQ_eg6w" title="Sunting bagian: Anti-diskriminasi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Anti-diskriminasi</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law&usg=ALkJrhgloOTlK07bABQYJ_iKPq4zZWdnQQ" title="Anti-diskriminasi hukum">Anti-discrimination law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law&usg=ALkJrhgloOTlK07bABQYJ_iKPq4zZWdnQQ" title="Anti-diskriminasi hukum">Anti-diskriminasi hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This clause means that <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination&usg=ALkJrhh_Zw2tmGdSzi9405WgsLbc6lsTaQ" title="Diskriminasi">discrimination</a> against employees is morally unacceptable and illegal, on a variety of grounds, in particular <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination&usg=ALkJrhhWDQJTlFS_kdvxLDS7qae0wqE3Uw" title="Diskriminasi rasial" class="mw-redirect">racial discrimination</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism&usg=ALkJrhhvJNySjNkvTQS_79x3avsUpH910g" title="Sexism">sexist discrimination</a> .</span> Ayat ini berarti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination&usg=ALkJrhh_Zw2tmGdSzi9405WgsLbc6lsTaQ" title="Diskriminasi">diskriminasi</a> terhadap karyawan yang tidak dapat diterima secara moral dan melanggar hukum, di berbagai alasan, terutama <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination&usg=ALkJrhhWDQJTlFS_kdvxLDS7qae0wqE3Uw" title="Diskriminasi rasial" class="mw-redirect">diskriminasi ras</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism&usg=ALkJrhhvJNySjNkvTQS_79x3avsUpH910g" title="Sexism">diskriminasi sexist.</a></span> </p><p><a name="Unfair_dismissal" id="Unfair_dismissal"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhjseFMmXyUybBdzjAHbWQV1yPiFyg" title="Sunting bagian: Unfair pemecatan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Unfair dismissal</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhjseFMmXyUybBdzjAHbWQV1yPiFyg" title="Sunting bagian: Unfair pemecatan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Unfair pemecatan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_dismissal&usg=ALkJrhjgzUIz_oTqhZ4X3ZhzbncDjsx8jw" title="Pemecatan yang tidak adil">Unfair dismissal</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal&usg=ALkJrhgLCGbvcRDTaZZxtlOrcJmNMofs4w" title="Salah pemecatan">Wrongful dismissal</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-will_employment&usg=ALkJrhhjDPd17xUTJbObFDMswKJygcdMYA" title="Pekerjaan akan di -">At-will employment</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_dismissal&usg=ALkJrhjgzUIz_oTqhZ4X3ZhzbncDjsx8jw" title="Pemecatan yang tidak adil">Unfair pemecatan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal&usg=ALkJrhgLCGbvcRDTaZZxtlOrcJmNMofs4w" title="Salah pemecatan">salah pemecatan,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-will_employment&usg=ALkJrhhjDPd17xUTJbObFDMswKJygcdMYA" title="Pekerjaan akan di -">At-pekerjaan akan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_Employment_Convention,_1982&usg=ALkJrhhRpUN5OjeOzyZ4gOE5OPUr7S7djA" title="Pemutusan Pekerjaan Konvensi, 1982">Convention no.</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_Employment_Convention,_1982&usg=ALkJrhhRpUN5OjeOzyZ4gOE5OPUr7S7djA" title="Pemutusan Pekerjaan Konvensi, 1982">Konvensi no.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_Employment_Convention,_1982&usg=ALkJrhhRpUN5OjeOzyZ4gOE5OPUr7S7djA" title="Pemutusan Pekerjaan Konvensi, 1982">158</a> of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhgv7Hns6boMrhC8Nymve20a-vNPLA" title="International Labour Organisation" class="mw-redirect">International Labour Organisation</a> states that an employee "can't be fired without any legitimate motive" and "before offering him the possibility to defend himself".</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_Employment_Convention,_1982&usg=ALkJrhhRpUN5OjeOzyZ4gOE5OPUr7S7djA" title="Pemutusan Pekerjaan Konvensi, 1982">158</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhgv7Hns6boMrhC8Nymve20a-vNPLA" title="International Labour Organisation" class="mw-redirect">International Labour Organisation</a> menyatakan bahwa seorang karyawan "tidak dapat fired tanpa alasan yang sah" dan "sebelum dia menawarkan kemungkinan untuk mempertahankan dirinya".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Thus, on <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_28&usg=ALkJrhhRaOxNoNxJySLrN72PseDp0fD6fg" title="April 28">April 28</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006&usg=ALkJrhg-re7qU2j4lNYgfC7Lg9S-1Lg6MQ" title="2006">2006</a> , after the unofficial repeal of the French <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Employment_Contract&usg=ALkJrhi0t3v4xoTUnuIZDk0nYWvlCS2fxg" title="Kontrak Kerja Pertama">First Employment Contract</a> (CPE), the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longjumeau&usg=ALkJrhgZWiTl5oXaI08Ue3EXKDX8bh74Qw" title="Longjumeau">Longjumeau</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne&usg=ALkJrhhm_SZCc5-hJ1oS2g4Zakc6sv0WQw" title="Essonne">Essonne</a> ) <i>conseil des prud'hommes</i> ( <strong class="selflink">labour law</strong> court) judged the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Employment_Contract&usg=ALkJrhjObu2zNtmkJLEDNmCDZq4vqw-Hjw" title="Baru Kontrak Kerja" class="mw-redirect">New Employment Contract</a> (CNE) contrary to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhj4d-LYV1bju1TBeU8LSDmRhrXD4A" title="Hukum internasional">international law</a> , and therefore "unlegitimate" and "without any juridical value".</span> Dengan demikian, pada <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_28&usg=ALkJrhhRaOxNoNxJySLrN72PseDp0fD6fg" title="April 28">28 April</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006&usg=ALkJrhg-re7qU2j4lNYgfC7Lg9S-1Lg6MQ" title="2006">2006,</a> setelah tidak resmi mencabut dari Perancis <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Employment_Contract&usg=ALkJrhi0t3v4xoTUnuIZDk0nYWvlCS2fxg" title="Kontrak Kerja Pertama">Kontrak Kerja Pertama</a> (CPE), yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longjumeau&usg=ALkJrhgZWiTl5oXaI08Ue3EXKDX8bh74Qw" title="Longjumeau">Longjumeau</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essonne&usg=ALkJrhhm_SZCc5-hJ1oS2g4Zakc6sv0WQw" title="Essonne">(Essonne)</a> <i>conseil des prud'hommes</i> <strong class="selflink">(kerja hukum</strong> pengadilan) dihakimi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Employment_Contract&usg=ALkJrhjObu2zNtmkJLEDNmCDZq4vqw-Hjw" title="Baru Kontrak Kerja" class="mw-redirect">Baru Kontrak Kerja</a> (CNE) bertentangan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhj4d-LYV1bju1TBeU8LSDmRhrXD4A" title="Hukum internasional">hukum internasional,</a> dan karena itu "unlegitimate" dan "tanpa nilai yuridis".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The court considered that the two-years period of "fire at will" (without any legal motive) was "unreasonnable", and contrary to convention no.</span> Pengadilan yang dianggap dua tahun periode "api akan di" (tanpa alasan hukum) telah "unreasonnable", dan tidak bertentangan dengan konvensi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">158, ratified by France. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-Reuters-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_7-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> 158, meratifikasi oleh Perancis. <span><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-Reuters-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_7-0" class="reference">[8]</sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[9]</sup></a></span></span> </p><p><a name="Child_labour" id="Child_labour"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhg7CdMbWAe31Ha1Xte_3b9lRYhk0Q" title="Sunting bagian: Anak perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Child labour</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhg7CdMbWAe31Ha1Xte_3b9lRYhk0Q" title="Sunting bagian: Anak perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Anak-anak pekerja</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour&usg=ALkJrhh5JvWn9EiHmTKwnY3d1cnBZjbsYw" title="Pekerja anak">Child labour</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour&usg=ALkJrhh5JvWn9EiHmTKwnY3d1cnBZjbsYw" title="Pekerja anak">Anak perburuhan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abolish_child_slavery.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgAusn4pCK9QrsT0tvLNAZ4kWet2w" class="image" title="Dua gadis memakai spanduk dengan slogan "meniadakannya anak perbudakan!" dari 1 Mei 1909 parade kerja di New York City"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Abolish_child_slavery.jpg/180px-Abolish_child_slavery.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="123" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abolish_child_slavery.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgAusn4pCK9QrsT0tvLNAZ4kWet2w" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Two girls wearing banners with slogan "Abolish child slavery!!"</span> Dua gadis memakai spanduk dengan slogan "meniadakannya anak perbudakan!"</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">from the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1&usg=ALkJrhiD1DLy5U_9mGr3eRZoOKakaxvtaQ" title="1 Mei">May 1</a> 1909 labour parade in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City&usg=ALkJrhiplIX1ijkEksP_atvaMVTfFq-hcQ" title="New York City">New York City</a></span> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1&usg=ALkJrhiD1DLy5U_9mGr3eRZoOKakaxvtaQ" title="1 Mei">1 Mei</a> 1909 parade kerja di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City&usg=ALkJrhiplIX1ijkEksP_atvaMVTfFq-hcQ" title="New York City">New York City</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Child labour is the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment&usg=ALkJrhgLosGYbOWxmBajvAcF6jLLpkfqlQ" title="Pekerjaan">employment</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child&usg=ALkJrhi783FKkIwS3fBg2idNYZ9f8XNNig" title="Anak">children</a> under an age determined by law or custom.</span> Pekerja anak merupakan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment&usg=ALkJrhgLosGYbOWxmBajvAcF6jLLpkfqlQ" title="Pekerjaan">tenaga kerja</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child&usg=ALkJrhi783FKkIwS3fBg2idNYZ9f8XNNig" title="Anak">anak-anak</a> di bawah usia yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang atau adat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This practice is considered <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation&usg=ALkJrhgpWYQUOBV_Fxqw2p6nTjS4m0AtaQ" title="Eksploitasi">exploitative</a> by many countries and international organisations.</span> Praktik ini dianggap <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation&usg=ALkJrhgpWYQUOBV_Fxqw2p6nTjS4m0AtaQ" title="Eksploitasi">eksploitasi</a> oleh banyak negara dan organisasi internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Child labour was not seen as a problem throughout most of history, only becoming a disputed issue with the beginning of universal <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education&usg=ALkJrhhNAlsKAHP0lZqzk6FZlGRzYlPHPw" title="Pendidikan">schooling</a> and the concepts of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_rights&usg=ALkJrhi0GrKCW2nXtIClbVVNF5wWk_VkmQ" title="Hak pekerja" class="mw-redirect">labourers'</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_rights&usg=ALkJrhg9-ruWepbv77r0GIr_Mw0jRLJcxg" title="Hak anak-anak">children's rights</a> .</span> Pekerja anak tidak dianggap sebagai masalah besar sepanjang sejarah, hanya menjadi masalah sengketa dengan awal universal <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education&usg=ALkJrhhNAlsKAHP0lZqzk6FZlGRzYlPHPw" title="Pendidikan">sekolah</a> dan konsep <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_rights&usg=ALkJrhi0GrKCW2nXtIClbVVNF5wWk_VkmQ" title="Hak pekerja" class="mw-redirect">buruh dan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_rights&usg=ALkJrhg9-ruWepbv77r0GIr_Mw0jRLJcxg" title="Hak anak-anak">hak anak-anak.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Child labour can be factory work, mining or quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents' business, having one's own <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business&usg=ALkJrhg9LJsmNnwl6dEC5VO8Bt8MrDPWTg" title="Usaha kecil">small business</a> (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs.</span> Pekerja anak dapat bekerja pabrik, pertambangan atau quarrying, pertanian, membantu orang tua dalam bisnis, memiliki sendiri <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business&usg=ALkJrhg9LJsmNnwl6dEC5VO8Bt8MrDPWTg" title="Usaha kecil">usaha kecil</a> (misalnya menjual makanan), atau melakukan pekerjaan yang aneh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some children work as guides for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism&usg=ALkJrhjHojBlUeBz8TrcgYykvevBAIXk1Q" title="Pariwisata">tourists</a> , sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant&usg=ALkJrhjAQYrhwwNk-SOQAMlsunvA95_1wg" title="Restoran">restaurants</a> (where they may also work as waiters).</span> Beberapa anak-anak bekerja sebagai panduan bagi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism&usg=ALkJrhjHojBlUeBz8TrcgYykvevBAIXk1Q" title="Pariwisata">wisatawan,</a> kadang-kadang digabungkan dengan membawa dalam bisnis untuk toko dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant&usg=ALkJrhjAQYrhwwNk-SOQAMlsunvA95_1wg" title="Restoran">restoran</a> (dimana mereka juga dapat bekerja sebagai waiters).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other children are forced to do tedious and repetitive jobs such as assembling boxes, or polishing shoes.</span> Lainnya anak-anak dipaksa untuk melakukan pekerjaan membosankan dan repetitif seperti assembling kotak, atau gosokan sepatu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, rather than in factories and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatshop&usg=ALkJrhgI9B_-XMLzSHEAqfPPE1rpE808xA" title="Sweatshop">sweatshops</a> , most child labour occurs in the informal sector, "selling on the street, at work in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture&usg=ALkJrhix7awfrajyCrtoa_Sd3wyMTewglw" title="Pertanian">agriculture</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_domestic_work&usg=ALkJrhiUC8Us9b6J11284Im1xaT8w0tu2A" title="Domestik anak bekerja" class="mw-redirect">hidden away in houses</a> — far from the reach of official inspectors and from media scrutiny." <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-unicef-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-unicef_9-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Namun, bukan di pabrik-pabrik dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatshop&usg=ALkJrhgI9B_-XMLzSHEAqfPPE1rpE808xA" title="Sweatshop">sweatshops,</a> kebanyakan pekerja anak terjadi di sektor informal, "menjual di jalan, di tempat kerja di sektor <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture&usg=ALkJrhix7awfrajyCrtoa_Sd3wyMTewglw" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_domestic_work&usg=ALkJrhiUC8Us9b6J11284Im1xaT8w0tu2A" title="Domestik anak bekerja" class="mw-redirect">disembunyikan di rumah jauh</a> - jauh dari jangkauan inspektur resmi dari media dan keterbukaan." <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-unicef-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-unicef_9-0" class="reference"><span>[10]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Collective_labour_law" id="Collective_labour_law"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhgredEdzIPjjwtj6-sNgQ3GCn7SiQ" title="Sunting bagian: Collective hukum perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Collective labour law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhgredEdzIPjjwtj6-sNgQ3GCn7SiQ" title="Sunting bagian: Collective hukum perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kolektif hukum perburuhan</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Collective labour law concerns the tripartite relationship between employer, employee and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhjrly-tPYd2D2ZCbFBsGjoZ29bieA" title="Serikat pekerja" class="mw-redirect">trade unions</a> .</span> Kolektif kerja hukum adalah mengenai hubungan antara tiga bagian majikan, karyawan dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions&usg=ALkJrhjrly-tPYd2D2ZCbFBsGjoZ29bieA" title="Serikat pekerja" class="mw-redirect">serikat pekerja.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Trade unions, sometimes called "labour unions" are the form of workers' organisation most commonly defined and legislated on in labour law.</span> Serikat pekerja, kadang-kadang disebut "serikat buruh" adalah bentuk kerja organisasi ditetapkan paling sering dan legislated di hukum perburuhan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, they are not the only variety.</span> Namun, mereka bukan hanya beragam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the United States, for example, workers' centers are associations not bound by all of the laws relating to trade unions.</span> Di Amerika Serikat, misalnya, pekerja pusat asosiasi yang tidak terikat oleh semua undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan serikat pekerja.</span> </p><p><a name="Trade_unions" id="Trade_unions"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgaD4nQ0JozaJ_LvJ2OyoxyqPyUpA" title="Sunting bagian: Perdagangan serikat">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Trade unions</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgaD4nQ0JozaJ_LvJ2OyoxyqPyUpA" title="Sunting bagian: Perdagangan serikat"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perdagangan serikat</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union&usg=ALkJrhi1JQKFM9m6gzKG_qVEpkscQbt-UQ" title="Serikat buruh">Trade union</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union&usg=ALkJrhi1JQKFM9m6gzKG_qVEpkscQbt-UQ" title="Serikat buruh">Perdagangan serikat</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The law of some countries place requirements on unions to follow particular procedures before certain courses of action are adopted.</span> Hukum dari beberapa negara di tempat serikat persyaratan tertentu untuk mengikuti prosedur tertentu sebelum program tindakan yang diambil.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, the requirement to ballot the membership before a strike, or in order to take a portion of members' dues for political projects.</span> Sebagai contoh, kebutuhan untuk memilih keanggotaan sebelum mogok, atau untuk mengambil bagian dari anggota 'iuran untuk proyek politik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Laws may guarantee the right to join a union (banning employer discrimination), or remain silent in this respect.</span> Undang-undang Mei menjamin hak untuk bergabung dengan serikat buruh (banning majikan diskriminasi), atau tetap diam dalam hal ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some legal codes may allow unions to place a set of obligations on their members, including the requirement to follow a majority decision in a strike vote.</span> Beberapa hukum kode Mei membolehkan serikat untuk menempatkan satu set kewajiban anggota mereka, termasuk persyaratan untuk mengikuti keputusan mayoritas suara dalam menyerang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some restrict this, such as the ' <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_work&usg=ALkJrhh1JjkC0qvmaYQ6sWb8-GzIJvLOKg" title="Hak untuk bekerja">right to work</a> ' legislation in some of the United States.</span> Beberapa membatasi ini, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_work&usg=ALkJrhh1JjkC0qvmaYQ6sWb8-GzIJvLOKg" title="Hak untuk bekerja">hak untuk bekerja</a> 'dalam beberapa undang-undang Amerika Serikat.</span> </p><p><a name="Strikes" id="Strikes"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhiN7LInVI77psuQqJEgX4mNQXgcVw" title="Sunting bagian: Strikes">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Strikes</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhiN7LInVI77psuQqJEgX4mNQXgcVw" title="Sunting bagian: Strikes"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Strikes</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg" title="Aksi mogok">Strike action</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg" title="Aksi mogok">Strike tindakan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyldesley_miners_outside_the_Miners_Hall_during_the_1926_General_Strike.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgP8SkLkcz2fN9dT577a4PKgJkhKA" class="image" title="Strikers berkumpul di Tyldesley di Lain-lain Strike 1926 di Inggris"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tyldesley_miners_outside_the_Miners_Hall_during_the_1926_General_Strike.jpg/180px-Tyldesley_miners_outside_the_Miners_Hall_during_the_1926_General_Strike.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="111" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyldesley_miners_outside_the_Miners_Hall_during_the_1926_General_Strike.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgP8SkLkcz2fN9dT577a4PKgJkhKA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Strikers gathering in Tyldesley in the 1926 <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Strike&usg=ALkJrhhtXxkyjdP-pFXsQ2VY6TdOoy66lg" title="Umum Strike" class="mw-redirect">General Strike</a> in the UK</span> Strikers berkumpul di Tyldesley pada 1926 <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Strike&usg=ALkJrhhtXxkyjdP-pFXsQ2VY6TdOoy66lg" title="Umum Strike" class="mw-redirect">Pukullah Umum</a> di Inggris</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg" title="Aksi mogok">Strike action</a> is the weapon of the workers most associated with industrial disputes, and certainly among the most powerful.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg" title="Aksi mogok">Aksi mogok</a> adalah senjata para pekerja paling terkait dengan sengketa industri, dan tentunya di antara yang paling kuat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In most countries, strikes are legal under a circumscribed set of conditions.</span> Di sebagian besar negara, pemogokan adalah hukum di bawah circumscribed kondisi set.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Among them may be that:</span> Diantara mereka yang mungkin:</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The strike is decided on by a prescribed democratic process.</span> Yang menyerang adalah memutuskan diresepkan oleh proses demokrasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_strikes&usg=ALkJrhhVyq7qPpLcp5Xqkhecg_akZ9HyIA" title="Liar pemogokan" class="mw-redirect">Wildcat strikes</a> are illegal).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_strikes&usg=ALkJrhhVyq7qPpLcp5Xqkhecg_akZ9HyIA" title="Liar pemogokan" class="mw-redirect">(Pemogokan liar</a> yang ilegal).</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy_strike&usg=ALkJrhjmsBewgkK3GtJcTgGPdgxo1NUE7w" title="Simpati mogok">Sympathy strikes</a> , against a company by which workers are not directly employed, may be prohibited.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy_strike&usg=ALkJrhjmsBewgkK3GtJcTgGPdgxo1NUE7w" title="Simpati mogok">Simpati pemogokan,</a> terhadap perusahaan oleh pekerja yang tidak langsung bekerja, mungkin akan dilarang.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike&usg=ALkJrhjZwZLhyKEI2Ws4I1AcHVOApG0bnw" title="Umum mogok">General strikes</a> may be forbidden by a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_order&usg=ALkJrhizTuzhYyHZIZAzMYGk5YS0WhfPQw" title="Ketertiban umum">public order</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike&usg=ALkJrhjZwZLhyKEI2Ws4I1AcHVOApG0bnw" title="Umum mogok">Pemogokan umum</a> Mei dilarang oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_order&usg=ALkJrhizTuzhYyHZIZAzMYGk5YS0WhfPQw" title="Ketertiban umum">ketertiban umum.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Certain categories of person may be forbidden to strike (airport personnel, health personnel, police or firemen, etc.)</span> Beberapa kategori Mei orang dilarang untuk mogok (bandara personil, tenaga kesehatan, polisi atau firemen, dll)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Strikes may be pursued by people continuing to work, as in Japanese <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg" title="Aksi mogok">strike actions</a> which increase productivity to disrupt schedules, or in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitals&usg=ALkJrhg5K7-soY8kHqmcpwnIIiMv7tQhAA" title="Rumah sakit" class="mw-redirect">hospitals</a> .</span> Pemogokan Mei dikejar oleh orang-orang untuk terus bekerja, seperti di Jepang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg" title="Aksi mogok">aksi mogok</a> untuk meningkatkan produktivitas yang mengganggu jadwal, atau di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitals&usg=ALkJrhg5K7-soY8kHqmcpwnIIiMv7tQhAA" title="Rumah sakit" class="mw-redirect">rumah sakit.</a></span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott&usg=ALkJrhiakNzk1uVdVaPaNKNFSyyQn1YZ-Q" title="Boikot">boycott</a> is a refusal to buy, sell, or otherwise trade with an individual or business who is generally believed by the participants in the boycott to be doing something morally wrong.</span> J <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott&usg=ALkJrhiakNzk1uVdVaPaNKNFSyyQn1YZ-Q" title="Boikot">boikot</a> adalah penolakan untuk membeli, menjual, atau perdagangan dengan seorang individu atau bisnis yang umumnya diyakini oleh para peserta dalam boikot yang akan melakukan sesuatu secara moral salah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Throughout history, workers have used tactics such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-slow&usg=ALkJrhi08y1QSnIEq1hUk05YQKVqi2CW5g" title="Go-lambat" class="mw-redirect">go-slow</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage&usg=ALkJrhhwmiXcweNSACU1GlVfMEGW7pI1mw" title="Sabotase">sabotage</a> or just not turning up en-masse in order to gain more control over the workplace environment, or simply have to work less <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.af-north.org/lordstown.html&usg=ALkJrhj9oFiXYzuZVId6L1pgYAcqPEVm-Q" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.af-north.org/lordstown.html" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> .</span> Sepanjang sejarah, para pekerja telah menggunakan taktik seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-slow&usg=ALkJrhi08y1QSnIEq1hUk05YQKVqi2CW5g" title="Go-lambat" class="mw-redirect">pergi-lambat,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage&usg=ALkJrhhwmiXcweNSACU1GlVfMEGW7pI1mw" title="Sabotase">sabotase</a> atau tidak berpaling en-up besar-besaran untuk memperoleh lebih banyak kontrol terhadap lingkungan tempat kerja, atau sekedar harus bekerja kurang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.af-north.org/lordstown.html&usg=ALkJrhj9oFiXYzuZVId6L1pgYAcqPEVm-Q" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.af-north.org/lordstown.html" rel="nofollow">[2].</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some labour law explicitly bans such activity, none explicitly allows it.</span> Beberapa undang-undang perburuhan secara eksplisit bans kegiatan seperti itu, tidak secara eksplisit mengijinkannya.</span> </p><p><a name="Pickets" id="Pickets"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhg0tcHjHHII8sw6I_gv1h5kO4SpnQ" title="Sunting bagian: Pickets">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pickets</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhg0tcHjHHII8sw6I_gv1h5kO4SpnQ" title="Sunting bagian: Pickets"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pickets</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing&usg=ALkJrhj5DMgq7m7K-DT6Df8JF1KlUvhGhQ" title="Picketing" class="mw-redirect">Picketing</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing&usg=ALkJrhj5DMgq7m7K-DT6Df8JF1KlUvhGhQ" title="Picketing" class="mw-redirect">Picketing</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing&usg=ALkJrhj5DMgq7m7K-DT6Df8JF1KlUvhGhQ" title="Picketing" class="mw-redirect">Picketing</a> is a tactic which is often used by workers during strikes.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing&usg=ALkJrhj5DMgq7m7K-DT6Df8JF1KlUvhGhQ" title="Picketing" class="mw-redirect">Picketing</a> adalah berhubung dgn susunan yang sering digunakan oleh pekerja selama pemogokan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They may congregate outside the business which they are striking against, in order to make their presence felt, increase worker participation and dissuade (or prevent) <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker&usg=ALkJrhj8xtvuHdXo68GgqCWVe0Zcg0HOkQ" title="Mencoba memecahkan pemogokan">strike breakers</a> from entering the place of work.</span> Mungkin mereka berkumpul di luar bisnis yang tajam terhadap mereka, agar mereka merasa keberadaan, peningkatan partisipasi pekerja dan menghalangi (atau mencegah) <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker&usg=ALkJrhj8xtvuHdXo68GgqCWVe0Zcg0HOkQ" title="Mencoba memecahkan pemogokan">mogok Breakers</a> dari memasuki tempat kerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In many countries, this activity will be restricted both by labour law, by more general law restricting demonstrations, or sometimes by injunctions on particular pickets.</span> Di banyak negara, kegiatan ini akan dibatasi oleh kedua undang-undang tenaga kerja, lebih umum hukum membatasi demonstrasi, atau kadang-kadang oleh perintah tertentu pada pickets.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, labour law may restrict <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_picket&usg=ALkJrhi-tywwMR_D4ndaDGw8kfN0PpiO0Q" title="Sekunder piket" class="mw-redirect">secondary picketing</a> (picketing a business not directly connected with the dispute, such as a supplier of materials), or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_picket&usg=ALkJrhhqEgeoPFW-17cpdN-Eciw4AEqXKg" title="Flying piket" class="mw-redirect">flying pickets</a> (mobile strikers who travel in order to join a picket).</span> Contohnya, hukum perburuhan dapat membatasi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_picket&usg=ALkJrhi-tywwMR_D4ndaDGw8kfN0PpiO0Q" title="Sekunder piket" class="mw-redirect">picketing sekunder</a> (picketing bisnis yang tidak terhubung langsung dengan sengketa, seperti pemasok bahan baku), atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_picket&usg=ALkJrhhqEgeoPFW-17cpdN-Eciw4AEqXKg" title="Flying piket" class="mw-redirect">berada pickets</a> (mobile strikers yang perjalanan untuk bergabung dengan piket).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There may be laws against obstructing others from going about their lawful business ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg#Scabs" title="Aksi mogok">scabbing</a> , for example, is lawful); making obstructive pickets illegal, and, in some countries, such as Britain, there may be court orders made from time to time against pickets being in particular places or behaving in particular ways (shouting abuse, for example).</span> Mungkin ada hukum terhadap orang lain dari obstructing terjadi tentang bisnis mereka halal <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhj-9HRyhI3JtBJgRMEtiWKi-C1Dsg#Scabs" title="Aksi mogok">(scabbing,</a> misalnya, adalah halal), sehingga merintangi pickets ilegal, dan di beberapa negara, seperti Inggris, mungkin ada perintah pengadilan yang dibuat dari waktu ke waktu terhadap pickets berada di tempat-tempat tertentu atau behaving dalam cara tertentu (berteriak penyalahgunaan, misalnya).</span> </p><p><a name="Workplace_involvement" id="Workplace_involvement"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhiPNdfoH-qkyG-o49-4yhY1AjZvTw" title="Sunting bagian: Kerja keterlibatan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Workplace involvement</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhiPNdfoH-qkyG-o49-4yhY1AjZvTw" title="Sunting bagian: Kerja keterlibatan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kerja keterlibatan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_democracy&usg=ALkJrhgIXDXjhoFPtrxPu2tHuf-qqyDAng" title="Industri demokrasi">Industrial democracy</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_democracy&usg=ALkJrhgIXDXjhoFPtrxPu2tHuf-qqyDAng" title="Industri demokrasi">Industri demokrasi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Workplace consulation statutes exist in many countries, requiring that employers consult their workers on issues that concern their place in the company.</span> Kerja consulation statutes ada di banyak negara, perusahaan yang memerlukan pekerja mereka berkonsultasi pada masalah yang kekhawatiran tempat mereka di dalam perusahaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Industrial democracy refers to the same idea, but taken much further.</span> Industri demokrasi merujuk ke ide yang sama, tetapi lebih jauh lagi diambil.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Not only that workers should have a voice to be listened to, but that workers have a vote to be counted.</span> Tak hanya itu pekerja harus memiliki suara yang akan mendengarkan, tetapi pekerja yang memiliki suara yang akan dihitung.</span> </p><p><a name="Co-determination" id="Co-determination"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhgh1wXym-fk5NeeKgSvBc8-YS5sTw" title="Sunting bagian: Co-penetapan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Co-determination</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhgh1wXym-fk5NeeKgSvBc8-YS5sTw" title="Sunting bagian: Co-penetapan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Co-penetapan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-determination&usg=ALkJrhhjb_HZ7o1G0C1SZrmZdVREvQjd2Q" title="Co-determination">Co-determination</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_democracy&usg=ALkJrhgIXDXjhoFPtrxPu2tHuf-qqyDAng" title="Industri demokrasi">Industrial democracy</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-determination&usg=ALkJrhhjb_HZ7o1G0C1SZrmZdVREvQjd2Q" title="Co-determination">Co-tekad</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_democracy&usg=ALkJrhgIXDXjhoFPtrxPu2tHuf-qqyDAng" title="Industri demokrasi">Industri demokrasi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Originating in Germany, some form of co-determination (or <i>Mitbestimmung</i> ) procedure is practised in countries across continental Europe, such as Holland and the Czech Republic.</span> Berasal di Jerman, beberapa bentuk dari co-determination (atau <i>Mitbestimmung)</i> prosedur yang dipraktikkan di negara-negara di benua Eropa, seperti Belanda dan Republik Ceko.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This involves the rights of workers to be represented on the boards of companies for whom they work.</span> Ini meliputi hak-hak pekerja untuk diwakili pada papan perusahaan untuk siapa mereka bekerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The German model involves half the board of directors being appointed by the company trade union.</span> Jerman model setengah melibatkan dewan direktur yang ditunjuk oleh perusahaan serikat buruh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, German company law uses a split board system, with a 'supervisory board' ( <i>Aufsichtsrat</i> ) which appoints an 'executive board' ( <i>Vorstand</i> ).</span> Namun, hukum perusahaan Jerman menggunakan sistem split papan, dengan 'pengawasan papan' <i>(Aufsichtsrat)</i> yang menunjuk seorang 'eksekutif papan' <i>(Vorstand).</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Shareholders and unions elect the supervisory board in equal number, except that the head of the supervisory board is, under co-determination law, a shareholder representative.</span> Pemegang saham dan serikat pekerja memilih pengawasan yang sama di papan angka, kecuali bahwa ketua dewan pengawas adalah, di bawah co-penetapan hukum, yang mewakili pemegang saham.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While not gaining complete parity, there has been solid political consensus since the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt&usg=ALkJrhjD46mwpCW1-fmwI5d_VSeznOZqsQ" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhiLRw9CNSZmWno4_eTgdeQkcLOQdg" title="Partai Sosial Demokratis Jerman">social democrat</a> government introduced the measure in 1976.</span> Meskipun tidak mendapatkan paritas lengkap, ada konsensus politik yang solid sejak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt&usg=ALkJrhjD46mwpCW1-fmwI5d_VSeznOZqsQ" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhiLRw9CNSZmWno4_eTgdeQkcLOQdg" title="Partai Sosial Demokratis Jerman">sosial demokrat</a> pemerintah memperkenalkan mengukur pada tahun 1976.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Britain, the similar proposals were drawn up, and a command paper produced named the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullock_Report_%28Industrial_democracy%29&usg=ALkJrhhu7_91rs94wE-8bWaQaLLaizezGw" title="Lapor banteng (Industri demokrasi)" class="mw-redirect">Bullock Report (Industrial democracy)</a> .</span> Di Inggris, mirip dengan proposal yang disusun, dan perintah menghasilkan karya yang bernama <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullock_Report_%28Industrial_democracy%29&usg=ALkJrhhu7_91rs94wE-8bWaQaLLaizezGw" title="Lapor banteng (Industri demokrasi)" class="mw-redirect">Bullock Lapor (Industri demokrasi).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This was released in 1977 by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callaghan&usg=ALkJrhjUrI9Gk3ngyHZ-LTPiU7uIWlesOA" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> Labour government.</span> Ini dirilis pada 1977 oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callaghan&usg=ALkJrhjUrI9Gk3ngyHZ-LTPiU7uIWlesOA" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> Labour pemerintah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This proposal involved a similar split on the board, but its effect would have been even more radical.</span> Proposal ini terlibat serupa split pada papan, namun akan berpengaruh telah lebih radikal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Because UK company law requires no split in the boards of directors, unions would have directly elected the management of the company.</span> Hukum perusahaan Inggris karena tidak memerlukan perpecahan di papan direksi, serikat pekerja akan dipilih secara langsung pengelolaan perusahaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Furthermore, rather than giving shareholders the slight upper hand as happened in Germany, a debated 'independent' element would be added to the board, reaching the formula 2x + y.</span> Selain itu, daripada yang sedikit memberikan saham atas tangan seperti yang terjadi di Jerman, sebuah perdebatan 'independen' elemen akan ditambahkan ke papan, mencapai rumus 2x + y.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, no action was ever taken as the UK slid into the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_of_discontent&usg=ALkJrhjh-mkovsFjYNafZA4iW9e3WDgnKg" title="Musim dingin dari ketidakpuasan" class="mw-redirect">winter of discontent</a> .</span> Namun, tidak ada tindakan yang pernah diambil sebagai slid Inggris ke dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_of_discontent&usg=ALkJrhjh-mkovsFjYNafZA4iW9e3WDgnKg" title="Musim dingin dari ketidakpuasan" class="mw-redirect">musim dingin dari ketidakpuasan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This tied into the European Commission's proposals for worker participation in the 'fifth company law directive', which was also never implemented.</span> Ini terikat ke dalam proposal dari Komisi Eropa untuk partisipasi pekerja di 'kelima perusahaan hukum direktif', yang juga tidak pernah dilaksanakan.</span> </p><p><a name="International_labour_law" id="International_labour_law"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhi3pW6LfeRxgqoTPS6KbPLinyPfUQ" title="Sunting bagian: International hukum perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">International labour law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhi3pW6LfeRxgqoTPS6KbPLinyPfUQ" title="Sunting bagian: International hukum perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">International hukum perburuhan</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One of the crucial concerns of workers and those who believe that labour rights are important <span title="Bahan-bahan di sekitar tag ini dapat menggunakan kata-kata atau terlalu weasel-kabur atribusi. Sejak Mei 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words&usg=ALkJrhi4vPJyJbM1DY_yGiuKEFz7J2sfvQ" title="Wikipedia: Avoid weasel words"><i>who?</i></a> ]</sup></span> , is that in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisation&usg=ALkJrhh0GjKmvp9wVdNoacnxjosVaP3Mgg" title="Globalisasi" class="mw-redirect">globalising</a> economy, common social standards ought to support economic development in common markets.</span> Salah satu perhatian penting para pekerja dan orang-orang yang percaya bahwa hak-hak pekerja yang penting <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words&usg=ALkJrhi4vPJyJbM1DY_yGiuKEFz7J2sfvQ" title="Wikipedia: Avoid weasel words"><span title="Bahan-bahan di sekitar tag ini dapat menggunakan kata-kata atau terlalu weasel-kabur atribusi. Sejak Mei 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><i>[siapa?],</i></sup></span></a> Adalah bahwa dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalisation&usg=ALkJrhh0GjKmvp9wVdNoacnxjosVaP3Mgg" title="Globalisasi" class="mw-redirect">globalising</a> ekonomi, sosial standar umum patut untuk mendukung pembangunan ekonomi di pasar umum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, there is nothing in the way of international enforcement of labour rights, with the notable exception of labour law within the European Union.</span> Namun, tidak ada apa-apa di jalan internasional penegakan hak-hak buruh, dengan pengecualian terkemuka dalam hukum perburuhan Uni Eropa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_round&usg=ALkJrhjImqZlSMxOYZJng0rA8sRxz4ZjMQ" title="Putaran Doha" class="mw-redirect">Doha round</a> of trade talks through the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhh7EAHb-t3vBx8ar4RCx0LMk7HM0A" title="World Trade Organisation" class="mw-redirect">World Trade Organisation</a> one of the items for discussion was the inclusion of some kind of minimum standard of worker protection.</span> Pada <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_round&usg=ALkJrhjImqZlSMxOYZJng0rA8sRxz4ZjMQ" title="Putaran Doha" class="mw-redirect">putaran Doha</a> perdagangan berbicara melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhh7EAHb-t3vBx8ar4RCx0LMk7HM0A" title="World Trade Organisation" class="mw-redirect">World Trade Organisation</a> salah satu item untuk diskusi adalah masuknya beberapa jenis standar minimal perlindungan pekerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The chief question is whether, with the breaking down of trade barriers in the international economy, while this can benefit consumers it can also make the ability of multinational companies to bargain down wage costs even greater, in wealthier Western countries and developing nations alike.</span> Pertanyaan yang utama adalah apakah dengan melanggar bawah hambatan perdagangan internasional dalam perekonomian, sementara ini dapat menguntungkan konsumen juga dapat membuat kemampuan perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional untuk berdagang bawah upah biaya lebih besar, lebih kaya di negara-negara Barat dan negara-negara berkembang serupa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The ability of corporations to shift their <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain&usg=ALkJrhh4hHIOAxU7iLYKsuvn-gK47STRPA" title="Rantai suplai">supply chains</a> from one country to another with relative ease could be the starting gun for a "regulatory race to the bottom", whereby nation states are forced into a merciless downward spiral, not only slashing <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax&usg=ALkJrhjASH-xnGsauwjfCy8IVxwSK1yLXQ" title="Pajak">tax</a> rates and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services&usg=ALkJrhju6gUNCPPWqf_OdvvAI6YZk0FbnQ" title="Pelayanan publik">public services</a> with it but also laws that in the short term cost employers money.</span> Kemampuan perusahaan untuk regu mereka <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain&usg=ALkJrhh4hHIOAxU7iLYKsuvn-gK47STRPA" title="Rantai suplai">rantai suplai</a> dari satu negara ke negara lain dengan relatif mudah dapat menjadi mulai menembaki sebuah "peraturan perlombaan ke bawah", dimana negara dipaksa menjadi ampun bawah spiral, tidak hanya nekat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax&usg=ALkJrhjASH-xnGsauwjfCy8IVxwSK1yLXQ" title="Pajak">pajak</a> dan harga <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services&usg=ALkJrhju6gUNCPPWqf_OdvvAI6YZk0FbnQ" title="Pelayanan publik">publik pelayanan,</a> tetapi juga dengan undang-undang yang dalam jangka pendek biaya uang majikan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Countries are forced to follow suit, on this view, because should they not <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_investment&usg=ALkJrhgyB_3tWaF8686oqZxq77_E2cKHpQ" title="Investasi asing" class="mw-redirect">foreign investment</a> will dry up, move places with lower "burdens" and leave more people jobless and poor.</span> Negara-negara dipaksa untuk menyusul, pada tampilan ini, karena mereka tidak perlu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_investment&usg=ALkJrhgyB_3tWaF8686oqZxq77_E2cKHpQ" title="Investasi asing" class="mw-redirect">investasi asing</a> akan mengering, pindah tempat dengan rendah "beban" dan meninggalkan banyak orang yg menganggur dan miskin.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This argument is by no means uncontested.</span> Argumen ini adalah tidak berarti yg tak ditentang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The opposing view <span title="Bahan-bahan di sekitar tag ini dapat menggunakan kata-kata atau terlalu weasel-kabur atribusi. Sejak Mei 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words&usg=ALkJrhi4vPJyJbM1DY_yGiuKEFz7J2sfvQ" title="Wikipedia: Avoid weasel words"><i>who?</i></a> ]</sup></span> suggests that free <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition&usg=ALkJrhgEOsaO3wMHAHUFsgHbTI5BV-iw1w" title="Kompetisi">competition</a> for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhiVqaoSYCePouTH_Bf1eoaKopIn7w" title="Modal (ekonomi)">capital</a> investment between different countries increases the dynamic efficiency of the market place.</span> Menentang yang melihat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words&usg=ALkJrhi4vPJyJbM1DY_yGiuKEFz7J2sfvQ" title="Wikipedia: Avoid weasel words"><span title="Bahan-bahan di sekitar tag ini dapat menggunakan kata-kata atau terlalu weasel-kabur atribusi. Sejak Mei 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><i>[siapa?]</i></sup></span></a> Bebas menunjukkan bahwa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition&usg=ALkJrhgEOsaO3wMHAHUFsgHbTI5BV-iw1w" title="Kompetisi">persaingan</a> untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhiVqaoSYCePouTH_Bf1eoaKopIn7w" title="Modal (ekonomi)">penanaman modal</a> di antara negara-negara yang dinamis meningkatkan efisiensi pasar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Faced with the discipline that markets enforce, countries are incentivised to invest in education, training and skills in their workforce in order to obtain a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage&usg=ALkJrhjpb37Lw-thq-7bVFczRtIJeLnHnA" title="Keunggulan komparatif">comparative advantage</a> .</span> Dihadapi dengan disiplin yang menegakkan pasar, negara incentivised untuk berinvestasi di bidang pendidikan, pelatihan dan keterampilan tenaga kerja mereka untuk memperoleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage&usg=ALkJrhjpb37Lw-thq-7bVFczRtIJeLnHnA" title="Keunggulan komparatif">keuntungan komparatif.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Government initiative will be spurred, because rational long term investment will be perceived as the better choice to increasing regulation.</span> Inisiatif pemerintah akan spurred, rasional karena investasi jangka panjang akan dianggap sebagai pilihan yang lebih baik untuk meningkatkan peraturan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This theory concludes that an emphasis on deregulation is more beneficial than not.</span> Teori ini menyimpulkan bahwa penekanan pada deregulasi lebih bermanfaat daripada tidak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">That said, neither the International labour organisation, nor the European Union takes this view.</span> Yang berkata, baik organisasi buruh internasional, dan Uni Eropa mengambil pandangan ini.</span> </p><p><a name="International_Labour_Organisation" id="International_Labour_Organisation"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhhcar2JtZVpWm_t_NnV438-XXGNxg" title="Sunting bagian: International Labour Organisation">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">International Labour Organisation</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhhcar2JtZVpWm_t_NnV438-XXGNxg" title="Sunting bagian: International Labour Organisation"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">International Labour Organisation</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhgv7Hns6boMrhC8Nymve20a-vNPLA" title="International Labour Organisation" class="mw-redirect">International Labour Organisation</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhgv7Hns6boMrhC8Nymve20a-vNPLA" title="International Labour Organisation" class="mw-redirect">International Labour Organisation</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The International Labour Organisation (ILO), whose headquarters are in Geneva, is one of the oldest surviving international bodies, and the only surviving international body set up at the time of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgszxR0ZQjFelRQVATsNfE9w6HRWA" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> following the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War&usg=ALkJrhgmoid4NSVv9JAy9ndRvv4Ijiaqng" title="Perang Dunia Pertama" class="mw-redirect">First World War</a> .</span> Organisasi Perburuhan Internasional (ILO), yang merupakan kantor pusat di Jenewa, adalah salah satu yang paling lama hidup badan internasional, dan satu-satunya badan internasional hidup menyiapkan pada saat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgszxR0ZQjFelRQVATsNfE9w6HRWA" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> mengikuti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War&usg=ALkJrhgmoid4NSVv9JAy9ndRvv4Ijiaqng" title="Perang Dunia Pertama" class="mw-redirect">Perang Dunia Pertama.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Its guiding principle is that "labour is not a commodity" to be traded in the same way as goods, services or capital, and that human dignity demands equality of treatment and fairness in dealing within the workplace. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span></sup></a> The ILO has drawn up numerous conventions on what ought to be the labour standards adopted by countries party to it.</span> Pedoman prinsip-nya adalah bahwa "kerja bukanlah komoditi" untuk diperdagangkan dengan cara yang sama seperti barang, layanan atau modal, dan martabat manusia yang menuntut persamaan perlakuan dan keadilan dalam berurusan dengan tempat kerja. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[11]</span></sup></a> ILO yang telah disusun banyak konvensi tentang apa yang seharusnya menjadi standar perburuhan diadopsi oleh negara-negara pihak kepadanya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Countries are then obliged to ratify the Conventions in their own national law.</span> Maka negara berkewajiban untuk mengesahkan Konvensi yang mereka sendiri dalam hukum nasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, there is no enforcement of this, and in practice most conventions are not agreed to, even if they are adhered to.</span> Namun, tidak ada penegakan hukum ini, dan dalam praktiknya konvensi paling tidak disetujui, bahkan jika mereka adhered ke.</span> </p><p><a name="European_labour_law" id="European_labour_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhiWwsRrBkt9IXV7GmbBkKnSOKYylw" title="Sunting bagian: Eropa hukum perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">European labour law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhiWwsRrBkt9IXV7GmbBkKnSOKYylw" title="Sunting bagian: Eropa hukum perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Eropa hukum perburuhan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEuropean_labour_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhK6V7xjdazFnYKXkcFWIyuA8Si-Q" class="new" title="Eropa perburuhan hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">European labour law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEuropean_labour_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhK6V7xjdazFnYKXkcFWIyuA8Si-Q" class="new" title="Eropa perburuhan hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Eropa hukum perburuhan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhjThgoUyhpFXOA9ZxZ9ccUZ6wFvyA" title="Uni Eropa">European</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Time_Directive&usg=ALkJrhg3iyzNOwmYlvWdkkxCRITW9SS_uA" title="Waktu bekerja Petunjuk">Working Time Directive</a> limited the maximum length of a working week to 48 hours in 7 days, and a minimum rest period of 11 hours in each 24 hours.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhjThgoUyhpFXOA9ZxZ9ccUZ6wFvyA" title="Uni Eropa">European</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Time_Directive&usg=ALkJrhg3iyzNOwmYlvWdkkxCRITW9SS_uA" title="Waktu bekerja Petunjuk">Working Time Directive</a> terbatas maksimum panjang minggu yang bekerja 48 jam dalam 7 hari, dan istirahat selama minimal 11 jam dalam setiap 24 jam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Like all <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_directive&usg=ALkJrhgkL7OYgxJqxJcPUQm8Dj_rYLHvDw" title="Eropa direktif" class="mw-redirect">EU Directives</a> , this is an instrument which requires member states to enact its provisions in national legislation.</span> Seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_directive&usg=ALkJrhgkL7OYgxJqxJcPUQm8Dj_rYLHvDw" title="Eropa direktif" class="mw-redirect">Arahan Uni Eropa,</a> ini adalah alat yang diperlukan untuk menjadikan negara anggota dengan ketentuan dalam undang-undang nasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although the directive applies to all member states, in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhoTU5PKcCPNLu8RV2euH5-2Ca61g" title="Inggris">UK</a> it is possible to "opt out" of the 48 hour working week in order to work longer hours.</span> Meskipun direktif berlaku untuk semua negara anggota, di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhoTU5PKcCPNLu8RV2euH5-2Ca61g" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> adalah mungkin untuk "keluar" dari 48 jam di hari kerja untuk bekerja lagi jam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In contrast, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhi5JMThDJaUl2iiUuBrT1dk11oO-Q" title="Prancis">France</a> has passed more strict legislation, limiting the maximum working week to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35-hour_workweek&usg=ALkJrhiR-ExhODXBuKF6CSuOI1aJv3HzrA" title="35-jam pekan kerja">35 hours</a> (but optional hours are still possible).</span> Sebaliknya, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhi5JMThDJaUl2iiUuBrT1dk11oO-Q" title="Prancis">Perancis</a> telah berlalu lebih ketat undang-undang, sehingga bekerja maksimal minggu hingga <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35-hour_workweek&usg=ALkJrhiR-ExhODXBuKF6CSuOI1aJv3HzrA" title="35-jam pekan kerja">35 hari</a> (opsional tetapi bulan masih mungkin).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The controversial <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_on_services_in_the_internal_market&usg=ALkJrhhqTDxMSAMq5zEg85T3kVuJJMj0OA" title="Petunjuk tentang pelayanan di pasar internal">Directive on services in the internal market</a> (aka " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Bolkestein&usg=ALkJrhgrEv9KVVdx8a68yD93NLI5FMDPTQ" title="Frits Bolkestein">Bolkestein</a> Directive") was then passed in 2006.</span> Yang kontroversial <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_on_services_in_the_internal_market&usg=ALkJrhhqTDxMSAMq5zEg85T3kVuJJMj0OA" title="Petunjuk tentang pelayanan di pasar internal">Petunjuk pada pelayanan di pasar</a> (aka <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Bolkestein&usg=ALkJrhgrEv9KVVdx8a68yD93NLI5FMDPTQ" title="Frits Bolkestein">"Bolkestein</a> Petunjuk") kemudian lulus pada tahun 2006.</span> </p><p><a name="National_labour_law" id="National_labour_law"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhhHUUFnwBQgZLaenAlDbnp47FGh8Q" title="Sunting bagian: Nasional hukum perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">National labour law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhhHUUFnwBQgZLaenAlDbnp47FGh8Q" title="Sunting bagian: Nasional hukum perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Nasional hukum perburuhan</span></span> </h2><p><a name="Australian_labour_law" id="Australian_labour_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D19&usg=ALkJrhiaNCLcDkjzdRsmjD05vCPs8SmfrA" title="Sunting bagian: Australia hukum perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Australian labour law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D19&usg=ALkJrhiaNCLcDkjzdRsmjD05vCPs8SmfrA" title="Sunting bagian: Australia hukum perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Australia hukum perburuhan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_labour_law&usg=ALkJrhgwbmf92JaoEx_mci6_FqRS6Nh4mQ" title="Australia hukum perburuhan">Australian labour law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_labour_law&usg=ALkJrhgwbmf92JaoEx_mci6_FqRS6Nh4mQ" title="Australia hukum perburuhan">Australia hukum perburuhan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg&usg=ALkJrhi_xfpCvFnovBkC-MoZb1YIr4gc2Q" class="image" title="Wiki huruf w.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/36px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="36" border="0" height="36" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhU16-qppYit0FatmXpPMJboNJjMg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this section</a> by expanding it.</b> Further information might be found on the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhid9O9hhkLQUPUfZQa7OnqJUFViuw" title="Talk: Hukum Perburuhan">talk page</a> . <small><i>(June 2008)</i></small></span> <b>Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhU16-qppYit0FatmXpPMJboNJjMg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">meningkatkan bagian ini</a> oleh perluasan itu.</b> Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhid9O9hhkLQUPUfZQa7OnqJUFViuw" title="Talk: Hukum Perburuhan">halaman pembicaraan.</a> <small><i>(Juni 2008)</i></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="Canadian_labour_law" id="Canadian_labour_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhjSvO6EbicIH8kIyQyjMvsKGwMUOg" title="Sunting bagian: Kanada hukum perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Canadian labour law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhjSvO6EbicIH8kIyQyjMvsKGwMUOg" title="Sunting bagian: Kanada hukum perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kanada hukum perburuhan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_labour_and_employment_law&usg=ALkJrhhX7puBzfg3s4FyJs0Tpn67PqRnGw" title="Canadian perburuhan dan undang-undang ketenagakerjaan">Canadian labour and employment law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_labour_and_employment_law&usg=ALkJrhhX7puBzfg3s4FyJs0Tpn67PqRnGw" title="Canadian perburuhan dan undang-undang ketenagakerjaan">Kanada hukum tenaga kerja dan pekerjaan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Canadian law, 'labour law' refers to matters connected with unionised workplaces, while 'employment law' deals with non-unionised employees.</span> Hukum di Kanada, 'hukum perburuhan' merujuk kepada hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan unionised tempat kerja, sementara 'pekerjaan hukum' berurusan dengan non-unionised karyawan.</span> </p><p><a name="British_labour_law" id="British_labour_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhiv2c0iGdNks4rRbdnx_NBysnqjaw" title="Sunting bagian: British hukum perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">British labour law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhiv2c0iGdNks4rRbdnx_NBysnqjaw" title="Sunting bagian: British hukum perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">British hukum perburuhan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_labour_law&usg=ALkJrhiqCqSg-BU6vNs0ajYQeZCP7qpWYw" title="British hukum perburuhan">British labour law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_labour_law&usg=ALkJrhiqCqSg-BU6vNs0ajYQeZCP7qpWYw" title="British hukum perburuhan">British hukum perburuhan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Act&usg=ALkJrhjE2IX93vFROB7BCUMss0akZL65ig" title="Undang-undang pabrik" class="mw-redirect">Factory Acts</a> (first one in 1802, then 1833) and the 1832 <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_and_Servant_Act&usg=ALkJrhhVLu-ShdjLirLlhsn1w_GQnRH2iQ" title="Hamba master dan Undang-Undang">Master and Servant Act</a> were the first laws regulating labour relations in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&usg=ALkJrhjz8sFT4abNxkwU25MFldlwEu_0uQ" title="United Kerajaan Inggris dan Irlandia">United Kingdom</a> .</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Act&usg=ALkJrhjE2IX93vFROB7BCUMss0akZL65ig" title="Undang-undang pabrik" class="mw-redirect">Factory Kisah</a> (pertama di 1802, kemudian 1833) dan 1832 <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_and_Servant_Act&usg=ALkJrhhVLu-ShdjLirLlhsn1w_GQnRH2iQ" title="Hamba master dan Undang-Undang">Undang-Undang Guru dan Hamba</a> yang pertama undang-undang mengatur hubungan kerja di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&usg=ALkJrhjz8sFT4abNxkwU25MFldlwEu_0uQ" title="United Kerajaan Inggris dan Irlandia">Inggris.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The vast majority of employment law before 1960 was based upon the Law of Contract.</span> Sebagian besar dari pekerjaan hukum sebelum 1960 yang didasarkan pada Hukum Kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since then there has been a significant expansion primarily due to the "equality movement" <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak April 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhg3IXFYh_ab0QYT-kthB86VSehehQ" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> and the European Union. <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak April 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhg3IXFYh_ab0QYT-kthB86VSehehQ" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> There are three sources of Law: Acts of Parliament called Statutes, Statutory Regulations (made by a Secretary of State under and Act of Parliament) and Case Law (developed by various Courts).</span> Sejak saat itu ada perluasan signifikan terutama disebabkan oleh "kesetaraan gerakan" <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhg3IXFYh_ab0QYT-kthB86VSehehQ" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak April 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><i>[kutipan diperlukan]</i></sup></span></a> dan Uni Eropa. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhg3IXFYh_ab0QYT-kthB86VSehehQ" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak April 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><i>[Kutipan diperlukan]</i></sup></span></a> Ada tiga sumber Hukum: Kisah Parlemen disebut Statutes, Statutory Peraturan (dilakukan oleh Sekretaris negara dan di bawah Undang-Undang Parlemen) dan Kasus Hukum (dikembangkan oleh berbagai Courts).</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The first significant modern day Employment Law Act was the Equal Pay Act of 1970 although as it was a somewhat radical concept it did not come into effect until 1972.</span> Pertama signifikan modern Pekerjaan Hukum Undang-undang ini Equal Pay Act of 1970 karena meskipun agak radikal adalah konsep itu tidak datang berlaku sampai 1972.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This act was introduced as part of a concerted effort to bring about equality for women in the workplace.</span> Tindakan ini telah diperkenalkan sebagai bagian dari upaya terpadu untuk membawa tentang kesetaraan bagi perempuan di tempat kerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since the election of the Labour Government in 1997, there have been many changes in UK employment law.</span> Sejak pemilihan yang Perburuhan Pemerintah pada tahun 1997, telah terjadi banyak perubahan dalam undang-undang ketenagakerjaan Inggris.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These include enhanced maternity and paternity rights, the introduction of a National Minimum Wage and the Working Time Directive which covers working time, rest breaks and the right to paid annual leave.</span> Ini termasuk ibu dan peningkatan sumber hak, pengenalan Nasional Upah Minimum dan Petunjuk Waktu Kerja yang meliputi waktu kerja, istirahat istirahat dan hak untuk cuti tahunan yang dibayar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Discrimination law has also been tightened, with protection from discrimination now available on the grounds of age, religion or belief and sexual orientation as well as gender, race and disability.</span> Diskriminasi hukum juga telah tightened, dengan perlindungan dari diskriminasi sekarang tersedia atas dasar usia, agama atau kepercayaan dan orientasi seksual serta jenis kelamin, ras dan cacat.</span> </p><p><a name="French_labour_law" id="French_labour_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D22&usg=ALkJrhhHRH3SUs5-y_UETM_fqfww3IVTSQ" title="Sunting bagian: Prancis hukum perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">French labour law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D22&usg=ALkJrhhHRH3SUs5-y_UETM_fqfww3IVTSQ" title="Sunting bagian: Prancis hukum perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Prancis hukum perburuhan</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In France the first labour laws were <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeck_Rousseau&usg=ALkJrhir6L7U5pBkLtD2uVzzNlNsn1cKFg" title="Waldeck Rousseau" class="mw-redirect">Waldeck Rousseau</a> 's laws passed in 1884.</span> Di Perancis pertama undang-undang perburuhan yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldeck_Rousseau&usg=ALkJrhir6L7U5pBkLtD2uVzzNlNsn1cKFg" title="Waldeck Rousseau" class="mw-redirect">Waldeck Rousseau</a> 's undang-undang yang disahkan pada tahun 1884.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Between 1936 and 1938 the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_%28France%29&usg=ALkJrhihhj9G0MtpCi5drtzJLRpWpklWUA" title="Muka populer (Prancis)">Popular Front</a> enacted a law mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of paid <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacation&usg=ALkJrhjEvTW3AMFcdSM1i0A-kEgfq4MlfQ" title="Liburan" class="mw-redirect">vacation</a> for workers, and a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Accords_%281936%29&usg=ALkJrhghGePlCmPraL1da58jU6SROf47tw" title="Matignon Accords (1936)" class="mw-redirect">law</a> limiting the work week to 40 hours, excluding overtime.</span> Antara 1936 dan 1938 yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_%28France%29&usg=ALkJrhihhj9G0MtpCi5drtzJLRpWpklWUA" title="Muka populer (Prancis)">populer Muka</a> mandat hukum yang berlaku 12 hari (2 bulan) setiap tahun dibayar <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacation&usg=ALkJrhjEvTW3AMFcdSM1i0A-kEgfq4MlfQ" title="Liburan" class="mw-redirect">liburan</a> untuk para pekerja, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matignon_Accords_%281936%29&usg=ALkJrhghGePlCmPraL1da58jU6SROf47tw" title="Matignon Accords (1936)" class="mw-redirect">hukum</a> sehingga pekerjaan minggu ke 40 jam, belum termasuk lembur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_de_Grenelle&usg=ALkJrhiuej_A46BSrSA5pIR-aQ065zBCAw" class="extiw" title="fr: Accords de Grenelle">Grenelle accords</a> negotiated on May 25th and 26th in the middle of the May 1968 crisis, reduced the working week to 44 hours and created trade union sections in each enterprise. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></sup></a> The minimum wage was also increased by 25%. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span></sup></a> In 2000 <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin&usg=ALkJrhgbQm11c9ls8B8waFipt_NrZpWRSQ" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> 's government then enacted the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35-hour_workweek&usg=ALkJrhiR-ExhODXBuKF6CSuOI1aJv3HzrA" title="35-jam pekan kerja">35-hour workweek</a> , down from 39 hours.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_de_Grenelle&usg=ALkJrhiuej_A46BSrSA5pIR-aQ065zBCAw" class="extiw" title="fr: Accords de Grenelle">Grenelle accords</a> dinegosiasikan pada 25 Mei dan 26. Di tengah-tengah krisis Mei 1968, mengurangi hari kerja untuk 44 jam dan membuat serikat buruh di setiap bagian perusahaan. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[12]</span></sup></a> The upah minimum juga meningkat sebesar 25%. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[13]</span></sup></a> Pada tahun 2000 <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin&usg=ALkJrhgbQm11c9ls8B8waFipt_NrZpWRSQ" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> 's pemerintah kemudian diundangkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35-hour_workweek&usg=ALkJrhiR-ExhODXBuKF6CSuOI1aJv3HzrA" title="35-jam pekan kerja">35 jam pekan kerja,</a> turun dari 39 jam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Five years later, conservative prime minister <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin&usg=ALkJrhhfvh8oiZ5G0h_AwDTKBFq1nchrFg" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> enacted the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Employment_Contract&usg=ALkJrhjObu2zNtmkJLEDNmCDZq4vqw-Hjw" title="Baru Kontrak Kerja" class="mw-redirect">New Employment Contract</a> (CNE).</span> Lima tahun kemudian, konservatif perdana menteri <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin&usg=ALkJrhhfvh8oiZ5G0h_AwDTKBFq1nchrFg" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> diundangkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Employment_Contract&usg=ALkJrhjObu2zNtmkJLEDNmCDZq4vqw-Hjw" title="Baru Kontrak Kerja" class="mw-redirect">Baru Kontrak Kerja</a> (CNE).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Addressing the demands of employers asking for more <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility&usg=ALkJrhi_pM9JhFpD_0bIIIoT3L8xLdHgvA" title="Fleksibilitas pasar kerja">flexibility</a> in French labour laws, the CNE sparked criticism from trade unions and opponents claiming it was lending favour to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_work&usg=ALkJrhiz4K3hUtKBc7cPivMAb7wfonh44g" title="Kontingen bekerja">contingent work</a> .</span> Menangani permintaan pengusaha untuk meminta lebih banyak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility&usg=ALkJrhi_pM9JhFpD_0bIIIoT3L8xLdHgvA" title="Fleksibilitas pasar kerja">fleksibilitas</a> dalam undang-undang tenaga kerja Perancis, yang menyulut berbagai macam CNE kritik dari serikat pekerja dan lawan ia mengklaim pinjaman nikmat untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_work&usg=ALkJrhiz4K3hUtKBc7cPivMAb7wfonh44g" title="Kontingen bekerja">bekerja kontingen.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 2006 he then attempted to pass the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Employment_Contract&usg=ALkJrhi0t3v4xoTUnuIZDk0nYWvlCS2fxg" title="Kontrak Kerja Pertama">First Employment Contract</a> (CPE) through a vote by emergency procedure, but that it was met by <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_labour_protests_in_France&usg=ALkJrhjU6sZvobnwLN7Ggm-e4Ff-eCBVZA" title="2006 kerja protes di Prancis" class="mw-redirect">students and unions' protests</a> .</span> Pada tahun 2006 ia kemudian berusaha untuk lulus <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Employment_Contract&usg=ALkJrhi0t3v4xoTUnuIZDk0nYWvlCS2fxg" title="Kontrak Kerja Pertama">Kontrak Kerja Pertama</a> (CPE) melalui suara oleh prosedur darurat, tetapi ia dipenuhi oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_labour_protests_in_France&usg=ALkJrhjU6sZvobnwLN7Ggm-e4Ff-eCBVZA" title="2006 kerja protes di Prancis" class="mw-redirect">mahasiswa dan serikat pekerja 'protes.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">President <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac&usg=ALkJrhjaf37ms9KAinrTZlCVhdVQW4tPGg" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> finally had no choice but to repeal it.</span> Presiden <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac&usg=ALkJrhjaf37ms9KAinrTZlCVhdVQW4tPGg" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> akhirnya tidak memiliki pilihan tetapi ia menolak.</span> </p><p><a name="Mexican_labour_law" id="Mexican_labour_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D23&usg=ALkJrhg-cMQCHYE-x5Sqc4Dyvndv5byqLQ" title="Sunting bagian: Meksiko hukum perburuhan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Mexican labour law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D23&usg=ALkJrhg-cMQCHYE-x5Sqc4Dyvndv5byqLQ" title="Sunting bagian: Meksiko hukum perburuhan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Meksiko hukum perburuhan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_labor_law&usg=ALkJrhhWuIbEpRjwqmYbL16O1NmZ92OOKw" title="Meksiko hukum perburuhan">Mexican labor law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_labor_law&usg=ALkJrhhWuIbEpRjwqmYbL16O1NmZ92OOKw" title="Meksiko hukum perburuhan">Meksiko hukum perburuhan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg&usg=ALkJrhi_xfpCvFnovBkC-MoZb1YIr4gc2Q" class="image" title="Wiki huruf w.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/36px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="36" border="0" height="36" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhU16-qppYit0FatmXpPMJboNJjMg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this section</a> by expanding it.</b> Further information might be found on the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhid9O9hhkLQUPUfZQa7OnqJUFViuw" title="Talk: Hukum Perburuhan">talk page</a> . <small><i>(June 2008)</i></small></span> <b>Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhU16-qppYit0FatmXpPMJboNJjMg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">meningkatkan bagian ini</a> oleh perluasan itu.</b> Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhid9O9hhkLQUPUfZQa7OnqJUFViuw" title="Talk: Hukum Perburuhan">halaman pembicaraan.</a> <small><i>(Juni 2008)</i></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mexican labor law governs the process by which workers in Mexico may organize labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and strike.</span> Meksiko tenaga governs proses hukum yang pekerja di Mexico Mei mengorganisir serikat buruh, terlibat dalam berunding bersama, dan mogok.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Current labor law reflects the historic interrelation between the state and the Confederation of Mexican Workers, the labor confederation officially aligned with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI), which ruled Mexico under various names for more than seventy years.</span> Undang-undang tenaga kerja saat ini mencerminkan sejarah hubungan timbal-balik antara negara dan Konfederasi Pekerja dari Meksiko, serikat buruh yang resmi aligned dengan Partai Revolusioner Kelembagaan (Institutional Revolutionary Party yang, atau PRI), yang memerintah Meksiko di bawah berbagai nama lebih dari tujuh puluh tahun.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While the law, on its face, promises workers the right to strike and to organize, in practice it makes it difficult or impossible for independent unions to organize while condoning the corrupt practices of many existing unions and the employers with which they deal.</span> Meskipun undang-undang, pada wajah, menjanjikan pekerja hak untuk mogok dan untuk mengatur, dalam praktiknya itu membuat sulit atau mustahil untuk independen untuk mengatur sementara serikat condoning dengan praktik korupsi yang sudah ada banyak pengusaha dan serikat pekerja yang menangani mereka.</span> </p><p><a name="United_States_labor_law" id="United_States_labor_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D24&usg=ALkJrhiSmmQ4HnmA6UGxm7u62A71sjJmFQ" title="Sunting bagian: undang-undang tenaga kerja Amerika Serikat">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">United States labor law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D24&usg=ALkJrhiSmmQ4HnmA6UGxm7u62A71sjJmFQ" title="Sunting bagian: undang-undang tenaga kerja Amerika Serikat"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Amerika undang-undang tenaga kerja</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_labor_law&usg=ALkJrhjL37xeXjlxAiW09yTP45u_gdXeVg" title="Undang-undang tenaga kerja Amerika Serikat">United States labor law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_labor_law&usg=ALkJrhjL37xeXjlxAiW09yTP45u_gdXeVg" title="Undang-undang tenaga kerja Amerika Serikat">Amerika undang-undang tenaga kerja</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalmercarpenterA.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjelEiJDBGNCrOnsVQOvfXTzFOtqg" class="image" title="Amerika pembina"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/180px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="235" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalmercarpenterA.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjelEiJDBGNCrOnsVQOvfXTzFOtqg" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An American builder</span> Amerika pembina</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> , employers generally accepted the 8-hour day as of 1912.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat,</a> pengusaha umumnya menerima 8 jam per hari 1912.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wages_and_Hours_Act&usg=ALkJrhhzOGewo03acYxRh2uRhvezn-W9zA" title="Upah dan Jam Act" class="mw-redirect">Wages and Hours Act</a> of 1938 set the maximum standard work week to 44 hours, and in 1950 this was reduced to 40 hours.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wages_and_Hours_Act&usg=ALkJrhhzOGewo03acYxRh2uRhvezn-W9zA" title="Upah dan Jam Act" class="mw-redirect">Upah dan Jam Act</a> 1938 yang mengatur standar kerja maksimum 44 bulan ke bulan, dan tahun 1950 ini dikurangi menjadi 40 jam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Card&usg=ALkJrhj9hrp41l7JnQsPuswLrepHwty7KQ" title="Amerika Permanent Resident Kartu" class="mw-redirect">green cards</a> entitle legal <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant&usg=ALkJrhhvDxei6YYlO-rSigNsUU7lGZDM9w" title="Imigran" class="mw-redirect">immigrants</a> to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_permit&usg=ALkJrhhMny9VkrQDGTcydCF2XQUmR_vFKw" title="Ijin kerja">work permits</a> , although an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_alien&usg=ALkJrhhqOEnUwCKttU-0osd4qdow_9B9Sg" title="Illegal alien" class="mw-redirect">illegal alien</a> may often work in the States because of compartmentalisation of various bureaucratic entities.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Card&usg=ALkJrhj9hrp41l7JnQsPuswLrepHwty7KQ" title="Amerika Permanent Resident Kartu" class="mw-redirect">Hijau kartu</a> memberikan hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant&usg=ALkJrhhvDxei6YYlO-rSigNsUU7lGZDM9w" title="Imigran" class="mw-redirect">imigran</a> untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_permit&usg=ALkJrhhMny9VkrQDGTcydCF2XQUmR_vFKw" title="Ijin kerja">ijin kerja,</a> walaupun yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_alien&usg=ALkJrhhqOEnUwCKttU-0osd4qdow_9B9Sg" title="Illegal alien" class="mw-redirect">ilegal alien</a> Mei sering bekerja di States karena compartmentalisation berbagai badan birokrasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Despite the 40-hour standard <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://deskinlawfirm.com/working_more_than_72_hours_in_a_week_cannot_be_required&usg=ALkJrhhABHJHSHypVhn5dNgKeBtJgHDWFw" class="external text" title="http://deskinlawfirm.com/working_more_than_72_hours_in_a_week_cannot_be_required" rel="nofollow">maximum work week</a> , some lines of work require more than 40-hours to complete the tasks of the job.</span> Walaupun standar 40 jam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://deskinlawfirm.com/working_more_than_72_hours_in_a_week_cannot_be_required&usg=ALkJrhhABHJHSHypVhn5dNgKeBtJgHDWFw" class="external text" title="http://deskinlawfirm.com/working_more_than_72_hours_in_a_week_cannot_be_required" rel="nofollow">kerja maksimum minggu,</a> beberapa baris kerja memerlukan lebih dari 40-jam untuk menyelesaikan tugas pekerjaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, if you prepare agricultural products for market you can work over 72 hours a week, if you want to, but you cannot be required to.</span> Misalnya, jika Anda mempersiapkan produk pertanian untuk pasar Anda dapat bekerja lebih dari 72 jam seminggu, jika anda ingin, tapi Anda dapat diminta untuk tidak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If you harvest products you must get a period of 24 hours off after working up to 72 hours in a seven-day period.</span> Jika Anda panen produk Anda harus mendapatkan waktu 24 jam setelah bekerja hingga 72 jam dalam waktu tujuh hari.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are exceptions to the 24 hours break period for certain harvesting employees, like those involved in harvesting grapes, tree fruits and cotton.</span> Ada pengecualian untuk jangka waktu 24 jam istirahat untuk panen karyawan tertentu, seperti mereka yang terlibat dalam panen grapes, pohon buah-buahan dan kapas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Professionals, clerical (administrative assistants), technical, and mechanical employees can not be terminated for refusing to work more than 72 hours in a workweek.</span> Profesional, klerkal (asisten administrasi), teknis, mekanik dan karyawan tidak dapat dihentikan karena menolak untuk bekerja lebih dari 72 jam dalam satu pekan kerja.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhgP2MRDKBuJl1VHPhGA2x6lTVLCrQ" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">United States Constitution</a> limit the power of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhixL8icZ86MvjdmnfgxnlJN8YaCCg" title="Pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat">federal</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhiokb9Ux-IbxP1ilSbGdENiUcL7qw" title="Menyatakan">state</a> governments to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminate&usg=ALkJrhicC52hvmgZRjWFGuhvqqM-kCswzA" title="Diskriminasi" class="mw-redirect">discriminate</a> .</span> Kelima dan yang keempatbelas dari Amandemen <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhgP2MRDKBuJl1VHPhGA2x6lTVLCrQ" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">Konstitusi Amerika Serikat</a> membatasi kekuasaan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhixL8icZ86MvjdmnfgxnlJN8YaCCg" title="Pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat">federal</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhiokb9Ux-IbxP1ilSbGdENiUcL7qw" title="Menyatakan">negara</a> pemerintah untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminate&usg=ALkJrhicC52hvmgZRjWFGuhvqqM-kCswzA" title="Diskriminasi" class="mw-redirect">melakukan diskriminasi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution.</span> Sektor swasta tidak langsung dibuat oleh konstitusi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://finduslaw.com/us_constitution_5th_and_14th_amendments&usg=ALkJrhjBTofaC3ShwYOCA_uKraUe47hjfQ#1" class="external text" title="http://finduslaw.com/us_constitution_5th_and_14th_amendments # 1" rel="nofollow">Fifth Amendment</a> has an explicit requirement that the Federal Government not deprive individuals of "life, liberty, or property," without due process of the law and an implicit guarantee that each person receive equal protection of the laws.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://finduslaw.com/us_constitution_5th_and_14th_amendments&usg=ALkJrhjBTofaC3ShwYOCA_uKraUe47hjfQ#1" class="external text" title="http://finduslaw.com/us_constitution_5th_and_14th_amendments # 1" rel="nofollow">Perubahan Kelima</a> memiliki persyaratan eksplisit bahwa Pemerintah Federal tidak menghilangkan individu-individu yang "hidup, kebebasan, atau properti," tanpa proses hukum yang harus dipatuhi dan menjamin bahwa setiap orang menerima sama perlindungan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://finduslaw.com/us_constitution_5th_and_14th_amendments&usg=ALkJrhjBTofaC3ShwYOCA_uKraUe47hjfQ#2" class="external text" title="http://finduslaw.com/us_constitution_5th_and_14th_amendments # 2" rel="nofollow">Fourteenth Amendment</a> explicitly prohibits states from violating an individual's rights of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process&usg=ALkJrhgkArt56n9aKQYBjnXfYTTMCwVMXA" title="Karena proses">due process</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protection&usg=ALkJrhjqaCHbJ70XuTVeOk3uJAkZFCCG_Q" title="Sama perlindungan" class="mw-redirect">equal protection</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protection&usg=ALkJrhjqaCHbJ70XuTVeOk3uJAkZFCCG_Q" title="Sama perlindungan" class="mw-redirect">Equal protection</a> limits the State and Federal governments' power to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminate&usg=ALkJrhicC52hvmgZRjWFGuhvqqM-kCswzA" title="Diskriminasi" class="mw-redirect">discriminate</a> in their employment practices by treating employees, former employees, or job applicants unequally because of membership in a group, like a race, religion or sex. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process&usg=ALkJrhgkArt56n9aKQYBjnXfYTTMCwVMXA" title="Karena proses">Due process</a> protection requires that employees have a fair procedural process before they are terminated if the termination is related to a "liberty," like the right to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_speech&usg=ALkJrhjNME9s_jzakZjmp7YoBAjrq4ea_w" title="Bebas bicara" class="mw-redirect">free speech</a> , or a property interest.</span> Yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://finduslaw.com/us_constitution_5th_and_14th_amendments&usg=ALkJrhjBTofaC3ShwYOCA_uKraUe47hjfQ#2" class="external text" title="http://finduslaw.com/us_constitution_5th_and_14th_amendments # 2" rel="nofollow">keempatbelas Perubahan</a> secara eksplisit melarang dari negara yang melanggar hak-hak individu dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process&usg=ALkJrhgkArt56n9aKQYBjnXfYTTMCwVMXA" title="Karena proses">proses</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protection&usg=ALkJrhjqaCHbJ70XuTVeOk3uJAkZFCCG_Q" title="Sama perlindungan" class="mw-redirect">perlindungan setara. Equal perlindungan</a> batas Negara Federal dan pemerintah kuasa untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminate&usg=ALkJrhicC52hvmgZRjWFGuhvqqM-kCswzA" title="Diskriminasi" class="mw-redirect">melakukan diskriminasi</a> dalam pekerjaan mereka praktek memperlakukan oleh karyawan, mantan karyawan atau pelamar kerja unequally karena keanggotaan dalam grup, seperti ras, agama atau jenis kelamin. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process&usg=ALkJrhgkArt56n9aKQYBjnXfYTTMCwVMXA" title="Karena proses">Karena proses</a> membutuhkan perlindungan yang memiliki karyawan adil proses prosedural sebelum mereka dihentikan jika penghentian yang berkaitan dengan "kemerdekaan", seperti hak untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_speech&usg=ALkJrhjNME9s_jzakZjmp7YoBAjrq4ea_w" title="Bebas bicara" class="mw-redirect">kebebasan berbicara,</a> atau properti bunga.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act_of_1967&usg=ALkJrhjrJh7VVlV4nlhMjKBoGHcE1yBK9w" title="Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967" class="mw-redirect">Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967</a> prohibits employment discrimination based on age with respect to employees 40 years of age or older.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act_of_1967&usg=ALkJrhjrJh7VVlV4nlhMjKBoGHcE1yBK9w" title="Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967" class="mw-redirect">Age Diskriminasi dalam Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan 1967 yang</a> melarang diskriminasi kerja berdasarkan umur karyawan sehubungan dengan usia 40 tahun atau lebih.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This Act was created to promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment; to help employers and workers find ways of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting&usg=ALkJrhjEIMDT_Ee6jqdUH905dvMoST_NfQ" title="Meeting">meeting</a> problems arising from the impact of age on employment because in the face of rising productivity and affluence, older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs; the setting of arbitrary age limits regardless of potential for job performance has become a common practice, and certain otherwise desirable practices may work to the disadvantage of older persons; the incidence of unemployment, especially long-term unemployment with resultant deterioration of skill, morale, and employer acceptability is, relative to the younger ages, high among older workers; their numbers are great and growing; and their employment problems grave; and the existence in industries affecting commerce, of arbitrary discrimination in employment because of age, burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce.</span> Undang-undang ini dibuat untuk mempromosikan tenaga kerja dari orang tua berdasarkan kemampuan daripada umur; acak usia untuk melarang diskriminasi dalam pekerjaan, untuk membantu pengusaha dan pekerja menemukan cara <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting&usg=ALkJrhjEIMDT_Ee6jqdUH905dvMoST_NfQ" title="Meeting">rapat</a> masalah yang timbul dari dampak pada usia kerja karena di muka meningkatnya productivity and affluence, older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs; the setting of arbitrary age limits regardless of potential for job performance has become a common practice, and certain otherwise desirable practices may work to the disadvantage of older persons; the incidence of unemployment, especially long-term unemployment with resultant deterioration of skill, morale, and employer acceptability is, relative to the younger ages, high among older workers; their numbers are great and growing; and their employment problems grave; and the existence in industries affecting commerce, of arbitrary discrimination in employment because of age, burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce.</span> </p><p> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21&usg=ALkJrhiW_9daf_mSxjtFHiFZpVnHp2-zmw" class="external text" title="http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21" rel="nofollow">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act</a> is the principal federal statute with regard to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_discrimination&usg=ALkJrhig3H5U5UzA9N1iMrG7mwFevcR3ww" title="Employment discrimination">employment discrimination</a> prohibiting unlawful employment discrimination by public and private employers, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_organisations%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjC2PS_3sR3T7nlrwUTB31M_H18Dg" class="new" title="Labour organisations (page does not exist)">labour organisations</a> , training programs and employment agencies based on race or color, religion, sex, and national origin. Retaliation is also prohibited by <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21&usg=ALkJrhiW_9daf_mSxjtFHiFZpVnHp2-zmw" class="external text" title="http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21" rel="nofollow">Title VII</a> against any person for opposing any practice forbidden by statute, or for making a charge, testifying, assisting, or participating in a proceeding under the statute. The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991&usg=ALkJrhhvufqq5X-DPwqRqmAu29IxOlSJ9A" title="Civil Rights Act of 1991">Civil Rights Act of 1991</a> expanded the damages available to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21&usg=ALkJrhiW_9daf_mSxjtFHiFZpVnHp2-zmw" class="external text" title="http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21" rel="nofollow">Title VII</a> cases and granted <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21&usg=ALkJrhiW_9daf_mSxjtFHiFZpVnHp2-zmw" class="external text" title="http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21" rel="nofollow">Title VII</a> plaintiffs the right to jury trial. </p><p><a name="Iranian_labour_law" id="Iranian_labour_law"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D25&usg=ALkJrhjinndJq3eEBtF5PvXxFSL0Htrgdw" title="Edit section: Iranian labour law">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Iranian labour law</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_labour_law&usg=ALkJrhjkNuEt5B_relvkeubcLp3M11qkzg" title="Iranian labour law">Iranian labour law</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> For the main page, see the link above. </p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D26&usg=ALkJrhgWWBV6FO4WAgU5DR7omrIdcNfUMQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D26&usg=ALkJrhgWWBV6FO4WAgU5DR7omrIdcNfUMQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><p> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Organised_labour_portal%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjgzcR1ZkkBCeGEaKd0_RSy9TjqVA" class="new" title="Template:Organised labour portal (page does not exist)">Template:Organised labour portal</a> </p><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining&usg=ALkJrhhvImzXdcESZTvOE-GuzU1f5OYicw" title="Berunding bersama">Collective bargaining</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_work&usg=ALkJrhiz4K3hUtKBc7cPivMAb7wfonh44g" title="Kontingen bekerja">Contingent work</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility&usg=ALkJrhi_pM9JhFpD_0bIIIoT3L8xLdHgvA" title="Fleksibilitas pasar kerja">Labour market flexibility</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_relations&usg=ALkJrhjiPB_YjYpBuR2iXp13xpTLEvJuAw" title="Hubungan industrial">Industrial relations</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_working_age&usg=ALkJrhhCJq-qFzSl-NotGl8n1z6L1uPPKQ" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour&usg=ALkJrhh5JvWn9EiHmTKwnY3d1cnBZjbsYw" title="Pekerja anak">child labour</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movement&usg=ALkJrhiyCISRJYbMW-jN9tPzRwXTL5FHpw" title="Gerakan buruh">Labour movement</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_and_Servant_Act&usg=ALkJrhhVLu-ShdjLirLlhsn1w_GQnRH2iQ" title="Hamba master dan Undang-Undang">Master and Servant Act</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-work_law&usg=ALkJrhjTecLo7WyvBNgL64chT5qzZV43wg" title="Right-to-work law">Right-to-work law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security&usg=ALkJrhjaM-bvnrmsUEFJ2RHBy5FB2QGoZA" title="Jaminan sosial">Social security</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_shops&usg=ALkJrhhBlBk5LbTFxseqT1ISpUhLHVTUbw" title="Sweat shops" class="mw-redirect">Sweat shops</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUnfair_labour_practice%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgmtXFJ49244PgYOvx79kWAtNqopQ" class="new" title="Unfair labour practice (page does not exist)">Unfair labour practice</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Organizer&usg=ALkJrhhu6GbrzwOVVlN2XF_Nxu3hWkvgqg" title="Union Organizer" class="mw-redirect">Union Organizer</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability&usg=ALkJrhi_tdJb4PWdfgJIawbBr9ukvORqbA" title="Vicarious liability">Vicarious liability</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekends&usg=ALkJrhiWSl009u_cgq8m_tdfQqxl6iVk7Q" title="Weekends" class="mw-redirect">Weekends</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorkChoices&usg=ALkJrhjfJQl_yB9ODCewr3Agh8rFBNjnmg" title="WorkChoices">WorkChoices</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_Fairness&usg=ALkJrhg72slC3fQKar_t9mXf1YzyGsF-Yg" title="Workplace Fairness">Workplace Fairness</a> </li></ul><p><br /></p><p><a name="Notes" id="Notes"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D27&usg=ALkJrhjocG8dDAryisTBqLzshfnYRKAEOA" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes</span> </h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg In the European Union, Directive 91/533 </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> In the US, under the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act&usg=ALkJrhjqQc5TFtB3CVujVETerkjaYKUutA" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> , a worker has no right to organise where he is considered a manager, see <i>NLRB v. Kentucky River Community Care</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.lawmemo.com/nlrb/kyrivercases.htm&usg=ALkJrhgdxoS6epxLzO5BsSRDGJgRfnY1zA" class="external text" title="http://www.lawmemo.com/nlrb/kyrivercases.htm" rel="nofollow">532 US 706</a> (2001) </li><li id="cite_note-dol-2"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-dol_2-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/chart.htm&usg=ALkJrhg3YSl61CuROUtoSygVM83ygsDaOw" class="external text" title="http://www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/chart.htm" rel="nofollow">History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938 - 1996</a> ", Department of Labor (March 31, 2006). <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=History+of+Federal+Minimum+Wage+Rates+Under+the+Fair+Labor+Standards+Act%2C+1938+-+1996&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Fesa%2Fminwage%2Fchart.htm&rft.publisher=Department+of+Labor&rft.date=March+31%2C+2006"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-France-3"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-France_3-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.eurofound.eu.int/emire/FRANCE/MINIMUMWAGEGUARANTEED-FR.html&usg=ALkJrhgSb3gi0mJa4lsTAaABwsnHhL9ZPA" class="external text" title="http://www.eurofound.eu.int/emire/FRANCE/MINIMUMWAGEGUARANTEED-FR.html" rel="nofollow">MINIMUM WAGE (GUARANTEED)</a> ", European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (March 31, 2006). <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=MINIMUM+WAGE+%28GUARANTEED%29&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurofound.eu.int%2Femire%2FFRANCE%2FMINIMUMWAGEGUARANTEED-FR.html&rft.publisher=European+Foundation+for+the+Improvement+of+Living+and+Working+Conditions&rft.date=March+31%2C+2006"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-uk-4"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-uk_4-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.dti.gov.uk/er/nmw/nmwhist.htm&usg=ALkJrhgQg0xOtzx6BFQcoyzG3bKTjkq7Lg" class="external text" title="http://www.dti.gov.uk/er/nmw/nmwhist.htm" rel="nofollow">National Minimum Wage</a> ", dti (March 31, 2006). <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=National+Minimum+Wage&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dti.gov.uk%2Fer%2Fnmw%2Fnmwhist.htm&rft.publisher=dti&rft.date=March+31%2C+2006"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-Eurostat_2005-5"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-Eurostat_2005_5-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat&usg=ALkJrhjoO8aC6f59eGiM6u-dHR6v517RnA" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> (2005): <i>Minimum Wages 2005: Major Differences between EU Member States</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.eds-destatis.de/en/downloads/sif/nk_05_07.pdf&usg=ALkJrhjpH7-VOosIyCYzEXwy4Tw5XBIKIQ" class="external text" title="http://www.eds-destatis.de/en/downloads/sif/nk_05_07.pdf" rel="nofollow">(PDF)</a> </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.galbithink.org/child.htm&usg=ALkJrhh1Tk6_hKLz2yoiQxN3_-TdXOCcYg" class="external text" title="http://www.galbithink.org/child.htm" rel="nofollow">Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills</a> </li><li id="cite_note-Reuters-7"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-Reuters_7-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">(French)</span> " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://today.reuters.fr/news/newsArticle.aspx%3Ftype%3DtopNews%26storyID%3D2006-04-28T165412Z_01_TOU860781_RTRIDST_0_OFRTP-FRANCE-EMPLOI-CNE-TRIBUNAL-20060428.XML&usg=ALkJrhgMCki-7wGn62QvcChAqT5P-qIeNQ" class="external text" title="http://today.reuters.fr/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2006-04-28T165412Z_01_TOU860781_RTRIDST_0_OFRTP-FRANCE-EMPLOI-CNE-TRIBUNAL-20060428.XML" rel="nofollow">Un contrat en CNE jugé contraire au droit international</a> ", <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters&usg=ALkJrhhRiMI0A4KlB_w93epFolvVW9HZ5g" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> (April 28, 2006) <span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 5 May 2006</span> . <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=Un+contrat+en+CNE+jug%C3%A9+contraire+au+droit+international&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Ftoday.reuters.fr%2Fnews%2FnewsArticle.aspx%3Ftype%3DtopNews%26storyID%3D2006-04-28T165412Z_01_TOU860781_RTRIDST_0_OFRTP-FRANCE-EMPLOI-CNE-TRIBUNAL-20060428.XML&rft.publisher=%5B%5BReuters%5D%5D&rft.date=April+28%2C+2006"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-8"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);">(French)</span> " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Thibault&usg=ALkJrhh8ixA_pchc9HF22IOl9b0gyXGKsA" title="Bernard Thibault">Bernard Thibault</a> au plus haut", <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Express_%28France%29&usg=ALkJrhjq9GGIeQnxsVqkH4a5gNs6vu7Q0w" title="L'Express (France)">L'Express</a> (April 28, 2006) <span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 5 May 2006</span> . <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=%5B%5BBernard+Thibault%5D%5D+au+plus+haut&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.fr%2Finfo%2Fquotidien%2Factu.asp%3Fid%3D3591&rft.publisher=%5B%5BL%27Express+%28France%29%7CL%27Express%5D%5D&rft.date=April+28%2C+2006"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-unicef-9"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-unicef_9-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/report/&usg=ALkJrhjF86KrFKlbAKVGgmGGXeDD4eAdTg" class="external text" title="http://www.unicef.org/sowc97/report/" rel="nofollow">The State of the World's Children 1997</a> ". <i>UNICEF</i> . Retrieved on 2007-04-15. </li><li id="cite_note-10"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-10" title=""><b>^</b></a> See the article <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/law/lablaw.htm&usg=ALkJrhi2sBXD47Pul5Kj4YoJ8UbqXaJRHQ" class="external text" title="http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/law/lablaw.htm" rel="nofollow">International Labour Law</a> or the whole <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/default.htm&usg=ALkJrhiIwptfpXv4pHYE5rKXjt29EJWDow" class="external text" title="http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/default.htm" rel="nofollow">Globalisation and Workers' Rights</a> section at the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/index.htm&usg=ALkJrhj7D74pOMM3JI2cLmuksIzDOc0GMA" class="external text" title="http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/index.htm" rel="nofollow">Actrav Distance Learning Project</a> of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhgv7Hns6boMrhC8Nymve20a-vNPLA" title="International Labour Organisation" class="mw-redirect">International Labour Organisation</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.ilo.org/&usg=ALkJrhgk7OjicA9YTm_D0P8vJsRRNDN63Q" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ilo.org/" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> </li><li id="cite_note-11"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-11" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/section_syndicale_d%27entreprise&usg=ALkJrhgd8seUN-6_nrFu5l3IPvAV69flxQ" class="extiw" title="fr:section syndicale d'entreprise">fr:section syndicale d'entreprise</a> <i>December 27, 1968 law</i> </li><li id="cite_note-12"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhi_6tizvf5gK9xjXWN0APp_7osulg#cite_ref-12" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaire_minimum_interprofessionnel_garanti&usg=ALkJrhiciMxbTtFymEoO2TVtfP_28z-bPQ" class="extiw" title="fr:Salaire minimum interprofessionnel garanti">fr:SMIG</a> </li></ol></div><p><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLabour_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D28&usg=ALkJrhi8wPiQVTk_4FXnLo0eWpdsO_gDfA" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span> </h2><ul><li> Norman Selwyn, <i>Selwyn's Law of Employment</i> (2008) Oxford University Press </li><li> Simon Honeyball, <i>Honeyball and Bowers' Textbook on Employment Law</i> (2008) Oxford University Press </li><li> Keith Ewing, Aileen McColgan and Hugh Collins, <i>Labour Law, Cases, Texts and Materials</i> (2005) Hart Publishing </li><li> Simon Deakin and Gillian Morris, <i>Labour Law</i> (2005) Hart Publishing ISBN-13 9781841135601 </li><li> Keshawn Walker and Arn Morell, " <i>Labor and Employment: Workplace Warzone</i> ", Georgetown University Thesis (2005) </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-37823392919964549372009-01-21T00:01:00.000-08:002009-01-21T00:03:05.406-08:00Hukum properti<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg&usg=ALkJrhjKmrPnxAPJJLso39J6CZJ8x5yNRA" class="image" title="Pertanyaan buku-new.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="39" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhjiEN3v1S3HNYbn48d_FJxW1kiPAw" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhga34GLhVjYB4AP0M6seljcN7eDKA" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">verification</a> .</b> Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjCrwHo09fycrmaBk6FtBOPEm-CZw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhiVfCd4q1bmWopaxJursgcoVKyJdg" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">reliable references</a> .</span> Artikel ini <b>memerlukan tambahan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhjiEN3v1S3HNYbn48d_FJxW1kiPAw" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">citations</a> untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhga34GLhVjYB4AP0M6seljcN7eDKA" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">verifikasi.</a></b> Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjCrwHo09fycrmaBk6FtBOPEm-CZw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> dengan menambahkan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhiVfCd4q1bmWopaxJursgcoVKyJdg" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">referensi yang handal.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unsourced material may be <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fact&usg=ALkJrhh2fJuVrxierhMoAGxzF67IaVmpTQ" title="Template: Fakta">challenged</a> and removed. <i><small>(February 2007)</small></i></span> Unsourced bahan mungkin <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fact&usg=ALkJrhh2fJuVrxierhMoAGxzF67IaVmpTQ" title="Template: Fakta">cacat</a> dan dibuang. <i><small>(Februari 2007)</small></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="" cellspacing=""><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhi7aHinrYrJbFJhqC8z2jr5q2RLuA" class="image" title="Scales keadilan"><img alt="Scales keadilan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" height="102" /></a> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Property law</strong></span> <strong class="selflink">Hukum properti</strong></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em 0.8em; line-height: 1.1em; font-size: 95%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Part of the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjf2yk4ZKd0FXpT4mnsg-TpltpB5A" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> series</span> Bagian dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjf2yk4ZKd0FXpT4mnsg-TpltpB5A" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> seri</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Acquisition</span> Perolehan</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgH9y0utuliCQviwPjk55iV_T8_2g" title="Hadiah (hukum)">Gift</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_possession&usg=ALkJrhjYjUf0FGS-xOWIh4QzXNa8hmGthQ" title="Adverse milik">Adverse possession</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed&usg=ALkJrhgr68piIXwakRJixNcZaHhRfBq5IA" title="Perbuatan">Deed</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgH9y0utuliCQviwPjk55iV_T8_2g" title="Hadiah (hukum)">Hadiah</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_possession&usg=ALkJrhjYjUf0FGS-xOWIh4QzXNa8hmGthQ" title="Adverse milik">Adverse milik</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed&usg=ALkJrhgr68piIXwakRJixNcZaHhRfBq5IA" title="Perbuatan">Akta</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property&usg=ALkJrhgRKEe73LAxzOFheXl34QfE66ijCQ" title="Hilang, mislaid, dan ditinggalkan properti">Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property&usg=ALkJrhgRKEe73LAxzOFheXl34QfE66ijCQ" title="Hilang, mislaid, dan ditinggalkan properti">Hilang, mislaid, dan ditinggalkan properti</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_trove&usg=ALkJrhjhwsunaqAFYvKl8QojSjDD_Db1DA" title="Harta karun">Treasure trove</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_trove&usg=ALkJrhjhwsunaqAFYvKl8QojSjDD_Db1DA" title="Harta karun">Harta karun</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation_%28property_law%29&usg=ALkJrhiqCRwrTUCFqbAPXDODSsodHpDyWA" title="Keadaan mengasingkan diri (properti hukum)">Alienation</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailment&usg=ALkJrhh3ke9w6HwHyM3mhRT7k5vNUD-uAw" title="Bailment">Bailment</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License&usg=ALkJrhiHfdKIbnqzVcVYOIbRyIF0YTKPXA" title="Lisensi">License</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation_%28property_law%29&usg=ALkJrhiqCRwrTUCFqbAPXDODSsodHpDyWA" title="Keadaan mengasingkan diri (properti hukum)">Keadaan mengasingkan diri</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailment&usg=ALkJrhh3ke9w6HwHyM3mhRT7k5vNUD-uAw" title="Bailment">Bailment</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License&usg=ALkJrhiHfdKIbnqzVcVYOIbRyIF0YTKPXA" title="Lisensi">Lisensi</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiqJ-V2i4BhS6NkX9P37fU3PxN1Xg" title="Perumahan (hukum)">Estates in land</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiqJ-V2i4BhS6NkX9P37fU3PxN1Xg" title="Perumahan (hukum)">Perkebunan di tanah</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodial_title&usg=ALkJrhgD-Tt7-gDw6SPbHn8JblCPJqOSKA" title="Allodial judul">Allodial title</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_simple&usg=ALkJrhjYRQB-yovcl-nw5UUHciNM49niSA" title="Biaya sederhana">Fee simple</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_tail&usg=ALkJrhjGnZirQyqNRB2DK_Po9mVzBOFWNg" title="Biaya ekor">Fee tail</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodial_title&usg=ALkJrhgD-Tt7-gDw6SPbHn8JblCPJqOSKA" title="Allodial judul">Allodial judul</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_simple&usg=ALkJrhjYRQB-yovcl-nw5UUHciNM49niSA" title="Biaya sederhana">sederhana Biaya</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_tail&usg=ALkJrhjGnZirQyqNRB2DK_Po9mVzBOFWNg" title="Biaya ekor">Biaya ekor</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_estate&usg=ALkJrhjLb4w4TE6lOyoRYwog5drJGA2Ryg" title="Kehidupan estate">Life estate</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_estate&usg=ALkJrhiZz9KVwFithy2YIOt2UmRs8Gv8-Q" title="Dpt dibatalkan estate">Defeasible estate</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_estate&usg=ALkJrhjLb4w4TE6lOyoRYwog5drJGA2Ryg" title="Kehidupan estate">Kehidupan estate</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_estate&usg=ALkJrhiZz9KVwFithy2YIOt2UmRs8Gv8-Q" title="Dpt dibatalkan estate">estate dpt dibatalkan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_interest&usg=ALkJrhibM-koLmKh8TeS0PQDKm8VEj3b_A" title="Depan bunga">Future interest</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_estate&usg=ALkJrhgwFt0pP65Tr16O4hlHG7aPr5tM7g" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_interest&usg=ALkJrhibM-koLmKh8TeS0PQDKm8VEj3b_A" title="Depan bunga">Depan bunga</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_estate&usg=ALkJrhgwFt0pP65Tr16O4hlHG7aPr5tM7g" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold_estate&usg=ALkJrhiR-FK74YqALNuJRYh2YiJng_gPew" title="Penyewaan estate">Leasehold estate</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium&usg=ALkJrhgt1an-wQfd51iwtTQsjXOjVi-q-g" title="Kondominium">Condominiums</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold_estate&usg=ALkJrhiR-FK74YqALNuJRYh2YiJng_gPew" title="Penyewaan estate">Penyewaan estate</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium&usg=ALkJrhgt1an-wQfd51iwtTQsjXOjVi-q-g" title="Kondominium">Condominiums</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyancing&usg=ALkJrhg4E5L6XhiWo0IpS57PqM4RkjX_lA" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyancing&usg=ALkJrhg4E5L6XhiWo0IpS57PqM4RkjX_lA" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser&usg=ALkJrhjH3nhYRg7244t6sb3_8tRmXaD2oA" title="Tulen pembeli">Bona fide purchaser</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser&usg=ALkJrhjH3nhYRg7244t6sb3_8tRmXaD2oA" title="Tulen pembeli">Tulen pembeli</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_title&usg=ALkJrhgdltn0g4nDV-YGoTCTkh2EHGCiRg" title="Torrens judul">Torrens title</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata_title&usg=ALkJrhj9gRWpFo-CCWY-5G8I1rOoMyHMBQ" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_title&usg=ALkJrhgdltn0g4nDV-YGoTCTkh2EHGCiRg" title="Torrens judul">Torrens judul</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata_title&usg=ALkJrhj9gRWpFo-CCWY-5G8I1rOoMyHMBQ" title="Strata title">Strata judul</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed&usg=ALkJrhheiRhuozZvCpOcZz1dXAYBay9TQg" title="Estoppel oleh perbuatan">Estoppel by deed</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitclaim_deed&usg=ALkJrhheSd3XyxK2dA0dRMGTzPoFicEwqw" title="Menolak hak perbuatan">Quitclaim deed</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed&usg=ALkJrhheiRhuozZvCpOcZz1dXAYBay9TQg" title="Estoppel oleh perbuatan">Estoppel oleh perbuatan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitclaim_deed&usg=ALkJrhheSd3XyxK2dA0dRMGTzPoFicEwqw" title="Menolak hak perbuatan">perbuatan menolak hak</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage&usg=ALkJrhh-hL3SjUrsFti3hfiHKyVS2ha51Q" title="Hipotek">Mortgage</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_conversion&usg=ALkJrhi0v7eji4zf-dTYjKEsqFSQ6hr4SQ" title="Adil konversi">Equitable conversion</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage&usg=ALkJrhh-hL3SjUrsFti3hfiHKyVS2ha51Q" title="Hipotek">Mortgage</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_conversion&usg=ALkJrhi0v7eji4zf-dTYjKEsqFSQ6hr4SQ" title="Adil konversi">adil konversi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_title&usg=ALkJrhi2RIVbsTug0a1EglwL9JOefE0TGQ" title="Tenang judul">Action to quiet title</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_title&usg=ALkJrhi2RIVbsTug0a1EglwL9JOefE0TGQ" title="Tenang judul">Tindakan untuk tenang judul</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_interest&usg=ALkJrhibM-koLmKh8TeS0PQDKm8VEj3b_A" title="Depan bunga">Future use</a> control</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_interest&usg=ALkJrhibM-koLmKh8TeS0PQDKm8VEj3b_A" title="Depan bunga">Depan menggunakan</a> kontrol</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation&usg=ALkJrhipO2Sev0xMcby9QedaxAMhslcomA" title="Kekang pada keadaan mengasingkan diri">Restraint on alienation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation&usg=ALkJrhipO2Sev0xMcby9QedaxAMhslcomA" title="Kekang pada keadaan mengasingkan diri">Kekang pada keadaan mengasingkan diri</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities&usg=ALkJrhimw9g3J8O72cw0SYz-sF4W7VqXKg" title="Aturan terhadap perpetuities">Rule against perpetuities</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities&usg=ALkJrhimw9g3J8O72cw0SYz-sF4W7VqXKg" title="Aturan terhadap perpetuities">Aturan terhadap perpetuities</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case&usg=ALkJrhhSwiDzzq_eDcCWoJ-HDEYphEqsEg" title="Aturan dalam Shelley's Kasus">Rule in Shelley's Case</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case&usg=ALkJrhhSwiDzzq_eDcCWoJ-HDEYphEqsEg" title="Aturan dalam Shelley's Kasus">Aturan dalam Shelley's Kasus</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title&usg=ALkJrhgCc9ulYkyF7fGVaz5ULydf9ggkrQ" title="Doktrin worthier judul">Doctrine of worthier title</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title&usg=ALkJrhgCc9ulYkyF7fGVaz5ULydf9ggkrQ" title="Doktrin worthier judul">Doktrin worthier judul</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land&usg=ALkJrhjPE_2dNyAuXjklJ9OYvzZA4Uqdkg" title="Nonpossessory bunga tanah">Nonpossessory interest</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land&usg=ALkJrhjPE_2dNyAuXjklJ9OYvzZA4Uqdkg" title="Nonpossessory bunga tanah">Nonpossessory bunga</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement&usg=ALkJrhhGpnUKAGjXnkaADwrJhIkJs5pMlw" title="Keenakan">Easement</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_%28real_estate%29&usg=ALkJrhgE0lYAqzvDK6TEgnEetpA5JGRuag" title="Profit (real estate)">Profit</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement&usg=ALkJrhhGpnUKAGjXnkaADwrJhIkJs5pMlw" title="Keenakan">Keenakan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_%28real_estate%29&usg=ALkJrhgE0lYAqzvDK6TEgnEetpA5JGRuag" title="Profit (real estate)">Laba</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_running_with_the_land&usg=ALkJrhgp_ML7cj6eX1seiapFe8cikCqEMA" title="Perjanjian berjalan dengan tanah">Covenant running with the land</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_running_with_the_land&usg=ALkJrhgp_ML7cj6eX1seiapFe8cikCqEMA" title="Perjanjian berjalan dengan tanah">Perjanjian berjalan dengan tanah</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_servitude&usg=ALkJrhgGQvk-eWZ_yf_A4Bld63m3K7N6IQ" title="Adil kehambaan">Equitable servitude</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_servitude&usg=ALkJrhgGQvk-eWZ_yf_A4Bld63m3K7N6IQ" title="Adil kehambaan">Adil kehambaan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Related topics</span> Topik terkait</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixture_%28property_law%29&usg=ALkJrhh_APKnTLput8NVs928XC93s4tXmw" title="Fixture (properti hukum)">Fixtures</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhwd8SottqRY-YLKxbaprikSMKJOw" title="Sampah (hukum)">Waste</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiB8wa37Tr1nxZ0ThtJ0rDkIdzoqg" title="Partition (hukum)">Partition</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixture_%28property_law%29&usg=ALkJrhh_APKnTLput8NVs928XC93s4tXmw" title="Fixture (properti hukum)">Fixtures</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhwd8SottqRY-YLKxbaprikSMKJOw" title="Sampah (hukum)">Sampah</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiB8wa37Tr1nxZ0ThtJ0rDkIdzoqg" title="Partition (hukum)">Partisi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_water_rights&usg=ALkJrhi3MDnnScOX7F6PVC8qZcN6afN9fw" title="Tepi pantai air hak">Riparian water rights</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_water_rights&usg=ALkJrhi3MDnnScOX7F6PVC8qZcN6afN9fw" title="Tepi pantai air hak">Tepi pantai air hak</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support&usg=ALkJrhgD30_3nsuAmEjp6KbSks8MgR0KzQ" title="Lateral bawah dan dukungan">Lateral and subjacent support</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support&usg=ALkJrhgD30_3nsuAmEjp6KbSks8MgR0KzQ" title="Lateral bawah dan dukungan">Lateral bawah dan dukungan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhpYQqi2KwHvwFegq-O4yXBpQ_-3Q" title="Tugas (hukum)">Assignment</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet&usg=ALkJrhh6Ms1MpXcZN08UPK7R0gcyKIOAng" title="Nemo dat non habet penjara">Nemo dat</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhpYQqi2KwHvwFegq-O4yXBpQ_-3Q" title="Tugas (hukum)">Tugas</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet&usg=ALkJrhh6Ms1MpXcZN08UPK7R0gcyKIOAng" title="Nemo dat non habet penjara">Nemo dat</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_%28conflict%29&usg=ALkJrhimY5n2VE4Vr4ayymy2Rud_ogcPEA" title="Property (konflik)">Property and conflict of laws</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_%28conflict%29&usg=ALkJrhimY5n2VE4Vr4ayymy2Rud_ogcPEA" title="Property (konflik)">Properti dan konflik hukum</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjf2yk4ZKd0FXpT4mnsg-TpltpB5A" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> areas</span> Lainnya <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjf2yk4ZKd0FXpT4mnsg-TpltpB5A" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> daerah</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhjSLmmgVz99t9OPzKelkGRBUezn9A" title="Kontrak">Contract law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhgIxpxYWxi4X4bL-wslob-4A6sS_Q" title="Tort">Tort law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhjSLmmgVz99t9OPzKelkGRBUezn9A" title="Kontrak">Kontrak hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhgIxpxYWxi4X4bL-wslob-4A6sS_Q" title="Tort">Tort law</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhg7pinpxAKcPlt2ijzBFzFvQQtjpw" title="Apakah (hukum)">Wills</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_estates&usg=ALkJrhhoTbBfoutniULb8IgrTn_uwvagyw" title="Percaya dan perkebunan">trusts and estates</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhg7pinpxAKcPlt2ijzBFzFvQQtjpw" title="Apakah (hukum)">Wills,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_estates&usg=ALkJrhhoTbBfoutniULb8IgrTn_uwvagyw" title="Percaya dan perkebunan">percaya dan perkebunan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhg8th7yj4b7NikvDyvwOd7wKlfcJA" title="Hukum pidana">Criminal law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgT93QMH2hyy3-kv-vOpl0NA0Sjcw" title="Bukti (hukum)">Evidence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhg8th7yj4b7NikvDyvwOd7wKlfcJA" title="Hukum pidana">Hukum pidana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgT93QMH2hyy3-kv-vOpl0NA0Sjcw" title="Bukti (hukum)">Bukti</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Property_law&usg=ALkJrhiWdgJ-byXpwrDHsumPAEfbkyFdjg" title="Template: Properti hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Property_law&usg=ALkJrhgZFpMPIc1t0g0JEEF9YOBdajoybA" title="Template talk: Properti hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Property_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjjPcT3pUxIojzjmnRXY4qp5XBZrQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Property_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Property_law&usg=ALkJrhiWdgJ-byXpwrDHsumPAEfbkyFdjg" title="Template: Properti hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Property_law&usg=ALkJrhgZFpMPIc1t0g0JEEF9YOBdajoybA" title="Template talk: Properti hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Property_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjjPcT3pUxIojzjmnRXY4qp5XBZrQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Property_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Property law</i> is the area of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg" title="Hukum">law</a> that governs the various forms of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership&usg=ALkJrhhiBd1FkYSLGz8OtFIdzETAUaBoLg" title="Kepemilikan">ownership</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property&usg=ALkJrhinc-L3pVKpO6zUIVJy5jMUFIG-Yw" title="Tanah milik">real property</a> (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property&usg=ALkJrhiI55ADvFtN9A4ultLKaNiaNpHKlQ" title="Milik pribadi">personal property</a> , within the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjf2yk4ZKd0FXpT4mnsg-TpltpB5A" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> legal system.</span> <i>Properti hukum</i> adalah wilayah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg" title="Hukum">hukum</a> yang governs berbagai bentuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership&usg=ALkJrhhiBd1FkYSLGz8OtFIdzETAUaBoLg" title="Kepemilikan">kepemilikan</a> secara <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property&usg=ALkJrhinc-L3pVKpO6zUIVJy5jMUFIG-Yw" title="Tanah milik">real properti</a> (tanah yang berbeda dari pribadi atau harta benda yg dpt dipindahkan) dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property&usg=ALkJrhiI55ADvFtN9A4ultLKaNiaNpHKlQ" title="Milik pribadi">kekayaan pribadi,</a> di dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjf2yk4ZKd0FXpT4mnsg-TpltpB5A" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> sistem hukum.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhhajf4XqIhSFTK6K74pECqhiC6iFw" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> system, there is a division between movable and immovable property.</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhhajf4XqIhSFTK6K74pECqhiC6iFw" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata</a> sistem, ada yg dpt bergerak antara tenang dan properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Movable property roughly corresponds to personal property, while immovable property corresponds to <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate&usg=ALkJrhhOtb9rxWM2gJUcLdBC42GKi_Ed7Q" title="Real estate">real estate</a> or real property, and the associated rights and obligations thereon.</span> Movable sekitar berkaitan dengan harta milik pribadi, sedangkan berkaitan dengan tenang properti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate&usg=ALkJrhhOtb9rxWM2gJUcLdBC42GKi_Ed7Q" title="Real estate">real estat</a> atau real properti, dan hak-hak dan kewajiban yang terkait di atasnya.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The concept, idea or philosophy of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhiILqh2f2m16Hz_-LIxq9KsRZLw4g" title="Properti">property</a> underlies all property law.</span> Konsep, ide atau falsafah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhiILqh2f2m16Hz_-LIxq9KsRZLw4g" title="Properti">harta</a> kekayaan underlies semua undang-undang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In some <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhiRBJw7ZJ7QHMbVVuJ9Vp_1TAGQ7A" title="Yurisdiksi">jurisdictions</a> , historically all property was owned by the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch&usg=ALkJrhj7SQfpD4-dA-CnGHbOPUtrANpjmA" title="Raja" class="mw-redirect">monarch</a> and it devolved through <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure&usg=ALkJrhjQiSHiHsFoNsNRvnz0cSHIfZ5O-A" title="Feodal tanah" class="mw-redirect">feudal land tenure</a> or other <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal&usg=ALkJrhjPEBZ_vB1woc2k45hvMOIa93rXQQ" title="Feodal" class="mw-redirect">feudal</a> systems of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty&usg=ALkJrhi_iZ7a06GIlEf7eW2QvjtwCHInvw" title="Loyalitas">loyalty</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fealty&usg=ALkJrhiu30utzfTYaa7sKvYt44tdW1tXWg" title="Fealty">fealty</a> .</span> Dalam beberapa <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhiRBJw7ZJ7QHMbVVuJ9Vp_1TAGQ7A" title="Yurisdiksi">yurisdiksi,</a> historis semua harta yang dimiliki oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch&usg=ALkJrhj7SQfpD4-dA-CnGHbOPUtrANpjmA" title="Raja" class="mw-redirect">raja</a> dan didesentralisasikan melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure&usg=ALkJrhjQiSHiHsFoNsNRvnz0cSHIfZ5O-A" title="Feodal tanah" class="mw-redirect">tanah feodal</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal&usg=ALkJrhjPEBZ_vB1woc2k45hvMOIa93rXQQ" title="Feodal" class="mw-redirect">feodal</a> sistem <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty&usg=ALkJrhi_iZ7a06GIlEf7eW2QvjtwCHInvw" title="Loyalitas">loyalitas</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fealty&usg=ALkJrhiu30utzfTYaa7sKvYt44tdW1tXWg" title="Fealty">fealty.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Though the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Napoleon&usg=ALkJrhgpdbCcEBn3CyhIlUfsVxvUbKJ2MA" title="Kode Napoleon" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic code</a> was among the first government acts of modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership into <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhjgdWDkX_VQK2kd7OJx9CuwHjZI0g" title="Statuta">statute</a> , protection of personal property rights was present in medieval <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhxPsB0yBxEvSn-m7lrnAUeKkFDwA" title="Syariah">Islamic law</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhiHbUsAb5RynePRGboq-uVqGIYxSw" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_note-Makdisi-2005-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi-2005_0-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> and in more <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism&usg=ALkJrhhdUBN7WIYhOkJuCmWd8ubIrCK9OA" title="Feodalisme">feudalist</a> forms in the common law courts of medieval and early modern England.</span> Meskipun <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Napoleon&usg=ALkJrhgpdbCcEBn3CyhIlUfsVxvUbKJ2MA" title="Kode Napoleon" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic kode</a> merupakan salah satu yang pertama dari pemerintah bertindak modern untuk memperkenalkan gagasan kepemilikan mutlak menjadi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhjgdWDkX_VQK2kd7OJx9CuwHjZI0g" title="Statuta">undang-undang,</a> perlindungan hak milik pribadi yang hadir di abad <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhxPsB0yBxEvSn-m7lrnAUeKkFDwA" title="Syariah">hukum Islam</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhiHbUsAb5RynePRGboq-uVqGIYxSw" title="Fiqh">yurisprudensi,</a> <span><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_note-Makdisi-2005-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi-2005_0-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span> dan lebih banyak <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism&usg=ALkJrhhdUBN7WIYhOkJuCmWd8ubIrCK9OA" title="Feodalisme">orang feodal</a> formulir di pengadilan umum hukum dari awal abad pertengahan dan modern Inggris.</span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Definition_of_property"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definition of property</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Definition_of_property"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definisi properti</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Theory_of_property"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Theory of property</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Theory_of_property"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Teori dari properti</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Early_American_theory"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early American theory</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Early_American_theory"><span class="tocnumber">2,1</span> <span class="toctext">Early American teori</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Property_rights_and_contractual_rights"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Property rights and contractual rights</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Property_rights_and_contractual_rights"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Properti hak kontrak dan hak-hak</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Property_rights_and_personal_rights"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Property rights and personal rights</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Property_rights_and_personal_rights"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Properti hak pribadi dan hak</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Klasifikasi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Possession"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Possession</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Possession"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Possession</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Transfer_of_property"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Transfer of property</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Transfer_of_property"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Mentransfer dari properti</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Priorities"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Priorities</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Priorities"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Prioritas</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Leases"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Leases</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#Leases"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">sewa</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Definition_of_property" id="Definition_of_property"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgshLpw6mH_ANQGdXlTrtRsL-HVCA" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi properti">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Definition of property</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgshLpw6mH_ANQGdXlTrtRsL-HVCA" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi properti"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Definisi properti</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgysqeetp29OhnxP7Faqj6PB-vzfw" title="Roma hukum">Roman law</a> , property was defined as follows: <i>ius utendi et abutendi re sua, quatenus iuris ratio patitur</i> , 'the right to use and abuse a thing, within the limits of the law' ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian&usg=ALkJrhjnQPywA94QceMaK2oSEIp1XiSgJQ" title="Justinian" class="mw-redirect">Justinian</a> , <i>Code</i> 4, 35, 21; see also, commentary by <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.J._Proudhon&usg=ALkJrhiPfBN97_awp3Yl2Z3SNWfMIYQVfw" title="P. J. Proudhon" class="mw-redirect">PJ Proudhon</a> in ch. 2 of <i>What is Property?</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/property/index.htm&usg=ALkJrhh_CLj5DS1pdVykd2We0VCoBDOa1g" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/property/index.htm" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> ).</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgysqeetp29OhnxP7Faqj6PB-vzfw" title="Roma hukum">undang-undang Roma,</a> properti didefinisikan sebagai berikut: <i>ius utendi et abutendi sua kembali, quatenus iuris rasio patitur,</i> 'hak untuk menggunakan dan penyalahgunaan apapun, sesuai batas hukum' <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian&usg=ALkJrhjnQPywA94QceMaK2oSEIp1XiSgJQ" title="Justinian" class="mw-redirect">(Justinian,</a> <i>Kode</i> 4, 35, 21; lihat juga, komentar oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.J._Proudhon&usg=ALkJrhiPfBN97_awp3Yl2Z3SNWfMIYQVfw" title="P. J. Proudhon" class="mw-redirect">PJ Proudhon</a> di ch. 2 dari <i>What is Property?</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/property/index.htm&usg=ALkJrhh_CLj5DS1pdVykd2We0VCoBDOa1g" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/property/index.htm" rel="nofollow">[1]).</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One modern textbook on property law states:</span> Modern di satu buku milik negara hukum:</span> </p><dl><dd><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When a layman is asked to define "property," he is likely to say that "property" is something tangible "owned" by a natural person (or persons), a corporation, or a unit of government.</span> Bila orang awam diminta untuk menentukan "properti," ia akan mengatakan bahwa "milik" adalah sesuatu yang nyata "dimiliki" alam oleh orang (atau orang), sebuah perusahaan atau unit pemerintahan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But such a response is inaccurate from a lawyer's viewpoint for at least two reasons: (1) it confuses "property" with the various <i>subjects</i> of "property," and (2) it fails to recognize that even the subjects of property may be intangible.</span> Tanggapan seperti itu tetapi tidak akurat dari seorang pengacara dari sudut pandang untuk sedikitnya dua alasan: (1) ia membingungkan "kekayaan" dengan berbagai <i>mata pelajaran</i> dari "properti", dan (2) gagal untuk mengakui bahwa bahkan mata pelajaran yang mungkin properti intangible .</span> </dd></dl></dd></dl><dl><dd><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For a lawyer, "property" is not a "thing" at all, although "things" are the subject of property.</span> Sebagai seorang pengacara, "milik" bukan "sesuatu" sama sekali, walaupun "sesuatu" adalah subjek properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Rather, as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham&usg=ALkJrhhsh0NP6y_jMGNE6KIL-BQxn639Vg" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> asserted, property is a legally protected "expectation * * * of being able to draw such or such an advantage from the thing" in question [ .</span> Sebaliknya, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham&usg=ALkJrhhsh0NP6y_jMGNE6KIL-BQxn639Vg" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> menegaskan, adalah salah satu hukum dilindungi "* * * harapan yang bisa untuk menarik atau seperti sebuah keuntungan dari hal" tersebut [.</span> . . <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">.] <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> .] <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a></span> </dd></dl></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary&usg=ALkJrhg22CMZCjSlZ-J7mtSrSaETVm5WNA" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a> (5th ed. 1979) states that "[i]n the strict legal sense, [property is] an aggregate of rights which are guaranteed and protected by the government" and that the term property "includes not only ownership and possession but also the right of use and enjoyment for lawful purposes."</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary&usg=ALkJrhg22CMZCjSlZ-J7mtSrSaETVm5WNA" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a> (5th ed. 1979) menyatakan bahwa "[i] n rasa hukum yang ketat, [adalah] sebuah agregat hak-hak yang dijamin dan dilindungi oleh pemerintah" dan bahwa istilah properti "meliputi tidak hanya milik dan kepemilikan tetapi juga hak untuk menggunakan dan menikmati halal keperluan. "</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By contrast, Barron's Law Dictionary (2d ed. 1984) defines property as "one's exclusive right to possess, use, and dispose of a thing" [ .</span> Dengan kontras, Barron's Dictionary Hukum (2d ed. 1984) mendefinisikan properti sebagai "satu yang eksklusif hak untuk memiliki, menggunakan, dan membuang sesuatu" [.</span> . . <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">] "as well as the object, benefit, or prerogative which constitutes the subject matter of that right."</span> ] "Dan juga objek, manfaat, atau hak istimewa yang merupakan pokok yang benar."</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Property law, in systems derived from English common law, is divided into personal and real property.</span> Hukum properti, dalam sistem berasal dari bahasa Inggris hukum umum, dibagi menjadi milik pribadi dan nyata.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Gray & Gray (1998) describe the definition of property in the modern sense as oscillating between 'competing models of property as a fact, property as a right, and property as a responsibility' <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> Declared ownership in and of itself is insufficient to constitute property in a legal sense.</span> Abu-abu & Gray (1998) menjelaskan definisi dari properti di modern sebagai bergerak ke sana ke mari antara 'bersaing model properti sebagai fakta, sebagai hak milik, properti dan tanggung jawab sebagai' <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a> menyatakan kepemilikan dari dalam dirinya sendiri dan tidak cukup untuk merupakan kekayaan dalam arti hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Rather, the notion of property arises where one can have his/her right to land or chattels respected and enforced by a court of law.</span> Sebaliknya, gagasan yang muncul properti di mana satu dapat menggunakan hak atas tanah atau bergerak enforced dan dihormati oleh pengadilan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Therefore to possess good title (and thus enforceable rights) on property one must acquire it legitimately, according to the laws of the jurisdiction in which one seeks enforcement.</span> Karena itu baik untuk memiliki judul (dan dilaksanakan sehingga hak-hak) pada satu properti harus mendapatkan itu sah, sesuai dengan undang-undang di yurisdiksi yang satu berusaha penegakan.</span> </p><p><a name="Theory_of_property" id="Theory_of_property"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhh7Gxo8I1EtIuaYpygrKExiV-BmNw" title="Sunting bagian: Theory of properti">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Theory of property</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhh7Gxo8I1EtIuaYpygrKExiV-BmNw" title="Sunting bagian: Theory of properti"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Teori dari properti</span></span> </h2><p><a name="Early_American_theory" id="Early_American_theory"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjxOJBrv_okd7RAFKowiagCxu6kfA" title="Sunting bagian: Early American teori">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Early American theory</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjxOJBrv_okd7RAFKowiagCxu6kfA" title="Sunting bagian: Early American teori"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Early American teori</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson&usg=ALkJrhhfSNZojGiUFfZkJGtaNLptyFgI1g" title="James Wilson">James Wilson</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhgqD0AT54JnXCLdL43r14z6-RqBOg" title="Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat">US Supreme Court</a> Justice and professor of law at the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania&usg=ALkJrhhf7m8UlgPpplVHP4G1ctjBuRj2Ww" title="Universitas Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> , in 1790 and 1791, undertook a survey of the philosophical grounds of American property law.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson&usg=ALkJrhhfSNZojGiUFfZkJGtaNLptyFgI1g" title="James Wilson">James Wilson,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhgqD0AT54JnXCLdL43r14z6-RqBOg" title="Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat">Mahkamah Agung AS</a> Keadilan dan profesor hukum di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania&usg=ALkJrhhf7m8UlgPpplVHP4G1ctjBuRj2Ww" title="Universitas Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania,</a> pada 1790 dan 1791, yang melaksanakan survei dari filosofi dasar hukum dari Amerika properti.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He proceeds from two premises: “Every crime includes an injury: every injury includes a violation of a right.” (Lectures, III, ii.) The government’s role in protecting property depends upon an idea of right.</span> Ia hasil dari dua lokasi: "Setiap kejahatan mencakup cedera: setiap cedera termasuk pelanggaran hak." (Kuliah, III, ii.) Pemerintah peran dalam melindungi properti tergantung pada ide dari kanan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Wilson traces the history of property in his essay On the History of Property.</span> Wilson jejak sejarah properti di esei Pada Sejarah Properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In his lecture, “Of the natural rights of individuals,” (Lectures II, xii) he articulates related contemporary theory.</span> Dalam kuliah, "Dari alam hak-hak individu," (Kuliah II, xii) dia articulates terkait teori kontemporer.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">That theory was brought to a focus on the question of whether man exists for the sake of government, or government for the sake of man – a distinction which may derive from, or lead to, the question of natural and absolute rights, and whether property is one of them.</span> Teori yang dibawa ke fokus pada pertanyaan apakah ada orang untuk kepentingan pemerintah, atau pemerintah untuk kepentingan manusia - sebuah perbedaan yang mungkin berasal dari atau mengakibatkan, pertanyaan alam dan hak-hak mutlak, dan apakah properti adalah salah satu dari mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While he doubts this is so, he nonetheless states: “In his unrelated state, man has a natural right to his property, to his character, to liberty, and to safety.” James Wilson asks whether “the primary and principal object in the institution of government… was… to acquire new rights by human establishment?</span> Walaupun dia sangat meragukan ini, namun dia menyatakan: "Di negara yang tidak terkait, manusia memiliki hak dasar kepada properti, dengan karakter, untuk kebebasan, dan keselamatan." James Wilson menanyakan apakah "di sekolah dasar dan objek dalam lembaga pemerintah adalah ... ... untuk memperoleh hak baru didirikan oleh manusia?</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Or was it, by a human establishment, to acquire a new security for the possession or the recovery of those rights….?” He indicates a preference for the latter.</span> Atau karena itu, dengan pembentukan manusia, untuk memperoleh keamanan baru untuk kepemilikan atau pemulihan hak-hak ....? "Dia menunjukkan preferensi untuk yang kedua.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the opening sentence of On the History of Property, he states quite clearly: “Property is the right or lawful power, which a person has to a thing.” He then divides the right into three degrees: possession, the lowest; possession and use; and, possession, use, and disposition – the highest.</span> Dalam pembukaan kalimat dari Pada Sejarah Property, dia cukup jelas menyatakan: "Kekayaan adalah hak atau kuasa hukum, orang yang telah menjadi sesuatu." Dia kemudian membagi hak menjadi tiga derajat: kepemilikan, terendah; milik dan digunakan, dan, kepemilikan, penggunaan, dan disposisi - yang tertinggi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Further, he states: “Man is intended for action.</span> Lebih lanjut, ia menyatakan: "Man ditujukan untuk mengambil tindakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Useful and skilful industry is the soul of an active life.</span> Berguna dan keahlian industri adalah jiwa yang hidup aktif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But industry should have her just reward.</span> Tetapi industri harus dia hanya imbalan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">That reward is property, for of useful and active industry, property is the natural result.” From this simple reasoning he is able to present the conclusion that exclusive, as opposed to communal property, is to be preferred.</span> Bahwa pahala adalah properti, yang bermanfaat bagi industri dan aktif, properti merupakan hasil alam. "Dari sederhana ini alasan dia dapat menyajikan kesimpulan yang eksklusif, karena bertentangan dengan properti komunal, yang menjadi pilihan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Wilson does, however, give a survey of communal property arrangements in history, not only in colonial <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia&usg=ALkJrhhdp1AYXEAokYIbDXeeN5fubMI4eA" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> but also ancient <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta&usg=ALkJrhi9FQMM4Ywpj_uvPzy3-b4dJ--Zvg" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> .</span> Wilson tidak Namun, memberikan properti komunal dari survei yang dilakukan dalam sejarah, tidak hanya dalam kolonial <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia&usg=ALkJrhhdp1AYXEAokYIbDXeeN5fubMI4eA" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> tetapi juga kuno <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta&usg=ALkJrhi9FQMM4Ywpj_uvPzy3-b4dJ--Zvg" title="Sparta">Sparta.</a></span> </p><p><a name="Property_rights_and_contractual_rights" id="Property_rights_and_contractual_rights"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjQ7h8MzjOE6D0lo1mws3eDWfAHmQ" title="Sunting bagian: Properti hak kontrak dan hak-hak">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Property rights and contractual rights</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjQ7h8MzjOE6D0lo1mws3eDWfAHmQ" title="Sunting bagian: Properti hak kontrak dan hak-hak"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Properti hak kontrak dan hak-hak</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Property rights are rights over things enforceable against other persons.</span> Hak hak atas hal-hal yang dilaksanakan terhadap orang lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By contrast, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhjSLmmgVz99t9OPzKelkGRBUezn9A" title="Kontrak">contractual</a> rights are rights enforceable against particular persons.</span> Dengan kontras, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhjSLmmgVz99t9OPzKelkGRBUezn9A" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> hak hak yang dilaksanakan terhadap orang tertentu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Property rights, however, may arise from a contract, so there is an overlap between the two systems of rights.</span> Hak milik, namun mungkin timbul dari kontrak, sehingga ada tumpang tindih antara kedua sistem hak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In relation to the sale of land, for example, two sets of legal relationships exist alongside one another: the personal right to sue for damages on the contract, and the proprietary right exercisable over the thing.</span> Sehubungan dengan penjualan tanah, misalnya, dua set hubungan hukum yang ada di samping satu sama lain: pribadi berhak untuk menuntut ganti rugi pada kontrak, dan hak milik exercisable atas hal.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A separate distinction is evident where rights granted are insufficiently substantial to confer on the non-owner a definable interest right in the thing.</span> J terpisah perbezaan jelas di mana hak-hak yang diberikan kurang besar untuk menganugerahkan pada mereka yang bukan pemilik hak bunga yang diuraikan di hal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The clearest example of these rights is the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence&usg=ALkJrhiLBNEccenomUnyPuX2lheFbE-0Fg" title="Lisensi" class="mw-redirect">licence</a> .</span> Contoh yang jelas ini adalah hak <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence&usg=ALkJrhiLBNEccenomUnyPuX2lheFbE-0Fg" title="Lisensi" class="mw-redirect">lisensi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In general, even if licences are created by a binding contract, they do not give rise to proprietary interests.</span> Secara umum, bahkan jika lisensi yang dibuat oleh perjanjian yang mengikat, mereka tidak menimbulkan minat proprietari.</span> </p><p><a name="Property_rights_and_personal_rights" id="Property_rights_and_personal_rights"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhh2KPIvRuFZyrFiGBD1gqHVIj1Tew" title="Sunting bagian: Properti hak pribadi dan hak">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Property rights and personal rights</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhh2KPIvRuFZyrFiGBD1gqHVIj1Tew" title="Sunting bagian: Properti hak pribadi dan hak"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Properti hak pribadi dan hak</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Property rights are also distinguished from <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rights&usg=ALkJrhh5ozO3m27bQo7nUbdBokjS4Nm5xQ" title="Hak pribadi">personal rights</a> .</span> Hak kekayaan juga dibezakan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rights&usg=ALkJrhh5ozO3m27bQo7nUbdBokjS4Nm5xQ" title="Hak pribadi">hak-hak pribadi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Practically all contemporary societies acknowledge this basic <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological&usg=ALkJrhjRvrGbQbO0NTM5yX5-tEO9zNbEuA" title="Ontological" class="mw-redirect">ontological</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethic&usg=ALkJrhi3vbrQAQ_S_rmPWQXcnInZZilmVg" title="Etika" class="mw-redirect">ethical</a> distinction.</span> Hampir semua masyarakat kontemporer ini mengakui dasar <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological&usg=ALkJrhjRvrGbQbO0NTM5yX5-tEO9zNbEuA" title="Ontological" class="mw-redirect">ontological</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethic&usg=ALkJrhi3vbrQAQ_S_rmPWQXcnInZZilmVg" title="Etika" class="mw-redirect">etika</a> perbezaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the past, groups lacking political power have often been disqualified from the benefits of property.</span> Pada masa lalu, kelompok kurang memiliki kekuatan politik yang sering didiskualifikasi dari keunggulan properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In an extreme form this has meant that persons have become "objects" of property right, legally "things", or chattels - see <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery&usg=ALkJrhhzojdKT4f6EOUrhrEagU_bBXKj2Q" title="Perbudakan">slavery</a> .</span> Dalam ekstrim formulir ini berarti orang yang telah menjadi "obyek" dari hak milik, hukum "sesuatu", atau bergerak - lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery&usg=ALkJrhhzojdKT4f6EOUrhrEagU_bBXKj2Q" title="Perbudakan">perbudakan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">More commonly, marginalised groups have been denied legal rights to own property.</span> Lebih umum, marginalised kelompok telah menolak hukum hak untuk memiliki harta.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These include <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews&usg=ALkJrhg762IserOdnXwDesLifGagDVDKrQ" title="Yahudi" class="mw-redirect">Jews</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjKcalxbYEvnT-aSAlX4Tu6jmazTg" title="England">England</a> and married women in Western societies until the late 19th century.</span> Ini termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews&usg=ALkJrhg762IserOdnXwDesLifGagDVDKrQ" title="Yahudi" class="mw-redirect">orang-orang Yahudi</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjKcalxbYEvnT-aSAlX4Tu6jmazTg" title="England">Inggris</a> dan menikah perempuan dalam masyarakat Barat sampai akhir abad ke-19.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The dividing line between personal rights and property rights is not always easy to draw.</span> Baris yang memisahkan antara hak pribadi dan hak-hak ini tidak selalu mudah untuk menarik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance, is one's <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation&usg=ALkJrhg2l9QA3kVrkKCymp5zW7UNerjTjA" title="Reputasi">reputation</a> property which can be commercially exploited by affording property rights to it?</span> Sebagai contoh, adalah salah satu dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation&usg=ALkJrhg2l9QA3kVrkKCymp5zW7UNerjTjA" title="Reputasi">reputasi</a> properti komersial yang dapat dieksploitasi oleh affording hak kepadanya?</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The question of the proprietary character of personal rights is particularly relevant in the case of rights over human tissue, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29&usg=ALkJrhgTPGV6TAJnYgOHMzI_Fk0qf_3gVw" title="Organ (anatomi)">organs</a> and other body parts.</span> Pertanyaan tentang karakter milik adalah hak pribadi yang relevan terutama dalam kasus hak asasi manusia di atas jaringan, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29&usg=ALkJrhgTPGV6TAJnYgOHMzI_Fk0qf_3gVw" title="Organ (anatomi)">organ</a> dan bagian tubuh lainnya.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There have been recent cases of women being subordinated to the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus&usg=ALkJrhjwWSmo3l3jn3jxRNP0m3tJ8m4xgw" title="Janin">fetus</a> , through the imposition of unwanted <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarian_section&usg=ALkJrhip8VvChj33flO_tZ74bMs-e-hsFg" title="Raja bagian" class="mw-redirect">caesarian sections</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjKcalxbYEvnT-aSAlX4Tu6jmazTg" title="England">English</a> judges have recently made the point that such women lack the right to exclusive control over their own bodies, formerly considered a fundamental common law right.</span> Ada beberapa kasus perempuan menjadi subordinated ke <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus&usg=ALkJrhjwWSmo3l3jn3jxRNP0m3tJ8m4xgw" title="Janin">janin,</a> melalui penipuan yang tidak diinginkan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarian_section&usg=ALkJrhip8VvChj33flO_tZ74bMs-e-hsFg" title="Raja bagian" class="mw-redirect">raja bagian.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjKcalxbYEvnT-aSAlX4Tu6jmazTg" title="England">Inggris</a> hakim telah dibuat titik bahwa perempuan tidak memiliki hak eksklusif atas tubuh mereka sendiri, yang sebelumnya dianggap sebagai dasar hukum umum kanan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhjYsVSs471WREYdb38jhxDf44vrlQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> , a " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-property&usg=ALkJrhj9d8Xl8JICtXTcd-12E_f3sqQMow" title="Quasi-properti">quasi-property</a> " interest has been explicitly declared in the dead body.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhjYsVSs471WREYdb38jhxDf44vrlQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat,</a> yang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-property&usg=ALkJrhj9d8Xl8JICtXTcd-12E_f3sqQMow" title="Quasi-properti">"setengah-properti"</a> bunga telah secara eksplisit dinyatakan dalam mayat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Also in the United States, it has been recognised that people have an alienable proprietary " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_publicity&usg=ALkJrhikFEMcnDCHvc2NS3eeF4wLQ212pA" title="Hak publisitas" class="mw-redirect">right of publicity</a> " over their "persona".</span> Juga di Amerika Serikat, telah diakui bahwa orang-orang yang memiliki hak milik alienable <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_publicity&usg=ALkJrhikFEMcnDCHvc2NS3eeF4wLQ212pA" title="Hak publisitas" class="mw-redirect">"hak publisitas"</a> atas mereka "persona".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&usg=ALkJrhjAlalyGk9jL3IMMUgu1jSYe9bB_Q" title="Paten">patenting</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology&usg=ALkJrhit1f6BFgLHEZEBHrRgp3uI_nlcYw" title="Bioteknologi">biotechnological</a> processes and products based upon human genetic material may be characterised as creating property in human life.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&usg=ALkJrhjAlalyGk9jL3IMMUgu1jSYe9bB_Q" title="Paten">patenting</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology&usg=ALkJrhit1f6BFgLHEZEBHrRgp3uI_nlcYw" title="Bioteknologi">biotechnological</a> proses dan produk berdasarkan bahan genetik manusia dapat membuat characterised sebagai kekayaan dalam kehidupan manusia.</span> </p><p><a name="Classification" id="Classification"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhggJOhjydrJF3SygQxrg8muCRJlJA" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Classification</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhggJOhjydrJF3SygQxrg8muCRJlJA" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Klasifikasi</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Property law is characterised by a great deal of historical continuity and technical <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology&usg=ALkJrhha_G9rTWwIUXBg_X1l6VsCnLCnjw" title="Terminologi">terminology</a> .</span> Hukum adalah properti yang ditandai dengan banyak sejarah dan kontinuitas teknis <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology&usg=ALkJrhha_G9rTWwIUXBg_X1l6VsCnLCnjw" title="Terminologi">terminologi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The basic distinction in common law systems is between real property (land) and personal property (chattels).</span> Dasar perbedaan dalam sistem hukum umum adalah antara real properti (tanah) dan harta benda pribadi (bergerak).</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Before the mid-19th century, the principles governing the devolution of real property and personal property on an <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestacy&usg=ALkJrhi6i73mCyFL3f6SZNZLpDn4u_yKoQ" title="Wasiat">intestacy</a> were quite different.</span> Sebelum pertengahan abad ke-19, prinsip-prinsip pemerintahan yang pewarisan dari milik pribadi dan harta benda pada <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestacy&usg=ALkJrhi6i73mCyFL3f6SZNZLpDn4u_yKoQ" title="Wasiat">wasiat</a> yang agak berbeda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Though this dichotomy does not have the same significance anymore, the distinction is still fundamental because of the essential differences between the two categories.</span> Pembelahan dua ini meskipun tidak ada lagi yang sama pentingnya, masih perbedaan mendasar yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan penting antara dua kategori.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An obvious example is the fact that land is immovable, and thus the rules that govern its use must differ.</span> Contoh yang jelas adalah kenyataan bahwa tanah yang tenang, dan dengan itu aturan-aturan pemerintah yang penggunaannya harus berbeda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A further reason for the distinction is that legislation is often drafted employing the traditional terminology.</span> Selanjutnya alasan perbedaan adalah bahwa undang-undang sering dirancang Mempekerjakan tradisional terminologi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The division of land and chattels has been criticised as being not satisfactory as a basis for categorising the principles of property law since it concentrates attention not on the proprietary interests themselves but on the objects of those interests. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a> Moreover, in the case of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixture&usg=ALkJrhgBr861A0shUZ8wTzGNzcDbdW6VsA" title="Fixture">fixtures</a> , chattels which are affixed to or placed on land may become part of the land.</span> Pembagian tanah telah bergerak dan kritik sebagai tidak memuaskan sebagai dasar untuk categorising prinsip-prinsip hukum properti karena berkonsentrasi perhatian tidak eksklusif pada kepentingan sendiri tetapi pada kepentingan orang-orang objek. <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[4]</span></sup></a> Selain itu, dalam kasus <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixture&usg=ALkJrhgBr861A0shUZ8wTzGNzcDbdW6VsA" title="Fixture">Fixtures,</a> yang bergerak ke affixed atau diletakkan di tanah dapat menjadi bagian dari tanah.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Real property is generally sub-classified into:</span> Real properti umumnya sub-diklasifikasikan ke dalam:</span> </p><ol><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">corporeal hereditaments - tangible real property (land)</span> kebendaan hereditaments - nyata real properti (tanah)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">incorporeal hereditaments - intangible real property such as an easement of way</span> yg tak hereditaments - intangible real properti seperti keenakan jalan</span> </li></ol><p><a name="Possession" id="Possession"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhi9iSoqgqubu6UmqQpDTvSOxPmtZA" title="Sunting bagian: Possession">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Possession</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhi9iSoqgqubu6UmqQpDTvSOxPmtZA" title="Sunting bagian: Possession"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Possession</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The concept of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgxGuBCLV2M64_BEM0vBrGAxsLhQw" title="Possession (hukum)">possession</a> developed from a legal system whose principal concern was to avoid civil disorder.</span> Konsep <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgxGuBCLV2M64_BEM0vBrGAxsLhQw" title="Possession (hukum)">milik</a> dikembangkan dari sistem hukum yang utama adalah untuk menghindari kekhawatiran kekacauan sipil.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The general principle is that a person in possession of land or goods, even as a wrongdoer, is entitled to take action against anyone interfering with the possession unless the person interfering is able to demonstrate a superior right to do so.</span> Prinsip umum adalah bahwa seseorang dalam kepemilikan tanah atau barang, bahkan sebagai wrongdoer, berhak untuk mengambil tindakan terhadap siapapun campur dengan milik kecuali orang campur mampu menunjukkan keunggulan hak untuk melakukannya.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhsZpzW7zO7fJdpNBz6BN9EXu40sQ" title="Inggris">United Kingdom</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTorts_%28Interference_with_Goods%29_Act%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhibNOO7RREQRruke7ruv8QrcWx9pg" class="new" title="Torts (dengan barang) Undang-undang (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Torts (Interference with Goods) Act</a> 1977 has significantly amended the law relating to wrongful interference with goods and abolished some longstanding remedies and doctrines.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhsZpzW7zO7fJdpNBz6BN9EXu40sQ" title="Inggris">Inggris,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTorts_%28Interference_with_Goods%29_Act%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhibNOO7RREQRruke7ruv8QrcWx9pg" class="new" title="Torts (dengan barang) Undang-undang (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Torts (dengan barang) Act</a> 1977 signifikan telah diubah dengan Undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan gangguan salah barang dan beberapa sudah berjalan lama dihapuskan solusi dan doktrin.</span> </p><p><a name="Transfer_of_property" id="Transfer_of_property"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhjc2M5XSnHMxg7o0GF0pbR7ncZlcQ" title="Sunting bagian: Transfer dari properti">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Transfer of property</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhjc2M5XSnHMxg7o0GF0pbR7ncZlcQ" title="Sunting bagian: Transfer dari properti"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Transfer dari properti</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most usual way of acquiring an interest in property is as the result of a consensual transaction with the previous owner, for example, a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale&usg=ALkJrhj8iGilFiuAjj0frJfPwO7Y3ftw2Q" title="Penjualan">sale</a> or a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift&usg=ALkJrhhTOuVFjPPn5MmfTyi23FIoKm9dbg" title="Hadiah">gift</a> .</span> Yang paling biasa cara memperoleh minat dalam properti adalah sebagai hasil dari consensual transaksi dengan pemilik sebelumnya, misalnya <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale&usg=ALkJrhj8iGilFiuAjj0frJfPwO7Y3ftw2Q" title="Penjualan">penjualan</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift&usg=ALkJrhhTOuVFjPPn5MmfTyi23FIoKm9dbg" title="Hadiah">hadiah.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Dispositions by will may also be regarded as consensual transactions, since the effect of a will is to provide for the distribution of the deceased person's property to nominated beneficiaries.</span> Dispositions oleh akan mungkin juga akan dianggap sebagai transaksi consensual, karena efek yang akan memberikan untuk distribusi almarhum orang properti nominasi penerima.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A person may also obtain an interest in property under a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_%28property%29&usg=ALkJrhi3yrvJ9NP3hKCaHxI1NmHnkzn6Mg" title="Trust (properti)" class="mw-redirect">trust</a> established for his or her benefit by the owner of the property.</span> Seseorang juga bisa mendapatkan bunga properti di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_%28property%29&usg=ALkJrhi3yrvJ9NP3hKCaHxI1NmHnkzn6Mg" title="Trust (properti)" class="mw-redirect">kepercayaan</a> yang didirikan untuk manfaat-nya oleh pemilik properti.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is also possible for property to pass from one person to another independently of the consent of the property owner.</span> Adalah mungkin juga untuk properti untuk lulus dari satu orang lain untuk berdiri sendiri persetujuan dari pemilik properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, this occurs when a person dies <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestate&usg=ALkJrhibntnXEce1GSCJ2uVh0j-a2nySvg" title="Berwasiat" class="mw-redirect">intestate</a> , goes <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankrupt&usg=ALkJrhidH1mWjqOn8qFZjjAEEW7qpBsThA" title="Bangkrut" class="mw-redirect">bankrupt</a> , or has the property taken in execution of a court judgment.</span> Misalnya, hal ini terjadi ketika seseorang meninggal <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestate&usg=ALkJrhibntnXEce1GSCJ2uVh0j-a2nySvg" title="Berwasiat" class="mw-redirect">berwasiat,</a> akan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankrupt&usg=ALkJrhidH1mWjqOn8qFZjjAEEW7qpBsThA" title="Bangkrut" class="mw-redirect">bangkrut,</a> atau memiliki harta yang diambil dalam pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan.</span> </p><p><a name="Priorities" id="Priorities"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhjKMBqqu23E85ay0IEgIB0qo59EVQ" title="Sunting bagian: Prioritas">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Priorities</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhjKMBqqu23E85ay0IEgIB0qo59EVQ" title="Sunting bagian: Prioritas"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Prioritas</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Occasionally, as a result of fraud or mistake, several people claim interests in one object, the claims being inconsistent with each other.</span> Sesekali, sebagai akibat dari penipuan atau kesalahan, beberapa orang menyatakan minat dalam satu objek, klaim yang tidak konsisten satu dengan yang lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This may arise where the person purporting to create or transfer the interest has a valid title, but purports to create several interests wholly or partially inconsistent with each other.</span> Ini mungkin timbul di mana orang purporting untuk membuat atau mentransfer memiliki minat yang valid judul, tetapi purports untuk membuat beberapa kepentingan seluruhnya atau sebagian tidak konsisten satu dengan yang lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In this case it is necessary for the courts to resolve the priorities conflict by determining the ranking of these interests.</span> Dalam hal ini penting untuk pengadilan prioritas untuk menyelesaikan konflik dengan menentukan peringkat ini minat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The need to resolve such conflicts suggests that different classes of proprietary interests have different spheres of enforceability depending on their place in the hierarchy.</span> Kebutuhan untuk menyelesaikan konflik seperti itu menunjukkan bahwa kelas-kelas yang berbeda dari milik memiliki kepentingan yang berbeda spheres of enforceability tergantung pada tempat di dalam hirarki.</span> </p><p><a name="Leases" id="Leases"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhjhq43Xzl060Bil6cIncChtNQcWew" title="Sunting bagian: sewa">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Leases</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhjhq43Xzl060Bil6cIncChtNQcWew" title="Sunting bagian: sewa"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">sewa</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Over the centuries, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lease&usg=ALkJrhgwRkHkzP-TfhpIZruKhJarUxehuQ" title="Sewa">leases</a> have served many purposes and the nature of legal regulation has varied according to those purposes and the social and economic conditions of the times.</span> Selama abad, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lease&usg=ALkJrhgwRkHkzP-TfhpIZruKhJarUxehuQ" title="Sewa">sewa</a> telah melayani berbagai tujuan dan sifat peraturan hukum yang bervariasi sesuai keperluan dan kondisi sosial dan ekonomi zaman.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Leaseholds, for example, were mainly used for <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural&usg=ALkJrhiBuu99dkgS28nErSbe4fkPD9kZVQ" title="Pertanian" class="mw-redirect">agricultural</a> purposes until the late 18th century and early 19th century when the growth of cities in industrialised countries had made the leasehold an important form of landholding in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area&usg=ALkJrhjD_IPNiOj4td2_GEzbcnq-XxQiUA" title="Daerah perkotaan">urban areas</a> .</span> Leaseholds, misalnya, terutama yang digunakan untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural&usg=ALkJrhiBuu99dkgS28nErSbe4fkPD9kZVQ" title="Pertanian" class="mw-redirect">pertanian</a> tujuan sampai akhir abad 18 dan awal abad ke-19 ketika perkembangan kota-kota di negara-negara industri telah menjadikan penyewaan yang penting dalam bentuk landholding <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area&usg=ALkJrhjD_IPNiOj4td2_GEzbcnq-XxQiUA" title="Daerah perkotaan">perkotaan.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The modern law of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlord&usg=ALkJrhgZvDrvwSfMlC8xBAF5Q0stSs2pwQ" title="Landlord">landlord</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenant&usg=ALkJrhiydKzHLzsBQ-yB8xDYCejYSmNlNA" title="Penyewa" class="mw-redirect">tenant</a> in common law jurisdictions retains the influence of the common law and, particularly, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire&usg=ALkJrhgL6rg6Dd6uOXlZi6Xu-FUCgvKfQw" title="Laissez-faire"><i>laissez-faire</i></a> philosophy that dominated the law of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhjSLmmgVz99t9OPzKelkGRBUezn9A" title="Kontrak">contract</a> and the law of property in the 19th century.</span> Modern hukum dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlord&usg=ALkJrhgZvDrvwSfMlC8xBAF5Q0stSs2pwQ" title="Landlord">pemilik</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenant&usg=ALkJrhiydKzHLzsBQ-yB8xDYCejYSmNlNA" title="Penyewa" class="mw-redirect">penyewa</a> dalam jurisdiksi hukum tetap memiliki pengaruh yang umum hukum dan, khususnya, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire&usg=ALkJrhgL6rg6Dd6uOXlZi6Xu-FUCgvKfQw" title="Laissez-faire"><i>laissez-faire</i></a> filosofi yang didominasi hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhjSLmmgVz99t9OPzKelkGRBUezn9A" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> dan hukum kekayaan pada abad ke-19.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">With the growth of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism&usg=ALkJrhhM0faG9_5nVsPGBMQxsloFskHx9A" title="Konsumerisme">consumerism</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhi8ATzak5JHmYhzMUxrXPkpCDZNmg" title="Perlindungan konsumen">consumer protection</a> legislation recognised that common law principles that assume equal bargaining power between the contracting parties are acknowledged to work hardship when that assumption is inaccurate.</span> Dengan pertumbuhan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism&usg=ALkJrhhM0faG9_5nVsPGBMQxsloFskHx9A" title="Konsumerisme">konsumerisme,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhi8ATzak5JHmYhzMUxrXPkpCDZNmg" title="Perlindungan konsumen">perlindungan konsumen</a> diakui perundang-undangan yang prinsip-prinsip umum hukum yang menganggap daya tawar yang sama antara pihak-pihak yang diakui untuk bekerja kesulitan ketika asumsi yang tidak akurat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consequently reformers have emphasised the need to assess residential tenancy laws in terms of protection they provide to tenants.</span> Akibatnya perdamaian telah menekankan perlunya menilai pemukiman penyewaan dari segi undang-undang perlindungan yang mereka berikan untuk penyewa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Legislation to protect tenants is now common.</span> Perundang-undangan untuk melindungi penyewa sekarang umum.</span> </p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhgcBc2fQxypH6jRaY-CD1Ls27ftdw" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhgcBc2fQxypH6jRaY-CD1Ls27ftdw" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_club&usg=ALkJrhgp_W-0cCsqW3rbQ9kOfx-LCg2D4A" title="Klaim klub">Claim club</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_club&usg=ALkJrhgp_W-0cCsqW3rbQ9kOfx-LCg2D4A" title="Klaim klub">Klaim klub</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhh2OSximw5d6BowXWJO3hDHUTkMEA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DProperty_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhh2OSximw5d6BowXWJO3hDHUTkMEA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-Makdisi-2005-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_ref-Makdisi-2005_0-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFMakdisi2005">Makdisi, John (2005), <i>Islamic Property Law: Cases and Materials for Comparative Analysis with the Common Law</i> , Carolina Academic Press, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1594601100&usg=ALkJrhjtLBMpsqJlss6f_9860vnsDjITUA" class="internal">ISBN 1594601100</a></cite></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_ref-Makdisi-2005_0-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFMakdisi2005">Makdisi, John (2005), <i>Hukum Islam Properti: Kasus untuk Bahan dan Analisis Komparatif dengan Common Law,</i> Carolina Academic Press, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1594601100&usg=ALkJrhjtLBMpsqJlss6f_9860vnsDjITUA" class="internal">ISBN 1594601100</a></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = Islam + + Properti Hukum Kasus% 3A + + dan + + + untuk Bahan Komparatif Analisis + dengan + + di + umum + Hukum & rft.aulast = Makdisi & rft.aufirst = John & rft.au = Makdisi% 2C + John & rft.date = 2005 & rft.pub = Carolina + + Tekan Akademik & rft.isbn = 1594601100 & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Property_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> RA Cunningham, WB Stoebuck & DA Whitman, <i>The Law of Property</i> , p.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> RA Cunningham, WB Stoebuck & DA Whitman, <i>Hukum properti,</i> hal</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1 (West 1984) (footnote reference omitted; italics and quotation marks in the original).</span> 1 (West 1984) (nota kaki referensi diabaikan; miring dan dalam tanda kutip yang asli).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> Edgeworth, B. et al, Property Law: Cases and Materials, 7th ed., (Butterworths, Australia, 2004): 6.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> Edgeworth, B. et al, Property Hukum: Kasus dan Material, 7th ed., (Butterworths, Australia, 2004): 6.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_ref-3" title=""><b>^</b></a> Felix Cohen, "Dialogue on Private Property" (1954) <i>Rutgers LR</i> 357.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw#cite_ref-3" title=""><b>^</b></a> Felix Cohen, "Dialog pada Private Property" (1954) <i>Rutgers LR</i> 357.</span> </li></ol></div><div class="references-small" style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron&usg=ALkJrhhQAEHHUh94Yv5seQ5SmvkAvVnXgQ" title="Jeremy Waldron">Jeremy Waldron</a> (2004-09-06).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron&usg=ALkJrhhQAEHHUh94Yv5seQ5SmvkAvVnXgQ" title="Jeremy Waldron">Jeremy Waldron</a> (2004/09/06).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">" <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.science.uva.nl/%7Eseop/entries/property/&usg=ALkJrhiE2ow-lNd7MsAawFCH9flxPc6Zow" class="external text" title="http://www.science.uva.nl/ ~ seop / masukan / properti /" rel="nofollow">Property(Moveable and Immoveable Property)</a> ". <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&usg=ALkJrhgeI0e73Uykq26tGj9091nr_LeFmw" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"><i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.science.uva.nl/%7Eseop/entries/property/&usg=ALkJrhiE2ow-lNd7MsAawFCH9flxPc6Zow" class="external text" title="http://www.science.uva.nl/ ~ seop / masukan / properti /" rel="nofollow">"Property (dpt bergerak dan Immoveable Properti)".</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&usg=ALkJrhgeI0e73Uykq26tGj9091nr_LeFmw" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"><i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</i></a></span> </li></ul></div></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-73368225304838212782009-01-20T23:55:00.000-08:002009-01-23T18:52:33.846-08:00Tort<h3 id="siteSub"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="infobox" style="FONT-SIZE: 88%; MARGIN: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4em; TEXT-ALIGN: center; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="" style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em"><a class="image" title="Scales keadilan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhjWRlHiH6i_wVhonS8or6_Mudw1Hw"><img height="102" alt="Scales keadilan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" /></a> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.15em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initialfont-size:145%;" ><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><strong class="selflink">Tort law</strong></span> <strong class="selflink">Tort hukum</strong></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.2em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.2em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.8em; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.1em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Part of the <a title="Umum hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag">common law</a> series</span> Bagian dari <a title="Umum hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag">hukum umum</a> seri</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Disengaja tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_tort&usg=ALkJrhhYPw2HTw7-kU4xz1PKk_u0Z_z-eQ">Intentional torts</a></span> <a title="Disengaja tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_tort&usg=ALkJrhhYPw2HTw7-kU4xz1PKk_u0Z_z-eQ">Disengaja torts</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Penyerangan (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhl8Kbg3yFWaP5aOz1IZes5RgyZAA">Assault</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Baterai (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhxLXNcS2aVPbRGXWr2iUgtz6MWBg">Battery</a></span> <a title="Penyerangan (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhl8Kbg3yFWaP5aOz1IZes5RgyZAA">Penyerangan</a> <a title="Baterai (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhxLXNcS2aVPbRGXWr2iUgtz6MWBg">Baterai</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Salah penjara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg">False imprisonment</a></span> <a title="Salah penjara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg">Salah penjara</a></span> <div style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.1em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Penderitaan yang disengaja emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhip75SDTsd3bC_oWgU9w2zS0lDnAQ">Intentional infliction of</a></span> <a title="Penderitaan yang disengaja emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhip75SDTsd3bC_oWgU9w2zS0lDnAQ">Penderitaan yang disengaja</a></span> <a title="Penderitaan yang disengaja emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhip75SDTsd3bC_oWgU9w2zS0lDnAQ"><br /></a><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Penderitaan yang disengaja emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhip75SDTsd3bC_oWgU9w2zS0lDnAQ">emotional distress (IIED)</a></span> <a title="Penderitaan yang disengaja emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhip75SDTsd3bC_oWgU9w2zS0lDnAQ">emotional distress (IIED)</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Properti torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_torts&usg=ALkJrhhUFpy4Rh0Lx_2n2ubPiDCZvUROEg">Property torts</a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Properti torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_torts&usg=ALkJrhhUFpy4Rh0Lx_2n2ubPiDCZvUROEg">Properti torts</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Pelanggaran" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ">Trespass</a> ( <a title="Pelanggaran terhadap tanah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_land&usg=ALkJrhiwPjiap-JlEgO0L0oxh2ZkIcvYRQ">land</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Pelanggaran untuk bergerak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_chattels&usg=ALkJrhgZtw-8dh3uhKThLfltb136fi_hoQ">chattels</a> )</span> <a title="Pelanggaran" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ">Pelanggaran</a> <a title="Pelanggaran terhadap tanah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_land&usg=ALkJrhiwPjiap-JlEgO0L0oxh2ZkIcvYRQ">(tanah</a> <a title="Pelanggaran untuk bergerak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_chattels&usg=ALkJrhgZtw-8dh3uhKThLfltb136fi_hoQ">bergerak)</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Konversi (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhK-uqYy2_k0_6YMzgtXpmyunmPWg">Conversion</a></span> <a title="Konversi (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhK-uqYy2_k0_6YMzgtXpmyunmPWg">Konversi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Detinue" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detinue&usg=ALkJrhiySbsfXGN9iXU9XFu6Z4eKDraKag">Detinue</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Replevin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replevin&usg=ALkJrhhJxxOE63_ONpB5YK45_n2awKw4Vg">Replevin</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Trover" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trover&usg=ALkJrhg7hgd3Jv5_BS0XDab-Mo2S76KGPg">Trover</a></span> <a title="Detinue" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detinue&usg=ALkJrhiySbsfXGN9iXU9XFu6Z4eKDraKag">Detinue</a> <a title="Replevin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replevin&usg=ALkJrhhJxxOE63_ONpB5YK45_n2awKw4Vg">Replevin</a> <a title="Trover" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trover&usg=ALkJrhg7hgd3Jv5_BS0XDab-Mo2S76KGPg">Trover</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial">Defenses </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Izin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent&usg=ALkJrhiZ4HAXsXATaYoDK_bKUNPHDoTLmg">Consent</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Kebutuhan (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhi5Mx_ARfNQybH3DbN12NdxucOWJg">Necessity</a></span> <a title="Izin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent&usg=ALkJrhiZ4HAXsXATaYoDK_bKUNPHDoTLmg">Izin</a> <a title="Kebutuhan (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhi5Mx_ARfNQybH3DbN12NdxucOWJg">kebutuhan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Defense of: ( <a title="Hak pembelaan diri" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense&usg=ALkJrhixOoGIpZ3AGKNr83RF9jVVnZ0duQ">Self</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Hak pembelaan diri" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense&usg=ALkJrhixOoGIpZ3AGKNr83RF9jVVnZ0duQ#Defense_of_others">Others</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Pertahanan dari properti" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_property&usg=ALkJrhjnkBugNPBTlThnNswSi6-1LTrnXg">Property</a> )</span> Pertahanan dari: <a title="Hak pembelaan diri" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense&usg=ALkJrhixOoGIpZ3AGKNr83RF9jVVnZ0duQ">(Cukup</a> <a title="Hak pembelaan diri" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense&usg=ALkJrhixOoGIpZ3AGKNr83RF9jVVnZ0duQ#Defense_of_others">Lainnya</a> <a title="Pertahanan dari properti" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_property&usg=ALkJrhjnkBugNPBTlThnNswSi6-1LTrnXg">Properti)</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">Negligence</a></span> <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">Kelalaian</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">Duty of care</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Standar perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care&usg=ALkJrhj7TFb6vqHK27iqgBzemYIIWu1d9A">Standard of care</a></span> <a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">Tugas perawatan</a> <a title="Standar perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care&usg=ALkJrhj7TFb6vqHK27iqgBzemYIIWu1d9A">standar perawatan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Kira-kira penyebabnya" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_cause&usg=ALkJrhhjyss5lE9Qrx1a4JTqlwT3VHJgvg">Proximate cause</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Res ipsa loquitur" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_ipsa_loquitur&usg=ALkJrhgejKlWjIJ0TBFDxbZQZN_DqfqfhA">Res ipsa loquitur</a></span> <a title="Kira-kira penyebabnya" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_cause&usg=ALkJrhhjyss5lE9Qrx1a4JTqlwT3VHJgvg">Kira-kira menyebabkan</a> <a title="Res ipsa loquitur" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_ipsa_loquitur&usg=ALkJrhgejKlWjIJ0TBFDxbZQZN_DqfqfhA">Res ipsa loquitur</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Calculus dari kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_negligence&usg=ALkJrhic7TxPwnWHWZqEZrJxZ5_e5hpAbw">Calculus of negligence</a></span> <a title="Calculus dari kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_negligence&usg=ALkJrhic7TxPwnWHWZqEZrJxZ5_e5hpAbw">Calculus dari kelalaian</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Rescue doktrin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhhgWhbYlPtPVyFSXB_v807Zvo3Jtg">Rescue doctrine</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Bertugas untuk menyelamatkan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_to_rescue&usg=ALkJrhhitNe-Ub6TRsH_A-9LDF9qysF1NA">Duty to rescue</a></span> <a title="Rescue doktrin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhhgWhbYlPtPVyFSXB_v807Zvo3Jtg">Rescue doktrin</a> <a title="Bertugas untuk menyelamatkan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_to_rescue&usg=ALkJrhhitNe-Ub6TRsH_A-9LDF9qysF1NA">Tugas untuk menyelamatkan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Specific types</i></span> <i>Jenis tertentu</i></span> <div style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.1em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Lalai dari penderitaan emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhhuRibLJ7SkVkfFcXaCxbd75xgMXg">Negligent infliction of</a></span> <a title="Lalai dari penderitaan emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhhuRibLJ7SkVkfFcXaCxbd75xgMXg">Lalai dari pengalaman pahit</a></span> <a title="Lalai dari penderitaan emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhhuRibLJ7SkVkfFcXaCxbd75xgMXg"><br /></a><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Lalai dari penderitaan emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhhuRibLJ7SkVkfFcXaCxbd75xgMXg">emotional distress (NIED)</a></span> <a title="Lalai dari penderitaan emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhhuRibLJ7SkVkfFcXaCxbd75xgMXg">penderitaan emosional (NIED)</a></span> </div><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Kelalaian dalam pekerjaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence_in_employment&usg=ALkJrhhDZ2WImSIJbMPnYgfYX6qf67gjdA">Employment-related</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Lalai entrustment" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_entrustment&usg=ALkJrhhAs5sZnuExExWHbMV5ENHyLmlowA">Entrustment</a></span> <a title="Kelalaian dalam pekerjaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence_in_employment&usg=ALkJrhhDZ2WImSIJbMPnYgfYX6qf67gjdA">Pekerjaan <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">yang berhubungan dengan</span></a> <a title="Lalai entrustment" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_entrustment&usg=ALkJrhhAs5sZnuExExWHbMV5ENHyLmlowA">Entrustment</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Tindakan salah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpractice&usg=ALkJrhiyB8gxW07MuMekCW9gbD6A0xxd8Q">Malpractice</a> ( <a title="Hukum perbuatan salah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_malpractice&usg=ALkJrhhUG_fwu5aPmnD__KG0VPmCDzbpSA">legal</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Medis tindakan salah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_malpractice&usg=ALkJrhjlUOVA_4TKcEsKs9u3gnoOPR7ulw">medical</a> )</span> <a title="Tindakan salah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpractice&usg=ALkJrhiyB8gxW07MuMekCW9gbD6A0xxd8Q">Tindakan salah</a> <a title="Hukum perbuatan salah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_malpractice&usg=ALkJrhhUG_fwu5aPmnD__KG0VPmCDzbpSA">(hukum</a> <a title="Medis tindakan salah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_malpractice&usg=ALkJrhjlUOVA_4TKcEsKs9u3gnoOPR7ulw">medis)</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Liability torts</span> Kewajiban torts</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Kewajiban Produk" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhi4lPodGM-PiRyMtsWHQ-pyipO97g">Product liability</a></span> <a title="Kewajiban Produk" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhi4lPodGM-PiRyMtsWHQ-pyipO97g">Kewajiban Produk</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Ultrahazardous kegiatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahazardous_activity&usg=ALkJrhgnt360B58USV0rtU_OFGEwrKAwxA">Ultrahazardous activity</a></span> <a title="Ultrahazardous kegiatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahazardous_activity&usg=ALkJrhgnt360B58USV0rtU_OFGEwrKAwxA">Ultrahazardous kegiatan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">Nuisance</a></span> <a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">Berabe</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Publik berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nuisance&usg=ALkJrhhawInIqtoCs_wPemBzVpx9VOsAWA">Public nuisance</a></span> <a title="Publik berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nuisance&usg=ALkJrhhawInIqtoCs_wPemBzVpx9VOsAWA">Publik berabe</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Rylands v. Fletcher" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_v._Fletcher&usg=ALkJrhjzTWZ9DaJENZ-3Wizk12w7Yz1PUw"><i>Rylands v. Fletcher</i></a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Rylands v. Fletcher" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_v._Fletcher&usg=ALkJrhjzTWZ9DaJENZ-3Wizk12w7Yz1PUw"><i>Rylands v. Fletcher</i></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Pembesar torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignitary_torts&usg=ALkJrhjnhkusnzdOyybDgSR45wsrifWeRA">Dignitary torts</a></span> <a title="Pembesar torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignitary_torts&usg=ALkJrhjnhkusnzdOyybDgSR45wsrifWeRA">Pembesar torts</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation&usg=ALkJrhj2ke-Zkp-CXmmVnTG3ydpSbgebIw">Defamation</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi privasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_privacy&usg=ALkJrhiVpCEuvRGTMLd5oP1I4Sd6AlzTRA">Invasion of privacy</a></span> <a title="Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation&usg=ALkJrhj2ke-Zkp-CXmmVnTG3ydpSbgebIw">Fitnah</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi privasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_privacy&usg=ALkJrhiVpCEuvRGTMLd5oP1I4Sd6AlzTRA">Invasion privasi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Cahaya palsu" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_light&usg=ALkJrhibMTQNEGypqNgBl0PM1DR-BO224g">False light</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Pelanggaran keyakinan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_confidence&usg=ALkJrhg3s5I_hR3L3iuETok-t7SMxjvj_w">Breach of confidence</a></span> <a title="Cahaya palsu" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_light&usg=ALkJrhibMTQNEGypqNgBl0PM1DR-BO224g">Salah cahaya</a> <a title="Pelanggaran keyakinan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_confidence&usg=ALkJrhg3s5I_hR3L3iuETok-t7SMxjvj_w">Breach dari keyakinan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Penyalahgunaan proses" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_process&usg=ALkJrhiEjEDQpI3yRdLfBOyrGqYnzA3Uvg">Abuse of process</a></span> <a title="Penyalahgunaan proses" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_process&usg=ALkJrhiEjEDQpI3yRdLfBOyrGqYnzA3Uvg">Penyalahgunaan proses</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Berbahaya penuntutan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_prosecution&usg=ALkJrhit1VmXcCnKcpu4svFMNtJIaX_xHQ">Malicious prosecution</a></span> <a title="Berbahaya penuntutan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_prosecution&usg=ALkJrhit1VmXcCnKcpu4svFMNtJIaX_xHQ">Berbahaya penuntutan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Keadaan mengasingkan diri dari affections" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation_of_affections&usg=ALkJrhjj1TqjG3TmVKnHvQ9Ih4fo_SLFoQ">Alienation of affections</a></span> <a title="Keadaan mengasingkan diri dari affections" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation_of_affections&usg=ALkJrhjj1TqjG3TmVKnHvQ9Ih4fo_SLFoQ">Keadaan mengasingkan diri dari affections</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Ekonomi torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_torts&usg=ALkJrhgoWURDIjqai0r_n_zB660MXJD3iQ">Economic torts</a></span> <a title="Ekonomi torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_torts&usg=ALkJrhgoWURDIjqai0r_n_zB660MXJD3iQ">Ekonomi torts</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Penipuan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ">Fraud</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Menyakitkan gangguan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortious_interference&usg=ALkJrhgU-GJ-HdewR6OxK3j17OYJXxdxgA">Tortious interference</a></span> <a title="Penipuan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ">Penipuan</a> <a title="Menyakitkan gangguan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortious_interference&usg=ALkJrhgU-GJ-HdewR6OxK3j17OYJXxdxgA">menyakitkan gangguan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Konspirasi (sipil)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_%28civil%29&usg=ALkJrhijs6dDMQszAYhl4lVLcEnrNxQgnw">Conspiracy</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Perdagangan bebas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade&usg=ALkJrhicYjhf3qbdrbMe5L6A9WzfLG39PA">Restraint of trade</a></span> <a title="Konspirasi (sipil)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_%28civil%29&usg=ALkJrhijs6dDMQszAYhl4lVLcEnrNxQgnw">Konspirasi</a> <a title="Perdagangan bebas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade&usg=ALkJrhicYjhf3qbdrbMe5L6A9WzfLG39PA">perdagangan bebas</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Liability, defences, remedies</span> Tanggung jawab, defences, remedies</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Komparatif kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_negligence&usg=ALkJrhiJuhsAQRjpDuX_hK7q63oKakOEuA">Comparative</a> / <a title="Kelalaian yg dibea" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributory_negligence&usg=ALkJrhhhq8FznSBr9O33gepaGdGNIYOr8A">contributory negligence</a></span> <a title="Komparatif kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_negligence&usg=ALkJrhiJuhsAQRjpDuX_hK7q63oKakOEuA">Komparatif</a> / <a title="Kelalaian yg dibea" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributory_negligence&usg=ALkJrhhhq8FznSBr9O33gepaGdGNIYOr8A">kelalaian yg dibea</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Kesempatan terakhir jelas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_clear_chance&usg=ALkJrhhHottnmf14jv0uQWtqY-CV0IoaEw">Last clear chance</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Kelompang tengkorak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshell_skull&usg=ALkJrhhgoFZ7KhxoE7BrQU-Z78iZfZsyfA">Eggshell skull</a></span> <a title="Kesempatan terakhir jelas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_clear_chance&usg=ALkJrhhHottnmf14jv0uQWtqY-CV0IoaEw">Kesempatan terakhir jelas</a> <a title="Kelompang tengkorak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshell_skull&usg=ALkJrhhgoFZ7KhxoE7BrQU-Z78iZfZsyfA">kelompang tengkorak</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Vicarious kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability&usg=ALkJrhjda9qY-L9EDXkHl-XASKbsWumpZA">Vicarious liability</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Volenti tidak sesuai injuria" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volenti_non_fit_injuria&usg=ALkJrhjIBC11n6l1cXu4QJedyOjCF-LYVA">Volenti non fit injuria</a></span> <a title="Vicarious kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability&usg=ALkJrhjda9qY-L9EDXkHl-XASKbsWumpZA">Vicarious liability</a> <a title="Volenti tidak sesuai injuria" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volenti_non_fit_injuria&usg=ALkJrhjIBC11n6l1cXu4QJedyOjCF-LYVA">Volenti tidak sesuai injuria</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Ex turpi causa non oritur actio" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_turpi_causa_non_oritur_actio&usg=ALkJrhiemeUwa6NkRjjhbgQHIZXSG2PBmg">Ex turpi causa non oritur actio</a></span> <a title="Ex turpi causa non oritur actio" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_turpi_causa_non_oritur_actio&usg=ALkJrhiemeUwa6NkRjjhbgQHIZXSG2PBmg">Ex turpi causa non oritur actio</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Netral reportage" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_reportage&usg=ALkJrhhRpm7qKgND-CT7-MFC07iaczIQ7Q">Neutral reportage</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w">Damages</a></span> <a title="Netral reportage" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_reportage&usg=ALkJrhhRpm7qKgND-CT7-MFC07iaczIQ7Q">Netral reportage</a> <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w">Damages</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Perintah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction&usg=ALkJrhjG6L8zXzUaHXI1UqT-vxTZm-avFw">Injunction</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Tort (konflik)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_%28conflict%29&usg=ALkJrhg5Y5cmWjuN4JYW6qHGFXCa7__gfA">Torts and conflict of laws</a></span> <a title="Perintah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction&usg=ALkJrhjG6L8zXzUaHXI1UqT-vxTZm-avFw">Perintah</a> <a title="Tort (konflik)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_%28conflict%29&usg=ALkJrhg5Y5cmWjuN4JYW6qHGFXCa7__gfA">Torts konflik dan undang-undang</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Duty to visitors</span> Kewajiban kepada pengunjung</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Pelanggar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasser&usg=ALkJrhgl_moaIvamtrWxJkuqkIklVHfubw">Trespassers</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Licensee" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensee&usg=ALkJrhjrthm7uba2XanTNOU3Qb43h1Poww">Licensees</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Diundang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitee&usg=ALkJrhhjI6mU-ljEHtUKxMZFthWBt_9fyg">Invitees</a></span> <a title="Pelanggar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasser&usg=ALkJrhgl_moaIvamtrWxJkuqkIklVHfubw">Trespassers</a> <a title="Licensee" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensee&usg=ALkJrhjrthm7uba2XanTNOU3Qb43h1Poww">Licensees</a> <a title="Diundang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitee&usg=ALkJrhhjI6mU-ljEHtUKxMZFthWBt_9fyg">undang</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Menarik berabe doktrin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attractive_nuisance_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhjT70UmQd7pTjlu5wwawbvu6T_W1Q">Attractive nuisance</a></span> <a title="Menarik berabe doktrin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attractive_nuisance_doctrine&usg=ALkJrhjT70UmQd7pTjlu5wwawbvu6T_W1Q">Menarik berabe</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Other <a title="Umum hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag">common law</a> areas</span> Lainnya <a title="Umum hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag">hukum umum</a> daerah</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Kontrak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg">Contracts</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Hukum pidana" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ">Criminal law</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Bukti (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhj0suqNPkf8v6KUMLCYTeAU1Jnx-w">Evidence</a></span> <a title="Kontrak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg">Kontrak</a> <a title="Hukum pidana" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ">Hukum Pidana</a> <a title="Bukti (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhj0suqNPkf8v6KUMLCYTeAU1Jnx-w">Bukti</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Hukum properti" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhi0jMjcaYbk25mdNM0aQr026vJyTA">Property</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">·</span> <a title="Apakah (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgE8Z4aXJFZUhER_qZzYzKewlsq8Q">Wills</a> , <a title="Percaya dan perkebunan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_estates&usg=ALkJrhjAT5x46qZqXc9f60rqv5ibCxBUVg">trusts and estates</a></span> <a title="Hukum properti" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhi0jMjcaYbk25mdNM0aQr026vJyTA">Properti</a> <a title="Apakah (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgE8Z4aXJFZUhER_qZzYzKewlsq8Q">Wills,</a> <a title="Percaya dan perkebunan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_estates&usg=ALkJrhjAT5x46qZqXc9f60rqv5ibCxBUVg">percaya dan perkebunan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND: rgb(102,204,255); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0.2em; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Portals</span> Portal</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.4em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.4em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.6em; PADDING-TOP: 0.3em"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Portal: Hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law&usg=ALkJrhh4Sb6GfrQuwrSMl3D7uBVPlwnDpQ">Law</a></span> <a title="Portal: Hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law&usg=ALkJrhh4Sb6GfrQuwrSMl3D7uBVPlwnDpQ">Hukum</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-TOP: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0.4em"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; WHITE-SPACE: nowrapfont-size:xx-small;color:transparent;" ><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span title="Lihat template ini"><a title="Template: Tort law" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tort_law&usg=ALkJrhgCk6Xyzuiti79xfuFBesU8hQpN3A">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span title="Diskusi tentang template ini" style="COLOR: rgb(0,43,184)"><a title="Template talk: Tort law" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tort_law&usg=ALkJrhhN6z_keztzvuuaOPPGc9ik0GWcLA">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan." style="COLOR: rgb(0,43,184)"><a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Tort_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhh6PZ65DwcOj6KHSxyzvAJ2Lc0zNg" rel="nofollow" action="edit">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini"><a title="Template: Tort law" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tort_law&usg=ALkJrhgCk6Xyzuiti79xfuFBesU8hQpN3A">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span title="Diskusi tentang template ini" style="COLOR: rgb(0,43,184)"><a title="Template talk: Tort law" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tort_law&usg=ALkJrhhN6z_keztzvuuaOPPGc9ik0GWcLA">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan." style="COLOR: rgb(0,43,184)"><a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Tort_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhh6PZ65DwcOj6KHSxyzvAJ2Lc0zNg" rel="nofollow" action="edit">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="dablink"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This article is about legal torts.</span> Artikel ini adalah tentang hukum torts.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">For cakes, see <a title="Torte" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torte&usg=ALkJrhjTka3cVkwAlN4jL7l6vKP03po5Tw">Torte</a> .</span> Untuk kue, lihat <a title="Torte" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torte&usg=ALkJrhjTka3cVkwAlN4jL7l6vKP03po5Tw">Torte.</a></span> </div><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><b>Tort</b> law is the name given to a body of law that addresses, and provides remedies for, civil wrongs not arising out of <a title="Kontrak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg">contractual</a> obligations. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-0"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 1 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> A person who suffers legal <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w">damages</a> may be able to use tort law to receive compensation from someone who is <a title="Kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liability&usg=ALkJrhgptQ8hgkNRZKXDxZ3ea0MOlUPfCQ">legally responsible</a> , or "liable," for those injuries.</span> <b>Tort</b> hukum adalah nama yang diberikan untuk sebuah badan hukum yang alamat, dan untuk menyediakan solusi, sipil wrongs tidak timbul dari <a title="Kontrak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg">kontrak</a> kewajiban. <span style="font-size:+0;"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-0"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0">[1]</sup></a></span> Seseorang hukum yang menderita <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w">kerusakan</a> mungkin dapat menggunakan kesalahan hukum untuk menerima kompensasi dari seseorang yang yang <a title="Kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liability&usg=ALkJrhgptQ8hgkNRZKXDxZ3ea0MOlUPfCQ">bertanggung jawab secara hukum,</a> atau "bertanggung jawab," bagi mereka yang cedera.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Generally speaking, tort law defines what constitutes a legal injury and establishes the circumstances under which one person may be held liable for another's injury.</span> Secara umum, kesalahan hukum mendefinisikan apa yang merupakan hukum cedera dan menetapkan keadaan di mana satu orang Mei merupakan tanggung jawab untuk lain cedera.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Torts cover intentional acts and accidents.</span> Torts menutupi tindakan disengaja dan kecelakaan.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">For instance, Alice throws a ball and <a title="Kecelakaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident&usg=ALkJrhhsU-iogLUrA3J87JSZ66-tO8atmA">accidentally</a> hits Brenda in the eye.</span> Misalnya, Alice throws bola dan <a title="Kecelakaan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident&usg=ALkJrhhsU-iogLUrA3J87JSZ66-tO8atmA">tanpa sengaja</a> hits Brenda di mata.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Brenda may sue Alice for losses occasioned by the accident (eg, costs of medical treatment, lost income during time off work, pain and suffering, etc.).</span> Brenda Mei sue Alice untuk kerugian occasioned oleh kecelakaan (misalnya, biaya pengobatan, kehilangan pendapatan selama waktu tidak bekerja, dan menderita sakit, dll).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Whether or not Brenda wins her <a title="Perkara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit&usg=ALkJrhhJ09owj3RVQ25aNMCU8SmhVkvMdw">suit</a> depends on if she can prove Alice engaged in tortious conduct.</span> Apakah dia memenangkan Brenda <a title="Perkara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit&usg=ALkJrhhJ09owj3RVQ25aNMCU8SmhVkvMdw">sesuai</a> tergantung apakah dia bisa membuktikan Alice terlibat dalam melakukan menyakitkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Here, Brenda would attempt to <a title="Bukti beban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhg5i07AxNoG7LwmoeCGxhc8oyC58Q">prove</a> Alice had a <a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">duty</a> and failed to exercise the <a title="Standar perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care&usg=ALkJrhj7TFb6vqHK27iqgBzemYIIWu1d9A">standard of care</a> which a <a title="Wajar orang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_person&usg=ALkJrhhAmS97J6j3nj-I2xmtseT5z6leKQ">reasonable person</a> would render in throwing the ball.</span> Di sini, Brenda akan mencoba untuk <a title="Bukti beban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhg5i07AxNoG7LwmoeCGxhc8oyC58Q">membuktikan</a> Alice mempunyai <a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">tugas</a> dan gagal untuk melaksanakan <a title="Standar perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care&usg=ALkJrhj7TFb6vqHK27iqgBzemYIIWu1d9A">standar pelayanan</a> yang <a title="Wajar orang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_person&usg=ALkJrhhAmS97J6j3nj-I2xmtseT5z6leKQ">wajar orang</a> akan menyebabkan dalam membuang bola.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">One of the main topics of the substance of tort law is determining the " <a title="Standar perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care&usg=ALkJrhj7TFb6vqHK27iqgBzemYIIWu1d9A">standard of care</a> " - a legal phrase that means distinguishing between when conduct is or is not tortious.</span> Salah satu topik utama dari substansi hukum adalah kesalahan menentukan <a title="Standar perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care&usg=ALkJrhj7TFb6vqHK27iqgBzemYIIWu1d9A">"standar perawatan"</a> - yang berarti bahwa hukum frase membedakan antara ketika melakukan ini atau itu tidak menyakitkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Put another way, the big issue is whether a person suffers the loss from his own injury, or whether it gets transferred to someone else.</span> Tempatkan dengan cara lain, masalah yang besar adalah apakah orang yang menderita kerugian dari cedera sendiri, atau apakah ia akan ditransfer ke orang lain.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Going back to the example above, if Alice threw the ball at Brenda on purpose, Brenda could sue for the <a title="Disengaja tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_tort&usg=ALkJrhhYPw2HTw7-kU4xz1PKk_u0Z_z-eQ">intentional tort</a> of <a title="Baterai (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhxLXNcS2aVPbRGXWr2iUgtz6MWBg">battery</a> .</span> Kembali ke contoh di atas, jika Alice melemparkan bola di Brenda pada tujuan, Brenda bisa sue untuk <a title="Disengaja tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_tort&usg=ALkJrhhYPw2HTw7-kU4xz1PKk_u0Z_z-eQ">tort disengaja</a> dari <a title="Baterai (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhxLXNcS2aVPbRGXWr2iUgtz6MWBg">baterai.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">If it was an accident, Brenda must prove <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">negligence</a> .</span> Jika itu terjadi kecelakaan, Brenda harus membuktikan <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">kelalaian.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">To do this, Brenda must show that her injury was reasonably foreseeable, that Alice owed Brenda a <a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">duty of care</a> not to hit her with the ball, and that Alice failed to meet the <a title="Standar perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care&usg=ALkJrhj7TFb6vqHK27iqgBzemYIIWu1d9A">standard of care</a> required.</span> Untuk melakukan ini, Brenda harus menunjukkan bahwa dia telah cedera cukup dpt diduga, bahwa Alice owed Brenda <a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">kewajiban perawatan</a> untuk tidak memukul bola dengan dia, dan Alice yang gagal untuk memenuhi <a title="Standar perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care&usg=ALkJrhj7TFb6vqHK27iqgBzemYIIWu1d9A">standar perawatan</a> yang diperlukan.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In much of the western world, the touchstone of tort liability is <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">negligence</a> .</span> Di banyak dunia barat, dengan batu ujian adalah tanggung jawab dari kesalahan <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">kelalaian.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">If the injured party cannot prove that the person believed to have caused the injury acted with negligence, at the very least, tort law will not compensate them.</span> Jika pihak yang terluka tidak dapat membuktikan bahwa orang percaya telah menyebabkan cedera bertindak dengan kelalaian, di sangat paling tidak, kesalahan hukum tidak akan memberikan kompensasi kepada mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Tort law also recognizes <a class="mw-redirect" title="Disengaja torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_torts&usg=ALkJrhhm9rRGbCRvWSXgZGpYx_PVvD5qPQ">intentional torts</a> and <a title="Ketat kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A">strict liability</a> , which apply to defendants who engage in certain actions.</span> Tort hukum juga mengakui <a class="mw-redirect" title="Disengaja torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_torts&usg=ALkJrhhm9rRGbCRvWSXgZGpYx_PVvD5qPQ">disengaja torts</a> dan <a title="Ketat kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A">kewajiban ketat,</a> yang berlaku bagi terdakwa yang terlibat dalam tindakan tertentu.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In tort law, injury is defined broadly.</span> Kesalahan dalam undang-undang, cedera didefinisikan luas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Injury does not just mean a physical injury, such as where Brenda was struck by a ball.</span> Luka tidak hanya berarti fisik cedera, seperti yang telah terkena oleh Brenda bola.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Injuries in tort law reflect any invasion of any number of individual "interests."</span> Luka-luka dalam hukum mencerminkan kerugian apapun invasi dari jumlah setiap individu "kepentingan."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This includes interests recognized in other areas of law, such as <a title="Properti" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhjaoiIJZeqfWsqhUk-5ZG6L8uOaHw">property</a> rights.</span> Ini termasuk kepentingan lainnya yang diakui dalam bidang hukum, seperti hak <a title="Properti" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhjaoiIJZeqfWsqhUk-5ZG6L8uOaHw">milik.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Actions for <a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">nuisance</a> and <a title="Pelanggaran" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ">trespass</a> to land can arise from interfering with rights in real property. <a title="Konversi (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhK-uqYy2_k0_6YMzgtXpmyunmPWg">Conversion</a> and trespass to chattels can protect interference with movable property.</span> Tindakan untuk <a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">gangguan</a> dan <a title="Pelanggaran" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ">pelanggaran</a> atas tanah dapat timbul dari campur dengan hak milik. <a title="Konversi (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhK-uqYy2_k0_6YMzgtXpmyunmPWg">Konversi</a> pelanggaran dan dapat bergerak untuk melindungi gangguan yg dpt digerakkan dengan properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Interests in prospective economic advantages from <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kontrak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracts&usg=ALkJrhhW-52ZCjYdMtqntu1b_8itRGqwbw">contracts</a> can also be injured and become the subject of tort actions.</span> Minat calon dalam keuntungan ekonomi dari <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kontrak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracts&usg=ALkJrhhW-52ZCjYdMtqntu1b_8itRGqwbw">kontrak</a> juga dapat terluka dan menjadi subyek tort tindakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A number of situations caused by parties in a contractual relationship may nevertheless be tort rather than contract claims, such as breach of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Gadai tugas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary_duty&usg=ALkJrhheTQvuVRLAP0kJCF7NKT5BbRTXRA">fiduciary duty</a> .</span> Sejumlah situasi yang disebabkan oleh pihak-pihak dalam suatu hubungan kontrak Mei bagaimanapun akan kesalahan daripada kontrak klaim, seperti pelanggaran <a class="mw-redirect" title="Gadai tugas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary_duty&usg=ALkJrhheTQvuVRLAP0kJCF7NKT5BbRTXRA">gadai tugas.</a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Tort law may also be used to compensate for injuries to a number of other individual interests that are not recognized in property or contract law, and are intangible.</span> Tort hukum dapat juga digunakan untuk kompensasi untuk cedera ke sejumlah kepentingan individu lain yang tidak dikenal di properti atau kontrak hukum, dan intangible.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This includes an interest in freedom from emotional distress, privacy interests, and reputation.</span> Ini termasuk dalam sebuah kebebasan dari penderitaan emosional, privasi, dan reputasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">These are protected by a number of torts such as <a title="Penderitaan yang disengaja emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhip75SDTsd3bC_oWgU9w2zS0lDnAQ">infliction</a> , <a title="Privasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy&usg=ALkJrhiPox-Yq6wa6ovlcYGuMizElBmywA">privacy</a> torts, and <a title="Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation&usg=ALkJrhj2ke-Zkp-CXmmVnTG3ydpSbgebIw">defamation</a> .</span> Ini dilindungi oleh sejumlah torts seperti <a title="Penderitaan yang disengaja emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhip75SDTsd3bC_oWgU9w2zS0lDnAQ">pengalaman pahit,</a> <a title="Privasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy&usg=ALkJrhiPox-Yq6wa6ovlcYGuMizElBmywA">privasi</a> torts, dan <a title="Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation&usg=ALkJrhj2ke-Zkp-CXmmVnTG3ydpSbgebIw">fitnah.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Defamation and privacy torts may, for example, allow a celebrity to sue a newspaper for publishing an untrue and harmful statement about him.</span> Fitnah dan privasi torts Mei, misalnya, memungkinkan seorang selebriti ke sue untuk menerbitkan sebuah surat kabar yang tidak benar dan berbahaya pernyataan tentang dia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Other protected interests include freedom of movement, protected by the intentional tort of <a title="Salah penjara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg">false imprisonment</a> .</span> Kepentingan lainnya yang dilindungi termasuk kebebasan bergerak, dilindungi oleh kesalahan yang disengaja <a title="Salah penjara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg">palsu penjara.</a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The equivalent of tort in <a title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ">civil law</a> jurisdictions is <a title="Hal melanggar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delict&usg=ALkJrhiXAmwMbxkyyGdq7QAtVbKa6i4MUw">delict</a> . <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-1"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 2 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> The law of torts can be categorised as part of the <a title="Kewajiban hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhhYqc7bCcJ1TArOY2ecZ5xxT8-rqA">law of obligations</a> , but unlike voluntarily assumed obligations (such as those of contract, or trust), the duties imposed by the law of torts apply to all those subject to the relevant <a title="Yurisdiksi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og">jurisdiction</a> .</span> Sama dengan kerugian dalam <a title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ">hukum perdata</a> jurisdiksi adalah <a title="Hal melanggar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delict&usg=ALkJrhiXAmwMbxkyyGdq7QAtVbKa6i4MUw">hal melanggar.</a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-1"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><span style="font-size:+0;">[2]</span></sup></a> hukum torts dapat dikategorikan sebagai bagian dari <a title="Kewajiban hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhhYqc7bCcJ1TArOY2ecZ5xxT8-rqA">kewajiban hukum,</a> tapi tidak seperti kewajiban diasumsikan secara sukarela (seperti orang-orang yang kontrak atau kepercayaan), tugas-tugas yang dikenakan oleh torts hukum yang berlaku untuk semua orang yang tunduk pada <a title="Yurisdiksi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og">yurisdiksi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">To behave in 'tortious' manner is to harm another's <a title="Hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA">body</a> , <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hak milik" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_rights&usg=ALkJrhjnynuKQeH7f3HVuxPaRj7HRiYN8Q">property</a> , or legal rights, or possibly, to breach a duty owed under <a title="Undang-undang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_law&usg=ALkJrhg0719L9fKqqkSkYFFN9A6tyeBnMw">statute</a> .</span> Perilaku ke dalam 'menyakitkan' adalah cara lain untuk menyakiti <a title="Hak asasi manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA">tubuh,</a> hak <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hak milik" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_rights&usg=ALkJrhjnynuKQeH7f3HVuxPaRj7HRiYN8Q">milik,</a> atau hak-hak hukum, atau mungkin, untuk pelanggaran kewajiban owed di bawah <a title="Undang-undang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_law&usg=ALkJrhg0719L9fKqqkSkYFFN9A6tyeBnMw">undang-undang.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">One who commits a tortious act is called a "tortfeasor". <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-2"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 3 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> Torts is one of the <a title="American Bar Association" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association&usg=ALkJrhgB2iEKXeNkPWxfL1_B6psUa9D1xA">American Bar Association</a> mandatory first year law school courses. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-3"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 4 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Orang yang melakukan perbuatan yang menyakitkan adalah yang disebut "tortfeasor". <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-2"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><span style="font-size:+0;">[3]</span></sup></a> Torts adalah salah satu dari <a title="American Bar Association" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association&usg=ALkJrhgB2iEKXeNkPWxfL1_B6psUa9D1xA">American Bar Association</a> wajib tahun pertama sekolah kursus hukum. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-3"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span style="font-size:+0;">[4]</span></sup></a></span> </p><table class="toc" id="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Categories_of_torts"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Categories of torts</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Categories_of_torts"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">dari Kategori torts</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Negligence"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Negligence</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Negligence"><span class="tocnumber">2,1</span> <span class="toctext">Negligence</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Statutory_torts"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Statutory torts</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Statutory_torts"><span class="tocnumber">2,2</span> <span class="toctext">Statutory torts</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Nuisance"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nuisance</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Nuisance"><span class="tocnumber">2,3</span> <span class="toctext">berabe</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Defamation"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Defamation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Defamation"><span class="tocnumber">2,4</span> <span class="toctext">Fitnah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Intentional_torts"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Intentional torts</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Intentional_torts"><span class="tocnumber">2,5</span> <span class="toctext">disengaja torts</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Economic_torts"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Economic torts</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Economic_torts"><span class="tocnumber">2,6</span> <span class="toctext">Ekonomi torts</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Competition_law"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Competition law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Competition_law"><span class="tocnumber">2,7</span> <span class="toctext">Kompetisi hukum</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Liability.2C_defenses.2C_and_remedies"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Liability, defenses, and remedies</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Liability.2C_defenses.2C_and_remedies"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Kewajiban, defenses, dan solusi</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Vicarious_liability"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Vicarious liability</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Vicarious_liability"><span class="tocnumber">3,1</span> <span class="toctext">Vicarious kewajiban</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Defenses"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Defenses</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Defenses"><span class="tocnumber">3,2</span> <span class="toctext">Defenses</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-3"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Consent"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consent</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Consent"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consent</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-3"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Contributory_negligence"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Contributory negligence</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Contributory_negligence"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">kelalaian yg dibea</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-3"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Illegality"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Illegality</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Illegality"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">ketidaksahan</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Remedies"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Remedies</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Remedies"><span class="tocnumber">3,3</span> <span class="toctext">remedies</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Theory_and_reform"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Theory and reform</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Theory_and_reform"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Teori dan reformasi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Overlap_with_criminal_law"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Overlap with criminal law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Overlap_with_criminal_law"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tumpang tindih dengan hukum pidana</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Tort_by_legal_jurisdiction"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Tort by legal jurisdiction</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Tort_by_legal_jurisdiction"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Tort oleh yurisdiksi hukum</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliografi</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><br /><p><a id="Etymology" name="Etymology"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Etymology" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhadXqYcyPMkZaiNeG8auq5vcN93Q">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Etymology</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Etymology" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhadXqYcyPMkZaiNeG8auq5vcN93Q"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sejarah</span></span> </h2><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Tengah Inggris" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English&usg=ALkJrhixl7DQszLtvAu6KAOg2VwXCDjbgA">Middle English</a> , "injury", from Anglo-French, from <a title="Medieval Latin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin&usg=ALkJrhhsMr0pla9Sur8eWxz8P-XyT9NrXA">Medieval Latin</a> <i>tortum</i> , from Latin, neuter of <i>tortus</i> "twisted", from <a class="mw-redirect" title="Telah partisip" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_participle&usg=ALkJrhiSJ-Gvtgv2EH10ND9uRdXsh_28pg">past participle</a> of <i>torquēre</i> .</span> <a title="Tengah Inggris" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English&usg=ALkJrhixl7DQszLtvAu6KAOg2VwXCDjbgA">Tengah Inggris,</a> "luka", dari Anglo-Perancis, dari <a title="Medieval Latin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin&usg=ALkJrhhsMr0pla9Sur8eWxz8P-XyT9NrXA">Medieval Latin</a> <i>tortum,</i> dari bahasa Latin, yang netral <i>tortus</i> "twisted", dari <a class="mw-redirect" title="Telah partisip" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_participle&usg=ALkJrhiSJ-Gvtgv2EH10ND9uRdXsh_28pg">masa lalu partisip</a> dari <i>torquēre.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">It is in contrast to the word <i>rectum</i> which means 'straight'.</span> Hal ini kontras dengan kata <i>dubur</i> yang berarti 'lurus'.</span> </p><p><a id="Categories_of_torts" name="Categories_of_torts"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Kategori dari torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhiOvpvzhUnUIG5XP9FItQ8ePNBWsg">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Categories of torts</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Kategori dari torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhiOvpvzhUnUIG5XP9FItQ8ePNBWsg"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kategori dari torts</span></span> </h2><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Torts may be categorised in a number of ways: one such is to divide them into Negligence Torts, and Intentional Torts.</span> Torts mungkin categorised dalam beberapa cara: salah satunya adalah untuk membagi menjadi Negligence Torts, dan Torts disengaja.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The dominant action in tort is <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">negligence</a> .</span> Yang dominan di tort adalah tindakan <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">kelalaian.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The tort of negligence provides a cause of action leading to <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w">damages</a> , or to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Injunctive relief" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctive_relief&usg=ALkJrhglWpX_oF-ZJAibThUjoB7gl5wRPw">injunctive relief</a> , in each case designed to protect legal rights, including those of personal safety, property, and, in some cases, intangible economic interests.</span> Kerugian dari kelalaian yang memberikan tindakan yang mengarah ke <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w">kerusakan,</a> atau untuk <a class="mw-redirect" title="Injunctive relief" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctive_relief&usg=ALkJrhglWpX_oF-ZJAibThUjoB7gl5wRPw">injunctive bantuan,</a> dalam setiap kasus yang dirancang untuk melindungi hak-hak hukum, termasuk orang-orang yang keselamatan pribadi, hak milik, dan dalam beberapa kasus, intangible ekonomi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Negligence actions include claims arising primarily from automobile accidents and personal injury accidents of many kinds, including clinical negligence. <a title="Kewajiban Produk" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhi4lPodGM-PiRyMtsWHQ-pyipO97g">Product liability</a> cases may also be considered negligence actions, but there is frequently a significant overlay of additional statutory content.</span> Kelalaian tindakan termasuk klaim yang timbul terutama dari kecelakaan mobil pribadi dan cedera kecelakaan dari berbagai jenis, termasuk klinis kelalaian. <a title="Kewajiban Produk" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhi4lPodGM-PiRyMtsWHQ-pyipO97g">Produk kewajiban</a> kasus juga dapat dianggap tindakan kelalaian, tetapi sering ada yang signifikan overlay konten tambahan undang-undang.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Among intentional torts may be certain torts arising out of the occupation or use of land.</span> Dimaksudkan antara torts tertentu torts mungkin timbul dari pekerjaan atau penggunaan tanah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">One such is the tort of <a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">nuisance</a> , which connotes <a title="Ketat kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A">strict liability</a> for a neighbor who interferes with another's enjoyment of his real property. <a title="Pelanggaran" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ">Trespass</a> allows owners to sue for incursions by a person (or his structure, for example an overhanging building) on their land.</span> Salah satu contohnya adalah kesalahan dari <a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">gangguan</a> yang connotes <a title="Ketat kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A">ketat kewajiban</a> bagi tetangga yang lain interferes dengan kenikmatan of his real properti. <a title="Pelanggaran" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ">Bersalah</a> memungkinkan pemilik untuk sue untuk incursions oleh orang (atau struktur, misalnya sebuah gedung overhanging) pada tanah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">There is a tort of <a title="Salah penjara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg">false imprisonment</a> , and a tort of <a title="Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation&usg=ALkJrhj2ke-Zkp-CXmmVnTG3ydpSbgebIw">defamation</a> , where someone makes an unsupportable allegation represented to be factual which damages the reputation of another.</span> Ada kesalahan yang <a title="Salah penjara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg">palsu penjara,</a> dan kerugian dari <a title="Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation&usg=ALkJrhj2ke-Zkp-CXmmVnTG3ydpSbgebIw">fitnah,</a> di mana seseorang membuat sebuah unsupportable dugaan diwakili harus faktual yang kerusakan reputasi yang lain.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Pekerja kompensasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_compensation&usg=ALkJrhjc8MGBMeO2oMi0PV39uWV0NWzQsA">Workers' compensation</a> laws were a legislative response to the common law torts doctrine placing limits on the extent to which employees could sue their employers in respect of injuries sustained during employment.</span> <a title="Pekerja kompensasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_compensation&usg=ALkJrhjc8MGBMeO2oMi0PV39uWV0NWzQsA">Pekerja kompensasi</a> hukum merupakan legislatif terhadap hukum umum torts doktrin menempatkan batasan di mana karyawan dapat menuntut majikan mereka sehubungan cedera berkelanjutan selama pekerjaan.</span> </p><p><a id="Negligence" name="Negligence"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Negligence" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhj1V75va5zg0LBOoMxsRS1qz4VfLg">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Negligence</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Negligence" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhj1V75va5zg0LBOoMxsRS1qz4VfLg"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Negligence</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">Negligence</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">Negligence</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 152px"><a class="image" title="J decomposed siput di Skotlandia adalah rendah hati awal modern hukum kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgaNXPeE-O98Cy43CkmNu6QJgHUNA"><img class="thumbimage" height="88" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grapevinesnail_01.jpg/150px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg" width="150" border="0" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Memperbesar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgaNXPeE-O98Cy43CkmNu6QJgHUNA"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a> </div><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A decomposed snail in Scotland was the humble beginning of the modern law of negligence</span> J decomposed siput di Skotlandia adalah rendah hati awal modern hukum kelalaian</span> </div></div></div><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Negligence is a tort which depends on the existence of a breach of <a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">duty of care</a> owed by one person to another.</span> Kelalaian adalah kesalahan yang bergantung pada keberadaan suatu pelanggaran <a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">tugas perawatan</a> owed oleh satu orang lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">One well-known case is <a class="mw-redirect" title="Donoghue v. Stevenson" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v._Stevenson&usg=ALkJrhi-AXEdbeZYg8j2x5U5BKDHJBk4zQ"><i>Donoghue v. Stevenson</i></a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-4"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 5 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> where Mrs. Donoghue consumed part of a drink containing a decomposed snail while in a public bar in <a title="Paisley" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley&usg=ALkJrhg68X9iXCIgr7KQW8HHmhdr2-K-WA">Paisley</a> , <a title="Skotlandia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland&usg=ALkJrhg_whUR_XLrDBrBzl7_95n1nQqX8g">Scotland</a> and claimed that it had made her ill.</span> Satu kasus terkenal adalah <a class="mw-redirect" title="Donoghue v. Stevenson" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v._Stevenson&usg=ALkJrhi-AXEdbeZYg8j2x5U5BKDHJBk4zQ"><i>Donoghue ayat Stevenson</i></a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-4"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><span style="font-size:+0;">[5]</span></sup></a> di mana Ibu Donoghue dikonsumsi bagian dari minuman yang mengandung decomposed siput umum sedangkan di bar di <a title="Paisley" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley&usg=ALkJrhg68X9iXCIgr7KQW8HHmhdr2-K-WA">Paisley,</a> <a title="Skotlandia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland&usg=ALkJrhg_whUR_XLrDBrBzl7_95n1nQqX8g">Skotlandia</a> dan menyatakan bahwa ia telah membuat dia sakit.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The snail was not visible, as the bottle of <a title="Bir jahe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_beer&usg=ALkJrhj9v4X-s8KhTQ2m_-nu9xJvGqRC0A">ginger beer</a> in which it was contained was opaque.</span> Siput yang tidak terlihat, karena sebotol <a title="Bir jahe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_beer&usg=ALkJrhj9v4X-s8KhTQ2m_-nu9xJvGqRC0A">bir jahe</a> di mana ia yang telah kabur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Neither her friend, who bought it for her, nor the shopkeeper who sold it were aware of its presence.</span> Baik itu teman, yang membeli untuk dia, maupun toko yang menjual itu telah sadar dari keberadaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The manufacturer was Mr. Stevenson, whom Mrs. Donoghue sued for damages for negligence.</span> Produsen adalah Bapak Stevenson, yang Ibu Donoghue digugat untuk ganti rugi untuk kelalaian.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">She could not sue Mr. Stevenson for damages for breach of contract because there was no <a title="Kontrak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg">contract</a> between them.</span> Dia tidak dapat menuntut ganti rugi untuk Bapak Stevenson untuk pelanggaran kontrak karena tidak ada <a title="Kontrak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg">kontrak</a> antara mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The majority of the members of the <a title="House of Lords" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg">House of Lords</a> agreed (3-2) that Mrs. Donoghue had a valid claim, but disagreed as to why such a claim should exist. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhan Macmillan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_MacMillan&usg=ALkJrhiodcJSwdEsQpFmRC7GSUmY29bMMA">Lord MacMillan</a> thought this should be treated as a new product liability case. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhan Atkin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Atkin&usg=ALkJrhi_nxqwgDX4mhPhnXwshhR65S-0mw">Lord Atkin</a> argued that the law should recognise a unifying principle that we owe a duty of reasonable care to our neighbors.</span> Mayoritas anggota <a title="House of Lords" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg">House of Lords</a> disepakati (3-2) yang telah Ibu Donoghue klaim yang valid, namun tidak setuju untuk mengapa klaim seperti itu harus ada. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhan Macmillan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_MacMillan&usg=ALkJrhiodcJSwdEsQpFmRC7GSUmY29bMMA">Tuhan Macmillan</a> pemikiran ini harus diperlakukan sebagai produk baru kasus kewajiban. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhan Atkin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Atkin&usg=ALkJrhi_nxqwgDX4mhPhnXwshhR65S-0mw">Tuhan Atkin</a> berpendapat bahwa hukum yang harus mengakui bahwa kami unifying prinsip berhutang yang wajar perawatan tugas kami tetangga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">He quoted the <a title="Alkitab" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible&usg=ALkJrhiJxj9vtGqTv3YT47fngn286m4_iA">Bible</a> in support of his argument, specifically the general principle that "thou shalt love thy neighbor."</span> Dia dikutip <a title="Alkitab" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible&usg=ALkJrhiJxj9vtGqTv3YT47fngn286m4_iA">Alkitab</a> untuk mendukung argumen itu, terutama prinsip umum bahwa "engkau akan kasih-Mu tetangga."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The elements of negligence are:</span> Unsur yang kelalaian adalah:</span> </p><ul><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">Duty of care</a></span> <a title="Tugas perawatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg">Tugas perawatan</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Pelanggaran kewajiban hukum dalam bahasa Inggris" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_duty_in_English_law&usg=ALkJrhjDTe8ROOgB-9q2lcD6u_1CTJY66g">Breach of that duty</a></span> <a title="Pelanggaran kewajiban hukum dalam bahasa Inggris" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_duty_in_English_law&usg=ALkJrhjDTe8ROOgB-9q2lcD6u_1CTJY66g">Pelanggaran yang bertugas</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Breach being a <a title="Kira-kira penyebabnya" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_cause&usg=ALkJrhhjyss5lE9Qrx1a4JTqlwT3VHJgvg">proximate</a> or not too <a title="Terpencil" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remoteness&usg=ALkJrhgUhY9EQWiEpj_eRbRR5WgLvwun6w">remote</a> a cause, in law</span> Pelanggaran menjadi <a title="Kira-kira penyebabnya" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_cause&usg=ALkJrhhjyss5lE9Qrx1a4JTqlwT3VHJgvg">kira-kira</a> atau tidak terlalu <a title="Terpencil" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remoteness&usg=ALkJrhgUhY9EQWiEpj_eRbRR5WgLvwun6w">jauh</a> yang menyebabkan, dalam undang-undang</span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Hal menyebabkan (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhzfP7nUCufWSZADEENQFN9_8ngAg">Breach causing harm in fact</a></span> <a title="Hal menyebabkan (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhzfP7nUCufWSZADEENQFN9_8ngAg">Pelanggaran menyebabkan kerugian sebenarnya</a></span> </li></ul><p><a id="Statutory_torts" name="Statutory_torts"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Statutory torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjY6-OrWbEFaJ2GO6MZsPeVGeF86A">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Statutory torts</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Statutory torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhjY6-OrWbEFaJ2GO6MZsPeVGeF86A"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Statutory torts</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main articles: <a title="Kewajiban Produk" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhi4lPodGM-PiRyMtsWHQ-pyipO97g">Product liability</a> , <a title="Pelanggar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasser&usg=ALkJrhgl_moaIvamtrWxJkuqkIklVHfubw">Trespasser</a> , and <a title="Licensee" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensee&usg=ALkJrhjrthm7uba2XanTNOU3Qb43h1Poww">Licensee</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Kewajiban Produk" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhi4lPodGM-PiRyMtsWHQ-pyipO97g">Produk kewajiban,</a> <a title="Pelanggar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespasser&usg=ALkJrhgl_moaIvamtrWxJkuqkIklVHfubw">pelanggar,</a> dan <a title="Licensee" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensee&usg=ALkJrhjrthm7uba2XanTNOU3Qb43h1Poww">Licensee</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A statutory tort is like any other, in that it imposes duties on private or public parties, however they are created by the legislature, not the courts.</span> J tort seperti undang-undang lain, karena menyebabkan tugas pada pihak swasta atau publik, namun mereka dibuat oleh badan legislatif, bukan pengadilan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">One example is in consumer protection, with the <i>Product Liability Directive</i> in the <a title="Uni Eropa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhgydXd0Fi8eaaDQeWV1pqfsoLs8ug">European Union</a> , where businesses making defective products that harm people must pay for any damage resulting.</span> Salah satu contohnya adalah dalam perlindungan konsumen, dengan <i>Kewajiban Produk Petunjuk</i> di <a title="Uni Eropa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&usg=ALkJrhgydXd0Fi8eaaDQeWV1pqfsoLs8ug">Uni Eropa,</a> dimana bisnis membuat cacat produk yang membahayakan masyarakat harus membayar untuk setiap kerusakan yang dihasilkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Liability for defective products is strict in most jurisdictions.</span> Kewajiban untuk cacat produk paling ketat di wilayah hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The theory of risk spreading provides support for this approach.</span> Teori risiko tersebar memberikan dukungan untuk pendekatan ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Since manufacturers are the 'cheapest cost avoiders', because they have a greater chance to seek out problems, it makes sense to give them the incentive to guard against product defects.</span> Sejak produsen adalah 'biaya murah avoiders', karena mereka mempunyai kesempatan yang lebih besar untuk mencari masalah, masuk akal untuk memberikan insentif untuk menjaga terhadap produk cacat.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Another example is the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Occupiers' Kewajiban Undang-Undang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupiers%27_Liability_Act&usg=ALkJrhhjW_gKN44_oaB0_Bej8FF9CYN5Jw">Occupiers' Liability Acts</a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-5"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 6 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> in the UK whereby a person, such as a shopowner, who invites others onto land, or has trespassers, owes a minimum duty of care for people's safety.</span> Contoh lain adalah <a class="mw-redirect" title="Occupiers' Kewajiban Undang-Undang" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupiers%27_Liability_Act&usg=ALkJrhhjW_gKN44_oaB0_Bej8FF9CYN5Jw">Occupiers' Kewajiban Kisah</a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-5"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><span style="font-size:+0;">[6]</span></sup></a> di Inggris di mana seseorang, seperti shopowner, yang mengajak orang lain ke tanah, atau telah trespassers, owes minimal tugas menjaga keamanan masyarakat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">One early case was <a class="new" title="Cooke v Midland Great Western Kereta of Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCooke_v_Midland_Great_Western_Railway_of_Ireland%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi9nnQD4ane2INTCWjFUmsuchcLoQ"><i>Cooke v Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland</i></a> , <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-6"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 7 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> where <a class="new" title="Tuhan MacNaughton (halaman tidak ditemukan)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLord_MacNaughton%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi5Gh6beKA9Z0MvI3MTLRywQ5vpkA">Lord MacNaughton</a> felt that children who were hurt whilst looking for berries on a building site, should have some compensation for their unfortunate curiosity.</span> Satu kasus awal adalah <a class="new" title="Cooke v Midland Great Western Kereta of Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCooke_v_Midland_Great_Western_Railway_of_Ireland%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi9nnQD4ane2INTCWjFUmsuchcLoQ"><i>Cooke v Midland Besar Barat Kereta dari Irlandia,</i></a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-6"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span style="font-size:+0;">[7]</span></sup></a> dimana <a class="new" title="Tuhan MacNaughton (halaman tidak ditemukan)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLord_MacNaughton%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi5Gh6beKA9Z0MvI3MTLRywQ5vpkA">Tuhan MacNaughton</a> merasa bahwa anak-anak yang sakit sementara mencari berries situs pada sebuah bangunan, harus ada beberapa kompensasi untuk kurang keingintahuan mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Statutory torts also spread across workplace health and safety laws and health and safety in food produce.</span> Statutory torts juga tersebar di seluruh kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja dan undang-undang kesehatan dan keselamatan dalam memproduksi makanan.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The concept of statutory torts is not held throughout all common-law countries, however.</span> Konsep undangan torts tidak semua umum diadakan di seluruh negara-hukum, namun.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Courts in both the <a title="Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ">United States</a> and <a title="Kanada" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&usg=ALkJrhgBEoQHFlyF4fWAb774w3q4fzLy2Q">Canada</a> have rejected the concept that a statutory duty can be the basis of a private <a title="Tindakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_action&usg=ALkJrhiIQWIV_9vWXN6s7DpU7Te47RuF-A">cause of action</a> , absent a specific provision in statute authorising such a cause of action.</span> Pengadilan di Indonesia, baik di <a title="Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ">Amerika Serikat</a> dan <a title="Kanada" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&usg=ALkJrhgBEoQHFlyF4fWAb774w3q4fzLy2Q">Kanada</a> telah menolak konsep-undangan yang bertugas dapat menjadi dasar pribadi <a title="Tindakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_action&usg=ALkJrhiIQWIV_9vWXN6s7DpU7Te47RuF-A">tindakan,</a> tidak ada ketentuan tertentu dalam undang-undang authorising seperti tindakan.</span> </p><p><a id="Nuisance" name="Nuisance"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjQZ8VvXPa5R0zqJGfqBqagWzUZ5A">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Nuisance</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjQZ8VvXPa5R0zqJGfqBqagWzUZ5A"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">berabe</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main articles: <a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">Nuisance</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Rylands v. Fletcher" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_v._Fletcher&usg=ALkJrhjzTWZ9DaJENZ-3Wizk12w7Yz1PUw">Rylands v. Fletcher</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">gangguan</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" title="Rylands v. Fletcher" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_v._Fletcher&usg=ALkJrhjzTWZ9DaJENZ-3Wizk12w7Yz1PUw">Rylands v. Fletcher</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Legally, the term “nuisance” is traditionally used in three ways: (1) to describe an activity or condition that is harmful or annoying to others (eg, indecent conduct, a rubbish heap or a smoking chimney); (2) to describe the harm caused by the before-mentioned activity or condition (eg, loud noises or objectionable odors); and (3) to describe a legal liability that arises from the combination of the two.</span> Hukum, istilah "gangguan" yang tradisional yang digunakan dalam tiga cara: (1) untuk menjelaskan suatu kegiatan atau kondisi yang merusak atau mengganggu orang lain (misalnya, melakukan saru, sebuah tumpukan sampah atau merokok cerobong); (2) untuk menjelaskan kerugian yang disebabkan oleh sebelum-kegiatan yang disebutkan atau kondisi (misalnya, suara keras atau tidak menyenangkan odors); dan (3) untuk menjelaskan sebuah kewajiban hukum yang muncul dari kombinasi keduanya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The law of nuisance law was created to stop such bothersome activities or conduct when they unreasonably interfered either with the rights of other private landowners (ie, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Swasta berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_nuisance&usg=ALkJrhjBM09POMnjykvzGFXzhTA4BwAfpQ">private nuisance</a> ) or with the rights of the general public (ie, <a title="Publik berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nuisance&usg=ALkJrhhawInIqtoCs_wPemBzVpx9VOsAWA">public nuisance</a> ). <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-7"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 8 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Hukum gangguan hukum diciptakan untuk menghentikan kegiatan seperti itu menyusahkan ketika mereka melakukan atau tdk layak interfered baik dengan hak-hak pemilik tanah swasta lainnya (yaitu, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Swasta berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_nuisance&usg=ALkJrhjBM09POMnjykvzGFXzhTA4BwAfpQ">gangguan swasta)</a> atau dengan hak-hak masyarakat umum (yakni, <a title="Publik berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nuisance&usg=ALkJrhhawInIqtoCs_wPemBzVpx9VOsAWA">masyarakat berabe).</a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-7"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><span style="font-size:+0;">[8]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The tort of nuisance allows a claimant (formerly plaintiff) to sue for most acts that interfere with their use and enjoyment of their land.</span> Kerugian dari gangguan yang memungkinkan penuntut (sebelumnya penggugat) untuk sue untuk bertindak yang paling terganggu dengan penggunaan layanan tersebut dan kesenangan mereka tanah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A good example of this is in the case of <i>Jones v Powell</i> (1629). <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-8"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 9 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> A <a title="Brewery" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery&usg=ALkJrhirB43Q9pzkMfdkHbJIkls8-Bemcw">brewery</a> made stinking vapors which wafted onto neighbors' property, damaging his papers.</span> Contoh yang baik dari ini adalah dalam hal <i>v Powell Jones</i> (1629). <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-8"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><span style="font-size:+0;">[9]</span></sup></a> Sebuah <a title="Brewery" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery&usg=ALkJrhirB43Q9pzkMfdkHbJIkls8-Bemcw">tempat pembuatan bir</a> yang dibuat bangar Vapors wafted ke tetangga 'properti, merusak karya-Nya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">As he was a landowner, the neighbor sued in nuisance for this damage.</span> Karena dia adalah seorang pemilik tanah, yang dalam keadaan susah tetangga digugat untuk merusak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">But Whitelocke J, speaking for the <a title="Queen's Bench" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Bench&usg=ALkJrhhJfXrNfVdr1VQikaaAbT1qWzZH5A">Court of the King's Bench</a> , said that because the water supply was contaminated, it was better that the neighbor's documents were risked.</span> Tetapi Whitelocke J, untuk berbicara <a title="Queen's Bench" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Bench&usg=ALkJrhhJfXrNfVdr1VQikaaAbT1qWzZH5A">Pengadilan dari King's Bench,</a> mengatakan bahwa karena air itu ketularan, itu lebih baik dari tetangga bahwa dokumen yang risked.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">He said "it is better that they should be spoiled than that the common wealth stand in need of good liquor."</span> Katanya "lebih baik bahwa mereka harus dimanja dari kekayaan umum yang harus berdiri di minuman yang baik."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Nowadays, interfering with neighbors' property is not looked upon so kindly.</span> Saat ini, campur dengan tetangga 'properti tidak tampak begitu hormat atas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Nuisance deals with all kinds of things that spoil a landowner's enjoyment of his property.</span> Berabe berurusan dengan segala sesuatu yang memanjakan kesenangan dari pemilik tanah milik orang.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A subset of nuisance is known as the rule in <a class="mw-redirect" title="Rylands v. Fletcher" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_v._Fletcher&usg=ALkJrhjzTWZ9DaJENZ-3Wizk12w7Yz1PUw"><i>Rylands v. Fletcher</i></a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-9"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 10 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> where a dam burst into a coal mine shaft.</span> Sebuah subset dari gangguan yang dikenal sebagai aturan dalam <a class="mw-redirect" title="Rylands v. Fletcher" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylands_v._Fletcher&usg=ALkJrhjzTWZ9DaJENZ-3Wizk12w7Yz1PUw"><i>Rylands v. Fletcher</i></a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-9"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><span style="font-size:+0;">[10]</span></sup></a> di mana bendungan burst menjadi batu bara corong.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">So a dangerous escape of some hazard, including water, fire, or animals means <a title="Ketat kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A">strict liability</a> in nuisance.</span> Sehingga membahayakan diri dari beberapa bahaya, termasuk air, api, atau hewan berarti <a title="Ketat kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A">kewajiban ketat</a> dalam keadaan susah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This is subject only to a remoteness cap, familiar from <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">negligence</a> when the event is unusual and unpredictable.</span> Hal ini hanya untuk mata pelajaran yang terpencil topi, akrab dari <a title="Kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA">kelalaian</a> ketika acara ini luar biasa dan tidak terduga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This was the case where chemicals from a factory seeped through a floor into the water table, contaminating <a title="East Anglia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia&usg=ALkJrhjD85pKZNcBFqBY7kT34NuAOVYP5Q">East Anglia</a> 's <a class="mw-redirect" title="Waduk" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirs&usg=ALkJrhiq4JQglHfH08Wes5jItGgHyehoog">reservoirs</a> . <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-10"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 11 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Ini merupakan kasus di mana bahan kimia dari sebuah pabrik seeped melalui lantai ke dalam air, contaminating <a title="East Anglia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia&usg=ALkJrhjD85pKZNcBFqBY7kT34NuAOVYP5Q">East Anglia</a> 's <a class="mw-redirect" title="Waduk" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirs&usg=ALkJrhiq4JQglHfH08Wes5jItGgHyehoog">waduk.</a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-10"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><span style="font-size:+0;">[11]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Pasar bebas environmentalism" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market_environmentalism&usg=ALkJrhjPFgN7Etq8tl-6GlyISFWjoUI0jg">Free market environmentalists</a> would like to expand tort damage claims into <a title="Pencemaran" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution&usg=ALkJrhjwMv2nFi4EDYdZind98C6UOeTjPw">pollution</a> (ie <a title="Toxic tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_tort&usg=ALkJrhh2qbLD6KuCtIETcQDpQCumqX6MPQ">toxic torts</a> ) and <a title="Perlindungan lingkungan hidup" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection&usg=ALkJrhhyjoOlvrA5PAk-u2QYSIo-6YxDag">environmental protection</a> . <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-11"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 12 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Pasar bebas environmentalism" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market_environmentalism&usg=ALkJrhjPFgN7Etq8tl-6GlyISFWjoUI0jg">Pasar bebas environmentalists</a> ingin memperluas kerugian klaim kerusakan menjadi <a title="Pencemaran" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution&usg=ALkJrhjwMv2nFi4EDYdZind98C6UOeTjPw">polusi</a> (misalnya <a title="Toxic tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_tort&usg=ALkJrhh2qbLD6KuCtIETcQDpQCumqX6MPQ">racun torts)</a> dan <a title="Perlindungan lingkungan hidup" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection&usg=ALkJrhhyjoOlvrA5PAk-u2QYSIo-6YxDag">perlindungan lingkungan hidup.</a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-11"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><span style="font-size:+0;">[12]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a id="Defamation" name="Defamation"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhgqtVN1uYhog-6xuPKQM5CdmPj0Aw">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Defamation</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhgqtVN1uYhog-6xuPKQM5CdmPj0Aw"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Fitnah</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation&usg=ALkJrhj2ke-Zkp-CXmmVnTG3ydpSbgebIw">Defamation</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Fitnah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation&usg=ALkJrhj2ke-Zkp-CXmmVnTG3ydpSbgebIw">Fitnah</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><a class="image" title="The "McLibel" Dua orang yang terlibat dalam kasus kedua-lama dalam sejarah Inggris untuk menerbitkan artikel mengkritik restoran McDonald's" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mcspotlight.jpg&usg=ALkJrhib0ynmXvzLe9CHtZOQOqaJoINk0A"><img class="thumbimage" height="135" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mcspotlight.jpg/180px-Mcspotlight.jpg" width="180" border="0" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Memperbesar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mcspotlight.jpg&usg=ALkJrhib0ynmXvzLe9CHtZOQOqaJoINk0A"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a> </div><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The " <a class="mw-redirect" title="McLibel kasus" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLibel_case&usg=ALkJrhiLChEhLu7m9vgTa3yzgDr5pltunQ">McLibel</a> " Two were involved in the second-longest case in UK history for publishing an article criticizing <a title="McDonald's" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s&usg=ALkJrhjcr3kHeP3ZNzMrtvRXrFp3h0yu5A">McDonald's</a> restaurants</span> The <a class="mw-redirect" title="McLibel kasus" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLibel_case&usg=ALkJrhiLChEhLu7m9vgTa3yzgDr5pltunQ">"McLibel"</a> Dua orang yang terlibat dalam kasus kedua-lama dalam sejarah Inggris untuk menerbitkan artikel mengkritik <a title="McDonald's" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s&usg=ALkJrhjcr3kHeP3ZNzMrtvRXrFp3h0yu5A">McDonald's</a> restoran</span> </div></div></div><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Defamation is tarnishing the reputation of someone; it is in two parts, <i>slander</i> and <i>libel</i> .</span> Fitnah adalah tarnishing dengan reputasi seseorang, yang dalam dua bagian, <i>fitnah</i> dan <i>fitnah.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Slander is spoken defamation and libel is printed and broadcast defamation, both share the same features.</span> Fitnah adalah fitnah dan fitnah yang digunakan adalah cetak dan siaran fitnah, baik berbagi fitur yang sama.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Defaming someone entails making a factual assertion for which evidence does not exist.</span> Defaming seseorang entails faktual membuat pernyataan yang tidak ada bukti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Defamation does not affect or hinder the voicing of opinions, but does occupy the same fields as rights to free speech in the <a title="Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ">United States</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhhV_Dgc8Rsypg9Z7iBsICeANrtkyg">Constitution</a> 's <a title="Pertama Perubahan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhhy-oQ2iBs027fZ5t6GHF-ECwSlBA">First Amendment</a> , or the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eropa Konvensi Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhhfKqqxexo9ojWKuGS28mVIUX7thg">European Convention</a> 's Article 10.</span> Fitnah tidak akan mempengaruhi atau menghalangi yang voicing dari pendapat, tetapi tidak memenuhi bidang yang sama sebagai hak kebebasan berbicara di <a title="Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ">Amerika Serikat</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhhV_Dgc8Rsypg9Z7iBsICeANrtkyg">Konstitusi</a> 's <a title="Pertama Perubahan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhhy-oQ2iBs027fZ5t6GHF-ECwSlBA">Perubahan Pertama,</a> atau <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eropa Konvensi Hak Asasi Manusia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhhfKqqxexo9ojWKuGS28mVIUX7thg">Konvensi Eropa'</a> s Pasal 10.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Related to defamation in the US are the actions for misappropriation of publicity, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi privasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_privacy&usg=ALkJrhiVpCEuvRGTMLd5oP1I4Sd6AlzTRA">invasion of privacy</a> , and disclosure. <a title="Penyalahgunaan proses" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_process&usg=ALkJrhiEjEDQpI3yRdLfBOyrGqYnzA3Uvg">Abuse of process</a> and <a title="Berbahaya penuntutan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_prosecution&usg=ALkJrhit1VmXcCnKcpu4svFMNtJIaX_xHQ">malicious prosecution</a> are often classified as dignitary torts as well.</span> Terkait dengan fitnah di AS adalah tindakan untuk penyalahgunaan dari publisitas, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi privasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_privacy&usg=ALkJrhiVpCEuvRGTMLd5oP1I4Sd6AlzTRA">invasi privasi,</a> dan pengungkapan. <a title="Penyalahgunaan proses" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_process&usg=ALkJrhiEjEDQpI3yRdLfBOyrGqYnzA3Uvg">Abuse dari proses</a> dan <a title="Berbahaya penuntutan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_prosecution&usg=ALkJrhit1VmXcCnKcpu4svFMNtJIaX_xHQ">berbahaya penuntutan</a> sering diklasifikasikan sebagai orang torts juga.</span> </p><p><a id="Intentional_torts" name="Intentional_torts"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: torts disengaja" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhjB_YQjheni0JozVv7jjr0tnztD1Q">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Intentional torts</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: torts disengaja" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhjB_YQjheni0JozVv7jjr0tnztD1Q"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">torts disengaja</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Disengaja tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_tort&usg=ALkJrhhYPw2HTw7-kU4xz1PKk_u0Z_z-eQ">Intentional tort</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Disengaja tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_tort&usg=ALkJrhhYPw2HTw7-kU4xz1PKk_u0Z_z-eQ">disengaja tort</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Intentional torts are any intentional acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm to an individual, and that do so.</span> Disengaja torts dimaksudkan adalah setiap perbuatan yang wajar dpt diduga menyebabkan kerugian untuk individu, dan yang melakukannya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Intentional torts have several subcategories, including tort(s) against the person, including <a title="Penyerangan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A">assault</a> , <a title="Baterai (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhxLXNcS2aVPbRGXWr2iUgtz6MWBg">battery</a> , <a title="Salah penjara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg">false imprisonment</a> , <a title="Penderitaan yang disengaja emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhip75SDTsd3bC_oWgU9w2zS0lDnAQ">intentional infliction of emotional distress</a> , and <a title="Penipuan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ">fraud</a> .</span> Disengaja torts ada beberapa subkategori, termasuk kerugian (s) terhadap orang, termasuk <a title="Penyerangan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A">penyerangan,</a> <a title="Baterai (tort)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhxLXNcS2aVPbRGXWr2iUgtz6MWBg">baterai,</a> <a title="Salah penjara" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg">salah penjara,</a> <a title="Penderitaan yang disengaja emosional distress" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress&usg=ALkJrhip75SDTsd3bC_oWgU9w2zS0lDnAQ">hukuman yang disengaja penderitaan emosional,</a> dan <a title="Penipuan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ">penipuan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Property torts involve any intentional interference with the property rights of the claimant.</span> Properti torts melibatkan setiap gangguan dimaksudkan dengan hak milik dari pendapatan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Those commonly recognized include <a title="Pelanggaran terhadap tanah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_land&usg=ALkJrhiwPjiap-JlEgO0L0oxh2ZkIcvYRQ">trespass to land</a> , <a title="Pelanggaran untuk bergerak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_chattels&usg=ALkJrhgZtw-8dh3uhKThLfltb136fi_hoQ">trespass to chattels</a> , and <a title="Konversi (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhK-uqYy2_k0_6YMzgtXpmyunmPWg">conversion</a> .</span> Mereka yang umumnya diakui termasuk <a title="Pelanggaran terhadap tanah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_land&usg=ALkJrhiwPjiap-JlEgO0L0oxh2ZkIcvYRQ">pelanggaran terhadap tanah,</a> <a title="Pelanggaran untuk bergerak" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass_to_chattels&usg=ALkJrhgZtw-8dh3uhKThLfltb136fi_hoQ">pelanggaran untuk bergerak,</a> dan <a title="Konversi (hukum)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhK-uqYy2_k0_6YMzgtXpmyunmPWg">konversi.</a></span> </p><p><a id="Economic_torts" name="Economic_torts"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhhxsFpX6l1AbUmy8VyOpYfrzIBU3g">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Economic torts</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi torts" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhhxsFpX6l1AbUmy8VyOpYfrzIBU3g"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Ekonomi torts</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kerugian ekonomi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_tort&usg=ALkJrhhggKvWqukgQCm2tCA5NUQOsDBl2g">Economic tort</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kerugian ekonomi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_tort&usg=ALkJrhhggKvWqukgQCm2tCA5NUQOsDBl2g">Ekonomi tort</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><a class="image" title="Strikers berkumpul di Tyldesley di Lain-lain Strike 1926 di Inggris" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyldesley_miners_outside_the_Miners_Hall_during_the_1926_General_Strike.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhxs-QD43hQPM4W75KS2-sQNGXWFA"><img class="thumbimage" height="111" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tyldesley_miners_outside_the_Miners_Hall_during_the_1926_General_Strike.jpg/180px-Tyldesley_miners_outside_the_Miners_Hall_during_the_1926_General_Strike.jpg" width="180" border="0" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Memperbesar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyldesley_miners_outside_the_Miners_Hall_during_the_1926_General_Strike.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhxs-QD43hQPM4W75KS2-sQNGXWFA"><img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a> </div><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Aksi mogok" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhjiqGBBWAjBHM96qvohOTe-Ii3IBg">Strikers</a> gathering in <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tyldesley, Greater Manchester" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyldesley,_Greater_Manchester&usg=ALkJrhicf_rnZzQAz61Xbs7OylJqFR3vBA">Tyldesley</a> in the 1926 General Strike in the UK</span> <a title="Aksi mogok" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhjiqGBBWAjBHM96qvohOTe-Ii3IBg">Strikers</a> berkumpul di <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tyldesley, Greater Manchester" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyldesley,_Greater_Manchester&usg=ALkJrhicf_rnZzQAz61Xbs7OylJqFR3vBA">Tyldesley</a> di Lain-lain Strike 1926 di Inggris</span> </div></div></div><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Economic torts protect people from interference with their trade or business.</span> Ekonomi torts melindungi rakyat dari gangguan dengan perdagangan atau bisnis mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The area includes the doctrine of <a title="Perdagangan bebas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade&usg=ALkJrhicYjhf3qbdrbMe5L6A9WzfLG39PA">restraint of trade</a> and has largely been submerged in the twentieth century by statutory interventions on collective <a title="Hukum perburuhan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhjXEqvVtMAQY9uG8CBel-q7eARkuQ">labour law</a> and modern <a class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhh1rLIRXDcHBARxe9ZmIgFrg4nsqg">antitrust</a> or <a title="Hukum persaingan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhi6CgPFvdbrAXCyJH2ogC-YGYDnXQ">competition law</a> .</span> Kawasan termasuk doktrin <a title="Perdagangan bebas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade&usg=ALkJrhicYjhf3qbdrbMe5L6A9WzfLG39PA">perdagangan bebas</a> dan sebagian besar telah terendam dalam abad kedua puluh oleh undang-undang tentang intervensi kolektif <a title="Hukum perburuhan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhjXEqvVtMAQY9uG8CBel-q7eARkuQ">kerja hukum</a> dan modern <a class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhh1rLIRXDcHBARxe9ZmIgFrg4nsqg">antitrust</a> atau <a title="Hukum persaingan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhi6CgPFvdbrAXCyJH2ogC-YGYDnXQ">hukum kompetisi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The "absence of any unifying principle drawing together the different heads of economic tort liability has often been remarked upon." <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-12"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 13 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Yang "tidak adanya unifying prinsip menggambar bersama beberapa kepala kerugian ekonomi memiliki tanggung jawab yang sering remarked atas." <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-12"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><span style="font-size:+0;">[13]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Two cases demonstrated economic tort's affinity to competition and labor law.</span> Dua kasus menunjukkan kerugian ekonomi dari Affinity ke kompetisi dan undang-undang tenaga kerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In <i><a class="new" title="Monggol kapal uap Co Ltd (halaman tidak ditemukan)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMogul_Steamship_Co._Ltd%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh0t1TOoEi38-ZMKnA0wuTTjvEnGQ">Mogul Steamship Co. Ltd</a> .</i> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-13"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 14 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> the plaintiff argued he had been driven from the <a title="Cina teh" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tea&usg=ALkJrhjGvoAKZtzmRE5_ES5Esaap8ljt3g">Chinese tea</a> market by competitors at a 'shipping conference' that had acted together to under price his company.</span> Dalam <a class="new" title="Monggol kapal uap Co Ltd (halaman tidak ditemukan)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMogul_Steamship_Co._Ltd%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh0t1TOoEi38-ZMKnA0wuTTjvEnGQ"><i>Monggol kapal uap Co Ltd.</i></a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-13"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><span style="font-size:+0;">[14]</span></sup></a> penggugat argumentasi yang ia didorong dari <a title="Cina teh" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tea&usg=ALkJrhjGvoAKZtzmRE5_ES5Esaap8ljt3g">Cina teh</a> oleh pasar kompetitor di 'pengiriman konferensi' yang sama untuk bertindak di bawah harga nya perusahaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">But this <a title="Kartel" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel&usg=ALkJrhhY9_Q7sRFAFjI7aDEZemQxPngmbg">cartel</a> was ruled lawful and "nothing more [than] a war of competition waged in the interest of their own trade." <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-14"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 15 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> Nowadays, this would be considered a criminal cartel.</span> Tetapi ini <a title="Kartel" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel&usg=ALkJrhhY9_Q7sRFAFjI7aDEZemQxPngmbg">kartel</a> telah memerintah sah dan "tidak ada yang lebih [dari] perang kompetisi waged demi kepentingan mereka sendiri perdagangan." <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-14"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><span style="font-size:+0;">[15]</span></sup></a> Saat ini, ini akan dianggap sebagai kriminal kartel.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In labor law the most notable case is <a class="mw-redirect" title="Taff Vale Railway v. dicampur Masyarakat dari Kereta hamba" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_v._Amalgamated_Society_of_Railway_Servants&usg=ALkJrhiyuDZd-zCjXKdT3WUmqifhOU3uvg"><i>Taff Vale Railway v. Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants</i></a> . <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-15"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 16 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> The House of Lords thought that unions should be liable in tort for helping workers to go on strike for better pay and conditions.</span> Dalam undang-undang tenaga kerja yang paling penting adalah kasus <a class="mw-redirect" title="Taff Vale Railway v. dicampur Masyarakat dari Kereta hamba" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_v._Amalgamated_Society_of_Railway_Servants&usg=ALkJrhiyuDZd-zCjXKdT3WUmqifhOU3uvg"><i>Taff Vale Railway v. dicampur Masyarakat dari Kereta hamba.</i></a> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-15"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><span style="font-size:+0;">[16]</span></sup></a> The House of Lords pemikiran bahwa serikat pekerja harus bertanggung jawab dalam kesalahan untuk membantu para pekerja untuk menuju pada mogok untuk membayar lebih baik dan kondisi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">But it riled workers so much that it led to the creation of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="British Labour Party" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Labour_Party&usg=ALkJrhgxuDiHnuCf3Kn-fyE-U1S6dcDFEQ">British Labour Party</a> and the <a title="Perselisihan 1906 Undang-undang perdagangan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Disputes_Act_1906&usg=ALkJrhiGQLR77AcAIdmzS_EernbKDFKJ7A">Trade Disputes Act 1906</a> Further torts used against unions include conspiracy, <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-16"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 17 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> interference with a commercial contract <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-17"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 18 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> or intimidation. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-18"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 19 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Riled pekerja tetapi begitu banyak yang menyebabkan penciptaan <a class="mw-redirect" title="British Labour Party" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Labour_Party&usg=ALkJrhgxuDiHnuCf3Kn-fyE-U1S6dcDFEQ">British Labour Party</a> dan <a title="Perselisihan 1906 Undang-undang perdagangan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Disputes_Act_1906&usg=ALkJrhiGQLR77AcAIdmzS_EernbKDFKJ7A">Perdagangan Perselisihan Act 1906</a> Lebih torts digunakan terhadap persatuan termasuk konspirasi, <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-16"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><span style="font-size:+0;">[17]</span></sup></a> dengan gangguan komersial kontrak <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-17"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><span style="font-size:+0;">[18]</span></sup></a> atau intimidasi. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-18"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><span style="font-size:+0;">[19]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Through a recent development in <a title="Umum hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag">common law</a> , beginning with <i>Hedley Byrne v Heller</i> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-19"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 20 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> in 1964 a victim of the tort of negligent misstatement may recover damages for pure economic loss caused by detrimental reliance on the statement.</span> Melalui perkembangan dalam <a title="Umum hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag">hukum umum,</a> diawali dengan <i>Hedley Byrne v Heller</i> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-19"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><span style="font-size:+0;">[20]</span></sup></a> pada tahun 1964 korban dari kesalahan yang lalai salah Mei murni untuk memulihkan kerugian ekonomi yg disebabkan oleh hilangnya kepercayaan pada pernyataan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Misrepresentation is a tort as confirmed by Bridge LJ in <i>Howard Marine and Dredging Co. Ltd. v A Ogden & Sons</i> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-20"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 21 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> .</span> Yg keliru adalah kerugian sebagai dikonfirmasi oleh Bridge di LJ <i>Howard Kelautan dan Dredging Co Ltd v J Ogden & Sons</i> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-20"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><span style="font-size:+0;">[21].</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a id="Competition_law" name="Competition_law"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Kompetisi hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhhFbb10ciwpBCUBIyXRfvrEoPkSiA">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Competition law</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Kompetisi hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhhFbb10ciwpBCUBIyXRfvrEoPkSiA"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kompetisi hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Hukum persaingan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhi6CgPFvdbrAXCyJH2ogC-YGYDnXQ">Competition law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Hukum persaingan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhi6CgPFvdbrAXCyJH2ogC-YGYDnXQ">Kompetisi hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Modern competition law is an important method for regulating the conduct of businesses in a <a title="Ekonomi pasar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy&usg=ALkJrhinhPrK3qMJmkZF1CMD4UIJoM4vMw">market economy</a> .</span> Kompetisi modern hukum merupakan metode penting untuk mengatur melakukan bisnis di <a title="Ekonomi pasar" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy&usg=ALkJrhinhPrK3qMJmkZF1CMD4UIJoM4vMw">pasar ekonomi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A major subset of statutory torts, it is also called ' <a class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trust" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-trust&usg=ALkJrhgdQyey-ITudIih1hx0X5r2EBrCEQ">anti-trust</a> ' law, especially in the <a title="Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ">United States</a> , articles 81 and 82 of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian Uni Eropa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhiBCOioiC6bQquUJyhiJVfAnvD0wQ">Treaty of the European Union</a> , as well as the Clayton and Sherman Acts in the US, which create duties for undertakings, corporations and businesses not to distort competition in the marketplace.</span> Kota subset-undangan torts, juga dikenal sebagai <a class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trust" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-trust&usg=ALkJrhgdQyey-ITudIih1hx0X5r2EBrCEQ">'anti-kepercayaan'</a> hukum, terutama di <a title="Amerika Serikat" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ">Amerika Serikat,</a> pasal 81 dan 82 dari <a class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian Uni Eropa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhiBCOioiC6bQquUJyhiJVfAnvD0wQ">perjanjian Uni Eropa,</a> serta Clayton dan Sherman Kisah di AS, yang membuat tugas untuk undertakings, dan perusahaan-perusahaan untuk tidak memutarbalikkan kompetisi di pasar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Cartels are forbidden on both sides of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantik" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic&usg=ALkJrhhyVZaK-vFR3BOdLQGy7OhnhPxYqQ">Atlantic</a> .</span> Kartel dilarang di kedua sisi <a class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantik" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic&usg=ALkJrhhyVZaK-vFR3BOdLQGy7OhnhPxYqQ">Atlantik.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">So is the abuse of market power by <a title="Monopoli" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly&usg=ALkJrhjZZXDzwFHsUtY2cuiIFFK0RcBHJQ">monopolists</a> , or the substantial lessening of competition through a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Merger" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger&usg=ALkJrhgDBhKIB2A6vuTA3SUBGcLbLCOB-w">merger</a> , <a class="mw-redirect" title="Perolehan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition&usg=ALkJrhg6jTK3QoffDdO2iIf3Ov_jkmdKfw">acquisition</a> , or concentration of enterprises.</span> Jadi, adalah penyalahgunaan kekuasaan oleh pasar <a title="Monopoli" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly&usg=ALkJrhjZZXDzwFHsUtY2cuiIFFK0RcBHJQ">monopolists,</a> atau substansial berkurangnya kompetisi melalui <a class="mw-redirect" title="Merger" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger&usg=ALkJrhgDBhKIB2A6vuTA3SUBGcLbLCOB-w">merger,</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Perolehan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition&usg=ALkJrhg6jTK3QoffDdO2iIf3Ov_jkmdKfw">akuisisi,</a> atau konsentrasi perusahaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A huge issue in the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Uni Eropa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU&usg=ALkJrhhXD3Dnjvz5hRnIM9Bl0ni9bXn_6Q">EU</a> is whether to follow the US approach of private damages actions to prevent anti-competitive conduct. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-21"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 22 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> J besar isu di <a class="mw-redirect" title="Uni Eropa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU&usg=ALkJrhhXD3Dnjvz5hRnIM9Bl0ni9bXn_6Q">Uni Eropa</a> adalah apakah mengikuti US pendekatan pribadi untuk mencegah kerusakan tindakan anti-persaingan melaksanakan. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-21"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><span style="font-size:+0;">[22]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a id="Liability.2C_defenses.2C_and_remedies" name="Liability.2C_defenses.2C_and_remedies"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Kewajiban, defenses, dan solusi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgwneKoZ9KRP2ylnE1LzvW3bSGbYw">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Liability, defenses, and remedies</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Kewajiban, defenses, dan solusi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgwneKoZ9KRP2ylnE1LzvW3bSGbYw"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kewajiban, defenses, dan solusi</span></span> </h2><p><a id="Vicarious_liability" name="Vicarious_liability"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Vicarious kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhgyGvSoGjhmSCqjtrTJ6LBVkxVTVQ">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Vicarious liability</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Vicarious kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhgyGvSoGjhmSCqjtrTJ6LBVkxVTVQ"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Vicarious kewajiban</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Vicarious kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability&usg=ALkJrhjda9qY-L9EDXkHl-XASKbsWumpZA">Vicarious liability</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Vicarious kewajiban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability&usg=ALkJrhjda9qY-L9EDXkHl-XASKbsWumpZA">Vicarious kewajiban</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The word 'vicarious' derives from the <a title="Latin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q">Latin</a> for 'change' or 'alternation' or 'stead' <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-22"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 23 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> and in tort law refers to the idea of one person being liable for the harm caused by another, because of some legally relevant relationship.</span> Kata 'yg' berasal dari bahasa <a title="Latin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q">Latin</a> untuk 'berubah' atau 'selingan' atau 'manfaat' <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-22"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><span style="font-size:+0;">[23]</span></sup></a> dan kesalahan dalam hukum merujuk kepada gagasan satu orang yang bertanggung jawab atas kerugian yang disebabkan oleh yang lain, karena beberapa hubungan hukum yang relevan .</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">An example might be a parent and a child, or an employer and an employee.</span> Contoh mungkin orang tua dan anak, atau majikan dan karyawan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">You can sue an employer for the damage to you by their employee, which was caused 'in the course of employment.'</span> Anda dapat menuntut sebuah perusahaan untuk merusak Anda oleh karyawan mereka, yang menyebabkan 'dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">For example, if a shop employee spilled cleaning liquid on the supermarket floor, one could sue the employee who actually spilled the liquid, or sue the employers.</span> Misalnya, jika karyawan toko cecer cairan pembersih lantai di supermarket, kita dapat menuntut karyawan yang sebenarnya jatuh cair, atau menuntut pemberi kerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In the aforementioned case, the latter option is more practical as they are more likely to have more money.</span> Aforementioned dalam kasus ini, opsi yang kedua adalah lebih praktis karena mereka lebih mungkin untuk memiliki lebih banyak uang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The law replies "since your employee harmed the claimant in the course of his employment, you bear responsibility for it, because you have the control to hire and fire him, and reduce the risk of it happening again."</span> Hukum balasan "sejak anda karyawan dirugikan pendapatan dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan itu, Anda menanggung tanggung jawab untuk itu, karena Anda memiliki kontrol untuk upah dan api itu, dan mengurangi risiko yang terjadi lagi."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">There is considerable academic debate about whether vicarious liability is justified on no better basis than the search for a solvent defendant, or whether it is well founded on the theory of efficient risk allocation.</span> Terdapat akademik perdebatan mengenai apakah tanggung jawab yg sama sekali tidak dibenarkan adalah lebih baik daripada dasar mencari larutan terdakwa, atau apakah itu juga didirikan pada teori alokasi risiko efisien.</span> </p><p><a id="Defenses" name="Defenses"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Defenses" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhhVHe3_zCjG0xDJCZatj8Z5BIkJiQ">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Defenses</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Defenses" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhhVHe3_zCjG0xDJCZatj8Z5BIkJiQ"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Defenses</span></span> </h3><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A successful defense absolves the defendant from full or partial liability for damages.</span> J berhasil absolves pembelaan terdakwa penuh atau sebagian dari tanggung jawab untuk kerusakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Apart from proof that there was no breach of duty, there are three principal defences to tortious liability.</span> Selain bukti bahwa tidak ada pelanggaran kewajiban, ada tiga sekolah untuk pembelaan menyakitkan kewajiban.</span> </p><p><a id="Consent" name="Consent"></a></p><h4><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Consent" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhiTdu-BGEGfGWVg-7Qc08jbDIzDoQ">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Consent</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Consent" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhiTdu-BGEGfGWVg-7Qc08jbDIzDoQ"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Consent</span></span> </h4><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Volenti tidak sesuai injuria" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volenti_non_fit_injuria&usg=ALkJrhjIBC11n6l1cXu4QJedyOjCF-LYVA">Volenti non fit injuria</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Volenti tidak sesuai injuria" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volenti_non_fit_injuria&usg=ALkJrhjIBC11n6l1cXu4QJedyOjCF-LYVA">Volenti tidak sesuai injuria</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This is <a title="Latin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q">Latin</a> for "to the willing, no injury is done".</span> This is <a title="Latin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q">Latin</a> for "dengan rela, tidak ada cedera dilakukan".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">It operates when the claimant either expressly or implicitly consents to the risk of loss or damage.</span> It beroperasi baik bila penuntut menyatakan persetujuan atau mutlak untuk risiko kehilangan atau kerusakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">For example, if a spectator at an <a title="Ice hockey" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey&usg=ALkJrhiMSmG3Qjcdafh4WKSJK35A9vPf6g">ice hockey</a> match is injured when a player strikes the puck in the ordinary course of play, causing it to fly out of the rink and hit him or her, this is a foreseeable event and spectators are assumed to accept that risk of injury when buying a ticket.</span> Misalnya, jika penonton di <a title="Ice hockey" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey&usg=ALkJrhiMSmG3Qjcdafh4WKSJK35A9vPf6g">ice hockey</a> cocok adalah cedera ketika sebuah pemutar Puck dalam pemogokan yang biasa saja yang bermain, sehingga untuk terbang dari gelanggang es dan tekan dia, saat ini adalah dpt diduga acara dan penonton yang dianggap menerima bahwa risiko cedera ketika membeli tiket.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A slightly more limited defense may arise where the defendant has been given a warning, whether expressly to the claimant or by a public notice, sign or otherwise, that there is a danger of injury.</span> J terbatas pertahanan sedikit lebih mungkin timbul di mana terdakwa telah diberi peringatan, apakah dengan tegas oleh penuntut umum atau pemberitahuan, atau tanda lain, bahwa ada bahaya yang cedera.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The extent to which defendants can rely on notices to exclude or limit liability varies from country to country.</span> Sejauh mana terdakwa dapat mengandalkan pemberitahuan untuk mengecualikan atau membatasi kewajiban bervariasi dari satu negara ke negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This is an issue of policy as to whether (prospective) defendants should not only warn of a known danger, but also take active steps to fence the site and take other reasonable precautions to prevent the known danger from befalling those foreseen to be at risk.</span> Ini merupakan isu kebijakan seperti apakah (calon) terdakwa seharusnya tidak hanya memperingatkan bahaya yang dikenal, tetapi juga mengambil langkah aktif untuk pagar situs lainnya yang wajar dan mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah bahaya yang menimpa mereka dari foreseen akan beresiko.</span> </p><p><a id="Contributory_negligence" name="Contributory_negligence"></a></p><h4><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: kelalaian yg dibea" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhjJ-8ZFCmlYzMQTG5CK1pyFaPJhgQ">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Contributory negligence</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: kelalaian yg dibea" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhjJ-8ZFCmlYzMQTG5CK1pyFaPJhgQ"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">kelalaian yg dibea</span></span> </h4><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Kelalaian yg dibea" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributory_negligence&usg=ALkJrhhhq8FznSBr9O33gepaGdGNIYOr8A">Contributory negligence</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Kelalaian yg dibea" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributory_negligence&usg=ALkJrhhhq8FznSBr9O33gepaGdGNIYOr8A">kelalaian yg dibea</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This is either a mitigatory defense or, in the United States, it may be an absolute defense.</span> Ini adalah salah satu yang memperingan atau pembelaan, di Amerika Serikat, mungkin sebuah pembelaan absolut.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">When used as a mitigatory defense, it is often known in the US as comparative negligence.</span> Bila digunakan sebagai memperlunak pertahanan, sering dikenal di AS sebagai perbandingan kelalaian.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Under comparative negligence a plaintiff/claimant's award is reduced by the percentage of contribution made by the plaintiff to the loss or damage suffered.</span> Komparatif di bawah sebuah kelalaian penggugat / penuntut 's penghargaan ini dikurangi dengan persentase kontribusi yang dibuat oleh para penggugat dengan kerugian atau kerusakan yang diderita.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Thus, in evaluating a collision between two vehicles, the court must not only make a finding that both drivers were negligent, but it must also apportion the contribution made by each driver as a percentage, eg that the blame between the drivers is 20% attributable to the plaintiff/claimant: 80% to the defendant.</span> Oleh karena itu, dalam mengevaluasi sebuah tumbukan antara dua kendaraan, pengadilan tidak boleh hanya membuat menemukan bahwa kedua pembalap yang lalai, tetapi juga harus memberi bagian kontribusi yang dibuat oleh setiap driver sebagai persentase, misalnya bahwa menyalahkan antara driver adalah 20% disebabkan kepada penggugat / penuntut: 80% kepada terdakwa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The court will then quantify the damages for the actual loss or damage sustained, and then reduce the amount paid to the plaintiff/claimant by 20%.</span> Pengadilan akan mengukur kerusakan yang sebenarnya untuk kerugian atau kerusakan berkelanjutan, dan kemudian mengurangi jumlah yang dibayarkan kepada penggugat / penuntut oleh 20%.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">While contributory negligence retains a significant role, an increasing number of jurisdictions, particularly within the United States, are evolving toward a regime of comparative negligence.</span> Yg bekerja sambil tetap kelalaian peran yang signifikan, peningkatan jumlah jurisdiksi, khususnya di Amerika Serikat, yang berkembang menuju sebuah rezim yang komparatif kelalaian.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">All but four US states now follow a statutorily created regime of comparative negligence.</span> Semua kecuali empat AS menyatakan sekarang mengikuti statutorily dibuat rezim komparatif dari kelalaian.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Contributory negligence has been widely criticized as being too <a title="Keras" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draconian&usg=ALkJrhhGJEu216s9JjRWneFjc0idJiLWJg">draconian</a> , in that a plaintiff whose fault was comparatively minor might recover nothing from a more <a class="extiw" title="wiktionary: egregiously" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/egregiously&usg=ALkJrhg2rt_GAgSA-hxq6CoiIres8lSL8g">egregiously</a> irresponsible defendant..</span> Yg dibea kelalaian telah banyak dikritik karena terlalu <a title="Keras" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draconian&usg=ALkJrhhGJEu216s9JjRWneFjc0idJiLWJg">keras,</a> dalam sebuah penggugat adalah kesalahan yang relatif kecil mungkin tidak sembuh dari yang lebih <a class="extiw" title="wiktionary: egregiously" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/egregiously&usg=ALkJrhg2rt_GAgSA-hxq6CoiIres8lSL8g">egregiously</a> terdakwa yg tdk mempunyai rasa ..</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Comparative negligence has also been criticized, since it would allow a plaintiff who is recklessly 95% negligent to recover 5% of the damages from the defendant, and often more when a jury is feeling sympathetic.</span> Komparatif kelalaian juga telah dikritik, karena akan membuat sebuah penggugat yang sembarangan 95% lalai untuk sembuh 5% dari kerusakan dari terdakwa, dan lebih sering bila juri adalah rasa pilu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Economists have further criticized comparative negligence, since under the <a title="Calculus dari kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_negligence&usg=ALkJrhic7TxPwnWHWZqEZrJxZ5_e5hpAbw">Learned Hand Rule</a> it will not yield optimal precaution levels.</span> Ekonom yang lebih dikritik komparatif kelalaian, karena di bawah <a title="Calculus dari kelalaian" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_negligence&usg=ALkJrhic7TxPwnWHWZqEZrJxZ5_e5hpAbw">Learned Hand Rule</a> tidak akan menghasilkan tingkat pencegahan optimal.</span> </p><p><a id="Illegality" name="Illegality"></a></p><h4><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: ketidaksahan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhjvQFFWJ-FTSNQGy4Ml6pdwsgD_HQ">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Illegality</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: ketidaksahan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhjvQFFWJ-FTSNQGy4Ml6pdwsgD_HQ"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">ketidaksahan</span></span> </h4><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Ex turpi causa non oritur actio" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_turpi_causa_non_oritur_actio&usg=ALkJrhiemeUwa6NkRjjhbgQHIZXSG2PBmg">Ex turpi causa non oritur actio</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Ex turpi causa non oritur actio" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_turpi_causa_non_oritur_actio&usg=ALkJrhiemeUwa6NkRjjhbgQHIZXSG2PBmg">Ex turpi causa non oritur actio</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Ex turpi causa non oritur actio</i> is the illegality defence, the Latin for "no right of action arises from a despicable cause".</span> <i>Ex turpi causa non oritur actio</i> adalah ketidaksahan pertahanan, bahasa Latin untuk "tidak ada hak yang timbul dari tindakan keji menyebabkan".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">If the claimant is involved in wrongdoing at the time the alleged negligence occurred, this may extinguish or reduce the defendant's liability.</span> Jika penuntut terlibat dalam kesalahan pada saat terjadi tuduhan kelalaian, hal ini dapat mengurangi atau memadamkan terdakwa dari tanggung jawab.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Thus, if a burglar is verbally challenged by the property owner and sustains injury when jumping from a second story window to escape apprehension, there is no cause of action against the property owner even though that injury would not have been sustained "but for" the property owner's intervention.</span> Dengan demikian, jika alat yang cacat secara lisan oleh pemilik properti dan sustains cedera ketika jumping dari kedua cerita jendela untuk melepaskan diri penangkapan, tidak ada tindakan terhadap pemilik properti walaupun luka yang tidak akan pernah berkelanjutan "tetapi untuk" the milik pemilik intervensi.</span> </p><p><a id="Remedies" name="Remedies"></a></p><h3><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: remedies" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhi0tyFz0n6_8zZUZlTVjVskKDh0Rw">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Remedies</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: remedies" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhi0tyFz0n6_8zZUZlTVjVskKDh0Rw"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">remedies</span></span> </h3><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The main remedy against tortious loss is compensation in 'damages' or money.</span> Utama obat terhadap kerugian menyakitkan adalah kompensasi dalam 'kerusakan' atau uang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In a limited range of cases, tort law will tolerate self-help, such as reasonable force to expel a trespasser.</span> Terbatas dalam berbagai kasus, kesalahan hukum akan mentolerir swadaya, seperti kekuatan yang wajar untuk memecat seorang pelanggar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This is a defence against the tort of battery.</span> Ini adalah pembelaan terhadap kerugian dari baterai.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Further, in the case of a continuing tort, or even where harm is merely threatened, the courts will sometimes grant an <a title="Perintah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction&usg=ALkJrhjG6L8zXzUaHXI1UqT-vxTZm-avFw">injunction</a> .</span> Lebih jauh lagi, dalam kasus yang terus tort, atau bahkan di mana hanya terancam bahaya, pengadilan kadang-kadang akan memberikan suatu <a title="Perintah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction&usg=ALkJrhjG6L8zXzUaHXI1UqT-vxTZm-avFw">perintah.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">This means a command, for something other than money by the court, such as restraining the continuance or threat of harm. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-23"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 24 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> Usually injunctions will not impose positive obligations on tortfeasors, but some <a title="Australia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian&usg=ALkJrhiKIMwD31-JSggjCXrLDsLVQTqpwQ">Australian</a> jurisdictions can make an order for specific performance to ensure that the <a title="Terdakwa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant&usg=ALkJrhi5Qwd_au2CFuLKXoqnXZXwxT5zTw">defendant</a> carries out their legal obligations, especially in relation to nuisance matters. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-24"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 25 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Ini berarti perintah, untuk sesuatu selain uang oleh pengadilan, seperti yang restraining kelangsungan atau ancaman bahaya. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-23"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><span style="font-size:+0;">[24]</span></sup></a> Biasanya perintah tidak akan memaksakan kewajiban positif pada tortfeasors, tetapi beberapa <a title="Australia" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian&usg=ALkJrhiKIMwD31-JSggjCXrLDsLVQTqpwQ">Australia</a> yurisdiksi dapat membuat agar kinerja khusus untuk memastikan bahwa <a title="Terdakwa" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant&usg=ALkJrhi5Qwd_au2CFuLKXoqnXZXwxT5zTw">terdakwa</a> melaksanakan kewajiban hukum mereka, terutama dalam kaitannya dengan hal-hal berabe. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-24"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><span style="font-size:+0;">[25]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a id="Theory_and_reform" name="Theory_and_reform"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Teori dan reformasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhiGMAgdYQ4hUPQKM7-omRgtES95zQ">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Theory and reform</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Teori dan reformasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhiGMAgdYQ4hUPQKM7-omRgtES95zQ"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Teori dan reformasi</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><i>Main article: <a title="Tort reformasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform&usg=ALkJrhi654UYceJYqr1zjJj48SeFAG0rTQ">Tort reform</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a title="Tort reformasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform&usg=ALkJrhi654UYceJYqr1zjJj48SeFAG0rTQ">Tort reformasi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Scholars and lawyers have identified conflicting aims for the law of tort, to some extent reflected in the different types of damages awarded by the courts: <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w#Compensatory_damages">compensatory</a> , <a class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravated" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggravated&usg=ALkJrhhRAiMyQxxOg7EesWBAln6lMkq18g">aggravated</a> and <a title="Menghukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive&usg=ALkJrhj1Cs8EdsAjMV2pCia9bbvH8gCOyw">punitive</a> .</span> Ulama dan pengacara telah mengidentifikasi konflik bertujuan untuk hukum tort, untuk beberapa taraf tercermin dalam berbagai jenis kerusakan yang diberikan oleh pengadilan: <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w#Compensatory_damages">sbg,</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravated" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggravated&usg=ALkJrhhRAiMyQxxOg7EesWBAln6lMkq18g">aggravated</a> dan <a title="Menghukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive&usg=ALkJrhj1Cs8EdsAjMV2pCia9bbvH8gCOyw">menghukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In <i>The Aims of the Law of Tort</i> (1951), <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-25"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 26 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> <a title="Glanville Williams" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanville_Williams&usg=ALkJrhhui60lwkb38i3OjH2CNWltWpJv3A">Glanville Williams</a> saw four possible bases on which different torts rested: appeasement, justice, deterrence and compensation.</span> <i>The Tujuan dari Hukum Tort</i> (1951), <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-25"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><span style="font-size:+0;">[26]</span></sup></a> <a title="Glanville Williams" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanville_Williams&usg=ALkJrhhui60lwkb38i3OjH2CNWltWpJv3A">Glanville Williams</a> melihat empat kemungkinan dasar yang berbeda torts beristirahat: laki-laki, keadilan, pencegahan dan kompensasi.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">From the late 1950s a group of legally oriented economists and economically oriented lawyers emphasized incentives and deterrence, and identified the aim of tort as being the efficient distribution of <a title="Risiko" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk&usg=ALkJrhjanku6M8lTAcngQa7u3mjGf0UZ-Q">risk</a> .</span> Dari akhir tahun 1950-an sekelompok ekonom berorientasi hukum dan ekonomi berorientasi pengacara menekankan insentif dan pencegahan, dan mengidentifikasi tujuan tort sebagai distribusi yang efisien <a title="Risiko" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk&usg=ALkJrhjanku6M8lTAcngQa7u3mjGf0UZ-Q">risiko.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">They are often described as the <i><a title="Hukum dan ekonomi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics&usg=ALkJrhgUunm7QQa7OTYPW6DRSfdCXpXP3Q">law and economics</a> movement</i> . <a title="Ronald Coase" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Coase&usg=ALkJrhh0WL9wmdDWnWruJmU-ZxAgjbjRcA">Ronald Coase</a> , one of the movement's principal proponents, submitted, in his article <i>The Problem of Social Cost</i> (1960), <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-26"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 27 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> that the aim of tort should be to reflect as closely as possible liability where <a title="Biaya transaksi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_cost&usg=ALkJrhjE7lVvx59NzqkzgmXqWoOQAqWd0A">transaction costs</a> should be minimized.</span> Mereka sering digambarkan sebagai <i><a title="Hukum dan ekonomi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics&usg=ALkJrhgUunm7QQa7OTYPW6DRSfdCXpXP3Q">hukum dan ekonomi</a> gerakan.</i> <a title="Ronald Coase" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Coase&usg=ALkJrhh0WL9wmdDWnWruJmU-ZxAgjbjRcA">Ronald Coase,</a> salah satu gerakan dari sekolah proponents, kirimkan, dalam artikelnya <i>Masalah Sosial Biaya</i> (1960), <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-26"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><span style="font-size:+0;">[27]</span></sup></a> yang bertujuan untuk tort harus mencerminkan semaksimal sebagai mungkin tanggung jawab di mana <a title="Biaya transaksi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_cost&usg=ALkJrhjE7lVvx59NzqkzgmXqWoOQAqWd0A">biaya transaksi</a> harus diminimalkan.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Calls for reform of tort law come from diverse standpoints reflecting diverse theories of the objectives of the law.</span> Panggilan untuk reformasi hukum kerugian berasal dari beragam standpoints mencerminkan beragam teori tentang tujuan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Some calls for reform stress the difficulties encountered by potential claimants.</span> Beberapa panggilan untuk reformasi menekankan kesulitan yang dihadapi oleh calon claimants.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Because of all people who have accidents, only some can find solvent defendants from which to recover damages in the courts, <a class="mw-redirect" title="P. S. Atiyah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._S._Atiyah&usg=ALkJrhhRNL0y5yzfTUhwy7r4ejB117tosA">PS Atiyah</a> has called the situation a "damages lottery". <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-27"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 28 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> Consequently, in <a title="Selandia Baru" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand&usg=ALkJrhi_42N3Zcb7TM9w-zl6e0qLw2GmwA">New Zealand</a> , the government in the 1960s established a "no-fault" system of state compensation for accidents.</span> Karena semua orang yang ada kecelakaan, hanya dapat menemukan beberapa larutan terdakwa yang memulihkan kerusakan di pengadilan, <a class="mw-redirect" title="P. S. Atiyah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._S._Atiyah&usg=ALkJrhhRNL0y5yzfTUhwy7r4ejB117tosA">PS Atiyah</a> memiliki sebuah situasi yang disebut "kerusakan lotere". <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-27"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><span style="font-size:+0;">[28]</span></sup></a> Akibatnya, di <a title="Selandia Baru" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand&usg=ALkJrhi_42N3Zcb7TM9w-zl6e0qLw2GmwA">Selandia Baru,</a> pemerintah yang didirikan pada tahun 1960-an a "no-kesalahan" sistem negara untuk kompensasi kecelakaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Similar proposals have been the subject of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Perintah Kertas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Paper&usg=ALkJrhgsovbTpHgEgDhKKsghv-H8lsRUdw">Command Papers</a> in the UK and much academic debate.</span> Proposal serupa telah menjadi subyek <a class="mw-redirect" title="Perintah Kertas" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Paper&usg=ALkJrhgsovbTpHgEgDhKKsghv-H8lsRUdw">Command Papers</a> di Inggris dan banyak perdebatan akademik.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">However, in the <a class="mw-redirect" title="US" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.&usg=ALkJrhh2FFIdee81PrF3XM8T-jqe0abYDQ">US</a> calls for reform have tended to be for drastic limitation on the scope of tort law, a minimisation process on the lines of economic analysis. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trust" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-trust&usg=ALkJrhgdQyey-ITudIih1hx0X5r2EBrCEQ">Anti-trust</a> damages have come under special scrutiny, <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-28"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 29 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a> and many people believe the availability of <a title="Menghukum kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damages&usg=ALkJrhhinTQJLZ2JCEaKl6SFYdBxqcZ17Q">punitive damages</a> generally are a strain on the legal system.</span> Namun, di <a class="mw-redirect" title="US" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.&usg=ALkJrhh2FFIdee81PrF3XM8T-jqe0abYDQ">AS</a> ada panggilan untuk reformasi cenderung untuk drastis batasan pada lingkup tort hukum, sebuah proses minimisation pada baris analisis ekonomi. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trust" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-trust&usg=ALkJrhgdQyey-ITudIih1hx0X5r2EBrCEQ">Anti-kepercayaan</a> kerusakan telah datang di bawah pengawasan khusus, <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-28"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><span style="font-size:+0;">[29]</span></sup></a> dan banyak orang yang percaya ketersediaan <a title="Menghukum kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damages&usg=ALkJrhhinTQJLZ2JCEaKl6SFYdBxqcZ17Q">menghukum kerusakan</a> umumnya adalah kejang pada sistem hukum.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Theoretical and policy considerations are central to fixing liability for <a title="Kerugian ekonomi murni" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_economic_loss&usg=ALkJrhg3k0tSEpjJm_wyxSaBdptPb7ltZQ">pure economic loss</a> and of public bodies.</span> Teori dan kebijakan adalah pertimbangan pusat untuk pemasangan kewajiban untuk <a title="Kerugian ekonomi murni" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_economic_loss&usg=ALkJrhg3k0tSEpjJm_wyxSaBdptPb7ltZQ">murni kerugian ekonomi</a> dan badan-badan publik.</span> </p><p><a id="Overlap_with_criminal_law" name="Overlap_with_criminal_law"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Tumpang tindih dengan hukum pidana" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhi6Q41p3ly2BmSurDQaby_698mXaA">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Overlap with criminal law</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Tumpang tindih dengan hukum pidana" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhi6Q41p3ly2BmSurDQaby_698mXaA"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Tumpang tindih dengan hukum pidana</span></span> </h2><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">There is some overlap between criminal law and tort, since tort, a private action, used to be used more than criminal laws in the past.</span> Ada beberapa tumpang tindih antara hukum pidana dan kesalahan, karena kesalahan, tindakan pribadi, yang digunakan untuk digunakan lebih dari hukum pidana di masa lalu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">For example, in <a title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhgRWneWJZHZ47EVVMzTzx0YO5DRMQ">English law</a> an assault is both a crime and a tort (a form of trespass to the person).</span> Misalnya, dalam bahasa <a title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhgRWneWJZHZ47EVVMzTzx0YO5DRMQ">Inggris hukum</a> sebuah serangan kedua adalah tindak pidana dan kesalahan (satu bentuk pelanggaran kepada orang).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">A tort allows a person, usually the victim, to obtain a remedy that serves their own purposes (for example by the payment of <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w">damages</a> to a person injured in a car accident, or the obtaining of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Injunctive relief" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctive_relief&usg=ALkJrhglWpX_oF-ZJAibThUjoB7gl5wRPw">injunctive relief</a> to stop a person interfering with their business).</span> J tort memungkinkan seseorang, biasanya korban, untuk mendapatkan obat yang melayani kepentingan mereka sendiri (misalnya dengan pembayaran <a title="Kerusakan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w">ganti rugi</a> kepada orang terluka dalam kecelakaan mobil, atau memperoleh dari <a class="mw-redirect" title="Injunctive relief" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctive_relief&usg=ALkJrhglWpX_oF-ZJAibThUjoB7gl5wRPw">injunctive bantuan</a> untuk menghentikan orang campur dengan bisnis ).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Criminal actions on the other hand are pursued not to obtain remedies to assist a person – although often criminal courts do have power to grant such remedies – but to remove their liberty on the state's behalf.</span> Tindakan kriminal di sisi lain yang tidak diikuti untuk mendapatkan solusi untuk membantu orang - walaupun sering pengadilan pidana memiliki daya untuk memberikan solusi seperti itu - tetapi untuk menghapus kebebasan mereka di negara pihak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">That explains why <a title="Pengurungan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration&usg=ALkJrhhfXtfbhc5Rxj1CXh_CWwVdakmhcw">incarceration</a> is usually available as a penalty for serious crimes, but not usually for torts.</span> Yang menjelaskan mengapa <a title="Pengurungan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration&usg=ALkJrhhfXtfbhc5Rxj1CXh_CWwVdakmhcw">penahanan</a> biasanya tersedia sebagai hukuman bagi kejahatan, tetapi tidak biasanya untuk torts.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">The more severe penalties available in criminal law also means that it requires a higher <a title="Bukti beban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhg5i07AxNoG7LwmoeCGxhc8oyC58Q">burden of proof</a> to be discharged than the related tort.</span> Yang lebih parah hukuman yang tersedia dalam hukum pidana juga berarti bahwa ia memerlukan tinggi <a title="Bukti beban" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhg5i07AxNoG7LwmoeCGxhc8oyC58Q">beban bukti</a> yang akan habis dari kerugian yang terkait.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">For example, in the <a title="O. J. Simpson kasus pembunuhan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_case&usg=ALkJrhg9ujRFMqHEuxyV0YUzu04JmeY_cw">OJ Simpson murder trial</a> , the jury were not convinced "beyond reasonable doubt" that <a title="O. J. Simpson" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson&usg=ALkJrhgyMficrw1bBlXf4aZDJWfK_26_Hg">OJ Simpson</a> had committed the crime of <a title="Pembunuhan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ">murder</a> , but a later civil trial, the jury in that case felt that he did satisfy the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Keseimbangan probabilities" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_probabilities&usg=ALkJrhiaDOTz_BBTecuqz4hDiIivUUM1uw">balance of probabilities</a> threshold required to prove the tort of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kematian salah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_death&usg=ALkJrhiXWYOOEW6pfXI9f71ez775ghvOlA">wrongful death</a> .</span> Misalnya, dalam <a title="O. J. Simpson kasus pembunuhan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_case&usg=ALkJrhg9ujRFMqHEuxyV0YUzu04JmeY_cw">percobaan pembunuhan OJ Simpson,</a> maka juri tidak yakin "diluar wajar keraguan" yang <a title="O. J. Simpson" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson&usg=ALkJrhgyMficrw1bBlXf4aZDJWfK_26_Hg">OJ Simpson</a> telah melakukan kejahatan atas <a title="Pembunuhan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ">pembunuhan,</a> tapi nanti persidangan perdata, maka juri dalam hal ini merasa bahwa dia memenuhi <a class="mw-redirect" title="Keseimbangan probabilities" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_probabilities&usg=ALkJrhiaDOTz_BBTecuqz4hDiIivUUM1uw">keseimbangan probabilities</a> ambang batas yang diperlukan untuk membuktikan kesalahan dari <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kematian salah" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_death&usg=ALkJrhiXWYOOEW6pfXI9f71ez775ghvOlA">salah kematian.</a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Many jurisdictions, especially the US, retain <a title="Menghukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive&usg=ALkJrhj1Cs8EdsAjMV2pCia9bbvH8gCOyw">punitive</a> elements in tort damages, for example in anti-trust and consumer-related torts, making tort blur the line with criminal acts.</span> Banyak yurisdiksi, terutama Amerika Serikat, mempertahankan <a title="Menghukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive&usg=ALkJrhj1Cs8EdsAjMV2pCia9bbvH8gCOyw">menghukum</a> elemen dalam tort kerusakan, misalnya dalam anti dan kepercayaan konsumen yang berhubungan dengan torts, membuat kesalahan blur yang sejalan dengan tindakan kriminal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Also there are situations where, particularly if the defendant ignores the orders of the court, a plaintiff can obtain a punitive remedy against the defendant, including imprisonment.</span> Terdapat juga situasi di mana, terutama jika terdakwa mengabaikan perintah dari pengadilan, seorang penuntut dapat memperoleh menghukum remedy terhadap terdakwa, termasuk hukuman penjara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Some torts may have a public element – for example, <a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">public nuisance</a> – and sometimes actions in tort will be brought by a public body.</span> Beberapa torts Mei memiliki elemen masyarakat - misalnya, <a title="Berabe" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA">gangguan publik</a> - dan kadang-kadang tindakan kerugian akan dibawa oleh suatu badan publik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Also, while criminal law is primarily punitive, many jurisdictions have developed forms of monetary compensation or restitution which criminal courts can directly order the defendant to pay to the victim. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-29"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span> 30 <span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></sup></a></span> Selain itu, sementara hukum pidana adalah terutama menghukum, telah mengembangkan berbagai jurisdiksi moneter bentuk kompensasi atau restitusi pengadilan pidana yang dapat langsung memesan terdakwa untuk membayar kepada korban. <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_note-29"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><span style="font-size:+0;">[30]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a id="Tort_by_legal_jurisdiction" name="Tort_by_legal_jurisdiction"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Tort oleh yurisdiksi hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D19&usg=ALkJrhg7ZeyoraZG2ZqcQqkHd9MwpoJE1Q">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Tort by legal jurisdiction</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Tort oleh yurisdiksi hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D19&usg=ALkJrhg7ZeyoraZG2ZqcQqkHd9MwpoJE1Q"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Tort oleh yurisdiksi hukum</span></span> </h2><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Legal jurisdictions whose legal system developed from the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Inggris dan Wales" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_England_and_Wales&usg=ALkJrhjkD0ffnXItvkNmSG679QQ_WLaZxA">English</a> <a title="Umum hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag">common law</a> have the concept of tortious liability.</span> Hukum yurisdiksi sistem hukum yang dikembangkan dari bahasa <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hukum Inggris dan Wales" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_England_and_Wales&usg=ALkJrhjkD0ffnXItvkNmSG679QQ_WLaZxA">Inggris</a> <a title="Umum hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag">umum hukum</a> memiliki konsep kewajiban menyakitkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">There are technical differences from one jurisdiction to the next in proving the various torts.</span> Ada perbedaan teknis dari satu yurisdiksi ke depan dalam membuktikan berbagai torts.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">For the issue of foreign elements in tort see <a title="Tort (konflik)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_%28conflict%29&usg=ALkJrhg5Y5cmWjuN4JYW6qHGFXCa7__gfA">Tort and Conflict of Laws</a> .</span> Untuk isu unsur asing di tort melihat <a title="Tort (konflik)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_%28conflict%29&usg=ALkJrhg5Y5cmWjuN4JYW6qHGFXCa7__gfA">Tort Konflik dan Undang-Undang.</a></span> </p><ul><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Australia kesalahan hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_tort_law&usg=ALkJrhibgSDO84qFLWspfj7cP8ajv5ACrA">Australian tort law</a></span> <a title="Australia kesalahan hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_tort_law&usg=ALkJrhibgSDO84qFLWspfj7cP8ajv5ACrA">Australia kesalahan hukum</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian kesalahan hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_tort_law&usg=ALkJrhjvCfl3k5_Ly40X6pK7k-eIkgebNw">Canadian tort law</a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian kesalahan hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_tort_law&usg=ALkJrhjvCfl3k5_Ly40X6pK7k-eIkgebNw">Canadian kesalahan hukum</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Inggris kesalahan hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_tort_law&usg=ALkJrhh7rFOpvSSyY4dOP-TZD2noL1I_2w">English tort law</a></span> <a title="Inggris kesalahan hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_tort_law&usg=ALkJrhh7rFOpvSSyY4dOP-TZD2noL1I_2w">Inggris kesalahan hukum</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Hal melanggar (hukum Scots)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delict_%28Scots_law%29&usg=ALkJrhhMOsHM31NwQP1fIbPG6XkWTdCEJw">Scots Law of Delict</a> (equivalent)</span> <a title="Hal melanggar (hukum Scots)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delict_%28Scots_law%29&usg=ALkJrhhMOsHM31NwQP1fIbPG6XkWTdCEJw">Skotlandia hal melanggar Hukum</a> (setara)</span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Amerika tort hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_tort_law&usg=ALkJrhhnCpb5C3y1LTg4aXsxYAMO2VZ8Dg">United States tort law</a></span> <a title="Amerika tort hukum" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_tort_law&usg=ALkJrhhnCpb5C3y1LTg4aXsxYAMO2VZ8Dg">Amerika tort hukum</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="new" title="Irish tort hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIrish_tort_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjD4TVKHyMbuF3bxBsZeTqbjOuSIQ">Irish tort law</a> (see <a class="external text" title="http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/justice/civil-law" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/justice/civil-law&usg=ALkJrhjuzqeWav74HTEUL1hy5RtGdrdkIg" rel="nofollow">Irish Citizens Information Board</a> )</span> <a class="new" title="Irish tort hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIrish_tort_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjD4TVKHyMbuF3bxBsZeTqbjOuSIQ">Irish tort hukum</a> (lihat <a class="external text" title="http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/justice/civil-law" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/justice/civil-law&usg=ALkJrhjuzqeWav74HTEUL1hy5RtGdrdkIg" rel="nofollow">Irlandia Citizens Informasi Board)</a></span> </li></ul><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">In addition, other legal systems have concepts comparable to torts.</span> Selain itu, sistem hukum lainnya memiliki konsep dibandingkan ke torts.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">See, for instance, the rabbinic category of <a title="Kerusakan (hukum Yahudi)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_%28Jewish_law%29&usg=ALkJrhi1rCBs1YTFFrm1GWZoDrXynP_xbg">Damages (Jewish law)</a> .</span> Lihat, sebagai contoh, berhubung dgn Talmud kategori <a title="Kerusakan (hukum Yahudi)" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages_%28Jewish_law%29&usg=ALkJrhi1rCBs1YTFFrm1GWZoDrXynP_xbg">Damages (hukum Yahudi).</a></span> </p><p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhj3wqbVIEjg9t73tz-xxTtnpwlR5g">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhj3wqbVIEjg9t73tz-xxTtnpwlR5g"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><ul><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Daftar topik tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tort_topics&usg=ALkJrhiPysN_HZfCEb8PLvRXmR7lXf2veQ">List of tort topics</a></span> <a title="Daftar topik tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tort_topics&usg=ALkJrhiPysN_HZfCEb8PLvRXmR7lXf2veQ">Daftar topik tort</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar tort kasus" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tort_cases&usg=ALkJrhjNvkFbp-JouJGnhrkzOKzJF0rMmg">List of tort cases</a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar tort kasus" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tort_cases&usg=ALkJrhjNvkFbp-JouJGnhrkzOKzJF0rMmg">Daftar tort kasus</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Tort reformasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform&usg=ALkJrhi654UYceJYqr1zjJj48SeFAG0rTQ">Tort reform</a></span> <a title="Tort reformasi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_reform&usg=ALkJrhi654UYceJYqr1zjJj48SeFAG0rTQ">Tort reformasi</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="Daftar topik dasar hukum tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_tort_law_topics&usg=ALkJrhiz4KvjLa86j_nQiCpcIU9x9VGH7w">List of basic tort law topics</a></span> <a title="Daftar topik dasar hukum tort" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_tort_law_topics&usg=ALkJrhiz4KvjLa86j_nQiCpcIU9x9VGH7w">Daftar topik dasar hukum tort</a></span> </li></ul><p><a id="Notes" name="Notes"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhj9AgKbYUe3G02x-KcwdNFd9svttg">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhj9AgKbYUe3G02x-KcwdNFd9svttg"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Catatan</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="moz-column-count: 2"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> "Tort" is the Norman word for a "wrong."</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> "Tort" adalah kata Norman untuk "salah."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">As traditionally used, this kind of wrong is distinct from a contractual or criminal wrong.</span> Tradisional seperti yang digunakan, jenis ini berbeda adalah salah satu dari kontrak atau pidana salah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">See: G. Edward White, <i>Tort Law in America: An Intellectual History</i> , (2003) p.</span> Lihat: Edward G. <i>White,</i> KESALAHAN <i>Hukum di Amerika: Sebuah Sejarah Intelektual,</i> (2003) hal</span> xxiii. </li><li id="cite_note-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFZweigert.2C_P._.26_K.C3.B6tz.2C_H.1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Zweigert, P. & Kötz, H. (1998). <i>An Introduction to Comparative Law</i> (3rd ed. ed.).</cite></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFZweigert.2C_P._.26_K.C3.B6tz.2C_H.1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Zweigert, P. & Kötz, H. (1998). <i>Sebuah Pengantar Komparatif Hukum</i> (3rd ed. Ed.).</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFZweigert.2C_P._.26_K.C3.B6tz.2C_H.1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite></span> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFZweigert.2C_P._.26_K.C3.B6tz.2C_H.1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFZweigert.2C_P._.26_K.C3.B6tz.2C_H.1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">pp. <i>pp</i> 595–628. <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198268599&usg=ALkJrhhxxHpU_rC6TWhqYTeq--ZZdtZGjg">ISBN 0198268599</a> .</cite></span> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFZweigert.2C_P._.26_K.C3.B6tz.2C_H.1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">pp. <i>pp</i> 595-628. <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198268599&usg=ALkJrhhxxHpU_rC6TWhqYTeq--ZZdtZGjg">ISBN 0198268599.</a></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = An + Introduction + to + + Komparatif Hukum & rft.aulast = Zweigert% 2C + P. + 26% + K% C3% B6tz% 2C + H. & rft.au = Zweigert% 2C + P. + 26% + K% C3% B6tz% 2C + H. & rft.date = 1998 & pp = rft.pages. 26nbsp%% 3B% 27% 27pp % 27% 27595% E2% 80% 93628 & rft.edition = 3. + ed. rft.place = & & rft.pub = Oxford Clarendon Press & rft.isbn + = 0198268599 & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Tort"><span style="DISPLAY: none"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/t095.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/t095.htm&usg=ALkJrhivP-NGtBmhnhGsPHbmTi_p8Q1K1g" rel="nofollow">Legal Definition of Tortfeasor</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/t095.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/t095.htm&usg=ALkJrhivP-NGtBmhnhGsPHbmTi_p8Q1K1g" rel="nofollow">Definisi Tortfeasor Hukum</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-3"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standards.html" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standards.html&usg=ALkJrhheiFQBBjSDix5D7QThPPcPzcXStg" rel="nofollow">PDF page 302</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standards.html" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.abanet.org/legaled/standards/standards.html&usg=ALkJrhheiFQBBjSDix5D7QThPPcPzcXStg" rel="nofollow">PDF 302 halaman</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-4"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> [1932] AC 562</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> [1932] AC 562</span> </li><li id="cite_note-5"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> see Occupier's Liability Act 1956 and 1984</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> Lihat Occupier dari Kewajiban Undang-Undang 1956 dan 1984</span> </li><li id="cite_note-6"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> [1909] AC 229</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> [1909] AC 229</span> </li><li id="cite_note-7"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nuisancelaw.com/learn/historical" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.nuisancelaw.com/learn/historical&usg=ALkJrhj7OK7tHz5_wQdDkGo926_1YI-szw" rel="nofollow">Public Nuisance: A Historical Perspective</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nuisancelaw.com/learn/historical" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.nuisancelaw.com/learn/historical&usg=ALkJrhj7OK7tHz5_wQdDkGo926_1YI-szw" rel="nofollow">Publik berabe: Sebuah Riwayat Perspektif</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-8"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <i>Jones v Powell</i> (1629) 123 Eng.</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <i>V Powell Jones</i> (1629) 123 Eng.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Rep. 1155</span> Rep 1155</span> </li><li id="cite_note-9"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <i>Rylands v. Fletcher</i> (1866) LR 1 Exch 265</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <i>Rylands vs Fletcher</i> (1866) LR 1 Exch 265</span> </li><li id="cite_note-10"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather plc [1994] 2 AC 264</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> Cambridge Air Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather plc [1994] 2 AC 264</span> </li><li id="cite_note-11"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.environmentprobe.org/enviroprobe/pridon/index.html" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.environmentprobe.org/enviroprobe/pridon/index.html&usg=ALkJrhgT_wuSipypIotvQMe3SZ8ji7hZ7Q" rel="nofollow">Property Rights in the Defense of Nature</a> Enviroprobe</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.environmentprobe.org/enviroprobe/pridon/index.html" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.environmentprobe.org/enviroprobe/pridon/index.html&usg=ALkJrhgT_wuSipypIotvQMe3SZ8ji7hZ7Q" rel="nofollow">Hak Kekayaan di Pertahanan dari Alam</a> Enviroprobe</span> </li><li id="cite_note-12"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> p.509 <i>Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law</i> (2003 5th Ed.) OUP)</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> P.509 <i>Markesinis dan Deakin's Tort Law</i> (2003 5. Ed.) OUP)</span> </li><li id="cite_note-13"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <i>Mogul Steamship Co. Ltd. v. McGregor, Gow & Co.</i> (1889) LR 23 QBD 598</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <i>Monggol kapal uap Co Ltd ayat McGregor, Gow & Co</i> (1889) LR 23 QBD 598</span> </li><li id="cite_note-14"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> per Bowen LJ, (1889) LR 23 QBD 598, 614</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> Per Bowen LJ, (1889) LR 23 QBD 598, 614</span> </li><li id="cite_note-15"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <i>Taff Vale Railway v. Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants</i> [1901] AC 426</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <i>Taff Vale Railway v. dicampur Masyarakat dari Kereta hamba</i> [1901] AC 426</span> </li><li id="cite_note-16"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> Quinn v. Leatham [1901] AC 495</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> Quinn ayat Leatham [1901] AC 495</span> </li><li id="cite_note-17"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> Torquay Hotels Ltd v. Cousins [1968]</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> Torquay Hotels Ltd ayat Cousins [1968]</span> </li><li id="cite_note-18"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> Rookes v. Barnard [1964] AC 1129</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> Rookes ayat Barnard [1964] AC 1129</span> </li><li id="cite_note-19"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> [1964] AC 465</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> [1964] AC 465</span> </li><li id="cite_note-20"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> [1978] QB 574</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> [1978] QB 574</span> </li><li id="cite_note-21"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> Richard Whish, Competition Law (2003) 5th Ed., Lexis Nexis, Ch.</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> Richard Whish, Hukum Persaingan (2003) 5. Ed., Lexis Nexis, Ch.</span> 10 </li><li id="cite_note-22"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/vicarious" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/vicarious&usg=ALkJrhh9vW7X3474A3S3AbwD_VC20i3Pcw" rel="nofollow">vicarious - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/vicarious" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/vicarious&usg=ALkJrhh9vW7X3474A3S3AbwD_VC20i3Pcw" rel="nofollow">Yg - Definisi dari Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-23"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> Miller v. Jackson [1975]</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> Miller v. Jackson [1975]</span> </li><li id="cite_note-24"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> Currie, S., & Cameron, D. (2000), "Your Law", <i>Nelson Thomson Learning</i> , Melbourne, p.</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> Currie, S., & Cameron, D. (2000), "Anda Hukum", <i>Nelson Thomson Learning,</i> Melbourne, hal</span> 225 </li><li id="cite_note-25"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> Williams, G. [1951] "The Aims of the Law of Tort", <i>Current Legal Problems</i> 137</span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> Williams, G. [1951] "The Tujuan dari Hukum Tort", <i>Peristiwa Hukum Masalah</i> 137</span> </li><li id="cite_note-26"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1960" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Coase, RH (1960).</cite></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1960" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Coase, RH (1960).</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1960" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">"The Problem of Social Cost". <i>The Journal of Law and Economics</i> <b>3</b> : 1–44. <a title="Pengidentifikasi objek digital" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&usg=ALkJrhg-4hKABSeP6m8iUY7ijE2vizUqaA">doi</a> : <a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086% 2F466560" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%252F466560&usg=ALkJrhhzKZXPHAjhkac3WxYtzaf8C_TMow" rel="nofollow"><span class="neverexpand">10.1086/466560</span></a> .</cite></span> <cite class="Journal" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1960" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">"Masalah Sosial Biaya". <i>The Jurnal Hukum dan Ekonomi</i> <b>3:</b> 1-44. <a title="Pengidentifikasi objek digital" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&usg=ALkJrhg-4hKABSeP6m8iUY7ijE2vizUqaA">Doi:</a> <a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086% 2F466560" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%252F466560&usg=ALkJrhhzKZXPHAjhkac3WxYtzaf8C_TMow" rel="nofollow"><span class="neverexpand">10.1086/466560.</span></a></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Ajournal & rft.genre = artikel & rft.atitle = The Problem + of + + + Biaya Sosial & rft.jtitle = The + Jurnal + of + Law + dan + Ekonomi & rft. aulast = Coase + R.% 2C + H. & rft.au = Coase + R.% 2C + H. & rft.date = 1960 & rft.volume = 3 & rft.pages = 1% E2% 80% 9344 = & rft_id info: doi/10.1086% 2F466560 & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Tort"><span style="DISPLAY: none"></span></span><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">, reprinted in <cite class="book" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1990" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Coase, RH (1990). <i>The Firm, the Market and the Law</i> .</cite></span> , Reprinted di <cite class="book" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1990" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Coase, RH (1990). <i>The Firm, Pasar dan Undang-Undang.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1990" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Chicago: Chicago University Press.</cite></span> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1990" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Chicago: Chicago University Press.</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1990" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">pp. <i>pp</i> 95–156. <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226111016&usg=ALkJrhgYcLcTBPj2Z1HrLY0kw838R2XqfA">ISBN 0-226-11101-6</a> .</cite></span> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFCoase.2C_R._H.1990" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">pp. <i>pp</i> 95-156. <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226111016&usg=ALkJrhgYcLcTBPj2Z1HrLY0kw838R2XqfA">ISBN 0-226-11101-6.</a></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = The Firm +% 2C + di + Pasar + dan + di + Hukum & rft.aulast = Coase% 2C + R. + H. & rft.au = Coase + R.% 2C + H. & rft.date = 1990 & pp = rft.pages. 26nbsp%% 3B% 27% 27pp% 27% 2795% E2% 80% 93156 & rft.place = & Chicago rft.pub = + Universitas Chicago Press & rft.isbn = 0-226-11101-6 & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Tort"><span style="DISPLAY: none"></span></span><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">, <a class="external text" title="http://www.sfu.ca/ ~ allen/CoaseJLE1960.pdf" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.sfu.ca/%7Eallen/CoaseJLE1960.pdf&usg=ALkJrhg04vqgGtlUqN9LgEsb0VfsnYh5aA" rel="nofollow">online version</a></span> , <a class="external text" title="http://www.sfu.ca/ ~ allen/CoaseJLE1960.pdf" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.sfu.ca/%7Eallen/CoaseJLE1960.pdf&usg=ALkJrhg04vqgGtlUqN9LgEsb0VfsnYh5aA" rel="nofollow">Versi online</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-27"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> Atiyah, PS (1997) <i>The Damages Lottery</i></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> Atiyah, PS (1997) <i>The Lottery Damages</i></span> </li><li id="cite_note-28"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a> see especially, Bork, R. (1971) <i>The Antitrust Paradox</i></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a> Lihat khususnya, Bork, R. (1971) <i>The Antitrust Paradox</i></span> </li><li id="cite_note-29"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <i>See also</i> Ronen Perry, <a class="external text" title="http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id=" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id%3D846309&usg=ALkJrhjBUDeUgyFVizEAQoD_8Mmdm3P4UA" rel="nofollow">The Role of Retributive Justice in the Common Law of Torts: A Descriptive Theory</a> , 73 <a class="external text" title="http://www.law.utk.edu/departments/lawrev/lawreviewhome.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.law.utk.edu/departments/lawrev/lawreviewhome.htm&usg=ALkJrhgK_iOUs90nBywj8A5F_JbOKSKUfw" rel="nofollow">Tenn.</a></span> <a title="" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <i>Lihat juga</i> Ronen Perry, <a class="external text" title="http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id=" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract_id%3D846309&usg=ALkJrhjBUDeUgyFVizEAQoD_8Mmdm3P4UA" rel="nofollow">Peranan menghukum Keadilan di Common Hukum Torts: Sebuah Teori Deskriptif,</a> 73 <a class="external text" title="http://www.law.utk.edu/departments/lawrev/lawreviewhome.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.law.utk.edu/departments/lawrev/lawreviewhome.htm&usg=ALkJrhgK_iOUs90nBywj8A5F_JbOKSKUfw" rel="nofollow">Tenn.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a class="external text" title="http://www.law.utk.edu/departments/lawrev/lawreviewhome.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.law.utk.edu/departments/lawrev/lawreviewhome.htm&usg=ALkJrhgK_iOUs90nBywj8A5F_JbOKSKUfw" rel="nofollow">L. Rev.</a> 177 (2006).</span> <a class="external text" title="http://www.law.utk.edu/departments/lawrev/lawreviewhome.htm" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.law.utk.edu/departments/lawrev/lawreviewhome.htm&usg=ALkJrhgK_iOUs90nBywj8A5F_JbOKSKUfw" rel="nofollow">L. Rev.</a> 177 (2006).</span> </li></ol></div><p><a id="Bibliography" name="Bibliography"></a></p><h2><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><span class="editsection">[ <a title="Sunting bagian: Bibliografi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D22&usg=ALkJrhhbFyZBczX0FHlrbO-qMl0HClwPXA">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bibliography</span></span> <a title="Sunting bagian: Bibliografi" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTort%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D22&usg=ALkJrhhbFyZBczX0FHlrbO-qMl0HClwPXA"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Bibliografi</span></span> </h2><ul><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="book" id="CITEREF.5B.5BSimon_Deakin.7CDeakin.5D.5D.2C_Johnston_and_.5B.5BBasil_Markesinis.7CMarkesinis.5D.5D2008" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Simon Deakin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Deakin&usg=ALkJrhjY1wxAlX5HWa2uv8MC92Q5DqQdxA">Deakin</a> , Johnston and <a title="Kemangi Markesinis" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Markesinis&usg=ALkJrhjzZmTe_x2iwjF2gMrVs7b-tNBTTA">Markesinis</a> (2008). <i>Markesinis & Deakin's Tort Law</i> .</cite></span> <cite class="book" id="CITEREF.5B.5BSimon_Deakin.7CDeakin.5D.5D.2C_Johnston_and_.5B.5BBasil_Markesinis.7CMarkesinis.5D.5D2008" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Simon Deakin" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Deakin&usg=ALkJrhjY1wxAlX5HWa2uv8MC92Q5DqQdxA">Deakin,</a> Johnston dan <a title="Kemangi Markesinis" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Markesinis&usg=ALkJrhjzZmTe_x2iwjF2gMrVs7b-tNBTTA">Markesinis</a> (2008). <i>Markesinis & Deakin's Tort Law.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="book" id="CITEREF.5B.5BSimon_Deakin.7CDeakin.5D.5D.2C_Johnston_and_.5B.5BBasil_Markesinis.7CMarkesinis.5D.5D2008" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Oxford: <a title="Oxford University Press" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press&usg=ALkJrhg8V0aPHPdDMoel8jiP95ytdtoX6w">Oxford University Press</a> . <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199282463&usg=ALkJrhi8ylxAO8n7o3ydScAsM8_bpqyicQ">ISBN 978-0-19-928246-3</a> .</cite></span> <cite class="book" id="CITEREF.5B.5BSimon_Deakin.7CDeakin.5D.5D.2C_Johnston_and_.5B.5BBasil_Markesinis.7CMarkesinis.5D.5D2008" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Oxford: <a title="Oxford University Press" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press&usg=ALkJrhg8V0aPHPdDMoel8jiP95ytdtoX6w">Oxford University Press.</a> <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199282463&usg=ALkJrhi8ylxAO8n7o3ydScAsM8_bpqyicQ">ISBN 978-0-19-928246-3.</a></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = Markesinis +% 26% 27s Deakin + + + Tort Hukum & rft.aulast =% 5B% 5BSimon + Deakin% 7CDeakin% 5D % 5D% 2C + + dan Johnston +% 5B% 5BBasil + Markesinis% 7CMarkesinis% 5D% 5D & rft.au =% 5B% 5BSimon + Deakin% 7CDeakin% 5D% 5D% 2C + + dan Johnston +% 5B% 5BBasil + Markesinis% 7CMarkesinis% 5D% 5D & rft.date = 2008 & rft.pub = Oxford% 3A +% 5B% 5BOxford + Universitas Tekan% 5D% 5D & rft.isbn = 978-0-19-928246-3 & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Tort"><span style="DISPLAY: none"></span></span></li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Mark Lunney, Ken Oliphant, <i>Tort Law - Texts, Cases</i> (2003) 2nd Ed.</span> Tandai Lunney, Ken <i>Oliphant,</i> KESALAHAN <i>Hukum - Texts, Kasus</i> (2003) 2. Ed.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left">Oxford University Press, <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199260559&usg=ALkJrhh7X3b__msP6ndOwj92WlbPIO2D9Q">ISBN 0-19-926055-9</a></span> Oxford University Press, <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199260559&usg=ALkJrhh7X3b__msP6ndOwj92WlbPIO2D9Q">ISBN 0-19-926055-9</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFvan_Gerven.2C_W._.27.27et_al..27.27_.28eds.292001" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">van Gerven, W. <i>et al.</i> (eds) (2001). <i>Cases, Materials and Text on National, Supranational and International Tort Law</i> .</cite></span> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFvan_Gerven.2C_W._.27.27et_al..27.27_.28eds.292001" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">van Gerven, W. <i>et al.</i> (eds) (2001). <i>Kasus, Bahan dan teks pada Nasional, batas negara dan International Tort Law.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-ALIGN: left"><cite class="book" id="CITEREFvan_Gerven.2C_W._.27.27et_al..27.27_.28eds.292001" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Oxford: Hart Publishing. <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841131393&usg=ALkJrhi3CULDt0j2UtgPwYJAoQCLNB9ySQ">ISBN 1841131393</a> .</cite></span> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFvan_Gerven.2C_W._.27.27et_al..27.27_.28eds.292001" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Universitas Oxford: Hart Publishing. <a class="internal" href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841131393&usg=ALkJrhi3CULDt0j2UtgPwYJAoQCLNB9ySQ">ISBN 1841131393.</a></cite></span></li></ul>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-55270251505134032492009-01-20T23:48:00.000-08:002009-01-20T23:50:56.174-08:00Hukum Kontrak<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_globe_content.svg&usg=ALkJrhh7FkebmKvk3e92CzwQrXbxH4qfAQ" class="image" title="Ambox globe content.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/40px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="40" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> and do not represent a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&usg=ALkJrhhxH8UZToHyojXaftfRtlhi8pdKhA" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering sistemik bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b> .</span> Contoh dan perspektif dalam artikel ini <b>terutama berhubungan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> dan tidak mewakili seluruh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&usg=ALkJrhhxH8UZToHyojXaftfRtlhi8pdKhA" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering sistemik bias">dunia melihat</a> dari subjek.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Please <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgiuNfvmRAh6S82paDRnjDq7zeMOA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contract&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Contract&usg=ALkJrhiAJ5Dsw26s5HYZ4Xg909rTjvlkaw" title="Talk: Kontrak">talk page</a> .</span> Harap <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgiuNfvmRAh6S82paDRnjDq7zeMOA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contract&action=edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> atau membahas persoalan di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Contract&usg=ALkJrhiAJ5Dsw26s5HYZ4Xg909rTjvlkaw" title="Talk: Kontrak">halaman bicara.</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="dablink"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For other uses, see <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhjldCEd9Rkyb_lv6KcwIus3kk8nRg" title="Kontrak (disambiguasi)">Contract (disambiguation)</a> .</span> Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhjldCEd9Rkyb_lv6KcwIus3kk8nRg" title="Kontrak (disambiguasi)">Kontrak (disambiguasi).</a></span> </div><div class="dablink"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"Legally binding" redirects here.</span> "Legally mengikat" redirects here.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For other uses, see <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legally_binding&usg=ALkJrhhSP0YA2FT6AkZbtIa6QcbM1AZAXQ" class="extiw" title="wikt: mengikat secara hukum">wikt:legally binding</a> .</span> Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legally_binding&usg=ALkJrhhSP0YA2FT6AkZbtIa6QcbM1AZAXQ" class="extiw" title="wikt: mengikat secara hukum">wikt: mengikat secara hukum.</a></span> </div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <b>contract</b> is an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange&usg=ALkJrhi3Ez6vUkl9CIyRVaNuOe1ExdXLIw" title="Kurs">exchange</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promise&usg=ALkJrhgBWFaUQcuGa2uqe8up9-YGj9iuvg" title="Janji">promises</a> between two or more parties to do, or refrain from doing, an act which is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforceable&usg=ALkJrhgwScSwe1j76dbxwCoTCteXanO81w" title="Dilaksanakan" class="mw-redirect">enforceable</a> in a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_law&usg=ALkJrhjKogwq3zgWN-JoYaN2SLQhCZB9mw" title="Mahkamah" class="mw-redirect">court of law</a> .</span> Sebuah <b>kontrak</b> adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange&usg=ALkJrhi3Ez6vUkl9CIyRVaNuOe1ExdXLIw" title="Kurs">pertukaran</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promise&usg=ALkJrhgBWFaUQcuGa2uqe8up9-YGj9iuvg" title="Janji">janji</a> antara dua pihak atau lebih untuk melakukannya, atau menahan diri untuk melakukan, perbuatan yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforceable&usg=ALkJrhgwScSwe1j76dbxwCoTCteXanO81w" title="Dilaksanakan" class="mw-redirect">dilaksanakan</a> dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_law&usg=ALkJrhjKogwq3zgWN-JoYaN2SLQhCZB9mw" title="Mahkamah" class="mw-redirect">pengadilan hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is where an unqualified offer meets a qualified acceptance and the parties reach <i>Consensus ad Idem</i> .</span> Ia adalah tempat yang menawarkan lengkap yang memenuhi kualifikasi penerimaan dan pihak-pihak mencapai <i>konsensus iklan Idem.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The parties must have the necessary capacity to contract and the contract must not be either <b>trifling, indeterminate, impossible or illegal</b> .</span> Pihak-pihak harus memiliki kapasitas yang diperlukan untuk kontrak dan kontrak tidak boleh <b>rincih baik, tdk, atau mungkin ilegal.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contract law is based on the principle expressed in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhi0iKVJ2F9vtGSEQNRXuHhfmn4l8A" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacta_sunt_servanda&usg=ALkJrhgEICMO9Y1FKlI5uLeC_ckVXuvSxQ" title="Pacta sunt servanda"><i>pacta sunt servanda</i></a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact&usg=ALkJrhg0aSAmkCV2vLsgJr7z7oOVpTphjw" title="Pakta">pacts</a> must be kept). <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">Breach of contract</a> is recognised by the law and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_remedy&usg=ALkJrhiMGOsFqjJ6Q_xzT0ty8Is99FKVTA" title="Legal remedy">remedies</a> can be provided.</span> Kontrak hukum didasarkan pada prinsip dinyatakan dalam bahasa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhi0iKVJ2F9vtGSEQNRXuHhfmn4l8A" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacta_sunt_servanda&usg=ALkJrhgEICMO9Y1FKlI5uLeC_ckVXuvSxQ" title="Pacta sunt servanda"><i>pacta sunt servanda</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact&usg=ALkJrhg0aSAmkCV2vLsgJr7z7oOVpTphjw" title="Pakta">(pacts</a> harus dipelihara). <span><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">Breach kontrak yang</a> diakui oleh hukum dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_remedy&usg=ALkJrhiMGOsFqjJ6Q_xzT0ty8Is99FKVTA" title="Legal remedy">solusi</a> dapat diberikan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sometimes <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DWritten_contracts%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgfbjQsjyy3MDAfFgSzxLsHCMOdMA" class="new" title="Kontrak tertulis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">written contracts</a> are required, such as when buying a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House&usg=ALkJrhg-DJW5Etd8ZZzVcGjJacGDx_uzIg" title="Rumah">house</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a> However, most contracts can be and are made <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contract&usg=ALkJrhhENl0Oxad2I410UsnoTq27hxwqKQ" title="Kontrak lisan">orally</a> , such as purchasing a book or a sandwich.</span> Kadang-kadang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DWritten_contracts%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgfbjQsjyy3MDAfFgSzxLsHCMOdMA" class="new" title="Kontrak tertulis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">kontrak tertulis</a> yang diperlukan, seperti ketika membeli sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House&usg=ALkJrhg-DJW5Etd8ZZzVcGjJacGDx_uzIg" title="Rumah">rumah.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a> Namun, sebagian besar kontrak dan dapat dibuat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contract&usg=ALkJrhhENl0Oxad2I410UsnoTq27hxwqKQ" title="Kontrak lisan">secara lisan,</a> seperti membeli buku atau sandwich.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> systems, as part of a general <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhjXUDJz6TMOskg14F2mMIeib0SExg" title="Kewajiban hukum">law of obligations</a> (along with <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhjJGCsTWoQSMTpDw4FEHqzMsWCO3A" title="Tort">tort</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhjUURZRqRO8uXR_nrgMu-rymQvEUg" title="Lalim penyuburan">unjust enrichment</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhhg6PrrUwpCf19fQDw1rybPZqm8mQ" title="Restitusi">restitution</a> ).</span> Kontrak hukum dapat diklasifikasikan, seperti yang lumrah dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata,</a> sistem sebagai bagian dari umum <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhjXUDJz6TMOskg14F2mMIeib0SExg" title="Kewajiban hukum">hukum kewajiban</a> (bersama-sama dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhjJGCsTWoQSMTpDw4FEHqzMsWCO3A" title="Tort">kesalahan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhjUURZRqRO8uXR_nrgMu-rymQvEUg" title="Lalim penyuburan">tidak adil penyuburan</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhhg6PrrUwpCf19fQDw1rybPZqm8mQ" title="Restitusi">restitusi).</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to legal scholar Sir <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Salmond&usg=ALkJrhhOQ27qPYTr-lnMupdvUGF4_nnpKA" title="John William Salmond">John William Salmond</a> , a contract is "an agreement creating and defining the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligation&usg=ALkJrhhZwVlSsbQN6CeM9KtulqryME6djw" title="Kewajiban">obligations</a> between two or more <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjZvu6Osx9IovIgafym2yZuY-wqkQ" title="Pihak (hukum)">parties</a> ".</span> Menurut sarjana hukum Sir <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Salmond&usg=ALkJrhhOQ27qPYTr-lnMupdvUGF4_nnpKA" title="John William Salmond">John William Salmond,</a> kontrak adalah "kesepakatan membuat dan mendefinisikan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligation&usg=ALkJrhhZwVlSsbQN6CeM9KtulqryME6djw" title="Kewajiban">kewajiban</a> antara dua atau lebih banyak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjZvu6Osx9IovIgafym2yZuY-wqkQ" title="Pihak (hukum)">pihak.</a></span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Contractual_formation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Contractual formation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Contractual_formation"><span class="toctext">Kontrak</span> <span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">formasi</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Offer_and_acceptance"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Offer and acceptance</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Offer_and_acceptance"><span class="tocnumber">1,1</span> <span class="toctext">Penawaran dan penerimaan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Consideration_and_estoppel"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Consideration and estoppel</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Consideration_and_estoppel"><span class="tocnumber">1,2</span> <span class="toctext">Pertimbangan dan estoppel</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Intention_to_be_legally_bound"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Intention to be legally bound</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Intention_to_be_legally_bound"><span class="tocnumber">1,3</span> <span class="toctext">Niat untuk terikat secara hukum</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#The_abstraction_principle"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">The abstraction principle</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#The_abstraction_principle"><span class="toctext"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> abstak prinsip</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Formalities_and_writing"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Formalities and writing</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Formalities_and_writing"><span class="tocnumber">1,5</span> <span class="toctext">Formalitas dan menulis</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Bilateral_v._unilateral_contracts"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Bilateral v. unilateral contracts</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Bilateral_v._unilateral_contracts"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">ayat sepihak kontrak bilateral</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Uncertainty.2C_incompleteness_and_severance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Uncertainty, incompleteness and severance</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Uncertainty.2C_incompleteness_and_severance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ketidakpastian, ketidaklengkapan dan pemutusan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Contractual_terms"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Contractual terms</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Contractual_terms"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Kontrak istilah</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Boilerplate"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Boilerplate</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Boilerplate"><span class="tocnumber">4,1</span> <span class="toctext">Boilerplate</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Classification_of_term"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classification of term</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Classification_of_term"><span class="tocnumber">4,2</span> <span class="toctext">Klasifikasi dari istilah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Status_as_a_term"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Status as a term</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Status_as_a_term"><span class="tocnumber">4,3</span> <span class="toctext">Status sebagai istilah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Implied_terms"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Implied terms</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Implied_terms"><span class="tocnumber">4,4</span> <span class="toctext">Implied istilah</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Setting_aside_the_contract"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Setting aside the contract</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Setting_aside_the_contract"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Set aside kontrak</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Misrepresentation"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Misrepresentation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Misrepresentation"><span class="tocnumber">5,1</span> <span class="toctext">Misrepresentation</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Mistake"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mistake</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Mistake"><span class="tocnumber">5,2</span> <span class="toctext">Mistake</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Duress_and_undue_influence"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Duress and undue influence</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Duress_and_undue_influence"><span class="tocnumber">5,3</span> <span class="toctext">paksaan dan pengaruh tdk pantas</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Incapacity"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Incapacity</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Incapacity"><span class="tocnumber">5,4</span> <span class="toctext">ketidakmampuan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Illegal_contracts"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Illegal contracts</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Illegal_contracts"><span class="tocnumber">5,5</span> <span class="toctext">Illegal kontrak</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Remedies_for_breach_of_contract"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Remedies for breach of contract</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Remedies_for_breach_of_contract"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">solusi untuk pelanggaran kontrak</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Damages"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Damages</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Damages"><span class="tocnumber">6,1</span> <span class="toctext">Damages</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Specific_performance"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Specific performance</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Specific_performance"><span class="toctext">Khusus kinerja</span> <span class="tocnumber">6,2</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Procedure"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Procedure</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Procedure"><span class="tocnumber">6,3</span> <span class="toctext">Prosedur</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Third_parties"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Third parties</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Third_parties"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Pihak ketiga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Contractual_theory"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Contractual theory</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Contractual_theory"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Kontrak teori</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9,1</span> <span class="toctext">membaca lebih lanjut</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Contractual_formation" id="Contractual_formation"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgVwD2Cl51-KkLgxbA6QWeKyv_4sw" title="Sunting bagian: Kontrak formasi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Contractual formation</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgVwD2Cl51-KkLgxbA6QWeKyv_4sw" title="Sunting bagian: Kontrak formasi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kontrak formasi</span></span> </h2><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="" cellspacing=""><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhhfVqZaRlh9UarGZwg8lmbrcZON1A" class="image" title="Scales keadilan"><img alt="Scales keadilan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" height="102" /></a> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Contract law</strong></span> <strong class="selflink">Hukum kontrak</strong></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em 0.8em; line-height: 1.1em; font-size: 95%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Part of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> series</span> Bagian dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> seri</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Contract</strong> formation</span> <strong class="selflink">Kontrak</strong> formasi</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance&usg=ALkJrhjnpqxo8GyWkH9EPNizNieg3DGTmA" title="Penawaran dan penerimaan">Offer and acceptance</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailbox_rule&usg=ALkJrhjwwIlo5O2nuEwgT2vdRaxZCmrYtg" title="Surat aturan">Mailbox rule</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance&usg=ALkJrhjnpqxo8GyWkH9EPNizNieg3DGTmA" title="Penawaran dan penerimaan">Penawaran dan penerimaan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailbox_rule&usg=ALkJrhjwwIlo5O2nuEwgT2vdRaxZCmrYtg" title="Surat aturan">Kotak aturan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_image_rule&usg=ALkJrhiXMWjgF2xfsT-6-6zBTW068604aQ" title="Mirror gambar aturan">Mirror image rule</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_to_treat&usg=ALkJrhg_K7vr5_MW_T6GTiswrfU0MXV1Ew" title="Undangan untuk merawat">Invitation to treat</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_image_rule&usg=ALkJrhiXMWjgF2xfsT-6-6zBTW068604aQ" title="Mirror gambar aturan">Mirror gambar aturan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_to_treat&usg=ALkJrhg_K7vr5_MW_T6GTiswrfU0MXV1Ew" title="Undangan untuk merawat">Undangan untuk merawat</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firm_offer&usg=ALkJrhjYKRsvvJBgJTevxAgeySi2B19wBQ" title="Perusahaan menawarkan">Firm offer</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhi_QVk57mWdZi8CDOjI5T12xLEjYg" title="Pertimbangan">Consideration</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firm_offer&usg=ALkJrhjYKRsvvJBgJTevxAgeySi2B19wBQ" title="Perusahaan menawarkan">Perusahaan menawarkan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhi_QVk57mWdZi8CDOjI5T12xLEjYg" title="Pertimbangan">Pertimbangan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Defenses against formation</span> Defenses terhadap pembentukan</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiDrkkhdSjPFqqefJ4BN53GAhsd5w" title="Kapasitas (hukum)">Lack of capacity</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiDrkkhdSjPFqqefJ4BN53GAhsd5w" title="Kapasitas (hukum)">Kurangnya kapasitas</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress_%28contract_law%29&usg=ALkJrhjri9suKVw2L-nBpygrC7ostPXmVg" title="Paksaan (kontrak hukum)">Duress</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undue_influence&usg=ALkJrhjmaL6XjqmPRF4sxZ_N0oIqM53BRw" title="Tdk pantas mempengaruhi">Undue influence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress_%28contract_law%29&usg=ALkJrhjri9suKVw2L-nBpygrC7ostPXmVg" title="Paksaan (kontrak hukum)">Paksaan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undue_influence&usg=ALkJrhjmaL6XjqmPRF4sxZ_N0oIqM53BRw" title="Tdk pantas mempengaruhi">Undue mempengaruhi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_promise&usg=ALkJrhhJeq5yBDYyHgloxU2nuNSysYKlFQ" title="Dibuat-buat janji">Illusory promise</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_frauds&usg=ALkJrhicnuJhVbzd1UVRhvZRX_fCeeUbqg" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_promise&usg=ALkJrhhJeq5yBDYyHgloxU2nuNSysYKlFQ" title="Dibuat-buat janji">Pura-pura janji</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_frauds&usg=ALkJrhicnuJhVbzd1UVRhvZRX_fCeeUbqg" title="Statute of frauds">dari Statuta frauds</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_est_factum&usg=ALkJrhgErXThKrtNmDveM7ZloW7vNW3DEA" title="Non est kejadian">Non est factum</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_est_factum&usg=ALkJrhgErXThKrtNmDveM7ZloW7vNW3DEA" title="Non est kejadian">Non est kejadian</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contract interpretation</span> Kontrak interpretasi</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule&usg=ALkJrhhaDmUnQeSFQxhJVD_0lJ7YaDIaKQ" title="Parol bukti aturan">Parol evidence rule</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule&usg=ALkJrhhaDmUnQeSFQxhJVD_0lJ7YaDIaKQ" title="Parol bukti aturan">Parol bukti aturan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_form_contract&usg=ALkJrhgEoNHvld2sEqicmv9lwWix4z15Lg" title="Bentuk kontrak standar">Contract of adhesion</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_form_contract&usg=ALkJrhgEoNHvld2sEqicmv9lwWix4z15Lg" title="Bentuk kontrak standar">Kontrak dari adhesion</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_clause&usg=ALkJrhh8WSi1vCYHiXD46DgDyYCSwKf34A" title="Integrasi klausa">Integration clause</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_clause&usg=ALkJrhh8WSi1vCYHiXD46DgDyYCSwKf34A" title="Integrasi klausa">Integrasi klausa</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem&usg=ALkJrhjuVXuTKBPdcEMe5Kftnx2rt8fcTg" title="Kontra proferentem">Contra proferentem</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem&usg=ALkJrhjuVXuTKBPdcEMe5Kftnx2rt8fcTg" title="Kontra proferentem">Kontra proferentem</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Excuses for non-performance</span> Alasan untuk non-kinerja</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_%28contract_law%29&usg=ALkJrhhsDP4R1AgGDspJmKZsenV-3Xdzsg" title="Kesalahan (kontrak hukum)">Mistake</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrepresentation&usg=ALkJrhhg1A4mvMxivmWjoeXvSSjykzZ5wg" title="Yg keliru">Misrepresentation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_%28contract_law%29&usg=ALkJrhhsDP4R1AgGDspJmKZsenV-3Xdzsg" title="Kesalahan (kontrak hukum)">Kesalahan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrepresentation&usg=ALkJrhhg1A4mvMxivmWjoeXvSSjykzZ5wg" title="Yg keliru">Misrepresentation</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustration_of_purpose&usg=ALkJrhhSPA6_b5riRo23wtUfX85ZeyUzeQ" title="Frustrasi dari tujuan">Frustration of purpose</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossibility&usg=ALkJrhggE3sSHkvxGQVSN493k_3nyaj9bQ" title="Ketidakmungkinan">Impossibility</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustration_of_purpose&usg=ALkJrhhSPA6_b5riRo23wtUfX85ZeyUzeQ" title="Frustrasi dari tujuan">Frustrasi tujuan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossibility&usg=ALkJrhggE3sSHkvxGQVSN493k_3nyaj9bQ" title="Ketidakmungkinan">ketidakmungkinan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impracticability&usg=ALkJrhjH3WJnWI6FKQWR9Y0HjNHdBFMnoQ" title="Ketidakpraktisan">Impracticability</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_agreement&usg=ALkJrhgoEbfHb-vuCiGjvYMI6LrbzgnRjg" title="Ilegal perjanjian">Illegality</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impracticability&usg=ALkJrhjH3WJnWI6FKQWR9Y0HjNHdBFMnoQ" title="Ketidakpraktisan">Ketidakpraktisan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_agreement&usg=ALkJrhgoEbfHb-vuCiGjvYMI6LrbzgnRjg" title="Ilegal perjanjian">ketidaksahan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclean_hands&usg=ALkJrhjQDmOVSY947OK51zjESVJL8Leu1A" title="Tangan najis">Unclean hands</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscionability&usg=ALkJrhiDcCqR5cW-welPPTtoGnwusb7utA" title="Unconscionability">Unconscionability</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclean_hands&usg=ALkJrhjQDmOVSY947OK51zjESVJL8Leu1A" title="Tangan najis">Tangan najis</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscionability&usg=ALkJrhiDcCqR5cW-welPPTtoGnwusb7utA" title="Unconscionability">Unconscionability</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_and_satisfaction&usg=ALkJrhgLPgTu-sqmOjGZsysaQoptat2eag" title="Accord dan kepuasan">Accord and satisfaction</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_and_satisfaction&usg=ALkJrhgLPgTu-sqmOjGZsysaQoptat2eag" title="Accord dan kepuasan">Accord dan kepuasan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Rights of third parties</span> Hak pihak ketiga</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privity_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhjKWA1w2WU9aUQLtDpbqBaQyWSSag" title="Rahasia dari kontrak">Privity of contract</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privity_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhjKWA1w2WU9aUQLtDpbqBaQyWSSag" title="Rahasia dari kontrak">Rahasia dari kontrak</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhizXIJZGvYwpUjw2UIILm4YbufiYQ" title="Tugas (hukum)">Assignment</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjQWzls5byPzknkAhCTl9D__cEd7w" title="Delegasi (hukum)">Delegation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhizXIJZGvYwpUjw2UIILm4YbufiYQ" title="Tugas (hukum)">Assignment</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjQWzls5byPzknkAhCTl9D__cEd7w" title="Delegasi (hukum)">Delegasi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novation&usg=ALkJrhhYPsHvgjFBMEUvrpSoPGLbF-jCGQ" title="Sesuatu yg baru">Novation</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_beneficiary&usg=ALkJrhjM-1fcef5L1DdMGSJ6hez_v19tww" title="Pihak penerima">Third party beneficiary</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novation&usg=ALkJrhhYPsHvgjFBMEUvrpSoPGLbF-jCGQ" title="Sesuatu yg baru">Sesuatu yg baru</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_beneficiary&usg=ALkJrhjM-1fcef5L1DdMGSJ6hez_v19tww" title="Pihak penerima">pihak ketiga penerima bantuan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">Breach of contract</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">Pelanggaran kontrak</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_repudiation&usg=ALkJrhhgRPZHXDlVDpiPQhq3Num_T_bflw" title="Yg bersifat lebih dulu penyangkalan">Anticipatory repudiation</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjpX0A8sUKOUkzVg1MJ5qbc9tyYmQ" title="Penutup (hukum)">Cover</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_repudiation&usg=ALkJrhhgRPZHXDlVDpiPQhq3Num_T_bflw" title="Yg bersifat lebih dulu penyangkalan">Yg bersifat lebih dulu penyangkalan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjpX0A8sUKOUkzVg1MJ5qbc9tyYmQ" title="Penutup (hukum)">Cover</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusion_clause&usg=ALkJrhjZAycur_m2H3hBwbXKGMEzS4Au-Q" title="Pengecualian ayat">Exclusion clause</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_breach&usg=ALkJrhizaZvae_u1aYY5ICKYCprrviSIeQ" title="Efisien pelanggaran">Efficient breach</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusion_clause&usg=ALkJrhjZAycur_m2H3hBwbXKGMEzS4Au-Q" title="Pengecualian ayat">Pengecualian ayat</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_breach&usg=ALkJrhizaZvae_u1aYY5ICKYCprrviSIeQ" title="Efisien pelanggaran">Efisien pelanggaran</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_breach&usg=ALkJrhhpy84EIWGMGu1T7_7jNp_JvFL7Lg" title="Fundamental pelanggaran">Fundamental breach</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_breach&usg=ALkJrhhpy84EIWGMGu1T7_7jNp_JvFL7Lg" title="Fundamental pelanggaran">Fundamental pelanggaran</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_remedy&usg=ALkJrhh-GtKJHX14rl-dEVGuV60FfrlXeQ" title="Hakim remedy" class="mw-redirect">Remedies</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_remedy&usg=ALkJrhh-GtKJHX14rl-dEVGuV60FfrlXeQ" title="Hakim remedy" class="mw-redirect">Remedies</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_performance&usg=ALkJrhiT85W_TvMiuJWzWgES2O_cjVTdSw" title="Spesifik kinerja">Specific performance</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_performance&usg=ALkJrhiT85W_TvMiuJWzWgES2O_cjVTdSw" title="Spesifik kinerja">Spesifik kinerja</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidated_damages&usg=ALkJrhg2QTW3Q0G-BdPb25Rw3683ab3n_g" title="Liquidated kerusakan">Liquidated damages</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidated_damages&usg=ALkJrhg2QTW3Q0G-BdPb25Rw3683ab3n_g" title="Liquidated kerusakan">Liquidated kerusakan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_damages&usg=ALkJrhgZnzCsCbAZMWyzodk6CUYbG2jsEw" title="Hukuman kerusakan">Penal damages</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescission&usg=ALkJrhgDMquRv5YcPxS1RlKirMteS2YTRw" title="Peniadaan">Rescission</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_damages&usg=ALkJrhgZnzCsCbAZMWyzodk6CUYbG2jsEw" title="Hukuman kerusakan">Hukuman kerusakan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescission&usg=ALkJrhgDMquRv5YcPxS1RlKirMteS2YTRw" title="Peniadaan">peniadaan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-contract&usg=ALkJrhi3q9RRL408hJHHXTjWkwtjYktwyQ" title="Quasi-kontrak">Quasi-contractual obligations</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-contract&usg=ALkJrhi3q9RRL408hJHHXTjWkwtjYktwyQ" title="Quasi-kontrak">Quasi-kewajiban kontrak</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promissory_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhjOOLv8iQE4z9RWGlw1adRAk8t_UA" title="Promes estoppel" class="mw-redirect">Promissory estoppel</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promissory_estoppel&usg=ALkJrhjOOLv8iQE4z9RWGlw1adRAk8t_UA" title="Promes estoppel" class="mw-redirect">Promes estoppel</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_meruit&usg=ALkJrhjiAhowvWkKKD6v5ygWFEWA8HJXAg" title="Quantum meruit">Quantum meruit</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_meruit&usg=ALkJrhjiAhowvWkKKD6v5ygWFEWA8HJXAg" title="Quantum meruit">Quantum meruit</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Related areas of law</span> Yang berhubungan dengan bidang hukum</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_%28conflict%29&usg=ALkJrhh46eUREqaz921t7v8oLlN_jdEoNA" title="Kontrak (konflik)">Conflict of laws</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhibybkvqhHB6UhOGRmhOSZ3dhVVzQ" title="Hukum komersial">Commercial law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_%28conflict%29&usg=ALkJrhh46eUREqaz921t7v8oLlN_jdEoNA" title="Kontrak (konflik)">Konflik undang-undang</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhibybkvqhHB6UhOGRmhOSZ3dhVVzQ" title="Hukum komersial">hukum Komersial</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> areas</span> Lainnya <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> daerah</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_law&usg=ALkJrhjY2gwu3_5xgCdtmn1z9QFtz3feJg" title="Tort hukum" class="mw-redirect">Tort law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhigxqBIClWw9wC5evK39OC0XrWeow" title="Hukum properti">Property law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_law&usg=ALkJrhjY2gwu3_5xgCdtmn1z9QFtz3feJg" title="Tort hukum" class="mw-redirect">Tort hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhigxqBIClWw9wC5evK39OC0XrWeow" title="Hukum properti">Properti hukum</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiFCCRz5KQQVW2AqUlOqN1WMBbAKA" title="Apakah (hukum)">Wills</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_estates&usg=ALkJrhgrLeNXTKn8kzDNTOT6vzAL2I6miw" title="Percaya dan perkebunan">trusts and estates</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiFCCRz5KQQVW2AqUlOqN1WMBbAKA" title="Apakah (hukum)">Wills,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_estates&usg=ALkJrhgrLeNXTKn8kzDNTOT6vzAL2I6miw" title="Percaya dan perkebunan">percaya dan perkebunan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhE_4yAU3qXUX8DIYUvPMrNzsBmfg" title="Hukum pidana">Criminal law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiyEJm4YWaknkSjQo3GaAfvHgUlgg" title="Bukti (hukum)">Evidence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhE_4yAU3qXUX8DIYUvPMrNzsBmfg" title="Hukum pidana">Hukum pidana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiyEJm4YWaknkSjQo3GaAfvHgUlgg" title="Bukti (hukum)">Bukti</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhjacVlNkenKqTtO_zFpfnoEY6zYGA" title="Template: Kontrak Hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhho3qFqRhAIYMVtMVzL2mH-n8Ox_A" title="Template talk: Kontrak Hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Contract_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiHZedli6XbdBfx0QslKUDv8gOr-A" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Contract_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhjacVlNkenKqTtO_zFpfnoEY6zYGA" title="Template: Kontrak Hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhho3qFqRhAIYMVtMVzL2mH-n8Ox_A" title="Template talk: Kontrak Hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Contract_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiHZedli6XbdBfx0QslKUDv8gOr-A" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Contract_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbolic_smoke_ball_co.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgheeLYq4x2fxkz906enIsu61VxXg" class="image" title="Karbol Smoke Ball yang menawarkan"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Carbolic_smoke_ball_co.jpg/150px-Carbolic_smoke_ball_co.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" border="0" height="210" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbolic_smoke_ball_co.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgheeLYq4x2fxkz906enIsu61VxXg" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Carbolic Smoke Ball offer</span> Karbol Smoke Ball yang menawarkan</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> systems, the five key requirements for the creation of a contract are: 1. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance&usg=ALkJrhjnpqxo8GyWkH9EPNizNieg3DGTmA" title="Penawaran dan penerimaan">offer and acceptance</a> (agreement) 2. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgPinhv5yaijCbkd_LVLLOb8nNm4w" title="Pertimbangan (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">consideration</a> 3.</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">hukum adat,</a> sistem lima kunci persyaratan untuk pembuatan kontrak adalah: 1. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance&usg=ALkJrhjnpqxo8GyWkH9EPNizNieg3DGTmA" title="Penawaran dan penerimaan">Menawarkan dan penerimaan</a> (perjanjian) 2. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgPinhv5yaijCbkd_LVLLOb8nNm4w" title="Pertimbangan (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">Pertimbangan</a> 3.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">an intention to create legal relations 4. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_capacity&usg=ALkJrhhCJrMaXFoLoi5X8TRU8BPQlzguzA" title="Hukum kapasitas" class="mw-redirect">legal capacity</a> 5. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DFormalities_%28law%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiztomgQpcK7Br0RyBkD0waA7G-9Q" class="new" title="Formalitas (hukum) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">formalities</a></span> yang bermaksud untuk membuat hubungan hukum 4. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_capacity&usg=ALkJrhhCJrMaXFoLoi5X8TRU8BPQlzguzA" title="Hukum kapasitas" class="mw-redirect">hukum kapasitas</a> 5. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DFormalities_%28law%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiztomgQpcK7Br0RyBkD0waA7G-9Q" class="new" title="Formalitas (hukum) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">formalitas</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> systems, the concept of consideration is not central.</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata,</a> sistem konsep pertimbangan tidak pusat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In addition, for some contracts formalities must be complied with under what is sometimes called a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_frauds&usg=ALkJrhicnuJhVbzd1UVRhvZRX_fCeeUbqg" title="Statute of frauds">statute of frauds</a> .</span> Selain itu, untuk beberapa kontrak formalitas harus sepenuhnya di bawah apa yang kadang-kadang disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_frauds&usg=ALkJrhicnuJhVbzd1UVRhvZRX_fCeeUbqg" title="Statute of frauds">statute of frauds.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One of the most famous cases on forming a contract is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlill_v._Carbolic_Smoke_Ball_Company&usg=ALkJrhjOzsLHyBxjPrEs7JK-1zru6WuRHQ" title="V. Carlill karbol Smoke Ball Perusahaan" class="mw-redirect"><i>Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> decided in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era&usg=ALkJrhgRDTDlCm-OFhlKTXIsHXBvY5D46g" title="Era Victoria">nineteenth-century England</a> .</span> Salah satu yang paling terkenal pada kasus membentuk kontrak adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlill_v._Carbolic_Smoke_Ball_Company&usg=ALkJrhjOzsLHyBxjPrEs7JK-1zru6WuRHQ" title="V. Carlill karbol Smoke Ball Perusahaan" class="mw-redirect"><i>Carlill ayat karbol Smoke Ball Perusahaan</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a> memutuskan dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era&usg=ALkJrhgRDTDlCm-OFhlKTXIsHXBvY5D46g" title="Era Victoria">abad kesembilanbelas-Inggris.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A medical firm advertised that its new <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DWonder_drug%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgxJ51TNoLxZVfDn-CzEky-2OxcSw" class="new" title="Wonder narkoba (halaman tidak ditemukan)">wonder drug</a> , a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_ball&usg=ALkJrhhX3rtAiVBo3l1RyQg68072Tb9aJQ" title="Bom asap" class="mw-redirect">smoke ball</a> , would cure people's <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza&usg=ALkJrhja4P2IL0eQWRDCQUZA4g97e1hvKA" title="Influenza">flu</a> , and if it did not, buyers would receive <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling&usg=ALkJrhj_mi6cKhS5QbtLHQYoHMfwHDv_3Q" title="Pound sterling">£</a> 100.</span> J medis perusahaan yang baru yang diiklankan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DWonder_drug%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgxJ51TNoLxZVfDn-CzEky-2OxcSw" class="new" title="Wonder narkoba (halaman tidak ditemukan)">heran narkoba,</a> sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_ball&usg=ALkJrhhX3rtAiVBo3l1RyQg68072Tb9aJQ" title="Bom asap" class="mw-redirect">bom asap,</a> rakyat akan menyembuhkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza&usg=ALkJrhja4P2IL0eQWRDCQUZA4g97e1hvKA" title="Influenza">flu,</a> dan jika tidak, pembeli akan menerima <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling&usg=ALkJrhj_mi6cKhS5QbtLHQYoHMfwHDv_3Q" title="Pound sterling">£</a> 100.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When sued, Carbolic argued the ad was not to be taken as a serious, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_binding&usg=ALkJrhgACBby1PBaawfpu9OWuOj5Jstxsw" title="Mengikat secara hukum" class="mw-redirect">legally binding</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_Acceptance&usg=ALkJrhh8adItwwrqsdbpd28_MJMTwd8HvQ" title="Menawarkan dan Penerimaan" class="mw-redirect">offer</a> .</span> Ketika digugat, karbol argumentasi iklan itu tidak boleh diambil sebagai serius, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_binding&usg=ALkJrhgACBby1PBaawfpu9OWuOj5Jstxsw" title="Mengikat secara hukum" class="mw-redirect">mengikat secara hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_Acceptance&usg=ALkJrhh8adItwwrqsdbpd28_MJMTwd8HvQ" title="Menawarkan dan Penerimaan" class="mw-redirect">tawarkan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It was merely an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_to_treat&usg=ALkJrhg_K7vr5_MW_T6GTiswrfU0MXV1Ew" title="Undangan untuk merawat">invitation to treat</a> , and a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmick&usg=ALkJrhgmokItzMHlTcCGZOT5HUPEkDbiOQ" title="Gimmick">gimmick</a> .</span> Ia hanyalah sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_to_treat&usg=ALkJrhg_K7vr5_MW_T6GTiswrfU0MXV1Ew" title="Undangan untuk merawat">undangan untuk merawat,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmick&usg=ALkJrhgmokItzMHlTcCGZOT5HUPEkDbiOQ" title="Gimmick">gimmick.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_appeal&usg=ALkJrhhMGFR4XIgdoPDvfCgWUSJ9rp8kjg" title="Pengadilan banding" class="mw-redirect">court of appeal</a> held that it would appear to a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_man&usg=ALkJrhjLAkTbUM9U43kydYSRQYV7UwY13g" title="Wajar manusia" class="mw-redirect">reasonable man</a> that Carbolic had made a serious offer, primarily because of the reference to the £1000 deposited into the bank.</span> Tetapi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_appeal&usg=ALkJrhhMGFR4XIgdoPDvfCgWUSJ9rp8kjg" title="Pengadilan banding" class="mw-redirect">pengadilan banding yang</a> menyatakan bahwa ia akan muncul ke <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_man&usg=ALkJrhjLAkTbUM9U43kydYSRQYV7UwY13g" title="Wajar manusia" class="mw-redirect">orang yang wajar</a> karbol yang telah menawarkan yang serius, terutama karena referensi ke £ 1000 didepositkan ke bank.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">People had given good " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhi_QVk57mWdZi8CDOjI5T12xLEjYg" title="Pertimbangan">consideration</a> " for it by going to the "distinct inconvenience" of using a faulty product.</span> Orang yang telah diberikan baik <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhi_QVk57mWdZi8CDOjI5T12xLEjYg" title="Pertimbangan">"pertimbangan"</a> untuk pergi ke oleh "berbeda ketidaknyamanan" penggunaan produk cacat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"Read the advertisement how you will, and twist it about as you will," said <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley_LJ&usg=ALkJrhht0-IPTptoVRkDyBPMfCSESIgZLA" title="Lindley LJ" class="mw-redirect">Lindley LJ</a> , "here is a distinct promise expressed in language which is perfectly unmistakable".</span> "Baca iklan bagaimana Anda akan, dan berliku-liku tentang hal yang Anda akan," kata <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley_LJ&usg=ALkJrhht0-IPTptoVRkDyBPMfCSESIgZLA" title="Lindley LJ" class="mw-redirect">Lindley LJ,</a> "jelas di sini adalah janji yang dinyatakan dalam bahasa adalah hal yang terang".</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Where a product in large quantities is advertised in a newspaper or on a poster, it is as an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer&usg=ALkJrhjgCwxrAILok0Za9p6FWfPXj3gmHQ" title="Menawarkan">offer</a> ; however, if the person who is to buy the advertised product is of importance, for instance because of his personality, etc., when buying land, it is regarded merely as an invitation to treat.</span> Dimana produk dalam jumlah besar yang diiklankan di koran atau di poster, adalah sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer&usg=ALkJrhjgCwxrAILok0Za9p6FWfPXj3gmHQ" title="Menawarkan">menawarkan,</a> namun jika orang yang membeli produk yang diiklankan adalah penting, misalnya karena pribadinya, dll, ketika membeli tanah, ia dianggap hanya sebagai undangan untuk merawat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Carbolic Smoke Ball, the major difference was that a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward&usg=ALkJrhhn9tMME8qetZWSy1XcwwSOt5E6Tg" title="Pahala">reward</a> was included in the advertisement, which is a general exception to the rule and is then treated as an offer.</span> Dalam karbol Smoke Ball, perbedaan utama adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward&usg=ALkJrhhn9tMME8qetZWSy1XcwwSOt5E6Tg" title="Pahala">upah</a> yang termasuk dalam iklan, yang merupakan pengecualian untuk umum dan aturan ini kemudian dirawat sebagai tawarkan.</span> </p><p><a name="Offer_and_acceptance" id="Offer_and_acceptance"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhgRZgGiD1_3Ls4fyDWHBQVVTnhwzw" title="Sunting bagian: Penawaran dan penerimaan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Offer and acceptance</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhgRZgGiD1_3Ls4fyDWHBQVVTnhwzw" title="Sunting bagian: Penawaran dan penerimaan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Penawaran dan penerimaan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance&usg=ALkJrhjnpqxo8GyWkH9EPNizNieg3DGTmA" title="Penawaran dan penerimaan">Offer and acceptance</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance&usg=ALkJrhjnpqxo8GyWkH9EPNizNieg3DGTmA" title="Penawaran dan penerimaan">Penawaran dan penerimaan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most important feature of a contract is that one party makes an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_Acceptance&usg=ALkJrhh8adItwwrqsdbpd28_MJMTwd8HvQ" title="Menawarkan dan Penerimaan" class="mw-redirect"><b>offer</b></a> for an arrangement that another <b>accepts</b> .</span> Fitur yang paling penting dari sebuah kontrak adalah salah satu pihak yang membuat sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_Acceptance&usg=ALkJrhh8adItwwrqsdbpd28_MJMTwd8HvQ" title="Menawarkan dan Penerimaan" class="mw-redirect"><b>tawaran</b></a> untuk sebuah urusan yang lain <b>menerima.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This can be called a 'concurrence of wills' or 'ad idem' ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_of_the_minds&usg=ALkJrhiIgXGWg3a24cd0_AiBmI9RnACjkg" title="Rapat pikiran">meeting of the minds</a> ) of two or more parties.</span> Ini dapat disebut 'pertepatan dari kehendak' atau 'iklan idem' <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_of_the_minds&usg=ALkJrhiIgXGWg3a24cd0_AiBmI9RnACjkg" title="Rapat pikiran">(pertemuan pikiran)</a> atau lebih dari dua pihak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There must be <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiyEJm4YWaknkSjQo3GaAfvHgUlgg" title="Bukti (hukum)">evidence</a> that the parties had each from an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_%28philosophy%29&usg=ALkJrhjM8SNshtqqR9kWvbrDiR7nTb2irg" title="Objektivitas (filosofi)">objective</a> perspective engaged in conduct manifesting their <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assent&usg=ALkJrhiYhNCElVjbs5joWmZGbgD8xECb1w" title="Assent">assent</a> , and a <strong class="selflink">contract</strong> will be formed when the parties have met such a requirement. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a> An objective perspective means that it is only necessary that somebody gives the impression of offering or accepting contractual terms in the eyes of a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_person&usg=ALkJrhhuVu6eDoh09GG-Jcjk25pSW1u-LQ" title="Wajar orang">reasonable person</a> , not that they actually did want to form a contract.</span> Harus ada <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiyEJm4YWaknkSjQo3GaAfvHgUlgg" title="Bukti (hukum)">bukti</a> bahwa pihak-pihak yang masing-masing dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_%28philosophy%29&usg=ALkJrhjM8SNshtqqR9kWvbrDiR7nTb2irg" title="Objektivitas (filosofi)">tujuan</a> perspektif yang terlibat dalam melakukan manifesting mereka <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assent&usg=ALkJrhiYhNCElVjbs5joWmZGbgD8xECb1w" title="Assent">assent,</a> dan <strong class="selflink">kontrak</strong> yang akan dibentuk bila pihak-pihak yang telah memenuhi persyaratan seperti itu. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[4]</span></sup></a> Sebuah perspektif obyektif berarti hanya perlu seseorang yang memberikan kesan yang menawarkan atau menerima kontrak persyaratan di mata dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_person&usg=ALkJrhhuVu6eDoh09GG-Jcjk25pSW1u-LQ" title="Wajar orang">orang yang wajar,</a> bahwa mereka tidak benar-benar tidak ingin membentuk sebuah kontrak.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The case of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlill_v._Carbolic_Smoke_Ball_Co.&usg=ALkJrhhiZ5Cvv4geLHV7ru_zqVdrp_Q4cA" title="V. Carlill karbol Smoke Ball Co" class="mw-redirect"><i>Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.</i></a> (above) is an example of a ' <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_contract&usg=ALkJrhigHT0Pep0fS8fq3Ann6z8UqqqiFQ" title="Sepihak kontrak" class="mw-redirect">unilateral contract</a> ', obligations are only imposed upon one party upon acceptance by performance of a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition&usg=ALkJrhiDsD3TBT4qsq3H_OOsQOTqdsXL7w" title="Kondisi">condition</a> .</span> Kasus <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlill_v._Carbolic_Smoke_Ball_Co.&usg=ALkJrhhiZ5Cvv4geLHV7ru_zqVdrp_Q4cA" title="V. Carlill karbol Smoke Ball Co" class="mw-redirect"><i>Carlill ayat karbol Smoke Ball Co</i></a> (di atas) adalah contoh dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_contract&usg=ALkJrhigHT0Pep0fS8fq3Ann6z8UqqqiFQ" title="Sepihak kontrak" class="mw-redirect">'sepihak kontrak',</a> kewajiban tersebut hanya dikenakan pada salah satu pihak atas kinerja penerimaan oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition&usg=ALkJrhiDsD3TBT4qsq3H_OOsQOTqdsXL7w" title="Kondisi">kondisi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the US, the general rule is that in "case of doubt, an offer is interpreted as inviting the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offeree&usg=ALkJrhhm-J_viZ_VVBkzis_ijii3oBgjIQ" title="Offeree" class="mw-redirect">offeree</a> to accept <i>either</i> by promising to perform what the offer requests <i>or</i> by rendering the performance, as the offeree chooses." <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Di AS, secara umum adalah aturan bahwa dalam kasus keraguan, yang menawarkan adalah sebagai mengundang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offeree&usg=ALkJrhhm-J_viZ_VVBkzis_ijii3oBgjIQ" title="Offeree" class="mw-redirect">offeree</a> untuk menerima <i>baik</i> oleh menjanjikan untuk melakukan apa yang menawarkan <i>atau</i> permintaan rendering kinerja, sebagai offeree memilih. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>"[5]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Offer and acceptance does not always need to be expressed orally or in writing.</span> Penawaran dan penerimaan tidak selalu harus diungkapkan secara lisan atau secara tertulis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_contract&usg=ALkJrhj8dcTeKtsah0hkKDnQoL-tT7BcHw" title="Diterapkan kontrak" class="mw-redirect">implied contract</a> is one in which some of the terms are not expressed in words.</span> An <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_contract&usg=ALkJrhj8dcTeKtsah0hkKDnQoL-tT7BcHw" title="Diterapkan kontrak" class="mw-redirect">implied kontrak</a> adalah salah satu yang dalam beberapa istilah yang tidak dinyatakan dalam kata-kata.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This can take two forms.</span> Hal ini dapat mengambil dua bentuk.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A contract which is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_in_fact_contract&usg=ALkJrhjAE1BSyusaqjrVUeBsEaXa_31peQ" title="Diterapkan sebenarnya kontrak">implied in fact</a> is one in which the circumstances imply that parties have reached an agreement even though they have not done so expressly.</span> Sebuah kontrak yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_in_fact_contract&usg=ALkJrhjAE1BSyusaqjrVUeBsEaXa_31peQ" title="Diterapkan sebenarnya kontrak">diterapkan sebenarnya</a> adalah salah satu keadaan di mana menyiratkan bahwa pihak telah mencapai kesepakatan meskipun mereka tidak melakukannya tegas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, by going to a doctor for a checkup, a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient&usg=ALkJrhi94n1LYaIVN5xcHMUAuYGKBDQjcg" title="Pasien">patient</a> agrees that he will pay a fair price for the service.</span> Misalnya, dengan pergi ke dokter untuk pemeriksaan, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient&usg=ALkJrhi94n1LYaIVN5xcHMUAuYGKBDQjcg" title="Pasien">pasien</a> setuju bahwa ia akan membayar harga yang adil untuk layanan ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If one refuses to pay after being examined, the patient has <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">breached a contract</a> implied in fact.</span> Jika satu menolak untuk membayar setelah diperiksa, pasien telah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">breached kontrak</a> diterapkan dalam kenyataan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A contract which is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_in_law_contract&usg=ALkJrhgjXyfabJa-XdwPymqkvOgEpzaBRw" title="Diterapkan dalam hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">implied in law</a> is also called a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-contract&usg=ALkJrhi3q9RRL408hJHHXTjWkwtjYktwyQ" title="Quasi-kontrak">quasi-contract</a> , because it is not in fact a contract; rather, it is a means for the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court&usg=ALkJrhixlfqmvAVqZWO-1RnL7ZCkSOSSrQ" title="Pengadilan">courts</a> to remedy situations in which one party would be <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUnjustly_enriched%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi-qUgWiDA-ByCC6AicAO6eSkPYug" class="new" title="Lalim kaya (halaman tidak ditemukan)">unjustly enriched</a> were he or she not required to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">compensate</a> the other.</span> Sebuah kontrak yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_in_law_contract&usg=ALkJrhgjXyfabJa-XdwPymqkvOgEpzaBRw" title="Diterapkan dalam hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">diterapkan dalam hukum</a> juga disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-contract&usg=ALkJrhi3q9RRL408hJHHXTjWkwtjYktwyQ" title="Quasi-kontrak">setengah-kontrak,</a> karena pada kenyataannya tidak kontrak;, namun merupakan alat untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court&usg=ALkJrhixlfqmvAVqZWO-1RnL7ZCkSOSSrQ" title="Pengadilan">pengadilan</a> untuk memperbaiki situasi di mana satu pihak akan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUnjustly_enriched%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi-qUgWiDA-ByCC6AicAO6eSkPYug" class="new" title="Lalim kaya (halaman tidak ditemukan)">memperkaya lalim</a> itu dia tidak diperlukan untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">kompensasi</a> yang lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, a plumber accidentally installs a sprinkler system in the lawn of the wrong house.</span> Misalnya, seorang tukang pipa tanpa sengaja menginstal sebuah sistem alat penyiram rumput di rumah yang salah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The owner of the house had learned the previous day that his neighbor was getting new sprinklers.</span> Pemilik rumah telah belajar hari sebelumnya menyatakan telah mendapatkan tetangga baru sprinklers.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">That morning, he sees the plumber installing them in his lawn.</span> Pagi itu, ia melihat tukang pipa menginstalnya di rumput.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Pleased at the mistake, he says nothing, and then refuses to pay when the plumber delivers the bill.</span> Senang pada kesalahan, ia mengatakan apa-apa, dan kemudian menolak untuk membayar tukang pipa ketika menyampaikan rancangan undang-undang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Will the man be held liable for payment?</span> Apakah manusia merupakan tanggung jawab untuk pembayaran?</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Yes, if it could be proven that the man knew that the sprinklers were being installed mistakenly, the court would make him pay because of a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-contract&usg=ALkJrhi3q9RRL408hJHHXTjWkwtjYktwyQ" title="Quasi-kontrak">quasi-contract</a> .</span> Ya, jika ia dapat membuktikan bahwa manusia tahu bahwa sprinklers sedang diinstal keliru, pengadilan akan membuat dia membayar karena adanya <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-contract&usg=ALkJrhi3q9RRL408hJHHXTjWkwtjYktwyQ" title="Quasi-kontrak">setengah-kontrak.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If that knowledge could not be proven, he would not be <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liable&usg=ALkJrhg_qBYw61NL2-yo5d_lppiD6F2-BQ" title="Bertanggung jawab" class="mw-redirect">liable</a> .</span> Jika itu tidak dapat dibuktikan, dia tidak akan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liable&usg=ALkJrhg_qBYw61NL2-yo5d_lppiD6F2-BQ" title="Bertanggung jawab" class="mw-redirect">bertanggung</a> jawab.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Such a claim is also referred to as " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_meruit&usg=ALkJrhjiAhowvWkKKD6v5ygWFEWA8HJXAg" title="Quantum meruit"><i>quantum meruit</i></a> ". <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Klaim seperti itu juga disebut sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_meruit&usg=ALkJrhjiAhowvWkKKD6v5ygWFEWA8HJXAg" title="Quantum meruit"><i>"kuantum meruit".</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[6]</span></sup></a></span> </p><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_to_treat&usg=ALkJrhg_K7vr5_MW_T6GTiswrfU0MXV1Ew" title="Undangan untuk merawat">Invitation to treat</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_to_treat&usg=ALkJrhg_K7vr5_MW_T6GTiswrfU0MXV1Ew" title="Undangan untuk merawat">Undangan untuk merawat</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p><a name="Consideration_and_estoppel" id="Consideration_and_estoppel"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhh27iT7RUu3V6b8dWuTJGbPoNCn7w" title="Sunting bagian: Pertimbangan dan estoppel">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Consideration and estoppel</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhh27iT7RUu3V6b8dWuTJGbPoNCn7w" title="Sunting bagian: Pertimbangan dan estoppel"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pertimbangan dan estoppel</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhi_QVk57mWdZi8CDOjI5T12xLEjYg" title="Pertimbangan">Consideration</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel&usg=ALkJrhjrLuYhCJEKYd9rM0zI0RotiTzccQ" title="Estoppel">estoppel</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhi_QVk57mWdZi8CDOjI5T12xLEjYg" title="Pertimbangan">Pertimbangan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel&usg=ALkJrhjrLuYhCJEKYd9rM0zI0RotiTzccQ" title="Estoppel">estoppel</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhi_QVk57mWdZi8CDOjI5T12xLEjYg" title="Pertimbangan">Consideration</a> is known as 'the price of a promise' and is a controversial requirement for contracts under <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhi_QVk57mWdZi8CDOjI5T12xLEjYg" title="Pertimbangan">Pertimbangan</a> yang dikenal sebagai 'harga janji' kontroversial dan merupakan syarat untuk kontrak di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">undang-undang umum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is not necessary in all common law or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> systems, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a> and is considered by some to be unnecessary as the requirement of intention to create legal relations by both parties meets the same requirement under contract.</span> Hal ini tidak diperlukan dalam semua hukum umum atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata</a> sistem, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7]</span></sup></a> dan dianggap oleh beberapa menjadi tak perlu sebagai kebutuhan untuk menciptakan hubungan hukum oleh kedua belah pihak memenuhi persyaratan yang sama di bawah kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The idea is that both parties to a contract must bring something to the bargain, that both parties must confer some benefit or detriment (for example, money, however in some cases money will not suffice as consideration - eg when one party agrees to make part payment of a debt in exchange for being released from the full amount <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> ).</span> Intinya adalah bahwa kedua belah pihak untuk kontrak harus membawa sesuatu untuk tawaran, bahwa kedua belah pihak harus memberi beberapa keuntungan atau kerugian (misalnya, uang, namun dalam beberapa kasus tidak akan cukup uang sebagai pertimbangan - misalnya bila satu pihak setuju untuk membuat bagian pembayaran hutang di tukar karena dibebaskan dari seluruh jumlah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[8]).</span></sup></a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This can be either conferring an advantage on the other party, or incurring some kind of detriment or inconvenience towards oneself.</span> Ini dapat berupa conferring sebuah keuntungan pada pihak lain, atau incurring beberapa jenis kerugian atau gangguan terhadap diri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Three rules govern consideration.</span> Pertimbangan tiga peraturan pemerintah.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consideration must be real, but need not be adequate.</span> Pertimbangan harus nyata, namun tidak perlu memadai.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance, agreeing to buy a car for a penny may constitute a binding contract. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a> While consideration need not be adequate, contracts in which the consideration of one party greatly exceeds that of another may nevertheless be held invalid for lack of real consideration.</span> Misalnya, menyetujui untuk membeli mobil untuk penny Mei merupakan perjanjian yang mengikat. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[9]</span></sup></a> Walaupun tidak perlu pertimbangan yang memadai, kontrak di mana salah satu pertimbangan pihak sangat melebihi yang lain yang akan diselenggarakan Mei bagaimanapun tidak sah karena kekurangan nyata pertimbangan .</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In such cases, the fact that the consideration is exceedingly inadequate can be evidence that there was no consideration at all.</span> Dalam kasus tersebut, fakta bahwa pertimbangan yang sangat tidak memadai dapat bukti bahwa tidak ada pertimbangan sama sekali.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Such contracts may also be held invalid for other reasons such as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhgvu5b2fg9zXre0q7o-nGlppB9ZIA" title="Penipuan">fraud</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress&usg=ALkJrhj19MbqdEQUboUZvLhWMwhAgKzu4w" title="Paksaan">duress</a> , or being contrary to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy&usg=ALkJrhgIrgjbw2MkX8v6fvxPXBrWCutkAw" title="Kebijakan publik">public policy</a> .</span> Seperti kontrak Mei juga akan diadakan untuk alasan lain yang tidak sah seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhgvu5b2fg9zXre0q7o-nGlppB9ZIA" title="Penipuan">penipuan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress&usg=ALkJrhj19MbqdEQUboUZvLhWMwhAgKzu4w" title="Paksaan">paksaan,</a> atau tidak bertentangan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy&usg=ALkJrhgIrgjbw2MkX8v6fvxPXBrWCutkAw" title="Kebijakan publik">kebijakan publik.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In some situations, a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_contract&usg=ALkJrhhNmmG6YJKFr5rQL0hfjmS2RpewgA" title="Kontrak jaminan">collateral contract</a> may exist, whereby the existence of one contract provides consideration for another.</span> Dalam beberapa situasi, sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_contract&usg=ALkJrhhNmmG6YJKFr5rQL0hfjmS2RpewgA" title="Kontrak jaminan">jaminan kontrak</a> Mei ada, dimana keberadaan satu kontrak untuk memberikan pertimbangan lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Critics say consideration can be so small as to make the requirement of any consideration meaningless.</span> Kritik mengatakan bisa jadi pertimbangan kecil sebagai syarat untuk membuat suatu pertimbangan berarti.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consideration must not be from the past.</span> Pertimbangan tidak boleh dari masa lalu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance, in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEastwood_v._Kenyon%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiyGsGXnPlNOJwrsOcRkPwuQbkAZg" class="new" title="Kenyon Eastwood ayat (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Eastwood v. Kenyon</i></a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a> the guardian of a young girl obtained a loan to educate the girl and to improve her marriage prospects.</span> Misalnya, dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DEastwood_v._Kenyon%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiyGsGXnPlNOJwrsOcRkPwuQbkAZg" class="new" title="Kenyon Eastwood ayat (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>ayat Eastwood Kenyon,</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[10]</span></sup></a> yang wali dari gadis muda memperoleh pinjaman untuk mendidik dan gadis itu untuk meningkatkan prospek perkawinan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">After her marriage, her husband promised to pay off the loan.</span> Setelah dia menikah, suaminya berjanji untuk melunasi pinjaman.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It was held that the guardian could not enforce the promise because taking out the loan to raise and educate the girl was past consideration--it was completed before the husband promised to repay it.</span> Ia menyatakan bahwa wali yang tidak dapat melaksanakan janji karena untuk mengambil pinjaman untuk meningkatkan dan mendidik girl pertimbangan adalah masa lalu - ia selesai sebelum suami berjanji akan membalas itu.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Consideration must move from the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPromisee%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiap3HXqzKy-AWjf4xdyLoWaZuz0Q" class="new" title="Promisee (halaman tidak ditemukan)">promisee</a> .</span> Pertimbangan harus pindah dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPromisee%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiap3HXqzKy-AWjf4xdyLoWaZuz0Q" class="new" title="Promisee (halaman tidak ditemukan)">promisee.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance, it is good consideration for person A to pay person C in return for services rendered by person B. If there are joint promisees, then consideration need only to move from one of the promisees.</span> Sebagai contoh, adalah pertimbangan yang baik untuk orang yang membayar orang C di kembali untuk layanan yang diberikan oleh orang B. Jika ada promisees bersama, maka perlu dipertimbangkan untuk berpindah dari hanya salah satu promisees.</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">Civil law</a> systems take the approach that an exchange of promises, or a concurrence of wills alone, rather than an exchange in valuable rights is the correct basis.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">Hukum perdata</a> sistem mengambil pendekatan bahwa pertukaran janji, atau persetujuan dari kehendak sendiri, daripada di tukar yang berharga adalah hak dasar yang benar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">So if you promised to give me a book, and I accepted your offer without giving anything in return, I would have a legal right to the book and you could not change your mind about giving me it as a gift.</span> Jadi jika Anda berjanji untuk memberikan buku saya, dan saya menerima tawaran tanpa memberikan sesuatu dalam kembali, saya akan memiliki hak hukum untuk buku dan Anda tidak dapat mengubah pikiran mengenai memberi saya sebagai hadiah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law_system&usg=ALkJrhg2k1ixSJ8FVttAXyNfdqdNSP8V2Q" title="Hukum umum sistem" class="mw-redirect">common law systems</a> the concept of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpa_in_contrahendo&usg=ALkJrhilsQk1cZc6cQVse_L7gsChqakOHA" title="Culpa di contrahendo"><i>culpa in contrahendo</i></a> , a form of ' <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel&usg=ALkJrhjrLuYhCJEKYd9rM0zI0RotiTzccQ" title="Estoppel">estoppel</a> ', is increasingly used to create obligations during <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPre-contractual_negotiations%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjRcQ_XWeZgII44tA3pwGBIW0ROiA" class="new" title="Pra-negosiasi kontrak (halaman tidak ditemukan)">pre-contractual negotiations</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span></sup></a> Estoppel is an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhisJJ7_nGuVyyUtXV9WKtNUYA1Dmg" title="Ekuitas (hukum)">equitable doctrine</a> that provides for the creation of legal obligations if a party has given another an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurance&usg=ALkJrhgeIoRj_Ro9hGWTxSw2eBSW2-bxww" title="Jaminan">assurance</a> and the other has relied on the assurance to his <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detriment&usg=ALkJrhg_w0ZPNrd8aL1M7dWjzlNLf0eBCg" title="Kerugian" class="mw-redirect">detriment</a> .</span> Namun, dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law_system&usg=ALkJrhg2k1ixSJ8FVttAXyNfdqdNSP8V2Q" title="Hukum umum sistem" class="mw-redirect">sistem hukum umum</a> konsep <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpa_in_contrahendo&usg=ALkJrhilsQk1cZc6cQVse_L7gsChqakOHA" title="Culpa di contrahendo"><i>culpa di contrahendo,</i></a> sebuah bentuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel&usg=ALkJrhjrLuYhCJEKYd9rM0zI0RotiTzccQ" title="Estoppel">'estoppel',</a> semakin digunakan untuk membuat kewajiban selama <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPre-contractual_negotiations%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjRcQ_XWeZgII44tA3pwGBIW0ROiA" class="new" title="Pra-negosiasi kontrak (halaman tidak ditemukan)">pra-negosiasi kontrak.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[11]</span></sup></a> Estoppel adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhisJJ7_nGuVyyUtXV9WKtNUYA1Dmg" title="Ekuitas (hukum)">adil doktrin</a> yang menyediakan untuk penciptaan kewajiban hukum jika pihak lain yang telah memberikan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurance&usg=ALkJrhgeIoRj_Ro9hGWTxSw2eBSW2-bxww" title="Jaminan">jaminan</a> dan yang lainnya telah diandalkan pada jaminan kepada <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detriment&usg=ALkJrhg_w0ZPNrd8aL1M7dWjzlNLf0eBCg" title="Kerugian" class="mw-redirect">kerugian.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A number of commentators have suggested that consideration be abandoned, and estoppel be used to replace it as a basis for contracts. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></sup></a> However, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhh9yaWYwV4CbWC-7XYYxJXVdI_1sQ" title="Perundang-undangan">legislation</a> , rather than judicial development, has been touted as the only way to remove this entrenched common law doctrine. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Denning&usg=ALkJrhgRrVOsiADLdqlk9HIfHRxDFcATcg" title="Tuhan Denning">Lord Justice Denning</a> famously stated that "The doctrine of consideration is too firmly fixed to be overthrown by a side-wind." <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sejumlah komentar yang menyatakan bahwa pertimbangan ditinggalkan, dan estoppel digunakan untuk menggantikannya sebagai dasar untuk kontrak. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[12]</span></sup></a> Namun, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhh9yaWYwV4CbWC-7XYYxJXVdI_1sQ" title="Perundang-undangan">peraturan perundangan,</a> daripada pembangunan peradilan, telah touted sebagai satu-satunya cara untuk menghapus berurat doktrin umum hukum . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Denning&usg=ALkJrhgRrVOsiADLdqlk9HIfHRxDFcATcg" title="Tuhan Denning">Tuhan Justice Denning</a> baik sekali dinyatakan bahwa "Doktrin pertimbangan terlalu kuat tetap menjadi terguling oleh pihak-angin." <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[13]</span></sup></a></span> </p><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration_under_English_law&usg=ALkJrhgAzHF_L8RTCX928fvrZB8ohTNebA" title="Pertimbangan hukum dalam bahasa Inggris">Consideration under English law</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration_under_American_law&usg=ALkJrhiUWRdRi9JEeXBgalwVp3_vlpdWSA" title="Pertimbangan di bawah hukum Amerika">Consideration under American law</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration_under_English_law&usg=ALkJrhgAzHF_L8RTCX928fvrZB8ohTNebA" title="Pertimbangan hukum dalam bahasa Inggris">Pertimbangan di bawah hukum Inggris</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration_under_American_law&usg=ALkJrhiUWRdRi9JEeXBgalwVp3_vlpdWSA" title="Pertimbangan di bawah hukum Amerika">Amerika di bawah Pertimbangan hukum</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p><a name="Intention_to_be_legally_bound" id="Intention_to_be_legally_bound"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhhdr0G2RQQoXPGJDPvDzb3R6K02mA" title="Sunting bagian: Niat untuk terikat secara hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Intention to be legally bound</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhhdr0G2RQQoXPGJDPvDzb3R6K02mA" title="Sunting bagian: Niat untuk terikat secara hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Niat untuk terikat secara hukum</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There is a presumption for commercial agreements that parties intend to be legally bound (unless the parties expressly state that they do not want to be bound, like in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_agreement_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhi1u-tqtoXb9m5Lc2dtNwGLeNPebQ" title="Kepala perjanjian (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">heads of agreement</a> ).</span> Ada dugaan untuk komersial kesepakatan pihak-pihak yang berniat untuk terikat secara hukum (kecuali pihak-pihak yang tegas menyatakan bahwa mereka tidak ingin terikat, seperti di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads_of_agreement_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhi1u-tqtoXb9m5Lc2dtNwGLeNPebQ" title="Kepala perjanjian (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">kepala perjanjian).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">On the other hand, many kinds of domestic and social agreements are unenforceable on the basis of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy&usg=ALkJrhgIrgjbw2MkX8v6fvxPXBrWCutkAw" title="Kebijakan publik">public policy</a> , for instance between children and parents.</span> Di sisi lain, berbagai jenis domestik dan sosial perjanjian yang unenforceable berdasarkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy&usg=ALkJrhgIrgjbw2MkX8v6fvxPXBrWCutkAw" title="Kebijakan publik">kebijakan publik,</a> misalnya antara anak dan orang tua.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One early example is found in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_v._Balfour&usg=ALkJrhhaHxwkspppd1HX-wxzAJwoWxJw7g" title="Balfour ayat Balfour" class="mw-redirect"><i>Balfour v. Balfour</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span></sup></a> Using contract-like terms, Mr. Balfour had agreed to give his wife £30 a month as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance&usg=ALkJrhgidcxvuRddXML6Er3morEHn2Irjw" title="Pemeliharaan">maintenance</a> while he was living in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon&usg=ALkJrhgwH5D34ost2kvhw29dSN-UVR6iAQ" title="Ceylon" class="mw-redirect">Ceylon</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka&usg=ALkJrhgwBaeflWODBZVA4yqzTRAknAW9TA" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> ).</span> Salah satu contoh adalah awal ditemukan di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_v._Balfour&usg=ALkJrhhaHxwkspppd1HX-wxzAJwoWxJw7g" title="Balfour ayat Balfour" class="mw-redirect"><i>Balfour ayat Balfour.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[14]</span></sup></a> Menggunakan kontrak-istilah seperti, Bapak Balfour telah sepakat untuk memberikan istrinya £ 30 per bulan sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance&usg=ALkJrhgidcxvuRddXML6Er3morEHn2Irjw" title="Pemeliharaan">pemeliharaan</a> ketika ia tinggal di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon&usg=ALkJrhgwH5D34ost2kvhw29dSN-UVR6iAQ" title="Ceylon" class="mw-redirect">Ceylon</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka&usg=ALkJrhgwBaeflWODBZVA4yqzTRAknAW9TA" title="Sri Lanka">(Sri Lanka).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Once he left, they separated and Mr. Balfour stopped payments.</span> Setelah dia kiri, mereka dipisahkan dan Bapak Balfour dihentikan pembayaran.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mrs. Balfour brought an action to enforce the payments.</span> Ibu Balfour membawa tindakan untuk menegakkan pembayaran.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At the Court of Appeal, the Court held that there was no enforceable agreement as there was not enough evidence to suggest that they were intending to be legally bound by the promise.</span> Di Pengadilan Banding, Pengadilan menyatakan bahwa tidak ada kesepakatan dilaksanakan karena tidak cukup bukti untuk menunjukkan bahwa mereka ingin secara hukum terikat oleh janji.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The case is often cited in conjunction with <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMerritt_v._Merritt%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhIJbgkamZHS7GPw-aQygYO5uEfHA" class="new" title="Merritt Merritt ayat (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Merritt v. Merritt</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span></sup></a> Here the court distinguished the case from <i>Balfour v. Balfour</i> because Mr. and Mrs. Merritt, although married again, were estranged at the time the agreement was made.</span> Hal ini sering dikutip dalam hubungannya dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMerritt_v._Merritt%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhIJbgkamZHS7GPw-aQygYO5uEfHA" class="new" title="Merritt Merritt ayat (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>ayat Merritt Merritt.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[15]</span></sup></a> Di sini kasus pengadilan dibezakan dari <i>Balfour ayat Balfour</i> karena Bapak dan Ibu Merritt, walaupun menikah lagi, adalah estranged pada saat perjanjian dibuat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Therefore any agreement between them was made with the intention to create legal relations.</span> Karena itu ada kesepakatan antara mereka telah dibuat dengan maksud untuk menciptakan hubungan hukum.</span> </p><p><a name="The_abstraction_principle" id="The_abstraction_principle"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhiL4eoiLyMOuLbjrEJ_EnNALMq7yw" title="Sunting bagian: The abstak prinsip">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">The abstraction principle</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhiL4eoiLyMOuLbjrEJ_EnNALMq7yw" title="Sunting bagian: The abstak prinsip"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">The abstak prinsip</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_principle&usg=ALkJrhjG3GHto5x_MNLm0AZVrf_RvVZr6g" title="Abstak prinsip">Abstraction principle</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_principle&usg=ALkJrhjG3GHto5x_MNLm0AZVrf_RvVZr6g" title="Abstak prinsip">abstak prinsip</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Germany has a special approach to contracts, which ties into <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhigxqBIClWw9wC5evK39OC0XrWeow" title="Hukum properti">property law</a> .</span> Jerman memiliki pendekatan khusus untuk kontrak, yang menjadi ikatan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhigxqBIClWw9wC5evK39OC0XrWeow" title="Hukum properti">hukum properti.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Their 'abstraction principle' ( <i>Abstraktionsprinzip</i> ) means that the personal obligation of contract forms separately to the title of property being conferred.</span> Mereka 'abstak prinsip' <i>(Abstraktionsprinzip)</i> berarti pribadi kewajiban kontrak formulir secara terpisah dengan judul yang conferred properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When contracts are invalidated for some reason, eg a car buyer was so drunk that he lacked legal capacity to contract, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span></sup></a> the contractual obligation to pay can be invalidated separate from proprietary title of the car. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhjUURZRqRO8uXR_nrgMu-rymQvEUg" title="Lalim penyuburan">Unjust enrichment</a> law, rather than the law of contract, is then used to restore title to the rightful owner.</span> Ketika kontrak tersebut batal karena alasan tertentu, misalnya pembeli mobil begitu mabuk sehingga ia kekurangan kapasitas untuk kontrak hukum, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[16]</span></sup></a> yang kontrak kewajiban membayar dapat batal terpisah dari milik judul mobil. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhjUURZRqRO8uXR_nrgMu-rymQvEUg" title="Lalim penyuburan">Unjust penyuburan</a> hukum, bukan hukum dari kontrak, yang kemudian digunakan untuk mengembalikan hak kepada pemilik yang sebenarnya.</span> </p><p><a name="Formalities_and_writing" id="Formalities_and_writing"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhjSlv8SkPuQ9V7KNHynvy9gCuFy0A" title="Sunting bagian: Formalitas dan menulis">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Formalities and writing</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhjSlv8SkPuQ9V7KNHynvy9gCuFy0A" title="Sunting bagian: Formalitas dan menulis"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Formalitas dan menulis</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_frauds&usg=ALkJrhicnuJhVbzd1UVRhvZRX_fCeeUbqg" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_frauds&usg=ALkJrhicnuJhVbzd1UVRhvZRX_fCeeUbqg" title="Statute of frauds">Statuta dari frauds</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contrary to common wisdom, an exchange of promises can still be binding and legally as valid as a written contract.</span> Bertentangan dengan kebijaksanaan umum, sebuah pertukaran menjanjikan masih dapat mengikat secara hukum dan berlaku sebagai sebagai sebuah kontrak tertulis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A spoken contract should be called an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contract&usg=ALkJrhhENl0Oxad2I410UsnoTq27hxwqKQ" title="Kontrak lisan">oral contract</a> , which might be considered a subset of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_contract&usg=ALkJrhhOMVxE_FSsrOrg5nuMMGcS9pvdcA" title="Kontrak lisan">verbal contracts</a> .</span> J diucapkan kontrak harus dipanggil secara <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contract&usg=ALkJrhhENl0Oxad2I410UsnoTq27hxwqKQ" title="Kontrak lisan">lisan kontrak,</a> yang mungkin dianggap sebagai subset dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_contract&usg=ALkJrhhOMVxE_FSsrOrg5nuMMGcS9pvdcA" title="Kontrak lisan">kontrak lisan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Any contract that uses words, spoken or written, is a verbal contract.</span> Setiap kontrak yang menggunakan kata-kata, lisan atau tertulis, adalah kontrak lisan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Thus, all oral contracts and written contracts are verbal contracts.</span> Oleh karena itu, semua kontrak lisan dan tertulis kontrak adalah kontrak lisan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is in contrast to a "non-verbal, non-oral contract," also known as "a contract implied by the acts of the parties", which can be either <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_in_fact_contract&usg=ALkJrhjAE1BSyusaqjrVUeBsEaXa_31peQ" title="Diterapkan sebenarnya kontrak">implied in fact</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_in_law_contract&usg=ALkJrhgjXyfabJa-XdwPymqkvOgEpzaBRw" title="Diterapkan dalam hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">implied in law</a> .</span> Hal ini kontras dengan "non-verbal, non-kontrak lisan," yang juga dikenal sebagai "kontrak diterapkan oleh pihak-pihak yang bertindak", yang dapat dilakukan secara <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_in_fact_contract&usg=ALkJrhjAE1BSyusaqjrVUeBsEaXa_31peQ" title="Diterapkan sebenarnya kontrak">tersirat dalam fakta</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implied_in_law_contract&usg=ALkJrhgjXyfabJa-XdwPymqkvOgEpzaBRw" title="Diterapkan dalam hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">tersirat dalam hukum.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most jurisdictions have <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DRules_of_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg0CQ_2Un-aHHsU3jHVMr_yj2Wd8Q" class="new" title="Aturan hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">rules of law</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes&usg=ALkJrhiLC21tUZgDPyRkcN7yiXjCyTeLcg" title="Statutes" class="mw-redirect">statutes</a> which may render otherwise valid oral contracts unenforceable.</span> Sebagian besar jurisdiksi ada <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DRules_of_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg0CQ_2Un-aHHsU3jHVMr_yj2Wd8Q" class="new" title="Aturan hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">aturan hukum</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes&usg=ALkJrhiLC21tUZgDPyRkcN7yiXjCyTeLcg" title="Statutes" class="mw-redirect">statutes</a> lain yang dapat menyebabkan berlaku kontrak lisan unenforceable.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is especially true regarding oral contracts involving large amounts of money or real estate.</span> Hal ini benar terutama mengenai kontrak lisan yang melibatkan banyak uang atau real estate.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, in the US, generally speaking, a contract is unenforceable if it violates the common law <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_frauds&usg=ALkJrhicnuJhVbzd1UVRhvZRX_fCeeUbqg" title="Statute of frauds">statute of frauds</a> or equivalent state statutes which require certain contracts to be in writing.</span> Misalnya, di AS, umumnya, sebuah kontrak adalah unenforceable jika melanggar hukum umum <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_frauds&usg=ALkJrhicnuJhVbzd1UVRhvZRX_fCeeUbqg" title="Statute of frauds">dari undang-frauds</a> atau setara statutes negara yang memerlukan kontrak tertentu untuk dibuat secara tertulis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An example of the above is an oral contract for the sale of a motorcycle for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_dollar&usg=ALkJrhijbjucD2QcAwDpEhWSJA7TiBbQUA" title="Dollar AS" class="mw-redirect">US$</a> 5,000 in a jurisdiction which requires a contract for the sale of goods over US $500 to be in writing to be enforceable.</span> Contoh di atas adalah kontrak lisan untuk penjualan sepeda motor untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_dollar&usg=ALkJrhijbjucD2QcAwDpEhWSJA7TiBbQUA" title="Dollar AS" class="mw-redirect">US $</a> 5000 dalam yurisdiksi yang memerlukan kontrak untuk penjualan barang lebih dari US $ 500 untuk dibuat secara tertulis yang akan dilaksanakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The point of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds&usg=ALkJrhi4RU6PWGe9817hKsNU5exWulU5EA" title="Statuta dari Frauds" class="mw-redirect"><i>Statute of Frauds</i></a> is to prevent false allegations of the existence of contracts that were never made, by requiring formal (ie written) evidence of the contract.</span> Titik dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds&usg=ALkJrhi4RU6PWGe9817hKsNU5exWulU5EA" title="Statuta dari Frauds" class="mw-redirect"><i>Statuta dari Frauds</i></a> palsu adalah untuk mencegah dugaan adanya kontrak yang tidak pernah dibuat, dengan memerlukan formal (yakni tertulis) bukti kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, a common remark is that more frauds have been committed through the application of the Statute of Frauds than have ever been prevented.</span> Namun, yang umum itu adalah yang lebih frauds telah berkomitmen melalui penerapan Statuta dari Frauds daripada sudah pernah dicegah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contracts that do not meet the requirements of common law or statutory Statutes of Frauds are unenforceable, but are not necessarily thereby <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhYIw2JAOQH_0L_5A_oJRi4F_6XqA" title="Void (hukum)">void</a> .</span> Kontrak yang tidak memenuhi persyaratan umum hukum atau undang-undang Statutes of Frauds adalah unenforceable, tetapi belum tentu itu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhYIw2JAOQH_0L_5A_oJRi4F_6XqA" title="Void (hukum)">tidak berlaku.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, a party unjustly enriched by an unenforceable contract may be required to provide <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhhg6PrrUwpCf19fQDw1rybPZqm8mQ" title="Restitusi">restitution</a> for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhjUURZRqRO8uXR_nrgMu-rymQvEUg" title="Lalim penyuburan">unjust enrichment</a> .</span> Namun, pihak lalim oleh seorang kaya unenforceable kontrak mungkin diperlukan untuk memberikan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhhg6PrrUwpCf19fQDw1rybPZqm8mQ" title="Restitusi">restitusi</a> untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhjUURZRqRO8uXR_nrgMu-rymQvEUg" title="Lalim penyuburan">penyuburan tidak adil.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Statutes of Frauds are typically codified in state statutes covering specific types of contracts, such as contracts for the sale of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate&usg=ALkJrhhrKzMZy4wOxl5Cn4ivAHc39ssDOg" title="Real estate">real estate</a> .</span> Statutes of Frauds biasanya statutes dikodifikasikan di negara tertentu yang meliputi jenis kontrak, seperti kontrak untuk penjualan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate&usg=ALkJrhhrKzMZy4wOxl5Cn4ivAHc39ssDOg" title="Real estate">real estate.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&usg=ALkJrhgXrg2JQt6HSWdFKk-kfYjTENZprw" title="Australia">Australia</a> and many, if not all, jurisdictions which have adopted the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhh_aaxYYy1yH_SBpqyWY448DogeFA" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">common law of England</a> , for contracts subject to legislation equivalent to the Statute of Frauds <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span></sup></a> , there is no requirement for the entire contract to be in writing.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&usg=ALkJrhgXrg2JQt6HSWdFKk-kfYjTENZprw" title="Australia">Australia</a> dan banyak, jika tidak semua, yang mempunyai yurisdiksi mengadopsi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhh_aaxYYy1yH_SBpqyWY448DogeFA" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">hukum umum dari Inggris,</a> untuk tunduk pada undang-undang kontrak setara dengan Statuta dari Frauds <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[17],</span></sup></a> tidak ada kewajiban bagi seluruh kontrak harus secara tertulis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although for property transactions there must be a note or memorandum evidencing the contract, which may come into existence after the contract has been formed.</span> Meskipun properti untuk transaksi harus ada catatan atau memorandum evidencing kontrak, yang mungkin menjadi setelah kontrak telah dibentuk.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The note or memorandum must be signed in some way, and a series of documents may be used in place of a single note or memorandum.</span> Catatan atau memorandum harus masuk beberapa cara, dan sejumlah dokumen yang dapat digunakan di tempat satu catatan atau memorandum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It must contain all material terms of the contract, the subject matter and the parties to the contract.</span> Harus berisi semua bahan persyaratan kontrak, subjek dan pihak-pihak yang peduli dengan kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales&usg=ALkJrhgA3hRxJd-x7U8y2Rj4p8mxjcVAbw" title="Inggris dan Wales">England and Wales</a> , the common law <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds&usg=ALkJrhi4RU6PWGe9817hKsNU5exWulU5EA" title="Statuta dari Frauds" class="mw-redirect">Statute of Frauds</a> is only now in force for guarantees, which must be evidenced in writing, although the agreement may be made orally.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales&usg=ALkJrhgA3hRxJd-x7U8y2Rj4p8mxjcVAbw" title="Inggris dan Wales">Inggris dan Wales,</a> yang umum hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds&usg=ALkJrhi4RU6PWGe9817hKsNU5exWulU5EA" title="Statuta dari Frauds" class="mw-redirect">dari Statuta Frauds</a> sekarang hanya berlaku untuk menjamin, yang harus dibuktikan secara tertulis, meskipun kesepakatan dapat dilakukan secara lisan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Certain other kinds of contract must be in writing or they are void, for instance, for sale of land under s.</span> Tertentu lainnya jenis kontrak harus dibuat secara tertulis atau mereka yang kosong, misalnya, untuk penjualan tanah di bawah s.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">52, <i>Law of Property Act 1925</i> .</span> 52, <i>Undang-undang Hukum Properti 1925.</i></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If a contract is in a written form, and somebody signs the contract, then the person is bound by its terms regardless of whether they have read it or not, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span></sup></a> provided the document is contractual in nature. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span></sup></a> Furthermore, if a party wishes to use a document as the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBasis_of_a_contract%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhifz0XhYcE51Qf2ZSU8STcsIO62gw" class="new" title="Dasar kontrak (halaman tidak ditemukan)">basis of a contract</a> , reasonable notice of its terms must be given to the other party prior to their entry into the contract. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><span>[</span> 20 <span>]</span></sup></a> This includes such things as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_cases&usg=ALkJrhgpvXqg83iwaMUFuHZGCH5s8OpMtQ" title="Tiket kasus">tickets</a> issued at parking stations.</span> Jika kontrak dalam bentuk tertulis, dan ada menandatangani kontrak, maka orang itu terikat dengan syarat-syarat tanpa memperhatikan apakah mereka telah membaca atau tidak, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[18]</span></sup></a> yang disediakan dokumen kontrak di alam. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[19]</span></sup></a> Selain itu, jika pihak yang ingin menggunakan dokumen sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBasis_of_a_contract%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhifz0XhYcE51Qf2ZSU8STcsIO62gw" class="new" title="Dasar kontrak (halaman tidak ditemukan)">dasar dari sebuah kontrak,</a> wajar pemberitahuan dari istilah harus diberikan kepada pihak lain sebelum mereka masuk ke dalam kontrak. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><span>[20]</span></sup></a> Ini meliputi hal-hal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_cases&usg=ALkJrhgpvXqg83iwaMUFuHZGCH5s8OpMtQ" title="Tiket kasus">tiket</a> parkir yang dikeluarkan di stasiun.</span> </p><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_est_factum&usg=ALkJrhgErXThKrtNmDveM7ZloW7vNW3DEA" title="Non est kejadian">Non est factum</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_est_factum&usg=ALkJrhgErXThKrtNmDveM7ZloW7vNW3DEA" title="Non est kejadian">Non est kejadian</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p><a name="Bilateral_v._unilateral_contracts" id="Bilateral_v._unilateral_contracts"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhiKoOV7HRofUk7ZGrg_H6C2IdOPZw" title="Sunting bagian: Bilateral ayat sepihak kontrak">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bilateral v. unilateral contracts</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhiKoOV7HRofUk7ZGrg_H6C2IdOPZw" title="Sunting bagian: Bilateral ayat sepihak kontrak"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">ayat sepihak kontrak bilateral</span></span> </h2><div class="dablink"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For other uses, see <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhjWhJmlKFgBp5hySEvC8VOtMqIrjw" title="Bilateral (disambiguasi)" class="mw-redirect">Bilateral (disambiguation)</a> .</span> Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhjWhJmlKFgBp5hySEvC8VOtMqIrjw" title="Bilateral (disambiguasi)" class="mw-redirect">Bilateral (disambiguasi).</a></span> </div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parkingticketcontract.jpg&usg=ALkJrhi5uSBpUFmKBQS50a26Qi-2UxSYtw" class="image" title="Kontrak sepihak dari adhesion pada timekeeping tiket dispensed oleh vending mesin di pintu masuk tempat parkir"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Parkingticketcontract.jpg/300px-Parkingticketcontract.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="300" border="0" height="215" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parkingticketcontract.jpg&usg=ALkJrhi5uSBpUFmKBQS50a26Qi-2UxSYtw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unilateral contract of adhesion on timekeeping ticket dispensed by vending machine at parking lot entrance</span> Kontrak sepihak dari adhesion pada timekeeping tiket dispensed oleh vending mesin di pintu masuk tempat parkir</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contracts may be <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral&usg=ALkJrhgOqAPfHY12I6k_kkuPcGECR8aRZg" title="Bilateral">bilateral</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral&usg=ALkJrhgGL-40bl5xdrHUfFO6-YAWZUQGsA" title="Sepihak" class="mw-redirect">unilateral</a> .</span> Mungkin kontrak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral&usg=ALkJrhgOqAPfHY12I6k_kkuPcGECR8aRZg" title="Bilateral">bilateral</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral&usg=ALkJrhgGL-40bl5xdrHUfFO6-YAWZUQGsA" title="Sepihak" class="mw-redirect">sepihak.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The more common of the two <span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Januari 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhg3IXFYh_ab0QYT-kthB86VSehehQ" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> , a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_contract&usg=ALkJrhixCpwYKAu4aVCJZlVPxKwH15RvAQ" title="Kontrak bilateral" class="mw-redirect">bilateral contract</a> , is an agreement in which each of the parties to the contract makes a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promise&usg=ALkJrhgBWFaUQcuGa2uqe8up9-YGj9iuvg" title="Janji">promise</a> or promises to the other party.</span> Umum yang lebih dari dua <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhg3IXFYh_ab0QYT-kthB86VSehehQ" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><span title="Ini klaim kebutuhan referensi ke sumber terpercaya sejak Januari 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><i>[kutipan diperlukan],</i></sup></span></a> sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_contract&usg=ALkJrhixCpwYKAu4aVCJZlVPxKwH15RvAQ" title="Kontrak bilateral" class="mw-redirect">kontrak bilateral,</a> adalah perjanjian di mana masing-masing pihak untuk membuat kontrak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promise&usg=ALkJrhgBWFaUQcuGa2uqe8up9-YGj9iuvg" title="Janji">janji</a> atau janji-janji kepada pihak lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, in a contract for the sale of a home, the buyer promises to pay the seller $200,000 in exchange for the seller's promise to deliver title to the property.</span> Misalnya, dalam kontrak untuk penjualan rumah, janji pembeli untuk membayar penjual $ 200.000 dalam pertukaran untuk penjual janji untuk memberikan judul ke properti.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In a unilateral contract, only one party to the contract makes a promise.</span> Dalam sebuah kontrak sepihak, hanya satu pihak yang membuat kontrak janji.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A typical example is the reward contract: A promises to pay a reward to B if B finds A's dog.</span> Sebuah contoh khas adalah balasan kontrak: A berjanji untuk membayar upah ke B jika B menemukan A dog.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">B is not obliged to find A's dog, but A is obliged to pay the reward to B if B finds the dog.</span> B tidak diwajibkan untuk menemukan A anjing, tetapi yang berkewajiban untuk membayar upah ke B jika B menemukan anjing.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In this example, the finding of the dog is a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precondition&usg=ALkJrhj3FI4dAFNWmOJaSkwRSwMfgZZHVw" title="Prasyarat">condition precedent</a> to A's obligation to pay.</span> Dalam contoh ini, yang mencari anjing adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precondition&usg=ALkJrhj3FI4dAFNWmOJaSkwRSwMfgZZHVw" title="Prasyarat">kondisi preseden</a> A dari kewajiban untuk membayar.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer&usg=ALkJrhjgCwxrAILok0Za9p6FWfPXj3gmHQ" title="Menawarkan">offer</a> of a unilateral contract may often be made to many people (or 'to the world') by means of an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisement&usg=ALkJrhjneeTCeli6Y8_Ez8pZz92-CPSCxQ" title="Advertisment" class="mw-redirect">advertisement</a> .</span> Yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer&usg=ALkJrhjgCwxrAILok0Za9p6FWfPXj3gmHQ" title="Menawarkan">menawarkan</a> sebuah kontrak sepihak Mei sering dibuat untuk banyak orang (atau 'dunia') dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisement&usg=ALkJrhjneeTCeli6Y8_Ez8pZz92-CPSCxQ" title="Advertisment" class="mw-redirect">iklan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In that situation, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance&usg=ALkJrhgYf17pNsp57Lxz1QtVAesfC_Lm6w" title="Penerimaan">acceptance</a> will only occur on satisfaction of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition&usg=ALkJrhiDsD3TBT4qsq3H_OOsQOTqdsXL7w" title="Kondisi">condition</a> (such as the finding of the offeror's dog).</span> Dalam situasi itu, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance&usg=ALkJrhgYf17pNsp57Lxz1QtVAesfC_Lm6w" title="Penerimaan">penerimaan</a> hanya akan terjadi pada kepuasan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition&usg=ALkJrhiDsD3TBT4qsq3H_OOsQOTqdsXL7w" title="Kondisi">kondisi</a> (seperti mencari di offeror dari anjing).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If the condition is something that only one party can perform, both the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offeror&usg=ALkJrhiftNNiCnT_tnZdoIRoJevpwLpK0A" title="Offeror" class="mw-redirect">offeror</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offeree&usg=ALkJrhhm-J_viZ_VVBkzis_ijii3oBgjIQ" title="Offeree" class="mw-redirect">offeree</a> are protected – the offeror is protected because he will only ever be contractually obliged to one of the many offerees; and the offeree is protected, because if she does perform the condition, the offeror will be contractually obliged to pay her.</span> Jika kondisi adalah sesuatu yang hanya dapat melakukan satu pihak, baik <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offeror&usg=ALkJrhiftNNiCnT_tnZdoIRoJevpwLpK0A" title="Offeror" class="mw-redirect">offeror</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offeree&usg=ALkJrhhm-J_viZ_VVBkzis_ijii3oBgjIQ" title="Offeree" class="mw-redirect">offeree</a> dilindungi - offeror yang dilindungi karena ia hanya akan menjadi kontrak diwajibkan untuk salah satu dari banyak offerees; dan offeree dilindungi, karena jika ia tidak melakukan kondisi, maka akan offeror kontrak diwajibkan membayar dia.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In unilateral contracts, the requirement that acceptance be communicated to the offeror is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waived&usg=ALkJrhgHRxaeVARX30b6xbXnM3W7TNhPGQ" title="Dibebaskan" class="mw-redirect">waived</a> .</span> Dalam kontrak sepihak, syarat penerimaan yang disampaikan ke offeror adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waived&usg=ALkJrhgHRxaeVARX30b6xbXnM3W7TNhPGQ" title="Dibebaskan" class="mw-redirect">dibebaskan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The offeree accepts by performing the condition, and the offeree's performance is also treated as the price, or consideration, for the offeror's promise.</span> Offeree yang menerima dengan melakukan kondisi dan kinerja offeree juga diperlakukan sebagai harga, atau pertimbangan, untuk offeror janji.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most common type of unilateral contract is the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_contract&usg=ALkJrhg0Y5XeTdQGMNqZX7qOQa9-LRosCA" title="Asuransi kontrak">insurance contract</a> .</span> Yang paling umum jenis sepihak kontrak adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_contract&usg=ALkJrhg0Y5XeTdQGMNqZX7qOQa9-LRosCA" title="Asuransi kontrak">kontrak asuransi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The insurance company promises to pay the insured a stated amount of money if a covered event occurs for which the insured pays premiums.</span> Perusahaan asuransi berjanji untuk membayar diasuransikan yang dinyatakan jumlah uang jika terjadi tercakup acara yang akan digunakan membayar premi asuransi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Note that the insured does not make any promise to pay the premiums.</span> Dicatat bahwa diasuransikan tidak membuat janji untuk membayar premi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Courts generally favor bilateral contracts.</span> Pengadilan umumnya favor kontrak bilateral.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The general rule in the United States is: "In case of doubt, an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept either by promising to perform what the offer requests or by rendering the performance, as the offeree chooses." <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restatement_%28Second%29_of_Contracts&usg=ALkJrhggptt7TxiWj8OEmSXoW-bMFwIGcw" title="Uraian (Kedua) dari Kontrak">Restatement (Second) of Contracts</a> § 32 (1981) (emphasis added).</span> Aturan umum di Amerika Serikat adalah: "Dalam hal keraguan, yang menawarkan adalah sebagai mengundang offeree menerima baik oleh menjanjikan untuk melakukan apa yang menawarkan atau permintaan rendering kinerja, sebagai offeree memilih." <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restatement_%28Second%29_of_Contracts&usg=ALkJrhggptt7TxiWj8OEmSXoW-bMFwIGcw" title="Uraian (Kedua) dari Kontrak">Uraian (Second) Kontrak dari</a> § 32 (1981) (penekanan ditambah).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Here the law attempts to provide some protection from the risk of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revocation&usg=ALkJrhiI8T4lKZQFQaxPhlAj7MByRYGB1g" title="Pencabutan">revocation</a> in a unilateral contract to the offeree.</span> Di sini hukum upaya untuk memberikan perlindungan dari risiko <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revocation&usg=ALkJrhiI8T4lKZQFQaxPhlAj7MByRYGB1g" title="Pencabutan">penarikan</a> sepihak dalam kontrak dengan offeree.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Note that if the offer specifically requests performance rather than a promise, a unilateral contract will exist.</span> Perlu diketahui bahwa jika permintaan khusus menawarkan kinerja daripada janji, sepihak kontrak yang akan ada.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">See <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DOption_contracts%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi9E3vhLGsQe5RNbnRKIV3Hdg81rg" class="new" title="Opsi kontrak (halaman tidak ditemukan)">option contracts</a> for more information on protection given to the offeree in a unilateral contract.</span> Lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DOption_contracts%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi9E3vhLGsQe5RNbnRKIV3Hdg81rg" class="new" title="Opsi kontrak (halaman tidak ditemukan)">opsi kontrak</a> untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang perlindungan diberikan kepada offeree dalam kontrak sepihak.</span> </p><p><a name="Uncertainty.2C_incompleteness_and_severance" id="Uncertainty.2C_incompleteness_and_severance"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhgjjG0WttL_MA2tW9AO-5xmhm8O5g" title="Sunting bagian: Ketidakpastian, ketidaklengkapan dan pemutusan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Uncertainty, incompleteness and severance</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhgjjG0WttL_MA2tW9AO-5xmhm8O5g" title="Sunting bagian: Ketidakpastian, ketidaklengkapan dan pemutusan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Ketidakpastian, ketidaklengkapan dan pemutusan</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If the terms of the contract are uncertain or incomplete, the parties cannot have reached an agreement in the eyes of the law. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-20" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><span>[</span> 21 <span>]</span></sup></a> An <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAgreement_to_agree%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjLmqg6E7HohwRdVOoeODGlzVRRPQ" class="new" title="Untuk menyetujui perjanjian (halaman tidak ditemukan)">agreement to agree</a> does not constitute a contract, and an inability to agree on key issues, which may include such things as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_price&usg=ALkJrhi6vx9VuzM2PdNsej1NeSIYBNKZ8w" title="Kontrak harga">price</a> or safety, may cause the entire contract to fail.</span> Jika syarat-syarat kontrak yang belum jelas atau tidak lengkap, pihak-pihak yang tidak dapat mencapai kesepakatan di mata hukum. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-20" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><span>[21]</span></sup></a> Sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAgreement_to_agree%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjLmqg6E7HohwRdVOoeODGlzVRRPQ" class="new" title="Untuk menyetujui perjanjian (halaman tidak ditemukan)">perjanjian setuju untuk</a> tidak merupakan sebuah kontrak, dan ketidakmampuan untuk setuju pada masalah-masalah utama, yang mungkin termasuk hal-hal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_price&usg=ALkJrhi6vx9VuzM2PdNsej1NeSIYBNKZ8w" title="Kontrak harga">harga</a> atau keselamatan, dapat menyebabkan seluruh kontrak gagal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, a court will attempt to give effect to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCommercial_contracts%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgpHP3HEOkgccp-Z8ZF5IMJ7olF4A" class="new" title="Kontrak komersial (halaman tidak ditemukan)">commercial contracts</a> where possible, by construing a reasonable construction of the contract. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-21" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><span>[</span> 22 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Namun, pengadilan akan berusaha untuk memberikan efek untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCommercial_contracts%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgpHP3HEOkgccp-Z8ZF5IMJ7olF4A" class="new" title="Kontrak komersial (halaman tidak ditemukan)">kontrak komersial</a> di mana mungkin, oleh construing yang wajar dari kontrak konstruksi. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-21" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><span>[22]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Courts may also look to external standards, which are either mentioned explicitly in the contract <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-22" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><span>[</span> 23 <span>]</span></sup></a> or implied by <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_practice&usg=ALkJrhhUlG5pAt6tUafRHz18r3tDOn_z_w" title="Praktek umum" class="mw-redirect">common practice</a> in a certain field. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-23" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><span>[</span> 24 <span>]</span></sup></a> In addition, the court may also imply a term; if price is excluded, the court may imply a reasonable price, with the exception of land, and second-hand goods, which are unique.</span> Pengadilan juga dapat melihat ke luar standar, baik yang disebutkan secara eksplisit dalam kontrak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-22" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><span>[23]</span></sup></a> atau diterapkan oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_practice&usg=ALkJrhhUlG5pAt6tUafRHz18r3tDOn_z_w" title="Praktek umum" class="mw-redirect">praktek umum</a> dalam bidang tertentu. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-23" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><span>[24]</span></sup></a> Di samping itu, pengadilan juga menyiratkan sebuah istilah, jika harga yang dikeluarkan, pengadilan Mei menyiratkan harga yang wajar, kecuali tanah, dan barang-barang bekas yang unik.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If there are uncertain or incomplete clauses in the contract, and all options in resolving its true meaning have failed, it may be possible to sever and void just those affected clauses if the contract includes a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severability_clause&usg=ALkJrhiPngnSmdcbjnOaiVDlLY6RQYvrlA" title="Severability ayat">severability clause</a> .</span> Jika ada atau tidak lengkap clauses ketidakpastian dalam kontrak, dan semua opsi dalam arti yang benar telah gagal, mungkin dapat dibuat ke memutuskanapa void dan hanya orang-orang yang terkena clauses jika kontrak mencakup <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severability_clause&usg=ALkJrhiPngnSmdcbjnOaiVDlLY6RQYvrlA" title="Severability ayat">severability ayat.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The test of whether a clause is severable is an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_test&usg=ALkJrhhg4uzKRq_RI9JXiNIg6KdvSmtyIg" title="Objektif tes">objective test</a> —whether a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_person&usg=ALkJrhhuVu6eDoh09GG-Jcjk25pSW1u-LQ" title="Wajar orang">reasonable person</a> would see the contract standing even without the clauses.</span> Ujian dari apakah ayat severable adalah merupakan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_test&usg=ALkJrhhg4uzKRq_RI9JXiNIg6KdvSmtyIg" title="Objektif tes">tujuan uji-apakah</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_person&usg=ALkJrhhuVu6eDoh09GG-Jcjk25pSW1u-LQ" title="Wajar orang">wajar orang</a> akan melihat kontrak berdiri bahkan tanpa clauses.</span> </p><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem&usg=ALkJrhjuVXuTKBPdcEMe5Kftnx2rt8fcTg" title="Kontra proferentem">Contra proferentem</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_proferentem&usg=ALkJrhjuVXuTKBPdcEMe5Kftnx2rt8fcTg" title="Kontra proferentem">Contra proferentem</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p><a name="Contractual_terms" id="Contractual_terms"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhhk8Wub3QhIiA5Pb6IfF_40NMsV2A" title="Sunting bagian: Kontrak istilah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Contractual terms</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhhk8Wub3QhIiA5Pb6IfF_40NMsV2A" title="Sunting bagian: Kontrak istilah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kontrak istilah</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_term&usg=ALkJrhiGMJZbs_pkBSXL4cFPJ_nlLU1VAg" title="Kontrak istilah">Contractual term</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_term&usg=ALkJrhiGMJZbs_pkBSXL4cFPJ_nlLU1VAg" title="Kontrak istilah">Kontrak istilah</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_term&usg=ALkJrhiGMJZbs_pkBSXL4cFPJ_nlLU1VAg" title="Kontrak istilah">contractual term</a> is "[a]ny provision forming part of a contract" <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-24" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span></sup></a> .</span> J <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_term&usg=ALkJrhiGMJZbs_pkBSXL4cFPJ_nlLU1VAg" title="Kontrak istilah">kontrak istilah</a> adalah "[a] ny ketentuan membentuk bagian dari kontrak" <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-24" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><span>[25].</span></sup></a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Each term gives rise to a contractual obligation, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">breach</a> of which can give rise to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit&usg=ALkJrhivhoFbUqL8Nz4yFg3pyeuXUo6fBQ" title="Perkara">litigation</a> .</span> Setiap istilah memberikan menimbulkan suatu kewajiban kontrak, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">pelanggaran</a> yang dapat menimbulkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit&usg=ALkJrhivhoFbUqL8Nz4yFg3pyeuXUo6fBQ" title="Perkara">litigasi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Not all <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_Term&usg=ALkJrhi7-Y5_DcTd5ozzW_KDMwHTR-HXPA" title="Kontrak Jangka" class="mw-redirect">terms</a> are stated expressly and some <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_Term&usg=ALkJrhi7-Y5_DcTd5ozzW_KDMwHTR-HXPA" title="Kontrak Jangka" class="mw-redirect">terms</a> carry less legal weight as they are peripheral to the objectives of the contract.</span> Tidak semua <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_Term&usg=ALkJrhi7-Y5_DcTd5ozzW_KDMwHTR-HXPA" title="Kontrak Jangka" class="mw-redirect">istilah</a> yang dinyatakan secara eksplisit dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_Term&usg=ALkJrhi7-Y5_DcTd5ozzW_KDMwHTR-HXPA" title="Kontrak Jangka" class="mw-redirect">istilah</a> kurang melaksanakan hukum berat karena pinggiran ke tujuan kontrak.</span> </p><p><a name="Boilerplate" id="Boilerplate"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhjGQCjGt1Ra25xNQClMcvrzIZgVzA" title="Sunting bagian: Boilerplate">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Boilerplate</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhjGQCjGt1Ra25xNQClMcvrzIZgVzA" title="Sunting bagian: Boilerplate"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Boilerplate</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As discussed in Tina L. Stark's <i>Negotiating and Drafting Contract Boilerplate</i> , when lawyers refer to a “ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate&usg=ALkJrhjy7piWvw4VIDTt4ijmTPrt7FfzkA" title="Boilerplate">boilerplate</a> ” provision, they are referring to any standardized, “ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DOne_size_fits_all%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiGyweUb7cVfaRY8L8wRGb5PNu-Ug" class="new" title="Satu ukuran cocok semua (halaman tidak ditemukan)">one size fits all</a> ” contract provision.</span> Seperti telah dibahas dalam Stark Tina L. 's <i>negosiasi dan Drafting Kontrak Boilerplate,</i> pengacara bila mengacu ke <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate&usg=ALkJrhjy7piWvw4VIDTt4ijmTPrt7FfzkA" title="Boilerplate">"boilerplate"</a> ketentuan, mereka merujuk ke standar, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DOne_size_fits_all%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiGyweUb7cVfaRY8L8wRGb5PNu-Ug" class="new" title="Satu ukuran cocok semua (halaman tidak ditemukan)">"one size fits all"</a> kontrak penyediaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But lawyers also use the term in a more narrow context to refer to certain provisions that appear at the end of the contract.</span> Pengacara tetapi juga menggunakan istilah dalam konteks yang lebih sempit untuk menunjuk ke beberapa ketentuan yang muncul pada akhir kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Typically, these provisions tell the parties how to govern their relationship and administer the contract.</span> Biasanya, ini ketentuan kirim ke pihak-pihak pemerintah bagaimana hubungan mereka dan administrasi kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although often thought to be of secondary importance, these provisions have significant business and legal consequences. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-25" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><span>[</span> 26 <span>]</span></sup></a> Common provisions include the governing law provision, venue, assignment and delegation provisions, waiver of jury trial provisions, notice provisions, and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_majeure&usg=ALkJrhindXPd-La3Xf4O_nd2qQLBw7kOow" title="Force Majeure">force majeure</a> provisions. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-26" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><span>[</span> 27 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Meskipun sering berpikir untuk menjadi yang kedua pentingnya, ketentuan ini memiliki bisnis yang signifikan dan konsekuensi hukum. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-25" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><span>[26]</span></sup></a> Common ketentuan termasuk mengenai ketentuan hukum, tempat, tugas dan delegasi ketentuan, surat pernyataan melepaskan tuntutan dari juri pengadilan ketentuan, pemberitahuan ketentuan, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_majeure&usg=ALkJrhindXPd-La3Xf4O_nd2qQLBw7kOow" title="Force Majeure">Force Majeure</a> ketentuan. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-26" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><span>[27]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Classification_of_term" id="Classification_of_term"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhhdW0pIYt66C5zyCUIbigUZbfALnQ" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi dari istilah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Classification of term</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhhdW0pIYt66C5zyCUIbigUZbfALnQ" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi dari istilah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Klasifikasi dari istilah</span></span> </h3><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Condition or Warranty</b> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-27" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><span>[</span> 28 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditions&usg=ALkJrhgQmNPMfmDWNYeK45UxVnKoV5b4SA" title="Kondisi" class="mw-redirect">Conditions</a> are terms which go to the very root of a contract. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_Contract&usg=ALkJrhgCbRl_LD07Ic-mUP8QV3ednS8t5w" title="Pelanggaran Kontrak" class="mw-redirect">Breach</a> of these terms <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repudiate&usg=ALkJrhgvWGwh5sL0PWupFszMorUhuuMlrA" title="Menanggalkan" class="mw-redirect">repudiate</a> the contract, allowing the other party to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge&usg=ALkJrhjlNBPJ8NKpi4d4VnWANHjUnNmhSg" title="Discharge">discharge</a> the contract.</span> <b>Kondisi atau Garansi.</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-27" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><span>[28]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditions&usg=ALkJrhgQmNPMfmDWNYeK45UxVnKoV5b4SA" title="Kondisi" class="mw-redirect">Kondisi</a> adalah hal yang sangat pergi ke akar kontrak. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_Contract&usg=ALkJrhgCbRl_LD07Ic-mUP8QV3ednS8t5w" title="Pelanggaran Kontrak" class="mw-redirect">Breach</a> ini istilah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repudiate&usg=ALkJrhgvWGwh5sL0PWupFszMorUhuuMlrA" title="Menanggalkan" class="mw-redirect">menanggalkan</a> kontrak, yang memungkinkan pihak lain untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge&usg=ALkJrhjlNBPJ8NKpi4d4VnWANHjUnNmhSg" title="Discharge">pembebasan</a> kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warranty&usg=ALkJrhhH5XV7kvj8hvaghDve2lJOBAJKsQ" title="Garansi">warranty</a> is not so imperative so the contract will subsist after a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DWarranty_breach%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhTCmKj90mXAVMUnC670Q-gObkUfQ" class="new" title="Pelanggaran jaminan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">warranty breach</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_Contract&usg=ALkJrhgCbRl_LD07Ic-mUP8QV3ednS8t5w" title="Pelanggaran Kontrak" class="mw-redirect">Breach</a> of either will give rise to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">damages</a> .</span> J <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warranty&usg=ALkJrhhH5XV7kvj8hvaghDve2lJOBAJKsQ" title="Garansi">jaminan</a> tidak begitu penting sehingga kontrak akan hidup setelah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DWarranty_breach%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhTCmKj90mXAVMUnC670Q-gObkUfQ" class="new" title="Pelanggaran jaminan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">jaminan pelanggaran.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_Contract&usg=ALkJrhgCbRl_LD07Ic-mUP8QV3ednS8t5w" title="Pelanggaran Kontrak" class="mw-redirect">Breach</a> yang baik akan menimbulkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">kerusakan.</a></span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is an objective matter of fact whether a term goes to the root of a contract.</span> Merupakan tujuan bahkan apakah istilah pergi ke akar kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By way of illustration, an actress' obligation to perform the opening night of a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre&usg=ALkJrhgRkVW5azhllgjCb0iQnvIVTnUC4Q" title="Teater">theatrical</a> production is a condition, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-28" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><span>[</span> 29 <span>]</span></sup></a> whereas a singers obligation to perform during the first three days of rehearsal is a warranty. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-29" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><span>[</span> 30 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Dengan cara ilustrasi, sebuah actress' kewajiban untuk melakukan pembukaan malam dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre&usg=ALkJrhgRkVW5azhllgjCb0iQnvIVTnUC4Q" title="Teater">sandiwara</a> produksi adalah suatu kondisi, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-28" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><span>[29]</span></sup></a> sedangkan yang singers kewajiban untuk melakukan selama tiga hari pertama dari latihan adalah garansi. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-29" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><span>[30]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhj1oDO6byo46aMeQKJmTDewfYbUTg" title="Statuta">Statute</a> may also declare a term or nature of term to be a condition or warranty; for example the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhhHtRFEXTo6f0NnpiRZj0b-m4h2mw" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Sale of Goods Act 1979</a> s15A <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-30" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><span>[</span> 31 <span>]</span></sup></a> provides that terms as to title, description, quality and sample (as described in the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhiFlWS7uE35AhdEh4WUIHA8PfN-Bg" title="Undang-undang Parlemen">Act</a> ) are conditions save in certain defined circumstances.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhj1oDO6byo46aMeQKJmTDewfYbUTg" title="Statuta">Statuta</a> Mei juga menyatakan istilah atau sifat istilah menjadi kondisi atau jaminan; misalnya <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhhHtRFEXTo6f0NnpiRZj0b-m4h2mw" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Penjualan Goods Act 1979</a> s15A <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-30" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><span>[31]</span></sup></a> menyatakan bahwa persyaratan untuk judul, keterangan, kualitas dan contoh (seperti yang dijelaskan dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhiFlWS7uE35AhdEh4WUIHA8PfN-Bg" title="Undang-undang Parlemen">Undang-undang)</a> adalah kondisi disimpan dalam keadaan tertentu yang ditetapkan.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Innominate term</b> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Diplock&usg=ALkJrhhiVS5B2BBjXdkSWJ1gRWBRq7BGyA" title="Tuhan Diplock" class="mw-redirect">Lord Diplock</a> , in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHong_Kong_Fir_Shipping_Co._Ltd._v._Kawasaki_Kisen_Kaisha_Ltd.%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjdMdXekTZwUuX5tKqNyan8aJylUQ" class="new" title="Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd ayat Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co. Ltd. v. Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd.</i></a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-31" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><span>[</span> 32 <span>]</span></sup></a> created the concept of an innominate term, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_Contract&usg=ALkJrhgCbRl_LD07Ic-mUP8QV3ednS8t5w" title="Pelanggaran Kontrak" class="mw-redirect">breach</a> of which may or not go to the root of the contract depending upon the nature of the breach.</span> <b>Innominate istilah.</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Diplock&usg=ALkJrhhiVS5B2BBjXdkSWJ1gRWBRq7BGyA" title="Tuhan Diplock" class="mw-redirect">Diplock Tuhan,</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHong_Kong_Fir_Shipping_Co._Ltd._v._Kawasaki_Kisen_Kaisha_Ltd.%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjdMdXekTZwUuX5tKqNyan8aJylUQ" class="new" title="Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd ayat Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd ayat Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd,</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-31" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><span>[32]</span></sup></a> menciptakan sebuah konsep innominate istilah, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_Contract&usg=ALkJrhgCbRl_LD07Ic-mUP8QV3ednS8t5w" title="Pelanggaran Kontrak" class="mw-redirect">pelanggaran</a> yang mungkin atau tidak pergi ke akar kontrak tergantung pada sifat dari pelanggaran.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Breach of these terms, as with all terms, will give rise to damages.</span> Pelanggaran syarat-syarat ini, karena dengan semua persyaratan, akan menimbulkan kerusakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Whether or not it repudiates the contract depends upon whether legal benefit of the contract has been removed from the innocent party.</span> Apakah ia repudiates kontrak tergantung pada apakah hukum keuntungan dari kontrak telah dihapus dari pihak yang bersalah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Megaw LJ, in 1970, preferred the legal certainty of using the classic categories of condition or warranty. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-32" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><span>[</span> 33 <span>]</span></sup></a> This was interpreted by the House of Lords as merely restricting its application in <i>Reardon Smith Line Ltd. v Hansen-Tangen</i> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-33" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><span>[</span> 34 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Megaw LJ, di tahun 1970, penawaran kepastian hukum klasik menggunakan kategori kondisi atau jaminan. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-32" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><span>[33]</span></sup></a> Ini adalah diinterpretasikan oleh House of Lords sebagai hanya membatasi penerapannya dalam <i>Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Hansen-Tangen.</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-33" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><span>[34]</span></sup></a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Status_as_a_term" id="Status_as_a_term"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhhDY003Eilw-0DpRCy3YeddCpItDw" title="Sunting bagian: Status sebagai istilah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Status as a term</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhhDY003Eilw-0DpRCy3YeddCpItDw" title="Sunting bagian: Status sebagai istilah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Status sebagai istilah</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status&usg=ALkJrhja4jETpkWsjZnlQKVbf16_3_BrQA" title="Status">Status</a> as a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_Term&usg=ALkJrhi7-Y5_DcTd5ozzW_KDMwHTR-HXPA" title="Kontrak Jangka" class="mw-redirect">term</a> is important as a party can only take <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit&usg=ALkJrhivhoFbUqL8Nz4yFg3pyeuXUo6fBQ" title="Perkara">legal action</a> for the non fulfillment of a term as opposed to representations or mere <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffery&usg=ALkJrhgHDwFxL-qPRGHxQt32QNtGN7ar_w" title="Hal mengiklankan">puffery</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status&usg=ALkJrhja4jETpkWsjZnlQKVbf16_3_BrQA" title="Status">Status</a> sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_Term&usg=ALkJrhi7-Y5_DcTd5ozzW_KDMwHTR-HXPA" title="Kontrak Jangka" class="mw-redirect">istilah</a> penting sebagai salah satu pihak hanya dapat mengambil <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit&usg=ALkJrhivhoFbUqL8Nz4yFg3pyeuXUo6fBQ" title="Perkara">tindakan hukum</a> untuk tidak melaksanakan suatu istilah sebagai bertentangan dengan pernyataan atau sekedar <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffery&usg=ALkJrhgHDwFxL-qPRGHxQt32QNtGN7ar_w" title="Hal mengiklankan">hal mengiklankan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Legally speaking, only statements that amount to a term create contractual obligations.</span> Berbicara secara hukum, hanya pernyataan bahwa jumlah istilah untuk membuat kontrak kewajiban.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are various factor that a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court&usg=ALkJrhixlfqmvAVqZWO-1RnL7ZCkSOSSrQ" title="Pengadilan">court</a> may take into account in determining the nature of a statement <span title="Teks di sekitar tag ini memerlukan klarifikasi atau penghapusan prokem sejak November 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify&usg=ALkJrhg3j7glc_O-4fhNhDsAKfI4tXzqTQ" title="Wikipedia: Jelaskan"><i>clarification needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> .</span> Ada beberapa faktor yang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court&usg=ALkJrhixlfqmvAVqZWO-1RnL7ZCkSOSSrQ" title="Pengadilan">pengadilan</a> Mei memperhitungkan dalam menentukan sifat pernyataan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify&usg=ALkJrhg3j7glc_O-4fhNhDsAKfI4tXzqTQ" title="Wikipedia: Jelaskan"><span title="Teks di sekitar tag ini memerlukan klarifikasi atau penghapusan prokem sejak November 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><i>[klarifikasi diperlukan].</i></sup></span></a></span> </p><p><a name="Implied_terms" id="Implied_terms"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhhwWx8wXNxAQ5bPg0an6_9qYEAdOQ" title="Sunting bagian: Implied istilah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Implied terms</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhhwWx8wXNxAQ5bPg0an6_9qYEAdOQ" title="Sunting bagian: Implied istilah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Implied istilah</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A term may either be expressed or implied.</span> Sebuah istilah bisa disuarakan atau tersirat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An Express term is stated by the parties during negotiation or written in a contractual document.</span> Express adalah sebuah istilah yang dinyatakan oleh pihak-pihak selama negosiasi atau tertulis dalam dokumen kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Implied terms are not stated but nevertheless form a provision of the contract.</span> Istilah yang diterapkan tidak dinyatakan tetapi bagaimanapun membentuk ketentuan dalam kontrak.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Terms may be implied due to the facts of the proceedings by which the contract was formed.</span> Syarat dapat diterapkan karena fakta dari proses kontrak yang telah dibentuk.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council&usg=ALkJrhiBCYX_BblOWNls-CsQvXZ7j0Qvnw" title="Rahasia Council" class="mw-redirect">Privy Council</a> established a five stage test in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBP_Refinery_Western_Port_v._Shire_of_Hastings%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgsJp0QOjhE3azj1ri5IC0CeMAUDA" class="new" title="BP sulingan Western Port ayat dari Shire Hastings (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>BP Refinery Western Port v. Shire of Hastings</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-34" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><span>[</span> 35 <span>]</span></sup></a> to determine situations where the facts of a case may imply terms (this only applies to formal contracts in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&usg=ALkJrhgXrg2JQt6HSWdFKk-kfYjTENZprw" title="Australia">Australia</a> ). <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-35" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><span>[</span> 36 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council&usg=ALkJrhiBCYX_BblOWNls-CsQvXZ7j0Qvnw" title="Rahasia Council" class="mw-redirect">dewan</a> membentuk lima tahap uji di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBP_Refinery_Western_Port_v._Shire_of_Hastings%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgsJp0QOjhE3azj1ri5IC0CeMAUDA" class="new" title="BP sulingan Western Port ayat dari Shire Hastings (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>BP sulingan Western Port ayat dari Shire Hastings.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-34" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><span>[35]</span></sup></a> untuk menentukan situasi di mana fakta-fakta kasus Mei menyiratkan istilah (ini hanya berlaku untuk kontrak-kontrak formal di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&usg=ALkJrhgXrg2JQt6HSWdFKk-kfYjTENZprw" title="Australia">Australia).</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-35" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><span>[36]</span></sup></a></span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhgfa_mYvZyF0vpzGOmclLi_mt-t_w" title="Yurisdiksi">jurisdictions</a> , notably <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&usg=ALkJrhgXrg2JQt6HSWdFKk-kfYjTENZprw" title="Australia">Australia</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel&usg=ALkJrhg2g7_7z0B_raazwn312RAmJC5ueg" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India&usg=ALkJrhih7BZ2nffSRv-73lYimT7jMS2T4Q" title="India">India</a> , imply a term of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith&usg=ALkJrhijRcVhEJIthtKQXdm5Qp8BaXmmZQ" title="Itikad baik"><i>good faith</i></a> into contracts.</span> Beberapa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhgfa_mYvZyF0vpzGOmclLi_mt-t_w" title="Yurisdiksi">yurisdiksi,</a> khususnya <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&usg=ALkJrhgXrg2JQt6HSWdFKk-kfYjTENZprw" title="Australia">Australia,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel&usg=ALkJrhg2g7_7z0B_raazwn312RAmJC5ueg" title="Israel">Israel</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India&usg=ALkJrhih7BZ2nffSRv-73lYimT7jMS2T4Q" title="India">India,</a> sebuah istilah yang menyiratkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith&usg=ALkJrhijRcVhEJIthtKQXdm5Qp8BaXmmZQ" title="Itikad baik"><i>itikad baik</i></a> dalam kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A final way in which terms may be implied due to fact is through a previous <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCourse_of_dealing%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjtuKlP9W4SYsB9vsGAQYkXcQq28Q" class="new" title="Saja yang menangani (halaman tidak ditemukan)">course of dealing</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCommon_trade_practice%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh30qZli2EpbSEEu2lfmq7MolYkYw" class="new" title="Praktek perdagangan umum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">common trade practice</a> .</span> Sebuah cara yang terakhir istilah mungkin diterapkan karena sebenarnya adalah melalui sebelumnya <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCourse_of_dealing%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjtuKlP9W4SYsB9vsGAQYkXcQq28Q" class="new" title="Saja yang menangani (halaman tidak ditemukan)">saja yang menangani</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCommon_trade_practice%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh30qZli2EpbSEEu2lfmq7MolYkYw" class="new" title="Praktek perdagangan umum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">praktek perdagangan umum.</a></span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Terms may also be implied in law.</span> Istilah juga dapat diterapkan dalam hukum.</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These are terms that have been implied into standardized relationships.</span> Ini adalah istilah yang telah diterapkan ke dalam hubungan standar.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Common law</b></span> <b>Umum hukum</b></span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Liverpool City Council v. Irwin</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-36" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><span>[</span> 37 <span>]</span></sup></a> established a term to be implied into all contracts between tenant and landlord that the landlord is obliged to keep the common areas in a reasonable state of repair.</span> <i>Liverpool City Council ayat Irwin</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-36" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><span>[37]</span></sup></a> mendirikan sebuah istilah yang akan diterapkan ke semua kontrak antara pemilik dan penyewa bahwa pemilik berkewajiban untuk menyimpan beberapa area di negara yang wajar dari perbaikan.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Wong Mee Wan v Kwan Kin Travel Services Ltd.</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-37" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><span>[</span> 38 <span>]</span></sup></a> established that when a tour operator contracts to for the sale of goods.</span> <i>Wong Mee Wan v Kwan Kin Travel Services Ltd</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-37" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><span>[38]</span></sup></a> yang didirikan ketika tur ke operator kontrak untuk penjualan barang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most important <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhh9yaWYwV4CbWC-7XYYxJXVdI_1sQ" title="Perundang-undangan">legislation</a> under <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhoTU5PKcCPNLu8RV2euH5-2Ca61g" title="Inggris">United Kingdom</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">law</a> is the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhhHtRFEXTo6f0NnpiRZj0b-m4h2mw" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Sale of Goods Act 1979</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Protection_%28Distance_Selling%29_Regulations_2000&usg=ALkJrhhymbWb1s9nXHj2u3FHuxtgMShing" title="Perlindungan Konsumen (Jarak Beli) Peraturan 2000">Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_of_Goods_and_Services_Act_1982&usg=ALkJrhjREALje5HBtZxLjVfLzGIntw-I9g" title="Pasokan Barang dan Jasa Act 1982">Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982</a> which imply terms into all contracts whereby goods are sold or services provided.</span> Yang paling penting <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhh9yaWYwV4CbWC-7XYYxJXVdI_1sQ" title="Perundang-undangan">perundang-undangan</a> di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhoTU5PKcCPNLu8RV2euH5-2Ca61g" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">hukum</a> adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhhHtRFEXTo6f0NnpiRZj0b-m4h2mw" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Penjualan Goods Act 1979,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Protection_%28Distance_Selling%29_Regulations_2000&usg=ALkJrhhymbWb1s9nXHj2u3FHuxtgMShing" title="Perlindungan Konsumen (Jarak Beli) Peraturan 2000">Perlindungan Konsumen (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_of_Goods_and_Services_Act_1982&usg=ALkJrhjREALje5HBtZxLjVfLzGIntw-I9g" title="Pasokan Barang dan Jasa Act 1982">Supply Barang dan Jasa Act 1982</a> yang berarti semua hal dalam kontrak dimana barang yang dijual atau layanan yang diberikan.</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These terms will be implied into all contracts of the same nature as a matter of law.</span> Istilah tersebut akan diterapkan ke semua kontrak yang sama alam sebagai masalah hukum.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Statutory</b></span> <b>Statutory</b></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The rules by which many contracts are governed are provided in specialized <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhj1oDO6byo46aMeQKJmTDewfYbUTg" title="Statuta">statutes</a> that deal with particular subjects.</span> Aturan-aturan yang banyak kontrak diatur dalam disediakan khusus <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhj1oDO6byo46aMeQKJmTDewfYbUTg" title="Statuta">statutes</a> yang berhubungan dengan mata pelajaran tertentu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country&usg=ALkJrhjPeOvgwg5Lxr_Yle8ov0sOLMAlkA" title="Negara">countries</a> , for example, have statutes which deal directly with sale of goods, lease transactions, and trade practices.</span> Sebagian besar <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country&usg=ALkJrhjPeOvgwg5Lxr_Yle8ov0sOLMAlkA" title="Negara">negara,</a> misalnya, ada statutes yang berurusan langsung dengan penjualan barang, transaksi sewa, dan praktek perdagangan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, most <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_state&usg=ALkJrhj6JpACasi6eGgJ0k7q_blbWt2yDw" title="Negara Amerika">American states</a> have adopted Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, which regulates contracts for the sale of goods.</span> Sebagai contoh, sebagian besar <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_state&usg=ALkJrhj6JpACasi6eGgJ0k7q_blbWt2yDw" title="Negara Amerika">negara Amerika</a> telah mengadopsi Pasal 2 dari Uniform Commercial Code, yang mengatur kontrak untuk penjualan barang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most important <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhh9yaWYwV4CbWC-7XYYxJXVdI_1sQ" title="Perundang-undangan">legislation</a> implying terms under <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhoTU5PKcCPNLu8RV2euH5-2Ca61g" title="Inggris">United Kingdom</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">law</a> are the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhhHtRFEXTo6f0NnpiRZj0b-m4h2mw" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Sale of Goods Act 1979</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Protection_%28Distance_Selling%29_Regulations_2000&usg=ALkJrhhymbWb1s9nXHj2u3FHuxtgMShing" title="Perlindungan Konsumen (Jarak Beli) Peraturan 2000">Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_of_Goods_and_Services_Act_1982&usg=ALkJrhjREALje5HBtZxLjVfLzGIntw-I9g" title="Pasokan Barang dan Jasa Act 1982">Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982</a> which imply terms into all contracts whereby goods are sold or services provided.</span> Yang paling penting <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhh9yaWYwV4CbWC-7XYYxJXVdI_1sQ" title="Perundang-undangan">perundang-undangan</a> di bawah implying istilah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhoTU5PKcCPNLu8RV2euH5-2Ca61g" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">hukum</a> adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhhHtRFEXTo6f0NnpiRZj0b-m4h2mw" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Penjualan Goods Act 1979,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Protection_%28Distance_Selling%29_Regulations_2000&usg=ALkJrhhymbWb1s9nXHj2u3FHuxtgMShing" title="Perlindungan Konsumen (Jarak Beli) Peraturan 2000">Perlindungan Konsumen (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_of_Goods_and_Services_Act_1982&usg=ALkJrhjREALje5HBtZxLjVfLzGIntw-I9g" title="Pasokan Barang dan Jasa Act 1982">Supply Barang dan Jasa Act 1982</a> yang berarti semua hal dalam kontrak dimana barang yang dijual atau layanan yang diberikan.</span> </p><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith&usg=ALkJrhijRcVhEJIthtKQXdm5Qp8BaXmmZQ" title="Itikad baik">Good faith</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith&usg=ALkJrhijRcVhEJIthtKQXdm5Qp8BaXmmZQ" title="Itikad baik">Bagus iman</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Three ways of evaluating a contracted exchange as coercive or voluntary</b></span> <b>Tiga cara untuk mengevaluasi sebuah kontrak pertukaran sebagai paksaan atau sukarela</b></span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Moral consideration: Objective consideration of right or wrong outside of the objective cause, or the perceived cause.</span> Pertimbangan moral: Objektif pertimbangan benar atau salah di luar tujuan menyebabkan, atau mengetahui penyebabnya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Example: X occurs everyday at 5 pm.</span> Contoh: X terjadi setiap hari di 5.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">X is wrong.</span> X adalah salah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Anything that avoids X is good, allowing X, even if all parties agree, is bad.</span> Sesuatu yang baik untuk menghindari X, sehingga X, bahkan jika semua pihak setuju, adalah buruk.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Phenomenological consideration - what models did the participants have which influenced the perception of what was to occur or what had occurred.</span> Phenomenological pertimbangan - apa model itu para peserta ada yang mempengaruhi persepsi tentang apa yang terjadi atau apa yang terjadi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Example: I observe X,Y every day at 5 pm.</span> Contoh: saya perhatikan X, Y di setiap hari 5.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">I contract against X. Today I did / did not see Y occur.</span> Aku kontrak terhadap X. Today I did / tidak melihat Y terjadi.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Statistical consideration - did the participants have a statistical prediction, likelihood of an event occurring which is covered by the contract.</span> Statistik pertimbangan - peserta yang memiliki statistik ramalan, kemungkinan terjadi aktivitas yang tercakup dalam kontrak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Example: X happens every day at 5 pm, I enter a contract to avoid X. X does or does not occur.</span> Contoh: X yang terjadi setiap hari di 5, saya memasuki kontrak untuk menghindari X. X atau tidak terjadi.</span> </li></ul><p><a name="Setting_aside_the_contract" id="Setting_aside_the_contract"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhjR1fFYEXKk-2Zbx6SV8W6attCioQ" title="Sunting bagian: Menetapkan samping kontrak">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Setting aside the contract</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhjR1fFYEXKk-2Zbx6SV8W6attCioQ" title="Sunting bagian: Menetapkan samping kontrak"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pengaturan samping kontrak</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There can be three different ways in which contracts can be set aside.</span> Ada tiga cara yang berbeda dalam kontrak yang dapat menyisihkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A contract may be deemed ' <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhYIw2JAOQH_0L_5A_oJRi4F_6XqA" title="Void (hukum)">void</a> ', ' <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voidable&usg=ALkJrhhfm0s7KwSCfY8mg4OteNPO6jS42A" title="Voidable">voidable</a> ' or ' <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unenforceable&usg=ALkJrhjxx7qODQDdN7PF6672x3cnshe7aw" title="Unenforceable">unenforceable</a> '.</span> J kontrak Mei dianggap <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhYIw2JAOQH_0L_5A_oJRi4F_6XqA" title="Void (hukum)">'void',</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voidable&usg=ALkJrhhfm0s7KwSCfY8mg4OteNPO6jS42A" title="Voidable">'voidable'</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unenforceable&usg=ALkJrhjxx7qODQDdN7PF6672x3cnshe7aw" title="Unenforceable">'unenforceable'.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Voidness implies that a contract never came into existence.</span> Voidness menunjukkan bahwa kontrak tidak pernah datang ke dalam keberadaan.</span> Voidability implies that one or both parties may declare a contract ineffective at their wish. Unenforceability implies that neither party may have recourse to a court for a remedy. Rescission is a term which means to take a contract back. </p><p><a name="Misrepresentation" id="Misrepresentation"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhgSKkl8SKOswz2X6gWKhk8xuyYVqg" title="Edit section: Misrepresentation">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Misrepresentation</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrepresentation&usg=ALkJrhhg1A4mvMxivmWjoeXvSSjykzZ5wg" title="Yg keliru">Misrepresentation</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> Misrepresentation means a false statement of fact made by one party to another party and has the effect of inducing that party into the contract. For example, under certain circumstances, false statements or promises made by a seller of goods regarding the quality or nature of the product that the seller has may constitute misrepresentation. A finding of misrepresentation allows for a remedy of rescission and sometimes damages depending on the type of misrepresentation. </p><p> There are two types of misrepresentation in contract law, fraud in the factum and fraud in inducement. Fraud in the factum focuses on whether the party in question knew they were creating a contract. If the party did not know that they were entering into a contract, there is no meeting of the minds, and the contract is void. Fraud in inducement focuses on misrepresentation attempting to get the party to enter into the contract. Misrepresentation of a material fact (if the party knew the truth, that party would not have entered into the contract) makes a contract voidable. </p><p> According to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGordon_v._Selico%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiLrBoC1ZXj7948gLHJVBGYlfH0QQ" class="new" title="Gordon v. Selico (page does not exist)"><i>Gordon v. Selico</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-38" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><span>[</span> 39 <span>]</span></sup></a> it is possible to make a misrepresentation either by words or by conduct, although not everything said or done is capable of constituting a misrepresentation. Generally, statements of opinion or intention are not statements of fact in the context of misrepresentation. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-39" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><span>[</span> 40 <span>]</span></sup></a> If one party claims specialist knowledge on the topic discussed, then it is more likely for the courts to hold a statement of opinion by that party as a statement of fact. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-40" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><span>[</span> 41 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p><a name="Mistake" id="Mistake"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhjKKP9WNbrCqlUNK23z4Qkj3qBjFQ" title="Edit section: Mistake">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Mistake</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_%28contract_law%29&usg=ALkJrhhsDP4R1AgGDspJmKZsenV-3Xdzsg" title="Kesalahan (kontrak hukum)">Mistake (contract law)</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> A mistake is an incorrect understanding by one or more parties to a contract and may be used as grounds to invalidate the agreement. Common law has identified three different types of mistake in contract: unilateral mistake, mutual mistake, and common mistake. </p><ul><li> A common mistake is where both parties hold the same mistaken belief of the facts. This is demonstrated in the case of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_v._Lever_Brothers_Ltd.&usg=ALkJrhj_jb9ipzZ7Kon3J19WOnM2u5KBLg" title="Bell v. Lever Brothers Ltd." class="mw-redirect"><i>Bell v. Lever Brothers Ltd.</i></a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-41" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><span>[</span> 42 <span>]</span></sup></a> which established that common mistake can only void a contract if the mistake of the subject-matter was sufficiently fundamental to render its identity different from what was contracted, making the performance of the contract impossible. </li><li> A mutual mistake is when both parties of a contract are mistaken as to the terms. Each believes they are contracting to something different. The court usually tries to uphold such a mistake if a reasonable interpretation of the terms can be found. However, a contract based on a mutual mistake in judgement does not cause the contract to be voidable by the party that is adversely affected. See <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_v._Wichelhaus&usg=ALkJrhiUoh5OzH01uwGHKYxwUBxaDbGa7A" title="Raffles v. Wichelhaus" class="mw-redirect"><i>Raffles v. Wichelhaus</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-42" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><span>[</span> 43 <span>]</span></sup></a> </li><li> A unilateral mistake is where only one party to a contract is mistaken as to the terms or subject-matter. The courts will uphold such a contract unless it was determined that the non-mistaken party was aware of the mistake and tried to take advantage of the mistake. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-43" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><span>[</span> 44 <span>]</span></sup></a> It is also possible for a contract to be void if there was a mistake in the identity of the contracting party. An example is in <i>Lewis v. Avery</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-44" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><span>[</span> 45 <span>]</span></sup></a> where <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Denning&usg=ALkJrhgRrVOsiADLdqlk9HIfHRxDFcATcg" title="Tuhan Denning">Lord Denning MR</a> held that the contract can only be avoided if the plaintiff can show that, at the time of agreement, the plaintiff believed the other party's identity was of vital importance. A mere mistaken belief as to the credibility of the other party is not sufficient. </li></ul><p><a name="Duress_and_undue_influence" id="Duress_and_undue_influence"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhgb6Jk1frGswjHWmjQum4B9cMPTgQ" title="Edit section: Duress and undue influence">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Duress and undue influence</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress_%28contract_law%29&usg=ALkJrhjri9suKVw2L-nBpygrC7ostPXmVg" title="Paksaan (kontrak hukum)">Duress (contract law)</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undue_influence&usg=ALkJrhjmaL6XjqmPRF4sxZ_N0oIqM53BRw" title="Tdk pantas mempengaruhi">Undue influence</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> Duress has been defined as a "threat of harm made to compel a person to do something against his or her will or judgment; esp., a wrongful threat made by one person to compel a manifestation of seeming assent by another person to a transaction without real volition." <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-45" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><span>[</span> 46 <span>]</span></sup></a> An example is in <i>Barton v. Armstrong</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-46" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><span>[</span> 47 <span>]</span></sup></a> a decision of the Privy Council. Armstrong threatened to kill Barton if he did not sign a contract, so the court set the contract aside. An innocent party wishing to set aside a contract for duress to the person need only to prove that the threat was made and that it was a reason for entry into the contract; the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhjV3zOizb2hoiPfxIu6hNH0hK3m0w" title="Burden of proof">burden of proof</a> then shifts to the other party to prove that the threat had no effect in causing the party to enter into the contract. There can also be duress to goods and sometimes, the concept of 'economic duress' is used to vitiate contracts. </p><p> Undue influence is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another person. The law presumes that in certain classes of special relationship, such as between parent and child, or solicitor and client, there will be a special risk of one party unduly influencing their conduct and motives for contracting. As an equitable doctrine, the court has the discretion to vitiate such a contract. When no special relationship exists, the general rule is whether there was a relationship of such trust and confidence that it should give rise to such a presumption. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-47" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><span>[</span> 48 <span>]</span></sup></a> See <i>Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School District</i> . </p><p><a name="Incapacity" id="Incapacity"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhh3y2qY_B_W3E1xWLKE_3XfBrWGNg" title="Edit section: Incapacity">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Incapacity</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiDrkkhdSjPFqqefJ4BN53GAhsd5w" title="Kapasitas (hukum)">Capacity (law)</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> Sometimes the capacity of either <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_person&usg=ALkJrhiQ3pvjzZ-I1nNwZE2sXlpM_vGdAw" title="Natural person">natural</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_person&usg=ALkJrhgkzEHuNkeTi-0zZGuqq1KY4i6CYw" title="Artificial person" class="mw-redirect">artificial</a> persons to either enforce contracts, or have contracts enforced against them is restricted. For instance, very small children may not be held to bargains they have made, or errant employees or directors may be prevented from contracting for their company, because they have acted <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires&usg=ALkJrhhBiQEXy7rCvseYrrKEYvbHUPgC4w" title="Ultra vires"><i>ultra vires</i></a> (beyond their power). Another example might be people who are mentally incapacitated, either by disability or drunkenness. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-48" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><span>[</span> 49 <span>]</span></sup></a> When the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">law</a> limits or bars a person from engaging in specified activities, any <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement&usg=ALkJrhieA7p0xTFbCewwOmbAwxye4yCEtQ" title="Agreement">agreements</a> or contracts to do so are either voidable or void for incapacity. The law on capacity can serve either a protective function or can be a way of restraining people who act as agents for others. </p><p><a name="Illegal_contracts" id="Illegal_contracts"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D19&usg=ALkJrhhZUbzBHYFp1j7JBRnPQrhZCkNYYw" title="Edit section: Illegal contracts">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Illegal contracts</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_agreement&usg=ALkJrhgoEbfHb-vuCiGjvYMI6LrbzgnRjg" title="Ilegal perjanjian">Illegal agreement</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> A contract is <i>void</i> if it is based on an illegal purpose or contrary to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy&usg=ALkJrhgIrgjbw2MkX8v6fvxPXBrWCutkAw" title="Kebijakan publik">public policy</a> . One example, from <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&usg=ALkJrhjEMT4zt6fpLTNZyNvxdc6P5PoQEg" title="Kanada">Canada</a> , is <i>Royal Bank of Canada v. Newell</i> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-49" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><span>[</span> 50 <span>]</span></sup></a> A woman forged her husband's signature on 40 checks, totalling over $58,000. To protect her from prosecution, her husband signed a letter of intent prepared by the bank in which he agreed to assume "all liability and responsibility" for the forged checks. However, the agreement was unenforceable, and struck down by the courts because of its essential goal, which was to "stifle a criminal prosecution." Because of the contract's illegality, and as a result voided status, the bank was forced to return the payments made by the husband. </p><p> In the US, one unusual type of unenforceable contract is a personal <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment&usg=ALkJrhgLosGYbOWxmBajvAcF6jLLpkfqlQ" title="Employment">employment</a> contract to work as a spy or secret agent. This is because the very secrecy of the contract is a condition of the contract (in order to maintain <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plausible_deniability&usg=ALkJrhjx0VvNHbDzOI0nJFrQigBFuOhhRw" title="Plausible deniability">plausible deniability</a> ). If the spy subsequently sues the government on the contract over issues like salary or benefits, then the spy has breached the contract by revealing its existence. It is thus unenforceable on that ground, as well as the public policy of maintaining <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security&usg=ALkJrhjDm5YahVP2V7ieUtpnm6V4Ipspbg" title="National security">national security</a> (since a disgruntled agent might try to reveal <i>all</i> the government's secrets during his/her lawsuit). <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-50" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><span>[</span> 51 <span>]</span></sup></a> Other types of unenforceable employment contracts include contracts agreeing to work for less than <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage&usg=ALkJrhhjefKJDFYS7OUq9bhTuiOhr-6boA" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> and forfeiting the right to <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workman%27s_compensation&usg=ALkJrhjhWoWpyZPka2Sl1w2BHydaHAsVMg" title="Workman's compensation" class="mw-redirect">workman's compensation</a> in cases where workman's compensation is due. </p><p><a name="Remedies_for_breach_of_contract" id="Remedies_for_breach_of_contract"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhhP_FeqEGyAgBZQ7Oqtc23lET-AaQ" title="Edit section: Remedies for breach of contract">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Remedies for breach of contract</span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">Breach of contract</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> A breach of contract is failure to perform as stated in the contract. There are many ways to remedy a breached contract assuming it has not been waived. Typically, the remedy for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhg6lD1K6AD7rVD7YEJW00ehTKfFgw" title="Pelanggaran kontrak">breach of contract</a> is an award of money <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">damages</a> . When dealing with unique subject matter, specific performance may be ordered. </p><p> As for many governments, it was not possible to sue <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown&usg=ALkJrhiTETVihP-MUog0ESSbTkte_pDmag" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> in the UK for breach of contract before 1948. However, it was appreciated that contractors might be reluctant to deal on such a basis and claims were entertained under a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition_of_right&usg=ALkJrhgj5Nh-ttY6FIeOpMZKCMODvNRWoQ" title="Petition of right">petition of right</a> that needed to be endorsed by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary&usg=ALkJrhgUs7JNZ-gmRv_O-fqKCi3sZiKDWQ" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General&usg=ALkJrhggmoUhAyZaxv8SMHkRLVojj2CDQw" title="Attorney-General" class="mw-redirect">Attorney-General</a> . S.1 <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Proceedings_Act_1947&usg=ALkJrhhjfAy4s5D4X38s0hSBKeCt-b_OrA" title="Crown Proceedings Act 1947">Crown Proceedings Act 1947</a> opened the Crown to ordinary contractual claims through the courts as for any other person. </p><p><a name="Damages" id="Damages"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhg1vLlsRES0O2S8x9Jrev3zlPSW9Q" title="Edit section: Damages">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Damages</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhhkd7PWQfaOQnJpgzG0SuNUGQHFzQ" title="Kerusakan">Damages</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> There are four different types of damages. </p><ul><li> Compensatory damages <i>which are given to the party which was detrimented by the breach of contract. With compensatory damages, there are two kinds of branches, consequential damages and direct damages.</i> </li><li> Exemplary damages <i>which are used to make an example of the party at fault to discourage similar crimes. Fines can be multiplied by factors of up to 50 for such damages.</i> </li><li> Liquidation Damages <i>which are damages paid for permission to breach the contract with no further obligations. Liquidation damages must be expressly stated in the contract, and must be reasonable (as determined by the courts), depending on the nature of the contract.</i> </li><li> Nominal damages <i>which include minimal dollar amounts (often sought to obtain a legal record of who was at fault).</i> </li><li> Punitive damages <i>which are used to punish the party at fault. These are not usually given regarding contracts but possible in a fraudulent situation.</i> </li></ul><p> Compensatory damages (or expectation damages) are awarded to put the party in as good of a position as the party would have been in had the contract been performed as promised. There must be certainty, not estimates, of what the party could have benefited if the contract had been performed. Furthermore, once a breach has occurred, the non-breaching party has a duty to mitigate damages. Damages are not recoverable for harm that the plaintiff should have foreseen and could have avoided by reasonable effort without undue risk, expense, or humiliation. The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCC&usg=ALkJrhiCN4v84i2JdfWOGi9U3yqZHFYiBA" title="UCC">UCC</a> states, "Consequential damages... include any loss... which could not reasonably be prevented by cover or otherwise." UCC 2-715. </p><p> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_v._Baxendale&usg=ALkJrhhG-T1qgH9zYeM0oU01rJ3u_SsxcA" title="Hadley v. Baxendale" class="mw-redirect">Hadley v. Baxendale</a> establishes general and consequential damages. General damages are those damages which naturally flow from a breach of contract. Consequential damages are those damages which, although not naturally flowing from a breach, are naturally supposed by both parties at the time of contract formation. An example would be when someone rents a car to get to a business meeting, but when that person arrives to pick up the car, it is not there. General damages would be the cost of renting a different car. Consequential damages would be the lost business if that person was unable to get to the meeting, if both parties knew the reason the party was renting the car. However, there is still a duty to cover; the fact that the car was not there does not give the party a right to not attempt to rent another car. </p><p> Whenever you have a contract that requires completing something, and a person informs you before they begin your project that it will not be completed, this is referred to as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_breach&usg=ALkJrhjqCDJpSosKpEgtJ5A_mfod9kNvWw" title="Anticipatory breach" class="mw-redirect">anticipatory breach</a> . When it is neither possible nor desirable to award damages measured in that way, a court may award money damages designed to restore the injured party to the economic position that he or she had occupied at the time the contract was entered (known as the "reliance measure"), or designed to prevent the breaching party from being unjustly enriched (" <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhhg6PrrUwpCf19fQDw1rybPZqm8mQ" title="Restitusi">restitution</a> "). </p><p><a name="Specific_performance" id="Specific_performance"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D22&usg=ALkJrhisaBf3L75pPx2OZ4v3sGTF5ZE9SA" title="Edit section: Specific performance">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Specific performance</span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_performance&usg=ALkJrhiT85W_TvMiuJWzWgES2O_cjVTdSw" title="Spesifik kinerja">Specific performance</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> There may be circumstances in which it would be unjust to permit the defaulting party simply to buy out the injured party with damages. For example where an art collector purchases a rare painting and the vendor refuses to deliver, the collector's damages would be equal to the sum paid. </p><p> The court may make an order of what is called "specific performance", requiring that the contract be performed. In some circumstances a court will order a party to perform his or her promise (an order of " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_performance&usg=ALkJrhiT85W_TvMiuJWzWgES2O_cjVTdSw" title="Spesifik kinerja">specific performance</a> ") or issue an order, known as an "injunction," that a party refrain from doing something that would breach the contract. A specific performance is obtainable for the breach of a contract to sell land or real estate on such grounds that the property has a unique value. In the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> , specific performance is an illegal remedy for personal services contracts or employment contracts, due to the fact that such remedy is regarded as involuntary servitude, <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since November 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhg3IXFYh_ab0QYT-kthB86VSehehQ" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> which, by way of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhh3LgAC7LnojboQOhKGlW9JvjSLhw" title="13th Amendment to the United States Constitution" class="mw-redirect">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> , is only legal " <i>as punishment for a crime whereof the criminal shall be dully convicted</i> ." <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-51" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><span>[</span> 52 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p> Both an order for specific performance and an injunction are discretionary remedies, originating for the most part in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhisJJ7_nGuVyyUtXV9WKtNUYA1Dmg" title="Ekuitas (hukum)">equity</a> . Neither is available as of right and in most jurisdictions and most circumstances a court will not normally order specific performance. A contract for the sale of real property is a notable exception. In most jurisdictions, the sale of real property is enforceable by specific performance. Even in this case the defenses to an action in equity (such as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laches_%28equity%29&usg=ALkJrhgxzWPLjm_6ikKT0WxrO1rGta1uVw" title="Laches (equity)">laches</a> , the <i>bona fide</i> purchaser rule, or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclean_hands&usg=ALkJrhjQDmOVSY947OK51zjESVJL8Leu1A" title="Tangan najis">unclean hands</a> ) may act as a bar to specific performance. </p><p> Related to orders for specific performance, an injunction may be requested when the contract prohibits a certain action. Action for injunction would prohibit the person from performing the act specified in the contract. </p><p><a name="Procedure" id="Procedure"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D23&usg=ALkJrhiw67ZwWt9QiHowIUb5IutAvZIiFQ" title="Edit section: Procedure">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Procedure</span> </h3><p> In the United States, in order to obtain damages for breach of contract or to obtain specific performance or other equitable relief, the aggrieved injured party may file a civil (non-criminal) lawsuit in state court (unless there is diversity of citizenship giving rise to federal jurisdiction). If the contract contains an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration&usg=ALkJrhjR5NVHC49dRnyGK5khZmEyPCMDtA" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> clause, the aggrieved party must submit an arbitration claim in accordance with the procedures set forth in the agreement. </p><p> Many contracts provide that all disputes arising thereunder will be resolved by arbitration, rather than litigated in courts. Customer claims against securities brokers and dealers are almost always resolved by arbitration because securities dealers are required, under the terms of their membership in self-regulatory organizations such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASD&usg=ALkJrhhqu3rdOid_P8YehtMaIhtOu_ZFwg" title="NASD" class="mw-redirect">NASD</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSE&usg=ALkJrhig2PPthr7Ll9xFwhIz9rqQX4lY3A" title="NYSE" class="mw-redirect">NYSE</a> to arbitrate disputes with their customers. The firms then began including arbitration agreements in their customer agreements, requiring their customers to arbitrate disputes. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-52" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><span>[</span> 53 <span>]</span></sup></a> On the other hand, certain claims have been held to be non-arbitrable if they implicate a public interest that goes beyond the narrow interests of the parties to the agreement (ie, claims that a party violated a contract by engaging in illegal anticompetitive conduct or civil rights violations). Arbitration judgments may generally be enforced in the same manner as ordinary court judgements. However, arbitral decisions are generally immune from appeal in the United States unless there is a showing that the arbitrator's decision was irrational or tainted by <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhgvu5b2fg9zXre0q7o-nGlppB9ZIA" title="Penipuan">fraud</a> . Virtually all states have adopted the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Arbitration_Act&usg=ALkJrhjgL4cXz-jjGQ2SbZsj71vNceOuaA" title="Uniform Arbitration Act">Uniform Arbitration Act</a> to facilitate the enforcement of arbitrated judgements. Notably, New York State, where a sizable portion of major commercial agreements are executed and performed, has not adopted the Uniform Arbitration Act. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-53" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><span>[</span> 54 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p> In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales&usg=ALkJrhgA3hRxJd-x7U8y2Rj4p8mxjcVAbw" title="Inggris dan Wales">England and Wales</a> , a contract may be enforced by use of a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim&usg=ALkJrhj-s6HyyWvk9ibXXa3thoe51WD7rQ" title="Claim">claim</a> , or in urgent cases by applying for an <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_injunction&usg=ALkJrhibChnVu5XYDt8GLfQ6J5JnEgoR0A" title="Interim injunction" class="mw-redirect">interim injunction</a> to prevent a breach. Likewise, in the United States, an aggrieved party may apply for injunctive relief to prevent a threatened breach of contract, where such breach would result in irreparable harm that could not be adequately remedied by money damages. </p><p><a name="Third_parties" id="Third_parties"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D24&usg=ALkJrhih2TOeHafggz96gErqb4EYpDDLTw" title="Edit section: Third parties">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Third parties</span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privity_of_contract&usg=ALkJrhjKWA1w2WU9aUQLtDpbqBaQyWSSag" title="Rahasia dari kontrak">Privity of contract</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> The doctrine of privity of contract means that only those involved in striking a bargain would have standing to enforce it. In general this is still the case, only parties to a contract may sue for the breach of a contract, although in recent years the rule of privity has eroded somewhat and third party beneficiaries have been allowed to recover damages for breaches of contracts they were not party to. There are two times where third party beneficiaries are allowed to fall under the contract. The duty owed test looks to see if the third party was agreeing to pay a debt for the original party. The intent to benefit test looks to see if circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance. Any defense allowed to parties of the original contract extend to third party beneficiaries. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-54" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><span>[</span> 55 <span>]</span></sup></a> A recent example is in England, where the <i>Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999</i> was introduced. </p><p><a name="Contractual_theory" id="Contractual_theory"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D25&usg=ALkJrhgHgznES8qi_w_D9xiixA1HQd4moQ" title="Edit section: Contractual theory">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Contractual theory</span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_theory&usg=ALkJrhhXKdLEd07Qk91JWOc78_GIALjZfg" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></i> </div></dd></dl><p> Contract theory is the body of legal theory that addresses normative and conceptual questions in contract law. One of the most important questions asked in contract theory is why contracts are enforced. One prominent answer to this question focuses on the economic benefits of enforcing bargains. Another approach, associated with Charles Fried, maintains that the purpose of contract law is to enforce promises. This theory is developed in Fried's book, <i>Contract as Promise.</i> Other approaches to contract theory are found in the writings of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_realism&usg=ALkJrhjj2yy5Oyb8fVMVFdZd8Y3DoKnOag" title="Legal realism">legal realists</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_legal_studies&usg=ALkJrhgJVFxQhREaVhc9QHBPmnszLX-C-Q" title="Critical legal studies">critical legal studies</a> theorists. </p><p> Another dimension of the theoretical debate in contract is its place within, and relationship to a the wider <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhjXUDJz6TMOskg14F2mMIeib0SExg" title="Kewajiban hukum">law of obligations</a> . Obligations have traditionally been divided into contracts, which are voluntarily undertaken and owed to a specific person or persons, and obligations in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhjJGCsTWoQSMTpDw4FEHqzMsWCO3A" title="Tort">tort</a> which are based on the wrongful infliction of harm to certain protected interests, primarily imposed by the law, and typically owed to a wider class of persons. </p><p> Recently it has been accepted that there is a third category, restitutionary obligations, based on the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhjUURZRqRO8uXR_nrgMu-rymQvEUg" title="Lalim penyuburan">unjust enrichment</a> of the defendant at the plaintiff’s expense. Contractual liability, reflecting the constitutive function of contract, is generally for failing to make things better (by not rendering the expected performance), liability in tort is generally for action (as opposed to omission) making things worse, and liability in restitution is for unjustly taking or retaining the benefit of the plaintiff’s money or work. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_note-55" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><span>[</span> 56 <span>]</span></sup></a> </p><p> Compare with the US context, the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code&usg=ALkJrhhO8dVi-NiVqMMD00ltrottcjTa9Q" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> defining "Contract" as "the total legal obligation which results from the parties agreement" <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007" style="white-space: nowrap;"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhg3IXFYh_ab0QYT-kthB86VSehehQ" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> and does not attempt to state what act is essential to create a legal duty to perform a promise. The common law describes the circumstances under which the law will recognise the existence of rights, privilege or power arising out of a promise. </p><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D26&usg=ALkJrhizeymed2E6GQbjOGW72VohsQ49gg" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D26&usg=ALkJrhizeymed2E6GQbjOGW72VohsQ49gg" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHans_Wehberg%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhs21FXJlRUBC7hvXX2myO1AM4FqA" class="new" title="Hans Wehberg (page does not exist)">Hans Wehberg</a> , <i><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacta_Sunt_Servanda&usg=ALkJrhiRNHJNhmzj6khx2KcNGWxjJoIaLw" title="Pacta Sunt Servanda" class="mw-redirect">Pacta Sunt Servanda</a> ,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_International_Law&usg=ALkJrhijlkzQT4f9g12FQnpYSY_RcnAY6w" title="The American Journal of International Law" class="mw-redirect">The American Journal of International Law</a> , Vol. 53, No. 4 (Oct., 1959), p.775.] </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England&usg=ALkJrhjNjzsXlr3SPFrF2WekNBYmkEfA1g" title="England">England</a> , s. 52, <i>Law of Property Act 1900</i> </li><li id="cite_note-2"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> [1893] 2 QB 256 </li><li id="cite_note-3"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-3" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg Lord Steyn, <i>Contract Law: Fulfilling the Reasonable Expectations of Honest Men</i> (1997) 113 LQR 433; cf § 133 BGB in Germany, where "the actual will of the contracting party, not the literal sense of words, is to be determined" </li><li id="cite_note-4"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restatement_%28Second%29_of_Contracts&usg=ALkJrhggptt7TxiWj8OEmSXoW-bMFwIGcw" title="Uraian (Kedua) dari Kontrak"><i>Restatement (Second) of Contracts</i></a> § 32 (1981) (emphasis added) </li><li id="cite_note-5"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-5" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://12.170.132.252/default2.asp%3Fselected%3D1692%26bold%3D%257C%257C%257C%257C&usg=ALkJrhif6W_F5ldaePyclRd9eQI-UD91KA" class="external text" title="http://12.170.132.252/default2.asp?selected=1692&bold=%7C%7C%7C%7C" rel="nofollow">law.com Law Dictionary</a> </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg In Germany, § 311 BGB </li><li id="cite_note-7"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> The rule in Pinnel's case - Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605 </li><li id="cite_note-8"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DChappell_%2526_Co_Ltd_v._Nestle_Co_Ltd%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhioktjpr7yTLbYH9bi3fk7SNAbHDw" class="new" title="Chappell & Co Ltd v. Nestle Co Ltd (page does not exist)"><i>Chappell & Co Ltd v. Nestle Co Ltd</i></a> [1959] 2 All ER 701. </li><li id="cite_note-9"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-9" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Eastwood v. Kenyon</i> (1840) 11 Ad&E 438 </li><li id="cite_note-10"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-10" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAustotel_v._Franklins%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiGG9g6yl77ml5c8FWV8Gk28yw8CA" class="new" title="Austotel v. Franklins (page does not exist)"><i>Austotel v. Franklins</i></a> (1989) 16 NSWLR 582 </li><li id="cite_note-11"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-11" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg PS Atiyah, 'Consideration: A Restatement' in <i>Essays on Contract</i> (1986) p.195, Oxford University Press </li><li id="cite_note-12"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-12" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London_Property_Trust_Ltd._v._High_Trees_House_Ltd.&usg=ALkJrhiycjifZMqUU7JfgTHJqMIKWCWU_g" title="Central London Property Trust Ltd. v. High Trees House Ltd." class="mw-redirect">Central London Property Trust Ltd. v. High Trees House Ltd.</a> [1947] KB 130 </li><li id="cite_note-13"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-13" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_v._Balfour&usg=ALkJrhhaHxwkspppd1HX-wxzAJwoWxJw7g" title="Balfour ayat Balfour" class="mw-redirect"><i>Balfour v. Balfour</i></a> [1919] 2 KB 571 </li><li id="cite_note-14"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-14" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Merritt v. Merritt</i> [1970] 2 All ER 760; [1970] 1 WLR 1211; CA </li><li id="cite_note-15"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-15" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html&usg=ALkJrhh-6NHWgEaayK9Mnd1zY7F9RDQOVw" class="external text" title="http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html" rel="nofollow">§ 105, II BGB</a> </li><li id="cite_note-16"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-16" title=""><b>^</b></a> in Australia it is known as the Sales of Goods Act in most states, and in Victoria the Goods Act 1958 </li><li id="cite_note-17"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-17" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Estrange_v._Graucob&usg=ALkJrhivZB26wCSt__gESCZC9spOk2qTuw" title="L'Estrange v. Graucob" class="mw-redirect"><i>L'Estrange v. Graucob</i></a> [1934] 2 KB 394 </li><li id="cite_note-18"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-18" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCurtis_v._Chemical_Cleaning_and_Dyeing_Co%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhvpGGOiSWGSpkqxz2ShRiPw4DdzQ" class="new" title="Curtis v. Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co (page does not exist)"><i>Curtis v. Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co</i></a> [1951] 1 KB 805 </li><li id="cite_note-19"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-19" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBalmain_New_Ferry_Company_Ltd_v._Robertson%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj_AjGF_M6-Tc5Lx36l-0oL1LyVaQ" class="new" title="Balmain New Ferry Company Ltd v. Robertson (page does not exist)"><i>Balmain New Ferry Company Ltd v. Robertson</i></a> (1906) 4 CLR 379 </li><li id="cite_note-20"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-20" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DFry_v._Barnes%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg6yrekpX-OaXlJ9Gz4w9W_eH4PuQ" class="new" title="Fry v. Barnes (page does not exist)">Fry v. Barnes</a> (1953) 2 DLR 817 (BCSC) </li><li id="cite_note-21"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-21" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillas_and_Co._Ltd._v._Arcos_Ltd.&usg=ALkJrhiw26yczg1BxkQxSrn4hPQlv17QCg" title="Hillas and Co. Ltd. v. Arcos Ltd." class="mw-redirect"><i>Hillas and Co. Ltd. v. Arcos Ltd.</i></a> (1932) 147 LT 503 </li><li id="cite_note-22"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-22" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DWhitlock_v._Brew%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhblRP9vckH5ZCzOMVqU05Eh5YoWA" class="new" title="Whitlock v. Brew (page does not exist)"><i>Whitlock v. Brew</i></a> (1968) 118 CLR 445 </li><li id="cite_note-23"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-23" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DThree_Rivers_Trading_Co.,_Ltd._v._Gwinear_%2526_District_Farmers,_Ltd.%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjpl3YdNPr0vwue13F4Yh5uoNOD7A" class="new" title="Three Rivers Trading Co., Ltd. v. Gwinear & District Farmers, Ltd. (page does not exist)"><i>Three Rivers Trading Co., Ltd. v. Gwinear & District Farmers, Ltd.</i></a> (1967) 111 Sol. J. 831 </li><li id="cite_note-24"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-24" title=""><b>^</b></a> Martin, E [ed] & Law, J [ed], <i>Oxford Dictionary of Law</i> , ed6 (2006, London:OUP). </li><li id="cite_note-25"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-25" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://exari.blogspot.com/2006/07/boilerplate-that-bites-arbitration.html&usg=ALkJrhiG0hX2sgT12vBD-SqB6t8o9gNg-A" class="external text" title="http://exari.blogspot.com/2006/07/boilerplate-that-bites-arbitration.html" rel="nofollow">Jamie Wodetzki, "Boilerplate that Bites: The Arbitration Clause", 2006</a> </li><li id="cite_note-26"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-26" title=""><b>^</b></a> Tina L. Stark, <i>Negotiating and Drafting Contract Boilerplate</i> , ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Lawyer_Media&usg=ALkJrhiTwep8PpvYdUzohSNvBtKm6d_JkQ" title="American Lawyer Media">ALM Publishing</a> 2003, pp.5-7). <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588521057&usg=ALkJrhgkLPA2QlkZgy1d62GGXiNpZMy5ag" class="internal">ISBN 9781588521057</a> </li><li id="cite_note-27"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-27" title=""><b>^</b></a> Not to be confused with a product <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warranty&usg=ALkJrhhH5XV7kvj8hvaghDve2lJOBAJKsQ" title="Garansi">warranty</a> , which is always referred to as a 'guarantee' in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">law</a> . </li><li id="cite_note-28"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-28" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPoussard_v._Spiers_and_Pond%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgA8BfBsCjNmCz7Wa6h_LRFyvvyuw" class="new" title="Poussard v. Spiers and Pond (page does not exist)"><i>Poussard v. Spiers and Pond</i></a> (1876) 1 QBD 410 </li><li id="cite_note-29"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-29" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBettini_v._Gye%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgC5uxui4iEy2onV8J-enEedpKNfQ" class="new" title="Bettini v. Gye (page does not exist)"><i>Bettini v. Gye</i></a> (1876) 1 QBD 183 </li><li id="cite_note-30"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-30" title=""><b>^</b></a> As added by the Sale of Goods Act 1994 s4(1). </li><li id="cite_note-31"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-31" title=""><b>^</b></a> [1962] 1 All ER 474 </li><li id="cite_note-32"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-32" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau-Handel GmbH. The Mihalis Angelos</i> [1970] 3 All ER 125. </li><li id="cite_note-33"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-33" title=""><b>^</b></a> [1976] 3 All ER 570 </li><li id="cite_note-34"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-34" title=""><b>^</b></a> (1977) 180 CLR 266 </li><li id="cite_note-35"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-35" title=""><b>^</b></a> 'Byrne and Frew v. Australian Airlines Ltd <i>(1995) 185 CLR 410</i> </li><li id="cite_note-36"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-36" title=""><b>^</b></a> [1976] 2 WLR 562 </li><li id="cite_note-37"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-37" title=""><b>^</b></a> [1995] 4 All ER 745 </li><li id="cite_note-38"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-38" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Gordon v. Selico</i> (1986) 18 HLR 219 </li><li id="cite_note-39"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-39" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Bisset v Wilkinson</i> and others [1927] AC 177 </li><li id="cite_note-40"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-40" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon</i> [1976] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 305 </li><li id="cite_note-41"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-41" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_v._Lever_Brothers_Ltd.&usg=ALkJrhj_jb9ipzZ7Kon3J19WOnM2u5KBLg" title="Bell v. Lever Brothers Ltd." class="mw-redirect"><i>Bell v. Lever Brothers Ltd.</i></a> [1931] ALL ER Rep. 1, [1932] AC 161 </li><li id="cite_note-42"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-42" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_v._Wichelhaus&usg=ALkJrhiUoh5OzH01uwGHKYxwUBxaDbGa7A" title="Raffles v. Wichelhaus" class="mw-redirect"><i>Raffles v. Wichelhaus</i></a> (1864) 2 Hurl. & C. 906. </li><li id="cite_note-43"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-43" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v._Hughes&usg=ALkJrhjHOuIJoGSVbJQx4plV6btLl9T8Hw" title="Smith v. Hughes" class="mw-redirect">Smith v. Hughes</a> [1871] </li><li id="cite_note-44"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-44" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Lewis v. Avery</i> [1971] 3 All ER 907 </li><li id="cite_note-45"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-45" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary&usg=ALkJrhhmWXFXhBuoIO8FZ-5CSIO0Hb-13Q" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a> (8th ed. 2004) </li><li id="cite_note-46"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-46" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Barton v. Armstrong</i> [1976] AC 104 </li><li id="cite_note-47"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-47" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Johnson v. Buttress</i> (1936) 56 CLR 113 </li><li id="cite_note-48"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-48" title=""><b>^</b></a> see in the UK egs3(2) Sale of Goods Act 1979 </li><li id="cite_note-49"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-49" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Royal Bank of Canada v. Newell</i> 147 DLR (4th) 268 (NCSA) </li><li id="cite_note-50"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-50" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenet_v._Doe&usg=ALkJrhi-EHYKSymdI52nX2sHGH2s4vM7Bg" title="Tenet v. Doe"><i>Tenet v. Doe</i></a> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/544/1/case.html&usg=ALkJrhj6UcA7kC9RDwVySHL9Q7qb-Epmvg" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/544/1/case.html" rel="nofollow">544 US 1</a> (2005)</span> . </li><li id="cite_note-51"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-51" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiii.html&usg=ALkJrhiT9QXrHHHOJWEPgrJKWiUwmmV1WA" class="external text" title="http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.amendmentxiii.html" rel="nofollow">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> ". Retrieved on 2008-10-10. </li><li id="cite_note-52"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-52" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.seclaw.com/arbover.htm&usg=ALkJrhiLxx4HBqAq2GbgQG_qCoN9O0uhUQ" class="external text" title="http://www.seclaw.com/arbover.htm" rel="nofollow">Introduction to Securities Arbitration - an Overview from SECLaw.com the online leader in securities law news, information and commentary</a> </li><li id="cite_note-53"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-53" title=""><b>^</b></a> New York Civil Procedure Law and Rules § 7501, et seq. </li><li id="cite_note-54"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-54" title=""><b>^</b></a> Beatson (1998)" Anson's Law of Contract", 27th ed. (Oxford: OUP), p.246 </li><li id="cite_note-55"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw#cite_ref-55" title=""><b>^</b></a> Beatson, <i>Anson’s Law of Contract</i> (1998) 27th ed. OUP, p.21 </li></ol></div><p><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></a></p><h3> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DContract%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D27&usg=ALkJrhjd64m1tXmXixy6cGSBrFRYEEy8_A" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline"></span></h3></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-3383775296794540012009-01-20T23:44:00.000-08:002009-01-20T23:45:57.025-08:00Hukum pidana<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_globe_content.svg&usg=ALkJrhjMw6uF_sbkRkdRFPemzDHTcxKGZw" class="image" title="Ambox globe content.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/40px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="40" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> and do not represent a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&usg=ALkJrhhV6Nei-U_X7K97c7ZP7mBWvlYMKg" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering sistemik bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b> .</span> Contoh dan perspektif dalam artikel ini <b>terutama berhubungan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> dan tidak mewakili seluruh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias&usg=ALkJrhhV6Nei-U_X7K97c7ZP7mBWvlYMKg" title="Wikipedia: WikiProject Countering sistemik bias">dunia melihat</a> dari subjek.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Please <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhi0PppLiZUPv4M_Uld5A3S28EaCYw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiCrpLmfJsuFF9cn1niBfBEMrWbYw" title="Talk: Hukum Pidana">talk page</a> .</span> Harap <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhi0PppLiZUPv4M_Uld5A3S28EaCYw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">memperbaiki artikel ini</a> atau membahas persoalan di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiCrpLmfJsuFF9cn1niBfBEMrWbYw" title="Talk: Hukum Pidana">halaman bicara.</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding="" cellspacing=""><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhjWRlHiH6i_wVhonS8or6_Mudw1Hw" class="image" title="Scales keadilan"><img alt="Scales keadilan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="100" border="0" height="102" /></a> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Criminal law</strong></span> <strong class="selflink">Hukum pidana</strong></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em 0.8em; line-height: 1.1em; font-size: 95%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Part of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> series</span> Bagian dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> seri</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgZ6zxCud7VZXcnHTRly-KFBnd7Yg" title="Unsur (pidana)">Elements</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgZ6zxCud7VZXcnHTRly-KFBnd7Yg" title="Unsur (pidana)">Elemen</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_reus&usg=ALkJrhi54jpabVDztSBSJVHgiC2PnrIXCw" title="Actus Reus"><i>Actus reus</i></a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea"><i>Mens rea</i></a></span> <i><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_reus&usg=ALkJrhi54jpabVDztSBSJVHgiC2PnrIXCw" title="Actus Reus">Actus Reus</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea">Mens Rea</a></i></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhzfP7nUCufWSZADEENQFN9_8ngAg" title="Hal menyebabkan (hukum)">Causation</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrence&usg=ALkJrhgcPYQpYLhKpOA9J80pX4Hz4qwSPA" title="Pertepatan">Concurrence</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhzfP7nUCufWSZADEENQFN9_8ngAg" title="Hal menyebabkan (hukum)">Hal menyebabkan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrence&usg=ALkJrhgcPYQpYLhKpOA9J80pX4Hz4qwSPA" title="Pertepatan">pertepatan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Scope of Criminal Liability</span> Cakupan Kriminal Kewajiban</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complicit&usg=ALkJrhhOB4r3nnxtzkZ2G1NclzjgOUgCxA" title="Complicit">Complicity</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_liability&usg=ALkJrhiHnXWdmmTxJnWW2bMWvO5k_lDP1A" title="Tanggung jawab korporasi">Corporate</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhigVnJlNq-L0s6yDdrLWBxLFIUdJA" title="Vicarious kewajiban (pidana)">Vicarious</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complicit&usg=ALkJrhhOB4r3nnxtzkZ2G1NclzjgOUgCxA" title="Complicit">Keterlibatan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_liability&usg=ALkJrhiHnXWdmmTxJnWW2bMWvO5k_lDP1A" title="Tanggung jawab korporasi">Perusahaan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_liability_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhigVnJlNq-L0s6yDdrLWBxLFIUdJA" title="Vicarious kewajiban (pidana)">Vicarious</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchoate_offense&usg=ALkJrhgE2hPC1mtkTTUk7LZViRMcnG1SIg" title="Belum lengkap offense">Inchoate offenses</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchoate_offense&usg=ALkJrhgE2hPC1mtkTTUk7LZViRMcnG1SIg" title="Belum lengkap offense">Belum lengkap offenses</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempt&usg=ALkJrhg52VgKc74R4zpMncQ0yimkA_q7TA" title="Berusaha">Attempt</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhhPBdHV_XtzQ68m8bp2KLktpI2Amg" title="Konspirasi (kejahatan)">Conspiracy</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitation&usg=ALkJrhgrT39nECdbJh_oAfz2jdKxy2x6WQ" title="Permohonan">Solicitation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempt&usg=ALkJrhg52VgKc74R4zpMncQ0yimkA_q7TA" title="Berusaha">Mencoba</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhhPBdHV_XtzQ68m8bp2KLktpI2Amg" title="Konspirasi (kejahatan)">Conspiracy</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitation&usg=ALkJrhgrT39nECdbJh_oAfz2jdKxy2x6WQ" title="Permohonan">permohonan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offences_against_the_person&usg=ALkJrhg4o0OkMpO_1_4URNXBqWPje1bxww" title="Pelanggaran terhadap orang" class="mw-redirect">Crimes against people</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offences_against_the_person&usg=ALkJrhg4o0OkMpO_1_4URNXBqWPje1bxww" title="Pelanggaran terhadap orang" class="mw-redirect">Kejahatan terhadap orang</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A" title="Penyerangan">Assault</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhjaHGP9-kvbL83jKngedhstHUFb8A" title="Baterai (kejahatan)">Battery</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A" title="Penyerangan">Penyerangan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhjaHGP9-kvbL83jKngedhstHUFb8A" title="Baterai (kejahatan)">Baterai</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg" title="Salah penjara">False imprisonment</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping&usg=ALkJrhjUV8PEUUjmDZ7_zjpXhncNneWEqg" title="Penculikan">Kidnapping</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_imprisonment&usg=ALkJrhiMma5E9FADoufYWmkLoNvwbzBzeg" title="Salah penjara">Salah penjara</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping&usg=ALkJrhjUV8PEUUjmDZ7_zjpXhncNneWEqg" title="Penculikan">penculikan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhh7Iy7LPNqond2F9_g20cf-m3FGow" title="Aniaya (kejahatan)">Mayhem</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault&usg=ALkJrhi2c5QWMY0ZhVawoAE8PakF4yxlHQ" title="Penyerangan seksual">Sexual assault</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhh7Iy7LPNqond2F9_g20cf-m3FGow" title="Aniaya (kejahatan)">Mayhem</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault&usg=ALkJrhi2c5QWMY0ZhVawoAE8PakF4yxlHQ" title="Penyerangan seksual">Seksual penyerangan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Homicide Crimes</span> Kejahatan pembunuhan</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">Murder</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony_murder_rule&usg=ALkJrhjHOMNAGUYpV27sKwA694n37ESSfQ" title="Pembunuhan felony aturan">Felony murder</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">Pembunuhan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony_murder_rule&usg=ALkJrhjHOMNAGUYpV27sKwA694n37ESSfQ" title="Pembunuhan felony aturan">felony pembunuhan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhicv8fwXVKNWHLtXhxCJf-3xHgAqQ" title="Pembunuhan orang">Manslaughter</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhicv8fwXVKNWHLtXhxCJf-3xHgAqQ" title="Pembunuhan orang">Pembunuhan orang</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_homicide&usg=ALkJrhi9shJ_A9X52kbEe3bp1WG18YINdw" title="Lalai pembunuhan">Negligent homicide</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligent_homicide&usg=ALkJrhi9shJ_A9X52kbEe3bp1WG18YINdw" title="Lalai pembunuhan">Lalai pembunuhan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_homicide&usg=ALkJrhho3rxDeeWaXIEBmQ4niJXGq1rL6w" title="Kendaraan pembunuhan" class="mw-redirect">Vehicular homicide</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_homicide&usg=ALkJrhho3rxDeeWaXIEBmQ4niJXGq1rL6w" title="Kendaraan pembunuhan" class="mw-redirect">Kendaraan pembunuhan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Crimes against property</span> Kejahatan terhadap kekayaan</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson&usg=ALkJrhjVM36WenO94is0qMl2uZA07Ts1uw" title="Arson">Arson</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail&usg=ALkJrhjXcj5FaIeHkWAtWylqkrh-TlIYHw" title="Santase">Blackmail</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglary&usg=ALkJrhhZ_28THGCQAJsgQYQqfcgK8tDboQ" title="Pencurian">Burglary</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson&usg=ALkJrhjVM36WenO94is0qMl2uZA07Ts1uw" title="Arson">Arson</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail&usg=ALkJrhjXcj5FaIeHkWAtWylqkrh-TlIYHw" title="Santase">Blackmail</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglary&usg=ALkJrhhZ_28THGCQAJsgQYQqfcgK8tDboQ" title="Pencurian">Burglary</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement&usg=ALkJrhikbQWcqou8kE7xZ6t-flWPiIBAxw" title="Penggelapan">Embezzlement</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion&usg=ALkJrhiHW0mNEWoug9NavY7Pki82uTp9gg" title="Pemerasan">Extortion</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement&usg=ALkJrhikbQWcqou8kE7xZ6t-flWPiIBAxw" title="Penggelapan">Penggelapan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion&usg=ALkJrhiHW0mNEWoug9NavY7Pki82uTp9gg" title="Pemerasan">pemerasan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_pretenses&usg=ALkJrhjQzv7s_n8STLeG-lKwChDf2rWEbg" title="Penipuan">False pretenses</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larceny&usg=ALkJrhicmMQfUcgIAq-S1PfwUwRupYFXbw" title="Pencurian">Larceny</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_pretenses&usg=ALkJrhjQzv7s_n8STLeG-lKwChDf2rWEbg" title="Penipuan">Penipuan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larceny&usg=ALkJrhicmMQfUcgIAq-S1PfwUwRupYFXbw" title="Pencurian">pencurian</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipt_of_stolen_property&usg=ALkJrhif5QDlDUiwgn5o8fIFhFTl-fmUgg" title="Penerimaan dicuri properti">Receiving stolen property</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receipt_of_stolen_property&usg=ALkJrhif5QDlDUiwgn5o8fIFhFTl-fmUgg" title="Penerimaan dicuri properti">Menerima dicuri properti</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">Robbery</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft&usg=ALkJrhjVJFDKgnYbLiCY9fFJWAuRhYYwmw" title="Pencurian">Theft</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">Perampokan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft&usg=ALkJrhjVJFDKgnYbLiCY9fFJWAuRhYYwmw" title="Pencurian">Pencurian</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Crimes against justice</span> Kejahatan terhadap keadilan</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compounding_a_felony&usg=ALkJrhj8wjpOCPAVAgAsPx9mYneP9avOPA" title="Penggabungan a felony">Compounding</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misprision_of_a_felony&usg=ALkJrhiS1hqIphi_vOkvuyK7tamjktsZOw" title="Misprision of a felony" class="mw-redirect">Misprision</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compounding_a_felony&usg=ALkJrhj8wjpOCPAVAgAsPx9mYneP9avOPA" title="Penggabungan a felony">Penggabungan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misprision_of_a_felony&usg=ALkJrhiS1hqIphi_vOkvuyK7tamjktsZOw" title="Misprision of a felony" class="mw-redirect">Misprision</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice&usg=ALkJrhgL5GVCKnWjo_uO07795n315ExChQ" title="Halangan keadilan">Obstruction</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury&usg=ALkJrhiyhceJTAJ8k1s7QUrBW39KC6DKxw" title="Sumpah palsu">Perjury</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice&usg=ALkJrhgL5GVCKnWjo_uO07795n315ExChQ" title="Halangan keadilan">Halangan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury&usg=ALkJrhiyhceJTAJ8k1s7QUrBW39KC6DKxw" title="Sumpah palsu">sumpah palsu</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office&usg=ALkJrhjUmBGEDboGOu1Tls_ydCn5llquIQ" title="Penjahatan di kantor">Malfeasance in office</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office&usg=ALkJrhjUmBGEDboGOu1Tls_ydCn5llquIQ" title="Penjahatan di kantor">Penjahatan di kantor</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice&usg=ALkJrhi64r17en_mNOVy7_vXHjpQP9Qm6g" title="Perverting kursus keadilan">Perverting the course of justice</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice&usg=ALkJrhi64r17en_mNOVy7_vXHjpQP9Qm6g" title="Perverting kursus keadilan">Perverting kursus keadilan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhhyBoKnUeZfp_4ybr9i47EZfs82jQ" title="Pertahanan (hukum)">Defenses to Liability</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhhyBoKnUeZfp_4ybr9i47EZfs82jQ" title="Pertahanan (hukum)">Defenses ke Kewajiban</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Defense of: ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense&usg=ALkJrhixOoGIpZ3AGKNr83RF9jVVnZ0duQ" title="Hak pembelaan diri">Self</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense&usg=ALkJrhixOoGIpZ3AGKNr83RF9jVVnZ0duQ#Defense_of_others" title="Hak pembelaan diri">Others</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_property&usg=ALkJrhjnkBugNPBTlThnNswSi6-1LTrnXg" title="Pertahanan dari properti">Property</a> )</span> Pertahanan dari: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense&usg=ALkJrhixOoGIpZ3AGKNr83RF9jVVnZ0duQ" title="Hak pembelaan diri">(Cukup</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense&usg=ALkJrhixOoGIpZ3AGKNr83RF9jVVnZ0duQ#Defense_of_others" title="Hak pembelaan diri">Lainnya</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_property&usg=ALkJrhjnkBugNPBTlThnNswSi6-1LTrnXg" title="Pertahanan dari properti">Properti)</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent&usg=ALkJrhiZ4HAXsXATaYoDK_bKUNPHDoTLmg" title="Izin">Consent</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_capacity&usg=ALkJrhhBehdr8YJKeLSNvxq4Tpx4Tlff_Q" title="Kapasitas yg disusuntukan" class="mw-redirect">Diminished capacity</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent&usg=ALkJrhiZ4HAXsXATaYoDK_bKUNPHDoTLmg" title="Izin">Izin</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_capacity&usg=ALkJrhhBehdr8YJKeLSNvxq4Tpx4Tlff_Q" title="Kapasitas yg disusuntukan" class="mw-redirect">kapasitas yg disusuntukan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress&usg=ALkJrhhWW3iyJPiSGRxcyWfiRyVUD8JiUw" title="Paksaan">Duress</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrapment&usg=ALkJrhgY_O5VGd03wccwbU-jprBPfn_VrQ" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorance_of_the_law&usg=ALkJrhh0TKigNWgpaOMeqWkQqhd8wUppBQ" title="Ketidaktahuan hukum" class="mw-redirect">Ignorance</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress&usg=ALkJrhhWW3iyJPiSGRxcyWfiRyVUD8JiUw" title="Paksaan">Paksaan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrapment&usg=ALkJrhgY_O5VGd03wccwbU-jprBPfn_VrQ" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorance_of_the_law&usg=ALkJrhh0TKigNWgpaOMeqWkQqhd8wUppBQ" title="Ketidaktahuan hukum" class="mw-redirect">Ignorance</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_infancy&usg=ALkJrhgERMWLY67O772KqdKV33KPLE2GvQ" title="Pertahanan dari masa kanak-kanak">Infancy</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_defense&usg=ALkJrhj2oAVDZNZ_buTMJJ9c_ssig2epAA" title="Insanity pertahanan">Insanity</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxication&usg=ALkJrhjh5TKdQ6JUdxAg5k6pOgvWET_JEA" title="Kemabukan">Intoxication</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_infancy&usg=ALkJrhgERMWLY67O772KqdKV33KPLE2GvQ" title="Pertahanan dari masa kanak-kanak">Masa</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_defense&usg=ALkJrhj2oAVDZNZ_buTMJJ9c_ssig2epAA" title="Insanity pertahanan">Insanity</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxication&usg=ALkJrhjh5TKdQ6JUdxAg5k6pOgvWET_JEA" title="Kemabukan">kemabukan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_%28jurisprudence%29&usg=ALkJrhhvfnruCig1K6Gi4AizSEVcJqdlmg" title="Justifikasi (Yurisprudensi)">Justification</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_%28criminal_law%29&usg=ALkJrhjSSyCAA3CC1JDXFLSc0GqCJpVLdQ" title="Kesalahan (hukum pidana)">Mistake</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_of_fact&usg=ALkJrhhpslA43UQjkPh_ZnJ_nyuw70P39w" title="Kesalahan sebenarnya" class="mw-redirect">Fact</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_of_law&usg=ALkJrhhXkoN-jAlp5HMzU8aeBc2hBiHedQ" title="Kesalahan hukum">Law</a> )</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_%28jurisprudence%29&usg=ALkJrhhvfnruCig1K6Gi4AizSEVcJqdlmg" title="Justifikasi (Yurisprudensi)">Justifikasi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_%28criminal_law%29&usg=ALkJrhjSSyCAA3CC1JDXFLSc0GqCJpVLdQ" title="Kesalahan (hukum pidana)">Mistake</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_of_fact&usg=ALkJrhhpslA43UQjkPh_ZnJ_nyuw70P39w" title="Kesalahan sebenarnya" class="mw-redirect">(Fakta</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_of_law&usg=ALkJrhhXkoN-jAlp5HMzU8aeBc2hBiHedQ" title="Kesalahan hukum">Hukum)</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity&usg=ALkJrhgSMeU-cxyqk3cGCM3jnlPrTiOlsg" title="Kebutuhan">Necessity</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provocation_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhgVDEW4FyumtwByQrd7fxv9bpfSTA" title="Provokasi (hukum)">Provocation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity&usg=ALkJrhgSMeU-cxyqk3cGCM3jnlPrTiOlsg" title="Kebutuhan">Kebutuhan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provocation_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhgVDEW4FyumtwByQrd7fxv9bpfSTA" title="Provokasi (hukum)">provokasi</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> areas</span> Lainnya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> daerah</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg" title="Kontrak">Contracts</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhj0suqNPkf8v6KUMLCYTeAU1Jnx-w" title="Bukti (hukum)">Evidence</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhi0jMjcaYbk25mdNM0aQr026vJyTA" title="Hukum properti">Property</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg" title="Kontrak">Kontrak</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhj0suqNPkf8v6KUMLCYTeAU1Jnx-w" title="Bukti (hukum)">Bukti</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhi0jMjcaYbk25mdNM0aQr026vJyTA" title="Hukum properti">Properti</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">Torts</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgE8Z4aXJFZUhER_qZzYzKewlsq8Q" title="Apakah (hukum)">Wills</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_estates&usg=ALkJrhjAT5x46qZqXc9f60rqv5ibCxBUVg" title="Percaya dan perkebunan">trusts and estates</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">Torts</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgE8Z4aXJFZUhER_qZzYzKewlsq8Q" title="Apakah (hukum)">Wills,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_and_estates&usg=ALkJrhjAT5x46qZqXc9f60rqv5ibCxBUVg" title="Percaya dan perkebunan">percaya dan perkebunan</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: rgb(102, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Portals</span> Portal</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Criminal_justice&usg=ALkJrhjm5f6plerktYvi4KdGMEl5sSU7Sw" title="Portal: Kriminal keadilan">Criminal justice</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law&usg=ALkJrhh4Sb6GfrQuwrSMl3D7uBVPlwnDpQ" title="Portal: Hukum">Law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Criminal_justice&usg=ALkJrhjm5f6plerktYvi4KdGMEl5sSU7Sw" title="Portal: Kriminal keadilan">Pidana keadilan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law&usg=ALkJrhh4Sb6GfrQuwrSMl3D7uBVPlwnDpQ" title="Portal: Hukum">Hukum</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhikWE87xXuvDY5pMlcQ_5m-Bj0QcA" title="Template: Hukum Pidana">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhjOJuvhAF1xkG08pu7lRECixcqq9g" title="Template talk: Hukum Pidana">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Criminal_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjS-T3NxUzgB8unpp5Yqgt29Zj1_A" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Criminal_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style=""><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhikWE87xXuvDY5pMlcQ_5m-Bj0QcA" title="Template: Hukum Pidana">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhjOJuvhAF1xkG08pu7lRECixcqq9g" title="Template talk: Hukum Pidana">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Criminal_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjS-T3NxUzgB8unpp5Yqgt29Zj1_A" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Criminal_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The term <b>criminal law</b> , sometimes called <b>penal law</b> , refers to any of various bodies of rules in different <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">jurisdictions</a> whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishment&usg=ALkJrhikRmcF7N5LD7n-_ZY9YtbRD17bfQ" title="Hukuman pidana" class="mw-redirect">Criminal punishment</a> , depending on the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offense_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgmKdNxSmE_q4eGESMV7YvdtdI6Mg" title="Pelanggaran (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">offense</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">jurisdiction</a> , may include <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution&usg=ALkJrhhB4tT8zWkIxOkuVl6cmkQmchdZ6A" title="Eksekusi" class="mw-redirect">execution</a> , loss of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty&usg=ALkJrhhVDTmiOBMcIIruJH4QMBW0f1bRoQ" title="Kebebasan">liberty</a> , government supervision ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole&usg=ALkJrhgotbsOt1sR8nVbVfVbGGYDSNZT3w" title="Parole">parole</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation&usg=ALkJrhgtcT0ciMULEhheKjeIGrWAuk3PWw" title="Masa percobaan">probation</a> ), or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_%28penalty%29&usg=ALkJrhi-LZiHyi-g0aGVpMb95uYkA9qL8w" title="Denda (penalti)">fines</a> .</span> Istilah <b>hukum pidana,</b> kadang-kadang disebut <b>kepidanaan,</b> merujuk kepada salah satu badan dari berbagai aturan-aturan yang berbeda di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">wilayah hukum</a> yang umum adalah karakteristik potensi unik dan sering parah impositions sebagai hukuman untuk kegagalan untuk mematuhi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishment&usg=ALkJrhikRmcF7N5LD7n-_ZY9YtbRD17bfQ" title="Hukuman pidana" class="mw-redirect">Kriminal hukuman,</a> tergantung pada <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offense_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgmKdNxSmE_q4eGESMV7YvdtdI6Mg" title="Pelanggaran (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">pelanggaran</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">yurisdiksi,</a> mungkin termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution&usg=ALkJrhhB4tT8zWkIxOkuVl6cmkQmchdZ6A" title="Eksekusi" class="mw-redirect">eksekusi,</a> kehilangan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty&usg=ALkJrhhVDTmiOBMcIIruJH4QMBW0f1bRoQ" title="Kebebasan">kebebasan,</a> pengawasan pemerintah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole&usg=ALkJrhgotbsOt1sR8nVbVfVbGGYDSNZT3w" title="Parole">(bersyarat</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation&usg=ALkJrhgtcT0ciMULEhheKjeIGrWAuk3PWw" title="Masa percobaan">masa percobaan),</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_%28penalty%29&usg=ALkJrhi-LZiHyi-g0aGVpMb95uYkA9qL8w" title="Denda (penalti)">denda.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are some archetypal crimes, like <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">murder</a> , but the acts that are forbidden are not wholly consistent between different criminal codes, and even within a particular code lines may be blurred as civil infractions may give rise also to criminal consequences.</span> Ada beberapa archetypal kejahatan, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">pembunuhan,</a> tetapi tindakan yang dilarang tidak seluruhnya konsisten di antara berbagai kode kriminal, dan bahkan dalam waktu tertentu baris kode mungkin kabur infractions Mei sebagai sipil juga menimbulkan konsekuensi pidana.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminal law typically is enforced by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhgjjvSaYJn9okXcMDi9OCw09BGkwQ" title="Pemerintah">government</a> , unlike the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhgymVQWCP5sbF_LVPufIo4xARhf9A" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">civil law</a> , which may be enforced by private parties.</span> Hukum pidana biasanya adalah enforced oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhgjjvSaYJn9okXcMDi9OCw09BGkwQ" title="Pemerintah">pemerintah,</a> tidak seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhgymVQWCP5sbF_LVPufIo4xARhf9A" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">hukum perdata,</a> yang mungkin enforced oleh pihak swasta.</span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Criminal_law_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Criminal law history</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Criminal_law_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Kriminal hukum sejarah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Criminal_sanctions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Criminal sanctions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Criminal_sanctions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Kriminal sanksi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Criminal_law_jurisdictions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Criminal law jurisdictions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Criminal_law_jurisdictions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Kriminal yurisdiksi hukum</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#International_law"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">International law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#International_law"><span class="tocnumber">3,1</span> <span class="toctext">Hukum internasional</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3,2</span> <span class="toctext">Amerika</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#England_and_Wales"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">England and Wales</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#England_and_Wales"><span class="tocnumber">3,3</span> <span class="toctext">Inggris dan Wales</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Selected_criminal_laws"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Selected criminal laws</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Selected_criminal_laws"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">pilihan hukum pidana</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Elements"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Elements</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Elements"><span class="toctext">Elemen</span> <span class="tocnumber">4,1</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Actus_reus"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Actus reus</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Actus_reus"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Actus Reus</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Mens_rea"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mens rea</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Mens_rea"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mens Rea</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Strict_liability"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Strict liability</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Strict_liability"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Strict liability</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Fatal_offenses"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fatal offenses</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Fatal_offenses"><span class="tocnumber">4,2</span> <span class="toctext">Fatal offenses</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Personal_offenses"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Personal offenses</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Personal_offenses"><span class="tocnumber">4,3</span> <span class="toctext">pribadi offenses</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Property_offenses"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Property offenses</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Property_offenses"><span class="tocnumber">4,4</span> <span class="toctext">Properti offenses</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Participatory_offenses"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Participatory offenses</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Participatory_offenses"><span class="tocnumber">4,5</span> <span class="toctext">Partisipatoris offenses</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Defenses"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Defenses</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Defenses"><span class="tocnumber">4,6</span> <span class="toctext">Defenses</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Criminal_law_history" id="Criminal_law_history"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhpuzTZ6IQizMY4n8xRtIX7ETKuWg" title="Sunting bagian: Kriminal hukum sejarah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Criminal law history</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhpuzTZ6IQizMY4n8xRtIX7ETKuWg" title="Sunting bagian: Kriminal hukum sejarah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hukum Pidana sejarah</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The first civilizations generally did not distinguish between civil and criminal law.</span> Pertama peradaban umumnya tidak membedakan antara hukum pidana dan perdata.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The first written codes of law were produced by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerians&usg=ALkJrhj2O2GPzOGMQTEY80iCLJPOrtU_rg" title="Sumerians" class="mw-redirect">Sumerians</a> .</span> Pertama ditulis kode hukum yang dihasilkan oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerians&usg=ALkJrhj2O2GPzOGMQTEY80iCLJPOrtU_rg" title="Sumerians" class="mw-redirect">Sumerians.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Around 2100-2050 BC <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Nammu&usg=ALkJrhibiyb0OChhjc2MkIRP0lm7sDDGlw" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Sumerian&usg=ALkJrhgLuMI6avQkJFnNOWQxEhbNFX4xKA" title="Neo-Sumeria" class="mw-redirect">Neo-Sumerian</a> king of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur&usg=ALkJrhi_GmdlrmU0faHrSXn_tak070EGOg" title="Ur">Ur</a> , enacted the oldest written legal code whose text has been discovered: the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu&usg=ALkJrhj2_1DhAwt3hfG2mXLZmnZkYOXimg" title="Code of Ur-Nammu"><i>Code of Ur-Nammu</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> although an earlier code of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urukagina&usg=ALkJrhg1NMBG9fP-rna3P3uLZeKmeZVocQ" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash&usg=ALkJrhj7pZmbv1gJO9PbXZuDB7DQg0WX_Q" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> is also known to have existed.</span> Sekitar 2100-2050 SM <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Nammu&usg=ALkJrhibiyb0OChhjc2MkIRP0lm7sDDGlw" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu,</a> yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Sumerian&usg=ALkJrhgLuMI6avQkJFnNOWQxEhbNFX4xKA" title="Neo-Sumeria" class="mw-redirect">Neo-Sumeria</a> raja <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur&usg=ALkJrhi_GmdlrmU0faHrSXn_tak070EGOg" title="Ur">Ur,</a> diundangkan tertua hukum tertulis kode teks yang telah ditemukan: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu&usg=ALkJrhj2_1DhAwt3hfG2mXLZmnZkYOXimg" title="Code of Ur-Nammu"><i>Kode Ur-Nammu</i></a> <span><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span> walaupun sebelumnya kode <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urukagina&usg=ALkJrhg1NMBG9fP-rna3P3uLZeKmeZVocQ" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash&usg=ALkJrhj7pZmbv1gJO9PbXZuDB7DQg0WX_Q" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> juga diketahui sudah ada.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another important early code was the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhiL9Q-qIJKDiDZBIbcCEGsHlF_mTA" title="Kode Hammurabi" class="mw-redirect">Code Hammurabi</a> , which formed the core of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_law&usg=ALkJrhjy3B_kFX1pXTLNlvDhirBQAqHs-A" title="Babylon hukum">Babylonian law</a> .</span> Penting lain adalah awal kode <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhiL9Q-qIJKDiDZBIbcCEGsHlF_mTA" title="Kode Hammurabi" class="mw-redirect">Kode Hammurabi,</a> yang membentuk inti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_law&usg=ALkJrhjy3B_kFX1pXTLNlvDhirBQAqHs-A" title="Babylon hukum">Babylon hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These early legal codes did not separate penal and civil laws.</span> Awal kode hukum ini tidak terpisah hukuman dan undang-undang sipil.</span> </p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhcHi7JrxU6xSn_Z-kMei6PEMADyQ" class="image" title="Sebuah gambaran dari 1600s pidana percobaan, yang diduga witch."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg/180px-SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhcHi7JrxU6xSn_Z-kMei6PEMADyQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A depiction of a 1600s criminal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhs2oIN1EU33KtcA4FvmnfyK82hIw" title="Percobaan (hukum)">trial</a> , for a suspected witch.</span> Sebuah gambaran dari 1600s pidana <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhs2oIN1EU33KtcA4FvmnfyK82hIw" title="Percobaan (hukum)">percobaan,</a> yang diduga witch.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The similarly significant Commentaries of Gaius on the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tables&usg=ALkJrhgfcxhSQfVUAp3Y9YBuIIaZSjRCOQ" title="Dua belas Tabel">Twelve Tables</a> also conflated the civil and criminal aspects, treating theft or <i>furtum</i> as a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">tort</a> .</span> Mirip dengan komentar dari Gaius signifikan pada <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tables&usg=ALkJrhgfcxhSQfVUAp3Y9YBuIIaZSjRCOQ" title="Dua belas Tabel">Tabel Dua belas</a> yang juga conflated aspek pidana dan perdata, merawat atau pencurian <i>furtum</i> sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">kerugian.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Assault and violent <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">robbery</a> were analogized to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ" title="Pelanggaran">trespass</a> as to property.</span> Penyerangan dan kekerasan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">perampokan</a> yang analogized untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ" title="Pelanggaran">pelanggaran</a> untuk properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Breach of such laws created an obligation of law or <i>vinculum juris</i> discharged by payment of monetary compensation or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w" title="Kerusakan">damages</a> .</span> Pelanggaran hukum membuat kewajiban hukum atau <i>vinculum juris</i> habis oleh pembayaran kompensasi moneter atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w" title="Kerusakan">kerusakan.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The first signs of the modern distinction between crimes and civil matters emerged during the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror&usg=ALkJrhhaktUmD1Pr44V8uvoKT9usjr5Kaw" title="William the conqueror" class="mw-redirect">Norman Invasion</a> of England. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a> The special notion of criminal penalty, at least concerning Europe, arose in Spanish Late Scolasticism (see <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_de_Castro&usg=ALkJrhiX27ifdWmny_b1ZvfjrurExkzgLg" title="Alfonso de Castro">Alfonso de Castro</a> ), when the theological notion of God's penalty (poena aeterna) that was inflicted solely for a guilty mind, became transfused into canon law first and, finally, to secular criminal law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> The development of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">state</a> dispensing <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice&usg=ALkJrhgONODnToKKDxlYLLgMmigpUGWsDA" title="Keadilan">justice</a> in a court clearly emerged in the eighteenth century when European countries began maintaining police services.</span> Yang pertama dari tanda-tanda yang modern antara kejahatan dan hal-hal sipil muncul selama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror&usg=ALkJrhhaktUmD1Pr44V8uvoKT9usjr5Kaw" title="William the conqueror" class="mw-redirect">Norman Invasion</a> dari Inggris. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a> khusus gagasan pidana denda paling sedikit tentang Eropa, yang timbul dalam Late Spanyol Scolasticism (lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_de_Castro&usg=ALkJrhiX27ifdWmny_b1ZvfjrurExkzgLg" title="Alfonso de Castro">Alfonso de Castro),</a> ketika teologi gagasan dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa hukuman (poena aeterna) yang kenakan hanya untuk bersalah pikiran, menjadi transfused menjadi undang-undang gereja pertama dan, akhirnya, untuk sekuler hukum pidana. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a> Perkembangan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">negara</a> dispensing <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice&usg=ALkJrhgONODnToKKDxlYLLgMmigpUGWsDA" title="Keadilan">keadilan</a> di pengadilan jelas muncul di kedelapanbelas abad ketika negara-negara Eropa mulai mempertahankan layanan polisi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From this point, criminal law had formalized the mechanisms for enforcement, which allowed for its development as a discernible entity.</span> Dari titik ini, hukum pidana yang telah resmi mekanisme hukum yang diizinkan untuk perkembangannya sebagai entitas kelihatan.</span> </p><p><a name="Criminal_sanctions" id="Criminal_sanctions"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhisWLMjDoQBUrcF-9PQwLFYplz6Lg" title="Sunting bagian: Kriminal sanksi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Criminal sanctions</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhisWLMjDoQBUrcF-9PQwLFYplz6Lg" title="Sunting bagian: Kriminal sanksi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pidana sanksi</span></span> </h2><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg&usg=ALkJrhgcP4lbhJUv9EUVWYaqk7nCLiQsNg" class="image" title="Pertanyaan buku-new.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="39" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>This section does not <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhix-5U0k6nFIC0LxHXAwfQ-dsf5sQ" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhg-J5dls0phgXxMOejXY3ec3IhZWQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">references or sources</a> .</b></span> <b>Bagian ini tidak <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhix-5U0k6nFIC0LxHXAwfQ-dsf5sQ" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">mengutip</a> manapun <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhg-J5dls0phgXxMOejXY3ec3IhZWQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">acuan atau sumber.</a></b></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small class="plainlinks">Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhi0PppLiZUPv4M_Uld5A3S28EaCYw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this section</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhh4kbPx0WBqNZJEWcsKDyR4i8ErJQ" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">reliable sources</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhg-J5dls0phgXxMOejXY3ec3IhZWQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> material may be challenged and removed. <i>(July 2008)</i></small></span> <small class="plainlinks">Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhi0PppLiZUPv4M_Uld5A3S28EaCYw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">meningkatkan bagian ini</a> dengan menambahkan citations ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhh4kbPx0WBqNZJEWcsKDyR4i8ErJQ" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">sumber terpercaya.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhg-J5dls0phgXxMOejXY3ec3IhZWQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> bahan mungkin cacat dan dibuang. <i>(Juli 2008)</i></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminal law is distinctive for the uniquely serious potential consequences or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiQByJwAGKD5ZTB_cycHvAyJhhnQA" title="Sanksi (hukum)">sanctions</a> for failure to abide by its rules.</span> Hukum pidana khusus yang unik untuk serius potensi konsekuensi atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiQByJwAGKD5ZTB_cycHvAyJhhnQA" title="Sanksi (hukum)">sanksi</a> untuk kegagalan untuk mematuhi aturan-nya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Every crime is composed of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgZ6zxCud7VZXcnHTRly-KFBnd7Yg" title="Unsur (pidana)">criminal elements</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment&usg=ALkJrhjedKHJeuTRFPevVB4CyZqGr0_t-g" title="Hukuman mati">Capital punishment</a> may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes.</span> Setiap kejahatan yang terdiri dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgZ6zxCud7VZXcnHTRly-KFBnd7Yg" title="Unsur (pidana)">unsur-unsur pidana.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment&usg=ALkJrhjedKHJeuTRFPevVB4CyZqGr0_t-g" title="Hukuman mati">Permodalan hukuman</a> mungkin dikenakan di beberapa wilayah hukum untuk kejahatan yang paling serius.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Physical or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishment&usg=ALkJrhgaHg4K-pnp6zT2-ESnbwMldXePKw" title="Hukuman badani">corporal punishment</a> may be imposed such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation&usg=ALkJrhhCztf64IjXxiIJKlWFs6yg2-Dvhg" title="Dera">whipping</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caning&usg=ALkJrhgOpoOk7xlK7Sxk_oFKLqS4qxb_2Q" title="Hal merotan">caning</a> , although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world.</span> Fisik atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishment&usg=ALkJrhgaHg4K-pnp6zT2-ESnbwMldXePKw" title="Hukuman badani">hukuman badani</a> mungkin dikenakan seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation&usg=ALkJrhhCztf64IjXxiIJKlWFs6yg2-Dvhg" title="Dera">kambing</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caning&usg=ALkJrhgOpoOk7xlK7Sxk_oFKLqS4qxb_2Q" title="Hal merotan">hal merotan,</a> walaupun ini hukuman dilarang di sebagian besar dunia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Individuals may be <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerated&usg=ALkJrhjjaUS1qFWWI2dCvwjeP3w8z3SckA" title="Incarcerated" class="mw-redirect">incarcerated</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhhleym4gY6IjXGqPBub2AAcl0MKeA" title="Penjara">prison</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jail&usg=ALkJrhgNTQ02eSEHlrQJuY8DZSRrfy-Q4A" title="Penjara">jail</a> in a variety of conditions depending on the jurisdiction.</span> Individu dapat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerated&usg=ALkJrhjjaUS1qFWWI2dCvwjeP3w8z3SckA" title="Incarcerated" class="mw-redirect">incarcerated</a> dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhhleym4gY6IjXGqPBub2AAcl0MKeA" title="Penjara">penjara</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jail&usg=ALkJrhgNTQ02eSEHlrQJuY8DZSRrfy-Q4A" title="Penjara">kurungan</a> dalam berbagai kondisi tergantung pada yurisdiksi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Confinement may be solitary.</span> Kurungan tersendiri mungkin.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.</span> Panjang penahanan mungkin berbeda dari satu hari untuk hidup.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Government supervision may be imposed, including <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest&usg=ALkJrhj4bQUZR0FskdmZpSIxAYXYwHDPmw" title="Tahanan rumah">house arrest</a> , and convicts may be required to conform to particularized guidelines as part of a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole&usg=ALkJrhgotbsOt1sR8nVbVfVbGGYDSNZT3w" title="Parole">parole</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation&usg=ALkJrhgtcT0ciMULEhheKjeIGrWAuk3PWw" title="Masa percobaan">probation</a> regimen. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_%28penalty%29&usg=ALkJrhi-LZiHyi-g0aGVpMb95uYkA9qL8w" title="Denda (penalti)">Fines</a> also may be imposed, seizing money or property from a person convicted of a crime.</span> Pengawasan pemerintah dapat dikenakan, termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest&usg=ALkJrhj4bQUZR0FskdmZpSIxAYXYwHDPmw" title="Tahanan rumah">tahanan rumah,</a> dan Tasmania mungkin diperlukan untuk memenuhi panduan untuk particularized sebagai bagian dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole&usg=ALkJrhgotbsOt1sR8nVbVfVbGGYDSNZT3w" title="Parole">pembebasan bersyarat</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation&usg=ALkJrhgtcT0ciMULEhheKjeIGrWAuk3PWw" title="Masa percobaan">masa percobaan</a> hidup. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_%28penalty%29&usg=ALkJrhi-LZiHyi-g0aGVpMb95uYkA9qL8w" title="Denda (penalti)">Fines</a> juga mungkin dikenakan, perebutan uang atau harta dari orang yang divonis kejahatan.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Five objectives are widely accepted for enforcement of the criminal law by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishment&usg=ALkJrhikRmcF7N5LD7n-_ZY9YtbRD17bfQ" title="Hukuman pidana" class="mw-redirect">punishments</a> : <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justice&usg=ALkJrhgtTHyNb53tQcL6A42VLKHbkB69MA" title="Menghukum keadilan">retribution</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhi_-GOHJ3FNDSghPmOnC0u5GV5vsg" title="Penangkisan (hukum)">deterrence</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIncapacitation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiTXOFlzFbp_4nf-54CUDpWB6Yyjg" class="new" title="Incapacitation (halaman tidak ditemukan)">incapacitation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_%28penology%29&usg=ALkJrhhufi1km_6iGHZbzwid1wvTSnwjdA" title="Rehabilitasi (pinologi)">rehabilitation</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhiuMYscIB8eECH6Qll8t6IZToUNQQ" title="Restitusi">restitution</a> .</span> Lima tujuan diterima secara luas untuk penegakan hukum pidana yang oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishment&usg=ALkJrhikRmcF7N5LD7n-_ZY9YtbRD17bfQ" title="Hukuman pidana" class="mw-redirect">hukuman:</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justice&usg=ALkJrhgtTHyNb53tQcL6A42VLKHbkB69MA" title="Menghukum keadilan">retribusi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhi_-GOHJ3FNDSghPmOnC0u5GV5vsg" title="Penangkisan (hukum)">pencegahan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIncapacitation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiTXOFlzFbp_4nf-54CUDpWB6Yyjg" class="new" title="Incapacitation (halaman tidak ditemukan)">incapacitation,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_%28penology%29&usg=ALkJrhhufi1km_6iGHZbzwid1wvTSnwjdA" title="Rehabilitasi (pinologi)">rehabilitasi</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhiuMYscIB8eECH6Qll8t6IZToUNQQ" title="Restitusi">restitusi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jurisdictions differ on the value to be placed on each.</span> Jurisdiksi berbeda pada nilai yang akan ditempatkan pada masing-masing.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justice&usg=ALkJrhgtTHyNb53tQcL6A42VLKHbkB69MA" title="Menghukum keadilan"><b>Retribution</b></a> - Criminals ought to <i>suffer</i> in some way.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justice&usg=ALkJrhgtTHyNb53tQcL6A42VLKHbkB69MA" title="Menghukum keadilan"><b>Retribusi</b></a> - kriminal harus <i>menderita</i> dalam beberapa cara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is the most widely seen goal.</span> Ini adalah yang paling banyak dilihat tujuan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminals have taken improper advantage, or inflicted unfair detriment, upon others and consequently, the criminal law will put criminals at some unpleasant disadvantage to "balance the scales."</span> Kriminal telah mengambil keuntungan salah, atau kerugian akibat tidak adil, dan akibatnya pada orang lain, yang akan menaruh hukum pidana kriminal di beberapa langu merugikan untuk "keseimbangan yang skala."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This belief has some connection with <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism&usg=ALkJrhjlu1SKuk1wQqZ_3uouuV2q5Q0CDQ" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> .</span> Kepercayaan ini memiliki beberapa sambungan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism&usg=ALkJrhjlu1SKuk1wQqZ_3uouuV2q5Q0CDQ" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">People submit to the law to receive the right not to be murdered and if people contravene these laws, they surrender the rights granted to them by the law.</span> Orang yang menyerahkan kepada hukum untuk menerima hak untuk tidak dibunuh dan jika orang tersebut melanggar hukum, hak-hak mereka menyerah diberikan kepada mereka oleh undang-undang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Thus, one who murders may be murdered himself.</span> Dengan demikian, satu pembunuhan yang mungkin akan dibunuh sendiri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A related theory includes the idea of "righting the balance."</span> Sebuah teori yang terkait termasuk idea "righting keseimbangan."</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhi_-GOHJ3FNDSghPmOnC0u5GV5vsg" title="Penangkisan (hukum)"><b>Deterrence</b></a> - <i>Individual</i> deterrence is aimed toward the specific offender.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhi_-GOHJ3FNDSghPmOnC0u5GV5vsg" title="Penangkisan (hukum)"><b>Penangkisan</b></a> - <i>Masing-masing</i> adalah untuk pencegahan terhadap pelanggar tertentu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The aim is to impose a sufficient penalty to discourage the offender from criminal behavior. <i>General</i> deterrence aims at society at large.</span> Tujuannya adalah untuk menjatuhkan hukuman yang cukup untuk membuat para pelaku pelanggaran kriminal dari perilaku. <i>Umum</i> penangkisan bertujuan masyarakat luas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By imposing a penalty on those who commit offenses, other individuals are discouraged from committing those offenses.</span> Mengagumkan oleh hukuman pada mereka yang komit offenses, individu lain yang kecewa dari mereka yang melakukan offenses.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIncapacitation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiTXOFlzFbp_4nf-54CUDpWB6Yyjg" class="new" title="Incapacitation (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><b>Incapacitation</b></a> - Designed simply to keep criminals <i>away</i> from society so that the public is protected from their misconduct.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIncapacitation%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiTXOFlzFbp_4nf-54CUDpWB6Yyjg" class="new" title="Incapacitation (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><b>Incapacitation</b></a> - Dirancang untuk menjaga penjahat <i>dari</i> masyarakat sehingga masyarakat dilindungi dari mereka jahat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is often achieved through <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhhleym4gY6IjXGqPBub2AAcl0MKeA" title="Penjara">prison</a> sentences today.</span> Hal ini sering dicapai melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhhleym4gY6IjXGqPBub2AAcl0MKeA" title="Penjara">penjara</a> kalimat hari ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty&usg=ALkJrhjO16b5PfVTHqaD8HD727hJbSvLNg" title="Hukuman mati" class="mw-redirect">death penalty</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banishment&usg=ALkJrhhzsn-M7eQDfDqap1zEk79car9Ekw" title="Pembuangan">banishment</a> have served the same purpose.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty&usg=ALkJrhjO16b5PfVTHqaD8HD727hJbSvLNg" title="Hukuman mati" class="mw-redirect">Hukuman mati</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banishment&usg=ALkJrhhzsn-M7eQDfDqap1zEk79car9Ekw" title="Pembuangan">pembuangan</a> telah melayani tujuan yang sama.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_%28penology%29&usg=ALkJrhhufi1km_6iGHZbzwid1wvTSnwjdA" title="Rehabilitasi (pinologi)"><b>Rehabilitation</b></a> - Aims at transforming an offender into a valuable member of society.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_%28penology%29&usg=ALkJrhhufi1km_6iGHZbzwid1wvTSnwjdA" title="Rehabilitasi (pinologi)"><b>Rehabilitasi</b></a> - Tujuan transformasi di sebuah pelanggar menjadi anggota masyarakat yang berharga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Its primary goal is to prevent further offense by convincing the offender that their conduct was wrong.</span> Its tujuan utama adalah untuk mencegah pelanggaran lebih lanjut oleh para pelaku pelanggaran meyakinkan bahwa mereka telah melakukan kesalahan.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhiuMYscIB8eECH6Qll8t6IZToUNQQ" title="Restitusi"><b>Restitution</b></a> - This is a victim-oriented theory of punishment.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhiuMYscIB8eECH6Qll8t6IZToUNQQ" title="Restitusi"><b>Restitusi</b></a> - Ini adalah korban berorientasi teori hukuman.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The goal is to repair, through state authority, any hurt inflicted on the victim by the offender.</span> Tujuannya adalah untuk memperbaiki, negara melalui otoritas, setiap terluka akibat pada korban oleh para pelaku pelanggaran.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, one who <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzle&usg=ALkJrhgmYLuGD-bDjILgzFMA3iIx33lEJA" title="Memperkacang" class="mw-redirect">embezzles</a> will be required to repay the amount improperly acquired.</span> Misalnya, orang yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzle&usg=ALkJrhgmYLuGD-bDjILgzFMA3iIx33lEJA" title="Memperkacang" class="mw-redirect">embezzles</a> akan diharuskan membayar kembali jumlah yang diperoleh kesalahan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Restitution is commonly combined with other main goals of criminal justice and is closely related to concepts in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhgymVQWCP5sbF_LVPufIo4xARhf9A" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">civil law</a> .</span> Restitusi umumnya dikombinasikan dengan tujuan utama dari hukum pidana dan terkait erat dengan konsep di dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28common_law%29&usg=ALkJrhgymVQWCP5sbF_LVPufIo4xARhf9A" title="Hukum perdata (hukum umum)">hukum perdata.</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Criminal_law_jurisdictions" id="Criminal_law_jurisdictions"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjsfMHSY9_yYFgRjaCmSVQdGdhxAg" title="Sunting bagian: Kriminal yurisdiksi hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Criminal law jurisdictions</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjsfMHSY9_yYFgRjaCmSVQdGdhxAg" title="Sunting bagian: Kriminal yurisdiksi hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pidana yurisdiksi hukum</span></span> </h2><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg&usg=ALkJrhgcP4lbhJUv9EUVWYaqk7nCLiQsNg" class="image" title="Pertanyaan buku-new.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" border="0" height="39" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>This section does not <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhix-5U0k6nFIC0LxHXAwfQ-dsf5sQ" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhg-J5dls0phgXxMOejXY3ec3IhZWQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">references or sources</a> .</b></span> <b>Bagian ini tidak <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources&usg=ALkJrhix-5U0k6nFIC0LxHXAwfQ-dsf5sQ" title="Wikipedia: Citing sources">mengutip</a> manapun <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhg-J5dls0phgXxMOejXY3ec3IhZWQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">acuan atau sumber.</a></b></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small class="plainlinks">Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhi0PppLiZUPv4M_Uld5A3S28EaCYw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this section</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhh4kbPx0WBqNZJEWcsKDyR4i8ErJQ" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">reliable sources</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhg-J5dls0phgXxMOejXY3ec3IhZWQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> material may be challenged and removed. <i>(July 2008)</i></small></span> <small class="plainlinks">Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhi0PppLiZUPv4M_Uld5A3S28EaCYw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">meningkatkan bagian ini</a> dengan menambahkan citations ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&usg=ALkJrhh4kbPx0WBqNZJEWcsKDyR4i8ErJQ" title="Wikipedia: Reliable sources">sumber terpercaya.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability&usg=ALkJrhg-J5dls0phgXxMOejXY3ec3IhZWQ" title="Wikipedia: Verifiability">Unverifiable</a> bahan mungkin cacat dan dibuang. <i>(Juli 2008)</i></small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="International_law" id="International_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiefNRBuI9codjqDwqEDHCI_n2xkQ" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum internasional">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">International law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiefNRBuI9codjqDwqEDHCI_n2xkQ" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum internasional"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hukum internasional</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiLqULe7fz8uRk8O-G-wqNOnAWfAQ" title="Hukum pidana internasional">International criminal law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhiD9lO4TMtpVsFRYBZ5EgT7ItYB3w" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" class="mw-redirect">Crimes against humanity</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhi9kvgqboKWyezMoSD9lklQbb5_Fw" title="Amerika Serikat dan Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional">United States and the International Criminal Court</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiLqULe7fz8uRk8O-G-wqNOnAWfAQ" title="Hukum pidana internasional">International hukum pidana,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhiD9lO4TMtpVsFRYBZ5EgT7ItYB3w" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" class="mw-redirect">kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhi9kvgqboKWyezMoSD9lklQbb5_Fw" title="Amerika Serikat dan Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional">Amerika Serikat dan Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg&usg=ALkJrhi-H4ps6YCEwKs58oLuqW7cI0029g" class="image" title="Pengadilan Pidana Internasional di Den Haag"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg/180px-Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_of_the_International_Criminal_Court_in_The_Hague.jpg&usg=ALkJrhi-H4ps6YCEwKs58oLuqW7cI0029g" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhga35mQTwL-SNnSKbHqf0dzX24baw" title="Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">International Criminal Court</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague&usg=ALkJrhh8wqyhzY4LxotGfB3v5i-7MCo5Qg" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhga35mQTwL-SNnSKbHqf0dzX24baw" title="Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">Pengadilan Pidana Internasional</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague&usg=ALkJrhh8wqyhzY4LxotGfB3v5i-7MCo5Qg" title="The Hague">Den Haag</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ" title="Hukum internasional publik">Public international law</a> deals extensively and increasingly with criminal conduct, that is heinous and ghastly enough to affect entire societies and regions.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ" title="Hukum internasional publik">Hukum internasional publik</a> secara luas dan semakin berurusan dengan melakukan kejahatan, yang kejam dan mengerikan cukup untuk mempengaruhi seluruh masyarakat dan daerah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The formative source of modern international criminal law was the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials&usg=ALkJrhj_2teFTNZV5S7nDLOfHHnqt4oJ5Q" title="Nurnberg persidangan" class="mw-redirect">Nuremberg trials</a> following the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War&usg=ALkJrhgpP6EQJKJHvEzMf767XFqtx_XurA" title="Perang Dunia Kedua" class="mw-redirect">Second World War</a> in which the leaders of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism&usg=ALkJrhhSDjhJYTnGWjcbsupGCRlXtbF0nA" title="Nazisme">Nazism</a> were prosecuted for their part in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide&usg=ALkJrhi9HLu79w-UjojDv70O2Eo7DBuh5w" title="Genosida">genocide</a> and atrocities across Europe.</span> Yang formatif sumber hukum pidana internasional modern adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials&usg=ALkJrhj_2teFTNZV5S7nDLOfHHnqt4oJ5Q" title="Nurnberg persidangan" class="mw-redirect">Nurnberg persidangan</a> berikut <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War&usg=ALkJrhgpP6EQJKJHvEzMf767XFqtx_XurA" title="Perang Dunia Kedua" class="mw-redirect">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> di mana para pemimpin <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism&usg=ALkJrhhSDjhJYTnGWjcbsupGCRlXtbF0nA" title="Nazisme">nazisme</a> yang dituntut untuk mereka dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide&usg=ALkJrhi9HLu79w-UjojDv70O2Eo7DBuh5w" title="Genosida">genosida</a> dan atrocities di seluruh Eropa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1998 an <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhgz5Ktx2phTjHfjBBuGGHJe5-evdQ" title="Pengadilan pidana internasional" class="mw-redirect">International criminal court</a> was established in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague&usg=ALkJrhjTNu7h9KydugBj8cN57UYR-UB8VQ" title="Hague" class="mw-redirect">Hague</a> under what is known as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhgg7sgKAPAsa67gU88PSpQrvGSqlg" title="Statuta Roma tentang Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">Rome Statute</a> .</span> Pada tahun 1998 sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhgz5Ktx2phTjHfjBBuGGHJe5-evdQ" title="Pengadilan pidana internasional" class="mw-redirect">pengadilan pidana internasional</a> didirikan di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague&usg=ALkJrhjTNu7h9KydugBj8cN57UYR-UB8VQ" title="Hague" class="mw-redirect">Hague</a> di bawah apa yang dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhgg7sgKAPAsa67gU88PSpQrvGSqlg" title="Statuta Roma tentang Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">Statuta Roma.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is specifically to try heads and members of governments who have taken part in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhiD9lO4TMtpVsFRYBZ5EgT7ItYB3w" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" class="mw-redirect">crimes against humanity</a> .</span> Hal ini secara khusus untuk mencoba kepala dan anggota pemerintah yang telah mengambil bagian dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhiD9lO4TMtpVsFRYBZ5EgT7ItYB3w" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan" class="mw-redirect">kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Not all countries have agreed to take part, including <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen&usg=ALkJrhiQm6EIeGUIP5hgs7puv20ZA5kbzg" title="Yaman">Yemen</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya&usg=ALkJrhhH38qURTDrBETKq52kvWp4MzrFKQ" title="Libya">Libya</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq&usg=ALkJrhgQe9dwe1SfhyM6p3bvWUEENFdaLg" title="Irak">Iraq</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel&usg=ALkJrhh5LTAfxtQmofic7QfUqHHP5oBJPg" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhi9kvgqboKWyezMoSD9lklQbb5_Fw" title="Amerika Serikat dan Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional">United States</a> .</span> Tidak semua negara telah sepakat untuk mengambil bagian, termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen&usg=ALkJrhiQm6EIeGUIP5hgs7puv20ZA5kbzg" title="Yaman">Yaman,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya&usg=ALkJrhhH38qURTDrBETKq52kvWp4MzrFKQ" title="Libya">Libya,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq&usg=ALkJrhgQe9dwe1SfhyM6p3bvWUEENFdaLg" title="Irak">Irak,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel&usg=ALkJrhh5LTAfxtQmofic7QfUqHHP5oBJPg" title="Israel">Israel</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhi9kvgqboKWyezMoSD9lklQbb5_Fw" title="Amerika Serikat dan Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional">Amerika Serikat.</a></span> </p><p><a name="United_States" id="United_States"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhibT9UXPzF-DC7ILqEh_xdf_nx7Qw" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">United States</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhibT9UXPzF-DC7ILqEh_xdf_nx7Qw" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Amerika Serikat</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhh0ySJ0JKcY_Za0w50aEB11wQjE4A" title="Pidana prosedur">Criminal procedure</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhh0ySJ0JKcY_Za0w50aEB11wQjE4A" title="Pidana prosedur">Kriminal prosedur</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> , criminal prosecutions typically are initiated by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complaint&usg=ALkJrhgtwiOEIj3Y-103YAJC2CbLVoYXOg" title="Keluhan">complaint</a> issued by a judge or by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment&usg=ALkJrhg3f4izC4HKo1m5vnnpCRI_drIm6w" title="Dakwaan">indictment</a> issued by a grand jury.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat,</a> penuntutan pidana yang biasanya dimulai oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complaint&usg=ALkJrhgtwiOEIj3Y-103YAJC2CbLVoYXOg" title="Keluhan">keluhan</a> yang dikeluarkan oleh seorang hakim atau oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment&usg=ALkJrhg3f4izC4HKo1m5vnnpCRI_drIm6w" title="Dakwaan">dakwaan</a> yang dikeluarkan oleh sebuah grand juri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felonies&usg=ALkJrhg-tbHMOiFRgrGZdBdxHDdtt_FZ7Q" title="Felonies" class="mw-redirect">felonies</a> in Federal court, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhiTDI80cZIKjzJbp_qS-UTqGvf9wg" title="Kelima Perubahan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> requires <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment&usg=ALkJrhg3f4izC4HKo1m5vnnpCRI_drIm6w" title="Dakwaan">indictment</a> .</span> Seperti ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felonies&usg=ALkJrhg-tbHMOiFRgrGZdBdxHDdtt_FZ7Q" title="Felonies" class="mw-redirect">felonies</a> Federal di pengadilan, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhiTDI80cZIKjzJbp_qS-UTqGvf9wg" title="Kelima Perubahan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">Kelima Perubahan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat</a> memerlukan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment&usg=ALkJrhg3f4izC4HKo1m5vnnpCRI_drIm6w" title="Dakwaan">dakwaan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Federal requirement does not apply to the states, which have a diversity of practices.</span> Federal syarat tidak berlaku untuk negara yang memiliki keragaman praktek.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Three states (Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Washington) and the District of Columbia do not use grand jury indictments at all.</span> Tiga negara bagian (Connecticut, Pennsylvania, dan Washington) dan District of Columbia tidak menggunakan grand juri indictments sama sekali.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhgsycEnprBNkgI0mZ2Gb_jk4y5G5g" title="Keenam Perubahan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">Sixth Amendment</a> guarantees a criminal defendant the right to a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedy_trial&usg=ALkJrhgv-vHlNaO-E81znmiqgNf27cUGhg" title="Speedy percobaan">speedy</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_trial&usg=ALkJrhj164C83_6Fp0CC5CTTgCqw0OXenw" title="Publik percobaan">public trial</a> , in both state and Federal courts, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime was committed, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of Counsel for his defense.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhgsycEnprBNkgI0mZ2Gb_jk4y5G5g" title="Keenam Perubahan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">Perubahan Keenam</a> terdakwa pidana yang menjamin hak untuk yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedy_trial&usg=ALkJrhgv-vHlNaO-E81znmiqgNf27cUGhg" title="Speedy percobaan">cepat</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_trial&usg=ALkJrhj164C83_6Fp0CC5CTTgCqw0OXenw" title="Publik percobaan">pengadilan umum,</a> di kedua negara dan Federal pengadilan, imparsial oleh juri dari Negara dan daerah di mana kejahatan dilakukan, dan untuk diberitahu tentang sifat dan penyebab dari tuduhan ; harus berhadapan dengan saksi-saksi terhadap dia, untuk wajib ada proses untuk mendapatkan saksi dalam kebaikan, dan untuk mendapatkan bantuan dari Counsel untuk pertahanan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The interests of the state are represented by a prosecuting attorney.</span> Kepentingan negara yang diwakili oleh para pengacara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The defendant may defend himself <i>pro se</i> , and may act as his own attorney, if desired.</span> Terdakwa Mei <i>pro se</i> mempertahankan dirinya, dan dapat bertindak sebagai pengacara sendiri, jika dikehendaki.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In most US law schools, the basic course in criminal law is based upon the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Penal_Code&usg=ALkJrhgxMqjEiHO_E1K1qcaEoyYxpsP4Rw" title="Model Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana">Model Penal Code</a> and examination of Anglo-American common law.</span> Dalam sebagian besar US hukum sekolah, tentunya dasar dalam hukum pidana adalah berdasarkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Penal_Code&usg=ALkJrhgxMqjEiHO_E1K1qcaEoyYxpsP4Rw" title="Model Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana">Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Model</a> dan ujian dari Anglo-American umum hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Crimes in the US which are outlawed nearly universally, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">murder</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape&usg=ALkJrhi1RJXGt4UxzU1Aj7oRPyUwsf7lOA" title="Pemerkosaan">rape</a> are occasionally referred to as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum_in_se&usg=ALkJrhiLyZjZmEkU56USPqnIVetncpvMJg" title="Malum di se"><i>malum in se</i></a> , while other crimes reflecting society's social attitudes and morality, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_%28drugs%29&usg=ALkJrhjssA2Fogic4GJtwqOJ4ko-Fd8M_A" title="Larangan (obat)">drug prohibition</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States_by_state&usg=ALkJrhiJs_4aLuXZaKAaJJGp7AKxgLmpJA" title="Alkohol undang-undang negara Amerika Serikat">alcohol laws</a> are referred to as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum_prohibitum&usg=ALkJrhjTis8lQUviDYWii3hEXkXmmGxH_g" title="Malum prohibitum"><i>malum prohibitum</i></a> .</span> Kejahatan di AS yang hampir outlawed universal, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">pembunuhan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape&usg=ALkJrhi1RJXGt4UxzU1Aj7oRPyUwsf7lOA" title="Pemerkosaan">pemerkosaan</a> yang kadang-kadang disebut sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum_in_se&usg=ALkJrhiLyZjZmEkU56USPqnIVetncpvMJg" title="Malum di se"><i>malum in se,</i></a> sementara lainnya kejahatan sosial masyarakat yang mencerminkan sikap dan moralitas, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_%28drugs%29&usg=ALkJrhjssA2Fogic4GJtwqOJ4ko-Fd8M_A" title="Larangan (obat)">larangan narkoba</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States_by_state&usg=ALkJrhiJs_4aLuXZaKAaJJGp7AKxgLmpJA" title="Alkohol undang-undang negara Amerika Serikat">alkohol hukum</a> yang disebut sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum_prohibitum&usg=ALkJrhjTis8lQUviDYWii3hEXkXmmGxH_g" title="Malum prohibitum"><i>malum prohibitum.</i></a></span> </p><p><a name="England_and_Wales" id="England_and_Wales"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhguwUZjCWalqSM_Kz9AZUDcLSyZgQ" title="Sunting bagian: Inggris dan Wales">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">England and Wales</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhguwUZjCWalqSM_Kz9AZUDcLSyZgQ" title="Sunting bagian: Inggris dan Wales"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Inggris dan Wales</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhn8LwY708mHrxLISU7RckodA4H2A" title="English hukum pidana">English criminal law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhhn8LwY708mHrxLISU7RckodA4H2A" title="English hukum pidana">Inggris hukum pidana</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 127px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oldbaileylondon-900.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjokXHCIr64kyDesD3vVCZRjEphcw" class="image" title="Pusat Pengadilan Kriminal, lebih dikenal sebagai Old Bailey"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Oldbaileylondon-900.jpg/125px-Oldbaileylondon-900.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="125" border="0" height="215" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oldbaileylondon-900.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjokXHCIr64kyDesD3vVCZRjEphcw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Central Criminal Court, better known as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey&usg=ALkJrhghT3wzzTX6cEPRQVH3u2XJkzhChw" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a></span> Pusat Pengadilan Kriminal, lebih dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey&usg=ALkJrhghT3wzzTX6cEPRQVH3u2XJkzhChw" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminal law in England and Wales derives from a number of diverse sources.</span> Hukum pidana di Inggris dan Wales berasal dari sejumlah sumber yang beragam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The definitions of the different acts that constitute criminal offenses can be found in the common law (murder, manslaughter, conspiracy to defraud) as well as in thousands of independent and disparate statutes and more recently from supranational legal regimes such as the EU.</span> Definisi dari berbagai tindak kriminal yang merupakan offenses dapat ditemukan dalam hukum umum (pembunuhan, pembunuhan orang, konspirasi untuk menipu) serta ribuan independen dan statutes beda dan baru-baru ini lebih dari batas negara rezim hukum seperti Uni Eropa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As the law lacks the criminal codes that have been instituted in the United States and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> jurisdictions, there is no unifying thread to how crimes are defined, although there have been calls from the Law Commission for the situation to be remedied.</span> Sebagai hukum pidana yang tidak kode yang telah instituted di Amerika Serikat dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata</a> jurisdiksi, tidak ada thread unifying bagaimana kejahatan yang ditetapkan, walaupun ada panggilan dari Komisi Hukum untuk situasi yang akan remedied.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminal trials are administered hierarchically, from magistrates' courts, through the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Court&usg=ALkJrhiGiTogSBlN-6k-2SzHcDsKMQvuGQ" title="Mahkota Pengadilan">Crown Courts</a> and up to the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjvhvNDdok4wRMQSc-7nm1DDIJIEQ" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> .</span> Persidangan pidana yang administratif secara hirarki, dari Magistrates' pengadilan, melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Court&usg=ALkJrhiGiTogSBlN-6k-2SzHcDsKMQvuGQ" title="Mahkota Pengadilan">Pengadilan Crown</a> dan sampai ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjvhvNDdok4wRMQSc-7nm1DDIJIEQ" title="High Court of Justice">Pengadilan Tinggi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Appeals are then made to the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal&usg=ALkJrhjedwYWvvp8zkc8S4ndSjLv9O8pag" title="Pengadilan Banding" class="mw-redirect">Court of Appeal</a> and then to the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> on matters of law.</span> Appeals kemudian dibuat ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal&usg=ALkJrhjedwYWvvp8zkc8S4ndSjLv9O8pag" title="Pengadilan Banding" class="mw-redirect">Pengadilan Banding</a> dan kemudian ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> pada persoalan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Further appeals may be possible to the European Court of Justice or European Court of Human Rights.</span> Lebih menarik dapat dibuat ke European Court of Justice atau Eropa Pengadilan HAM.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Procedurally, offenses are classified as indictable and summary offenses; summary offenses may be tried before a magistrate without a jury, while indictable offenses are tried in a crown court before a jury.</span> Procedurally, offenses diklasifikasi sebagai dpt dituntut dan ringkasan offenses; ringkasan offenses dapat mencoba sebelum hakim tanpa juri, sementara dpt dituntut offenses yang mencoba mahkota dalam pengadilan sebelum juri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The distinction between the two is broadly between that of minor and serious offenses.</span> Perbedaan antara keduanya adalah luas antara yang ringan dan serius offenses.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At common law crimes are classified as either <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason&usg=ALkJrhiFFgaNCcN5YvJgtTWBGVVviNxlcg" title="Pengkhianatan">treason</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony&usg=ALkJrhipbUAtmRy6YImWYd-ewca-CIIQ2g" title="Felony">felony</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanor&usg=ALkJrhh1f0Qt7lULhZvKB-FU8R6yX1ic2w" title="Pidana enteng">misdemeanor</a> .</span> Pada hukum umum yang diklasifikasikan sebagai kejahatan baik <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason&usg=ALkJrhiFFgaNCcN5YvJgtTWBGVVviNxlcg" title="Pengkhianatan">pengkhianatan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony&usg=ALkJrhipbUAtmRy6YImWYd-ewca-CIIQ2g" title="Felony">kejahatan besar</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanor&usg=ALkJrhh1f0Qt7lULhZvKB-FU8R6yX1ic2w" title="Pidana enteng">perbuatan kurang baik.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The way in which the criminal law is defined and understood in England and Wales is less exact than in the United States as there have been few official articulations on the subject.</span> Jalan di mana hukum pidana didefinisikan dan difahami di Inggris dan Wales kurang tepat daripada di Amerika Serikat karena sudah beberapa articulations resmi pada subjek.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The body of criminal law is considerably more disorganised, thus finding any common thread to the law is very difficult.</span> Badan hukum pidana adalah sangat lebih disorganised, sehingga setiap mencari thread umum dengan hukum sangat sulit.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A consolidated <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Criminal_Code&usg=ALkJrhjBA47mtAlr8QNTBruzYpD6fVGs_w" title="Inggris KUHP">English Criminal Code</a> was drafted by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Commission&usg=ALkJrhgLooEJJofrqGdhfzO6H0UW1-GehA" title="Komisi Hukum">Law Commission</a> in 1989 but, though codification has been debated since 1818, as of 2007, has not been implemented.</span> J konsolidasian <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Criminal_Code&usg=ALkJrhjBA47mtAlr8QNTBruzYpD6fVGs_w" title="Inggris KUHP">Inggris KUHP</a> telah dirancang oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Commission&usg=ALkJrhgLooEJJofrqGdhfzO6H0UW1-GehA" title="Komisi Hukum">Komisi Hukum</a> pada tahun 1989 tetapi, meskipun telah kodifikasi perdebatan sejak 1818, pada 2007, belum dilaksanakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own legal systems and are distinct jurisdictions within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.</span> Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara memiliki sistem hukum yang berbeda dan di dalam jurisdiksi Indonesia Kerajaan Inggris dan Irlandia Utara.</span> </p><p><a name="Selected_criminal_laws" id="Selected_criminal_laws"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhhR0RQszk9Jl-8nzTpn8HaDwvphog" title="Sunting bagian: pilihan hukum pidana">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Selected criminal laws</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhhR0RQszk9Jl-8nzTpn8HaDwvphog" title="Sunting bagian: pilihan hukum pidana"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Beberapa hukum pidana</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many laws are enforced by threat of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishment&usg=ALkJrhikRmcF7N5LD7n-_ZY9YtbRD17bfQ" title="Hukuman pidana" class="mw-redirect">criminal punishment</a> , and their particulars may vary widely from place to place.</span> Banyak undang-undang enforced oleh ancaman <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_punishment&usg=ALkJrhikRmcF7N5LD7n-_ZY9YtbRD17bfQ" title="Hukuman pidana" class="mw-redirect">hukuman pidana,</a> dan fakta-fakta Mei sangat bervariasi dari tempat ke tempat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The entire universe of criminal law is too vast to intelligently catalog.</span> Seluruh alam semesta dari hukum pidana yang terlalu besar ke katalog cerdas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Nevertheless, the following are some of the more known aspects of the criminal law.</span> Namun, berikut adalah beberapa yang lebih dikenal dengan aspek hukum pidana.</span> </p><p><a name="Elements" id="Elements"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhiAc8RXvO-fAEEn7SfFfXspTAO3gg" title="Sunting bagian: Elemen">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgZ6zxCud7VZXcnHTRly-KFBnd7Yg" title="Unsur (pidana)">Elements</a></span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhiAc8RXvO-fAEEn7SfFfXspTAO3gg" title="Sunting bagian: Elemen"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgZ6zxCud7VZXcnHTRly-KFBnd7Yg" title="Unsur (pidana)">Elemen</a></span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgZ6zxCud7VZXcnHTRly-KFBnd7Yg" title="Unsur (pidana)">Element (criminal)</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgZ6zxCud7VZXcnHTRly-KFBnd7Yg" title="Unsur (pidana)">Unsur (pidana)</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The criminal law generally prohibits undesirable <i>acts</i> .</span> Hukum pidana yang umumnya melarang <i>perbuatan</i> jahat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Thus, proof of a crime requires proof of some act.</span> Dengan demikian, bukti kejahatan memerlukan bukti beberapa tindakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Scholars label this the requirement of an <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_reus&usg=ALkJrhi54jpabVDztSBSJVHgiC2PnrIXCw" title="Actus Reus">actus reus</a> or <i>guilty act</i> .</span> Beasiswa ini label syarat yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_reus&usg=ALkJrhi54jpabVDztSBSJVHgiC2PnrIXCw" title="Actus Reus">Actus Reus</a> <i>bersalah</i> atau <i>bertindak.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some crimes – particularly modern regulatory offenses – require no more, and they are known as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A" title="Ketat kewajiban">strict liability</a> offenses.</span> Beberapa kejahatan - terutama modern peraturan offenses - tidak memerlukan lebih banyak, dan mereka dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A" title="Ketat kewajiban">ketat kewajiban</a> offenses.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Nevertheless, because of the potentially severe consequences of criminal conviction, judges at <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> also sought proof of an <i>intent</i> to do some bad thing, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea">mens rea</a> or <i>guilty mind</i> .</span> Walaupun demikian, karena yang berpotensi parah akibat dari hukuman pidana, hakim di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> juga mencari bukti suatu <i>maksud</i> untuk melakukan beberapa hal yang buruk, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea">mens Rea</a> <i>bersalah</i> atau <i>pikiran.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As to crimes of which both <i>actus reus</i> and <i>mens rea</i> are requirements, judges have concluded that the elements must be present at precisely the same moment and it is not enough that they occurred sequentially at different times. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Untuk kejahatan yang baik dan <i>Actus Reus mens Rea</i> adalah persyaratan, hakim menyimpulkan bahwa unsur-unsur harus hadir tepat pada saat yang sama dan tidak cukup bahwa mereka secara berurutan terjadi pada waktu yang berbeda. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[4]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Actus_reus" id="Actus_reus"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhgcPRhuthD472KKZ3r6hL2Fkw9wMQ" title="Sunting bagian: Actus Reus">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Actus reus</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhgcPRhuthD472KKZ3r6hL2Fkw9wMQ" title="Sunting bagian: Actus Reus"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Actus Reus</span></span> </h4><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_reus&usg=ALkJrhi54jpabVDztSBSJVHgiC2PnrIXCw" title="Actus Reus">Actus reus</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_reus&usg=ALkJrhi54jpabVDztSBSJVHgiC2PnrIXCw" title="Actus Reus">Actus Reus</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCJ-Court-1886.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgUZeHB0ggNyOVAi5hwrCDR6EW03A" class="image" title="Inggris pengadilan dalam kamar 1886, dengan Tuhan Chief Justice Coleridge presiding"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/LCJ-Court-1886.jpg/180px-LCJ-Court-1886.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="236" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCJ-Court-1886.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgUZeHB0ggNyOVAi5hwrCDR6EW03A" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An English court room in 1886, with <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_Coleridge&usg=ALkJrhgEL86znApK1sla0Eg1NEr8NJM1sQ" title="Tuhan Chief Justice Coleridge" class="mw-redirect">Lord Chief Justice Coleridge</a> presiding</span> Inggris pengadilan dalam kamar 1886, dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_Coleridge&usg=ALkJrhgEL86znApK1sla0Eg1NEr8NJM1sQ" title="Tuhan Chief Justice Coleridge" class="mw-redirect">Tuhan Chief Justice Coleridge</a> presiding</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Actus reus</i> is <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "guilty act" and is the physical element of committing a crime.</span> <i>Actus Reus</i> is <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "bersalah bertindak" dan merupakan elemen fisik yang melakukan kejahatan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action, or exceptionally, by an <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omission_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgcVK8ELWy6_FF_FrkXABWNXSHksA" title="Kelalaian (pidana)">omission</a> to act.</span> Ini mungkin dicapai oleh suatu tindakan, dengan ancaman tindakan, atau luar biasa, oleh sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omission_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgcVK8ELWy6_FF_FrkXABWNXSHksA" title="Kelalaian (pidana)">kelalaian</a> untuk bertindak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, the act of <i>A</i> striking <i>B</i> might suffice, or a parent's failure to give food to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.</span> Sebagai contoh, tindakan <i>yang</i> mungkin cukup mengesankan <i>B,</i> atau orang tua dari kegagalan untuk memberikan makanan kepada anak-anak juga dapat menyediakan Actus Reus untuk kejahatan.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Where the actus reus is a <i>failure</i> to act, there must be a <i>duty</i> .</span> Dimana Actus Reus adalah <i>kegagalan</i> untuk bertindak, harus ada yang <i>bertugas.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A duty can arise through <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg" title="Kontrak">contract</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a> a voluntary undertaking, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a> a blood relation with whom one lives, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a> and occasionally through one's official position. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> Duty also can arise from one's own creation of a dangerous situation. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a> Occasional sources of duties for bystanders to accidents in Europe and North America are <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_samaritan_law&usg=ALkJrhiEl_H_mDnHAeqEcwUvQY5x3Tndgg" title="Bagus berhubung dgn hukum" class="mw-redirect">good samaritan laws</a> , which can criminalise failure to help someone in distress (eg a drowning child). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> J tugas dapat timbul melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg" title="Kontrak">kontrak,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[5]</span></sup></a> sukarela melakukan, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[6]</span></sup></a> hubungan darah satu dengan yang hidup, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7]</span></sup></a> dan kadang-kadang melalui satu posisi resmi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[8]</span></sup></a> Tugas juga dapat timbul dari sendiri penciptaan situasi berbahaya . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[9]</span></sup></a> sesekali sumber tugas untuk bystanders ke kecelakaan di Eropa dan Amerika Utara yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_samaritan_law&usg=ALkJrhiEl_H_mDnHAeqEcwUvQY5x3Tndgg" title="Bagus berhubung dgn hukum" class="mw-redirect">baik berhubung dgn hukum,</a> yang dapat criminalise kegagalan untuk membantu seseorang dalam kesusahan (mis drowning anak). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[10]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An actus reus may be nullified by an absence of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhzfP7nUCufWSZADEENQFN9_8ngAg" title="Hal menyebabkan (hukum)">causation</a> .</span> Actus Reus yang mungkin nullified oleh ketiadaan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhzfP7nUCufWSZADEENQFN9_8ngAg" title="Hal menyebabkan (hukum)">hal menyebabkan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, a crime involves harm to a person, the person's action must be the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/But_for_test&usg=ALkJrhjZguXdU3IRcMRR-hoNv0vnBDsVXQ" title="Tetapi untuk test" class="mw-redirect"><i>but for</i></a> cause and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_cause&usg=ALkJrhhjyss5lE9Qrx1a4JTqlwT3VHJgvg" title="Kira-kira penyebabnya"><i>proximate cause</i></a> of the harm. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span></sup></a> If more than one cause exists (eg harm comes at the hands of more than one culprit) the act must have "more than a slight or trifling link" to the harm. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sebagai contoh, sebuah kejahatan yang melibatkan menyakiti orang, orang dari tindakan yang harus <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/But_for_test&usg=ALkJrhjZguXdU3IRcMRR-hoNv0vnBDsVXQ" title="Tetapi untuk test" class="mw-redirect"><i>tetapi untuk</i></a> penyebabnya dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_cause&usg=ALkJrhhjyss5lE9Qrx1a4JTqlwT3VHJgvg" title="Kira-kira penyebabnya"><i>kira-kira penyebab</i></a> yang membahayakan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[11]</span></sup></a> Jika lebih dari satu penyebab yang ada (misalnya berbahaya datang di tangan lebih dari satu orang yg melakukan kejahatan) yang harus bertindak "lebih sedikit atau rincih link" yang membahayakan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[12]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Causation is not broken simply because a victim is particularly vulnerable.</span> Hal menyebabkan tidak rusak karena korban yang sangat rentan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is known as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_skull_rule&usg=ALkJrhg0vwGWrPUzbOtF4Yth4VwOO4dN9w" title="Tipis tengkorak aturan" class="mw-redirect">thin skull rule</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span></sup></a> However, it may be broken by an intervening act ( <i>novus actus interveniens</i> ) of a third party, the victim's own conduct, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span></sup></a> or another unpredictable event.</span> Hal ini dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_skull_rule&usg=ALkJrhg0vwGWrPUzbOtF4Yth4VwOO4dN9w" title="Tipis tengkorak aturan" class="mw-redirect">aturan tengkorak tipis.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[13]</span></sup></a> Namun, mungkin rusak oleh campur bertindak <i>(novus Actus interveniens)</i> dari pihak ketiga, korban melakukan sendiri, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[14]</span></sup></a> atau kegiatan lain tidak terduga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A mistake in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine&usg=ALkJrhhAcYWzSPP1vW6HILUtRthkYKwIDA" title="Pengobatan">medical</a> treatment typically will not sever the chain, unless the mistakes are in themselves "so potent in causing death." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span></sup></a> \</span> Sebuah kesalahan dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine&usg=ALkJrhhAcYWzSPP1vW6HILUtRthkYKwIDA" title="Pengobatan">pengobatan</a> yang biasanya tidak akan memutuskan rantai, kecuali kesalahan dalam diri "sehingga berpengaruh dalam menyebabkan kematian." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[15]</span></sup></a> \</span> </p><p><a name="Mens_rea" id="Mens_rea"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhj1hWd6DJdInmaxzP8WdJlX7SqRyw" title="Sunting bagian: Mens Rea">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Mens rea</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhj1hWd6DJdInmaxzP8WdJlX7SqRyw" title="Sunting bagian: Mens Rea"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Mens Rea</span></span> </h4><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea">Mens rea</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea">Mens Rea</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_shoots_with_sir_Guy_by_Louis_Rhead_1912.png&usg=ALkJrhhqw0GYDK4ObuyzufzHeq6pxlbqOg" class="image" title="Inggris fiksi karakter Robin Hood memiliki mens Rea robbing untuk orang kaya, walaupun ia baik memberi kepada orang miskin"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Robin_shoots_with_sir_Guy_by_Louis_Rhead_1912.png/180px-Robin_shoots_with_sir_Guy_by_Louis_Rhead_1912.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="265" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_shoots_with_sir_Guy_by_Louis_Rhead_1912.png&usg=ALkJrhhqw0GYDK4ObuyzufzHeq6pxlbqOg" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The English fictional character <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood&usg=ALkJrhjFbfMT2r8ciHG7c7uoS_fUPoD5rQ" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> had the <i>mens rea</i> for robbing the rich, despite his good <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIntention_%28law%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhMsw-snPLP-IrGVJmp2U02d9-liA" class="new" title="Niat (hukum) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">intentions</a> of giving to the poor</span> Inggris fiksi karakter <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood&usg=ALkJrhjFbfMT2r8ciHG7c7uoS_fUPoD5rQ" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> mempunyai <i>mens Rea</i> robbing untuk orang kaya, walaupun ia <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DIntention_%28law%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhMsw-snPLP-IrGVJmp2U02d9-liA" class="new" title="Niat (hukum) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">baik</a> memberi kepada orang miskin</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Mens rea</i> is another <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase, meaning "guilty mind."</span> <i>Mens Rea</i> lain adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q" title="Latin">Latin</a> frase, yang berarti "pikiran bersalah."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A guilty mind means an <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_in_English_law&usg=ALkJrhgpzltno3KmGhEEr1U6zKJp03VN7Q" title="Niat hukum dalam bahasa Inggris">intention</a> to commit some wrongful act.</span> J bersalah pikiran yang berarti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_in_English_law&usg=ALkJrhgpzltno3KmGhEEr1U6zKJp03VN7Q" title="Niat hukum dalam bahasa Inggris">untuk</a> melakukan beberapa salah bertindak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Intention under criminal law is separate from a person's <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjDjeCYUmtrxi9l-cTvmxd36S2B8g" title="Motif (hukum)">motive</a> .</span> Niat di bawah hukum pidana terpisah dari seseorang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjDjeCYUmtrxi9l-cTvmxd36S2B8g" title="Motif (hukum)">motif.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood&usg=ALkJrhjFbfMT2r8ciHG7c7uoS_fUPoD5rQ" title="Robin Hood">Mr.</a></span> Jika <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood&usg=ALkJrhjFbfMT2r8ciHG7c7uoS_fUPoD5rQ" title="Robin Hood">Bapak</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood&usg=ALkJrhjFbfMT2r8ciHG7c7uoS_fUPoD5rQ" title="Robin Hood">Hood</a> robs from rich <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_Nottingham&usg=ALkJrhhbjAqLZT34uS3wRJ4_xdCRnKLbgg" title="Sheriff Nottingham" class="mw-redirect">Mr.</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood&usg=ALkJrhjFbfMT2r8ciHG7c7uoS_fUPoD5rQ" title="Robin Hood">Hood</a> Robs kaya dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_Nottingham&usg=ALkJrhhbjAqLZT34uS3wRJ4_xdCRnKLbgg" title="Sheriff Nottingham" class="mw-redirect">Bapak</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_Nottingham&usg=ALkJrhhbjAqLZT34uS3wRJ4_xdCRnKLbgg" title="Sheriff Nottingham" class="mw-redirect">Nottingham</a> because his motive is to give the money to poor <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_Marion&usg=ALkJrhilfszIsIMMf_Hma3d-j2vBmNuQ-A" title="Maid Marion" class="mw-redirect">Mrs.</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_Nottingham&usg=ALkJrhhbjAqLZT34uS3wRJ4_xdCRnKLbgg" title="Sheriff Nottingham" class="mw-redirect">Nottingham</a> karena motif itu adalah untuk memberikan uang kepada masyarakat miskin <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_Marion&usg=ALkJrhilfszIsIMMf_Hma3d-j2vBmNuQ-A" title="Maid Marion" class="mw-redirect">Mrs</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_Marion&usg=ALkJrhilfszIsIMMf_Hma3d-j2vBmNuQ-A" title="Maid Marion" class="mw-redirect">Marion</a> , his "good intentions" do not change his <i>criminal intention</i> to commit <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">robbery</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_Marion&usg=ALkJrhilfszIsIMMf_Hma3d-j2vBmNuQ-A" title="Maid Marion" class="mw-redirect">Marion,</a> maka "baik" yang tidak mengubah <i>pidana untuk</i> melakukan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">perampokan.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[16]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A lower threshold of <i>mens rea</i> is satisfied when a defendant recognises an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway.</span> Ambang batas yang lebih rendah dari <i>mens Rea</i> puas bila terdakwa mengakui perbuatan itu berbahaya tetapi ia memutuskan untuk melakukan apapun.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklessness_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhiPc8c3_XCH1Y9-YltPLvj97m0RUQ" title="Keserampangan (pidana)">recklessness</a> .</span> Ini adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklessness_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhiPc8c3_XCH1Y9-YltPLvj97m0RUQ" title="Keserampangan (pidana)">kenekatan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance, if <i>C</i> tears a gas meter from a wall to get the money inside, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbour's house, he could be liable for poisoning. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span></sup></a> Courts often consider whether the actor did recognize the danger, or alternatively <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-ought_problem&usg=ALkJrhhtX2zg2uzeUDlOdcKNVsBE-9HRJw" title="Adalah masalah-patut">ought to</a> have recognised a risk. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span></sup></a> Of course, a requirement only that one <i>ought</i> to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing <i>intent</i> as a requirement.</span> Sebagai contoh, jika gas air mata <i>C</i> meter dari dinding untuk mendapatkan uang di dalam, dan tahu ini akan mudah terbakar gas membiarkan diri menjadi rumah tetangga, dia bisa bertanggung jawab atas keracunan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[17]</span></sup></a> Pengadilan sering mempertimbangkan apakah aktor yang mengenali bahaya, atau kalau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-ought_problem&usg=ALkJrhhtX2zg2uzeUDlOdcKNVsBE-9HRJw" title="Adalah masalah-patut">harus</a> diakui memiliki resiko. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[18]</span></sup></a> Tentu saja, syarat hanya satu yang <i>harus</i> diakui ada bahaya (meskipun dia tidak) adalah sama untuk Menghapus <i>maksud</i> sebagai syarat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In this way, the importance of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea">mens rea</a> has been reduced in some areas of the criminal law.</span> Dengan cara ini, akan pentingnya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea">mens Rea</a> telah berkurang dalam beberapa bidang hukum pidana.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense.</span> Maksud dari Wrongfulness juga dapat bervariasi kesungguhan dari pelanggaran.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death&usg=ALkJrhjWdgjf07E7dC-4exCbLT-Yri8Jjw" title="Kematian">death</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grievous_bodily_harm&usg=ALkJrhhWv-WT0_H0icnor9zxos-xZYlicA" title="Menyedihkan membahayakan tubuh">serious bodily harm</a> will result, would be murder, whereas a killing effected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span></sup></a> On the other hand, it matters not who is actually harmed through a defendant's actions.</span> J membunuh komitmen khusus dengan maksud untuk membunuh atau dengan sadar bahwa <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death&usg=ALkJrhjWdgjf07E7dC-4exCbLT-Yri8Jjw" title="Kematian">kematian</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grievous_bodily_harm&usg=ALkJrhhWv-WT0_H0icnor9zxos-xZYlicA" title="Menyedihkan membahayakan tubuh">serius membahayakan tubuh</a> akan menghasilkan, akan pembunuhan, sedangkan pembunuhan yang dilakukan oleh gegabah bertindak kurang seperti kesadaran dapat pembunuhan orang. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[19]</span></sup></a> Di sisi lain, hal-hal yang sebenarnya tidak dirugikan melalui tindakan-tindakan terdakwa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The doctrine of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferred_intent&usg=ALkJrhgVY-H9dRiVfxN8SD0BLfuBtvhTPQ" title="Ditransfer maksud">transferred malice</a> means, for instance, that if a man intends to strike a person with his belt, but the belt bounces off and hits another, mens rea is transferred from the intended target to the person who actually was struck. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><span>[</span> 20 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Doktrin <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferred_intent&usg=ALkJrhgVY-H9dRiVfxN8SD0BLfuBtvhTPQ" title="Ditransfer maksud">ditransfer kedengkian</a> berarti, misalnya, jika seorang lelaki yang bermaksud untuk menyerang seseorang dengan ikat pinggang, namun sabuk bouncing dan hits lainnya, mens Rea akan ditransfer dari target yang ditujukan kepada orang yang benar-benar telah terkena. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_note-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><span>[20 ]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Strict_liability" id="Strict_liability"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhi3k6UaQdQll3pvHoL8GyLyCLyEsA" title="Sunting bagian: Strict liability">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Strict liability</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhi3k6UaQdQll3pvHoL8GyLyCLyEsA" title="Sunting bagian: Strict liability"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Strict liability</span></span> </h4><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A" title="Ketat kewajiban">Strict liability</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability&usg=ALkJrhiYCPdN5Lnl8vEw72zXyLVn-IdG5A" title="Ketat kewajiban">Strict liability</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Strict liability can be described as a "but for" cause of harm on part of the defendant.</span> Ketat kewajiban dapat dijelaskan sebagai "tetapi untuk" menyebabkan kerugian pada bagian dari terdakwa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"But for" the action or product that caused the harm, nothing bad would have happened.</span> "Tapi untuk" tindakan atau produk yang menyebabkan kerugian, tidak ada yang buruk akan terjadi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Not all crimes require bad intent, and alternatively, the threshold of culpability required may be reduced.</span> Tidak semua kejahatan memerlukan niat buruk, dan kalau tidak, ambang dari kesalahan diperlukan mungkin dikurangi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA" title="Kelalaian">negligently</a> , rather than <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgFLOxHnNGGWq-BFir3-rZOcbqcEA" title="Niat (pidana)">intentionally</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklessness_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhiPc8c3_XCH1Y9-YltPLvj97m0RUQ" title="Keserampangan (pidana)">recklessly</a> .</span> Misalnya, mungkin sudah cukup untuk menunjukkan bahwa terdakwa bertindak <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA" title="Kelalaian">negligently,</a> bukan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgFLOxHnNGGWq-BFir3-rZOcbqcEA" title="Niat (pidana)">sengaja</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklessness_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhiPc8c3_XCH1Y9-YltPLvj97m0RUQ" title="Keserampangan (pidana)">sembarangan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In offenses of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_liability&usg=ALkJrhhx5bORnUv5dhKG3a57GxN4AHdWeQ" title="Tanggung jawab mutlak">absolute liability</a> , other than the prohibited act, it may not be necessary to show anything at all, even if the defendant would not normally be perceived to be at fault.</span> Dalam offenses dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_liability&usg=ALkJrhhx5bORnUv5dhKG3a57GxN4AHdWeQ" title="Tanggung jawab mutlak">tanggung jawab mutlak,</a> selain dilarang bertindak, mungkin tidak perlu untuk menampilkan apa saja, bahkan jika terdakwa tidak biasanya dirasakan untuk bersalah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most strict liability offenses are created by statute, and often they are the result of ambiguous drafting unless legislation explicitly names an offense as one of strict liability.</span> Paling ketat kewajiban offenses dibuat oleh undang-undang, dan seringkali mereka adalah hasil dari dwimakna rancangan undang-undang secara eksplisit, kecuali nama sebuah pelanggaran sebagai salah satu kewajiban ketat.</span> </p><p><a name="Fatal_offenses" id="Fatal_offenses"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhjLStbzb4EfP4PcLxBhaSLV3zmqbA" title="Sunting bagian: Fatal offenses">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Fatal offenses</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhjLStbzb4EfP4PcLxBhaSLV3zmqbA" title="Sunting bagian: Fatal offenses"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Fatal offenses</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">Murder</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhjapX7EtYf8WjOvoQN8NmDJeb0fjg" title="Involuntary pembunuhan orang" class="mw-redirect">Involuntary manslaughter</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhgkFgSwfBJowp0LT_f2OJr6QpiLdw" title="Pembunuhan orang sukarela">Voluntary manslaughter</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">Murder,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhjapX7EtYf8WjOvoQN8NmDJeb0fjg" title="Involuntary pembunuhan orang" class="mw-redirect">Involuntary pembunuhan orang,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhgkFgSwfBJowp0LT_f2OJr6QpiLdw" title="Pembunuhan orang sukarela">pembunuhan orang Sukarela</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <i>murder</i> , defined broadly, is an unlawful killing.</span> J <i>pembunuhan,</i> ditetapkan luas, adalah haram membunuh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unlawful killing is probably the act most frequently targeted by the criminal law.</span> Haram membunuh mungkin adalah tindakan paling sering bertarget oleh hukum pidana.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In many <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictions&usg=ALkJrhhsI9VfPlTWsG_pcT6n0-84ipHFrQ" title="Jurisdiksi" class="mw-redirect">jurisdictions</a> , the crime of murder is divided into various gradations of severity, eg, murder in the <i>first degree</i> , based on <i>intent</i> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malice&usg=ALkJrhhdsXZeKAsfFJ1aS6T9o7mQDIdKLw" title="Kedengkian"><i>Malice</i></a> is a required element of murder.</span> Di berbagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictions&usg=ALkJrhhsI9VfPlTWsG_pcT6n0-84ipHFrQ" title="Jurisdiksi" class="mw-redirect">jurisdiksi,</a> kejahatan atas pembunuhan ini dibagi dalam berbagai gradations dari kekejaman, misalnya pembunuhan di <i>tingkat pertama,</i> berdasarkan <i>niat. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malice&usg=ALkJrhhdsXZeKAsfFJ1aS6T9o7mQDIdKLw" title="Kedengkian">Malice</a></i> diperlukan adalah unsur pembunuhan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Manslaughter is a lesser variety of killing committed in the absence of <i>malice</i> , brought about by reasonable <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provocation_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhgVDEW4FyumtwByQrd7fxv9bpfSTA" title="Provokasi (hukum)">provocation</a> , or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_capacity&usg=ALkJrhhBehdr8YJKeLSNvxq4Tpx4Tlff_Q" title="Kapasitas yg disusuntukan" class="mw-redirect">diminished capacity</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhjapX7EtYf8WjOvoQN8NmDJeb0fjg" title="Involuntary pembunuhan orang" class="mw-redirect"><i>Involuntary</i> manslaughter</a> , where it is recognized, is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent, recklessness.</span> Pembunuhan orang yang lebih rendah dari berbagai pembunuhan yang dilakukan karena ketiadaan <i>kedengkian,</i> dibawa oleh wajar <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provocation_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhgVDEW4FyumtwByQrd7fxv9bpfSTA" title="Provokasi (hukum)">provokasi,</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_capacity&usg=ALkJrhhBehdr8YJKeLSNvxq4Tpx4Tlff_Q" title="Kapasitas yg disusuntukan" class="mw-redirect">kapasitas yg dikurangi.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhjapX7EtYf8WjOvoQN8NmDJeb0fjg" title="Involuntary pembunuhan orang" class="mw-redirect"><i>Involuntary</i> pembunuhan orang,</a> di mana ia dikenal, adalah sebuah pembunuhan yang tidak semua tetapi yang paling dilemahkan bersalah maksud, keserampangan.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settled_insanity&usg=ALkJrhiCAXqQCz8ZwF49FCFKMIOGQF4bVg" title="Menetap gila">Settled insanity</a> is a possible defense.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settled_insanity&usg=ALkJrhiCAXqQCz8ZwF49FCFKMIOGQF4bVg" title="Menetap gila">Menetap gila</a> adalah kemungkinan pertahanan.</span> </p><p><a name="Personal_offenses" id="Personal_offenses"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhhWrXFCDnkM5cPb9HbDympZCRf_KQ" title="Sunting bagian: Personal offenses">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Personal offenses</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhhWrXFCDnkM5cPb9HbDympZCRf_KQ" title="Sunting bagian: Personal offenses"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pribadi offenses</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A" title="Penyerangan">Assault</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhjaHGP9-kvbL83jKngedhstHUFb8A" title="Baterai (kejahatan)">Battery (crime)</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape&usg=ALkJrhi1RJXGt4UxzU1Aj7oRPyUwsf7lOA" title="Pemerkosaan">Rape</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse&usg=ALkJrhiHw0ZxEoykZ48ZgjlfPZyPbfCR0g" title="Seksual">Sexual abuse</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A" title="Penyerangan">Assault,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhjaHGP9-kvbL83jKngedhstHUFb8A" title="Baterai (kejahatan)">baterai (kejahatan),</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape&usg=ALkJrhi1RJXGt4UxzU1Aj7oRPyUwsf7lOA" title="Pemerkosaan">Rape,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse&usg=ALkJrhiHw0ZxEoykZ48ZgjlfPZyPbfCR0g" title="Seksual">pelecehan seksual</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many criminal codes protect the physical integrity of the body.</span> Banyak kode pidana melindungi integritas fisik dari tubuh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The crime of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhjaHGP9-kvbL83jKngedhstHUFb8A" title="Baterai (kejahatan)">battery</a> is traditionally understood as an unlawful touching, although this does not include everyday knocks and jolts to which people silently consent as the result of presence in a crowd.</span> Kejahatan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhjaHGP9-kvbL83jKngedhstHUFb8A" title="Baterai (kejahatan)">baterai</a> secara tradisional dipahami sebagai haram menyentuh, meskipun ini tidak termasuk knocks sehari-hari dan jolts untuk orang-orang yang diam-diam izin sebagai akibat dari kehadiran dalam keramaian.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Creating a fear of imminent battery is an <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A" title="Penyerangan">assault</a> , and also may give rise to criminal liability.</span> Membuat takut dekat baterai merupakan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A" title="Penyerangan">penyerangan,</a> dan juga dapat menimbulkan tanggung jawab pidana.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Non-consensual <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse&usg=ALkJrhgAF0OI8lNGcZ1ZRjUomrBvlySWLQ" title="Jimak">intercourse</a> , or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape&usg=ALkJrhi1RJXGt4UxzU1Aj7oRPyUwsf7lOA" title="Pemerkosaan">rape</a> , is a particularly egregious form of battery</span> Non-consensual <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse&usg=ALkJrhgAF0OI8lNGcZ1ZRjUomrBvlySWLQ" title="Jimak">intercourse,</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape&usg=ALkJrhi1RJXGt4UxzU1Aj7oRPyUwsf7lOA" title="Pemerkosaan">perkosaan,</a> yang mengerikan terutama bentuk baterai</span> </p><p><a name="Property_offenses" id="Property_offenses"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhhgMS-SljjH9C9VCUVpReaUddDAhw" title="Sunting bagian: Properti offenses">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Property offenses</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhhgMS-SljjH9C9VCUVpReaUddDAhw" title="Sunting bagian: Properti offenses"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Properti offenses</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_damage&usg=ALkJrhgQBKuxSlvBjreX3FKP0ddC5za6zw" title="Pidana kerusakan" class="mw-redirect">Criminal damage</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft&usg=ALkJrhjVJFDKgnYbLiCY9fFJWAuRhYYwmw" title="Pencurian">Theft</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">Robbery</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglary&usg=ALkJrhhZ_28THGCQAJsgQYQqfcgK8tDboQ" title="Pencurian">Burglary</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ" title="Penipuan">Fraud</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_damage&usg=ALkJrhgQBKuxSlvBjreX3FKP0ddC5za6zw" title="Pidana kerusakan" class="mw-redirect">Kriminal kerusakan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft&usg=ALkJrhjVJFDKgnYbLiCY9fFJWAuRhYYwmw" title="Pencurian">pencurian,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">perampokan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglary&usg=ALkJrhhZ_28THGCQAJsgQYQqfcgK8tDboQ" title="Pencurian">pencurian,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ" title="Penipuan">Penipuan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Property often is protected by the criminal law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ" title="Pelanggaran">Trespassing</a> is unlawful entry onto the real property of another.</span> Properti sering dilindungi oleh hukum pidana. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ" title="Pelanggaran">Trespassing</a> adalah haram masuk ke tanah milik orang lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many criminal codes provide penalties for <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_conversion&usg=ALkJrhihhfs7kjDbHa5Rb8u-Jt05G1_AzA" title="Pidana konversi">conversion</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement&usg=ALkJrhikbQWcqou8kE7xZ6t-flWPiIBAxw" title="Penggelapan">embezzlement</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft&usg=ALkJrhjVJFDKgnYbLiCY9fFJWAuRhYYwmw" title="Pencurian">theft</a> , all of which involve deprivations of the value of the property. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">Robbery</a> is a theft by force. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ" title="Penipuan">Fraud</a> in the UK is a breach of the Fraud Act 2006 by false representation, by failure to disclose information or by abuse of position.</span> Banyak pidana denda untuk memberikan kode <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_conversion&usg=ALkJrhihhfs7kjDbHa5Rb8u-Jt05G1_AzA" title="Pidana konversi">konversi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement&usg=ALkJrhikbQWcqou8kE7xZ6t-flWPiIBAxw" title="Penggelapan">penggelapan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft&usg=ALkJrhjVJFDKgnYbLiCY9fFJWAuRhYYwmw" title="Pencurian">pencurian,</a> yang melibatkan semua deprivations dari nilai properti. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery&usg=ALkJrhicy23X369Jw84UMxtLl0UYT8nsbg" title="Perampokan">Perampokan</a> adalah pencurian dengan kekerasan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ" title="Penipuan">Penipuan</a> di Inggris merupakan pelanggaran Undang-undang 2006 yang Penipuan oleh perwakilan palsu, oleh kegagalan mengungkapkan informasi atau penyalahgunaan posisi.</span> </p><p><a name="Participatory_offenses" id="Participatory_offenses"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhjLTxumSlHKBST6504jiJJ7mghU_w" title="Sunting bagian: Partisipatoris offenses">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Participatory offenses</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhjLTxumSlHKBST6504jiJJ7mghU_w" title="Sunting bagian: Partisipatoris offenses"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Partisipatoris offenses</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accomplice&usg=ALkJrhiCmwK-i13gges-v_IOJNBVdOdiOQ" title="Kejahatan">Accomplice</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_and_abet&usg=ALkJrhhgKLzsakOypLybb7JSDcSaw_yk8w" title="Membantu dan menghasut" class="mw-redirect">Aid and abet</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchoate_offenses&usg=ALkJrhhIkYomZtLLIkL3YqV4EPcID9CEgQ" title="Belum lengkap offenses" class="mw-redirect">Inchoate offenses</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accomplice&usg=ALkJrhiCmwK-i13gges-v_IOJNBVdOdiOQ" title="Kejahatan">kaki,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_and_abet&usg=ALkJrhhgKLzsakOypLybb7JSDcSaw_yk8w" title="Membantu dan menghasut" class="mw-redirect">Bantuan dan menghasut,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchoate_offenses&usg=ALkJrhhIkYomZtLLIkL3YqV4EPcID9CEgQ" title="Belum lengkap offenses" class="mw-redirect">belum lengkap offenses</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some criminal codes criminalize association with a criminal venture or involvement in criminality that does not actually come to fruition.</span> Beberapa kode criminalize pidana dengan pidana asosiasi usaha atau terlibat dalam kejahatan yang sebenarnya tidak datang ke hasil.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some examples are aiding, abetting, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhhPBdHV_XtzQ68m8bp2KLktpI2Amg" title="Konspirasi (kejahatan)">conspiracy</a> , and attempt.</span> Beberapa contoh adalah membantu, abetting, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_%28crime%29&usg=ALkJrhhPBdHV_XtzQ68m8bp2KLktpI2Amg" title="Konspirasi (kejahatan)">konspirasi,</a> dan berusaha.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, in Scotland, the English concept of <b>Aiding and Abetting</b> is know as <b>Art and Part Liability</b> .</span> Namun, di Skotlandia, Inggris <b>dan</b> konsep <b>membantu Abetting</b> tahu adalah sebagai <b>Seni dan Bagian Kewajiban.</b></span> </p><p><a name="Defenses" id="Defenses"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhhforSJl7qLTzScjAxr_Csaw5usqQ" title="Sunting bagian: Defenses">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Defenses</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhhforSJl7qLTzScjAxr_Csaw5usqQ" title="Sunting bagian: Defenses"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Defenses</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_defenses&usg=ALkJrhhBJaagWG8_yioRGgA5Tbn4VdEd6g" title="Pidana defenses">Criminal defenses</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_defenses&usg=ALkJrhhBJaagWG8_yioRGgA5Tbn4VdEd6g" title="Pidana defenses">Kriminal defenses</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p><a name="Notes" id="Notes"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhgAdvEKX_eb-DNSXi4tABp5by1wLg" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhgAdvEKX_eb-DNSXi4tABp5by1wLg" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Catatan</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Kramer, Samuel Noah.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Kramer, Samuel Nuh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(1971) <i>The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character,</i> p.4, University of Chicago <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226452387&usg=ALkJrhjzdr_0923ZmQvVBwW_gGEa4owmgA" class="internal">ISBN 0-226-45238-7</a></span> (1971) <i>The Sumerians mereka Sejarah, Budaya, dan karakter,</i> P.4, Universitas Chicago <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226452387&usg=ALkJrhjzdr_0923ZmQvVBwW_gGEa4owmgA" class="internal">ISBN 0-226-45238-7</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> see, Pennington, Kenneth (1993) <i>The Prince and the Law, 1200–1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition,</i> University of California Press</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> Lihat, Pennington, Kenneth (1993) <i>dan The Prince Hukum, 1200-1600: Kekuasaan dan Hak dalam Tradisi Hukum Barat,</i> University of California Press</span> </li><li id="cite_note-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> Harald Maihold, <i>Strafe für fremde Schuld?</i></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> Harald Maihold, <i>menembaki für fremde Schuld?</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Die Systematisierung des Strafbegriffs in der Spanischen Spätscholastik und Naturrechtslehre</i> , Köln ua 2005</span> <i>Mati Systematisierung des Strafbegriffs di Spanischen Spätscholastik und der Naturrechtslehre,</i> Köln ua 2005</span> </li><li id="cite_note-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-3" title=""><b>^</b></a> This is demonstrated by <i>R v. Church</i> [1966] 1 QB 59.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-3" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh <i>R ayat Gereja</i> [1966] 1 QB 59.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mr. Church had a fight with a woman which rendered her unconscious.</span> Bapak Gereja yang telah berjuang dengan seorang wanita yang diberikan dia sadar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He attempted to revive her, but gave up, believing her to be dead.</span> Ia mencoba untuk menghidupkan kembali itu, tetapi memberi atas, percaya dia akan mati.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He threw her, still alive, in a nearby river, where she <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drown&usg=ALkJrhipOZt14Ivqu9Hy4nmxW1nXL96cjQ" title="Menenggelamkan" class="mw-redirect">drowned</a> .</span> Dia melemparkan dia, masih hidup, di dekat sungai, di mana ia <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drown&usg=ALkJrhipOZt14Ivqu9Hy4nmxW1nXL96cjQ" title="Menenggelamkan" class="mw-redirect">tenggelam.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The court held that Mr. Church was not guilty of murder (because he did not ever desire to kill her), but was guilty of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhicv8fwXVKNWHLtXhxCJf-3xHgAqQ" title="Pembunuhan orang">manslaughter</a> .</span> Pengadilan menyatakan bahwa Bapak Gereja tidak bersalah atas pembunuhan (karena dia tidak pernah ingin membunuh dia), tetapi telah bersalah dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhicv8fwXVKNWHLtXhxCJf-3xHgAqQ" title="Pembunuhan orang">pembunuhan orang.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The "chain of events," his act of throwing her into the water and his desire to hit her, coincided.</span> The "rantai peristiwa," his tindakan membuang dia ke dalam air dan keinginan untuk memukul dia, bertepatan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In this manner, it does not matter when a guilty mind and act coincide, as long as at some point they do.</span> Dengan cara ini, tidak masalah bila bersalah pikiran dan tindakan serupa, sepanjang di beberapa titik yang mereka kerjakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">See also, <i>Fagan v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner</i> [1968] 3 All ER 442, where angry Mr Fagan wouldn't take his car off a policeman's foot</span> Lihat juga, <i>Fagan ayat Komisaris Polisi Metropolitan</i> [1968] 3 Semua ER 442, dimana marah Mr Fagan wouldn't take off his mobil polisi yang bijaksana</span> </li><li id="cite_note-4"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 - a railway worker who omitted to shut the crossing gates, convicted of manslaughter when someone was run over by a train</i></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R Pittwood ayat (1902) 19 TLR 37 - seorang pekerja rel kereta api yang dihilangkan untuk menutup pintu persimpangan, divonis dari pembunuhan orang ketika seseorang telah berjalan alih oleh kereta</i></span> </li><li id="cite_note-5"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-5" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg the partner in <i>Gibbons</i> who was not a blood parent, but had assumed a duty of care</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-5" title=""><b>^</b></a> Misalnya mitra dalam <i>Gibbons</i> yang bukan darah orang tua, tetapi harus dianggap kewajiban perawatan</span> </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Stone and Dobinson</i> [1977] QB 354, where an ill tended sister named Fanny couldn't leave bed, was not cared for at all and literally rotted in her own filth.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Batuan dan Dobinson</i> [1977] QB 354, di mana yang sakit cenderung sister bernama Fanny tidak bisa meninggalkan tempat tidur, tidak sama sekali untuk merawat dan literally rotted sendiri dalam kotoran.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_negligence&usg=ALkJrhgFUIOk9t9qtO_zpwVCI06JzeSRyw" title="Gross kelalaian">gross negligence</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhicv8fwXVKNWHLtXhxCJf-3xHgAqQ" title="Pembunuhan orang">manslaughter</a> .</span> Ini adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_negligence&usg=ALkJrhgFUIOk9t9qtO_zpwVCI06JzeSRyw" title="Gross kelalaian">kotor kelalaian</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter&usg=ALkJrhicv8fwXVKNWHLtXhxCJf-3xHgAqQ" title="Pembunuhan orang">pembunuhan orang.</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-7"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Dytham</i> [1979] QB 722, where a policeman on duty stood and watched three men kick another to death.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R ayat Dytham</i> [1979] QB 722, dimana polisi yang bertugas berdiri dan menendang dipantau tiga orang lain sampai mati.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-8"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Miller</i> [1983] 1 All ER 978, a squatter flicked away a still lit <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette&usg=ALkJrhjfvH4XNrsL3Rx40nvjqVvUaHSBfQ" title="Rokok">cigarette</a> , which landed on a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattress&usg=ALkJrhgHrkd4TPwSmcgv_w-WArL-hn6qwQ" title="Kasur">mattress</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Miller</i> [1983] 1 Semua ER 978, yang liar yang masih jauh flicked lit <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette&usg=ALkJrhjfvH4XNrsL3Rx40nvjqVvUaHSBfQ" title="Rokok">rokok,</a> yang mendarat di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattress&usg=ALkJrhgHrkd4TPwSmcgv_w-WArL-hn6qwQ" title="Kasur">kasur.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He failed to take action, and after the building had burned down, he was convicted of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson&usg=ALkJrhjVM36WenO94is0qMl2uZA07Ts1uw" title="Arson">arson</a> .</span> Dia gagal untuk mengambil tindakan, dan setelah bangunan itu dibakar bawah, dia telah divonis dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson&usg=ALkJrhjVM36WenO94is0qMl2uZA07Ts1uw" title="Arson">Arson.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He failed to correct the dangerous situation he created, as he was duty bound to do.</span> Dia gagal untuk memperbaiki situasi berbahaya buat dia, karena dia merasa wajib untuk melakukannya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">See also, <i>R v. Santana-Bermudez</i> (2003) where a thug with a needle failed to tell a policewoman searching his pockets that he had one.</span> Lihat juga, <i>R ayat-Bermudez Santana</i> (2003), di mana membunuh dengan jarum gagal kirim ke polisi yang mencari-Nya bahwa ia telah kantong satu.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-9"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-9" title=""><b>^</b></a> On the other hand, it was held in the UK that switching off the life support of someone in a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state&usg=ALkJrhi3X8FGNhKbcWjXheZ7lD9Y538Pdg" title="Persistent vegetatif negara">persistent vegetative state</a> is an omission to act and not criminal.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-9" title=""><b>^</b></a> Di sisi lain, telah digelar di Inggris yang menonaktifkan dukungan dari kehidupan seseorang dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state&usg=ALkJrhi3X8FGNhKbcWjXheZ7lD9Y538Pdg" title="Persistent vegetatif negara">persistent vegetatif negara</a> merupakan kelalaian dan bukan untuk bertindak kriminal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since discontinuation of power is not a voluntary act, not grossly negligent, and is in the patient's best interests, no crime takes place. <i>Airedale NHS Trust v. Bland</i> [1993] 1 All ER 821</span> Sejak pemberhentian kekuasaan bukan merupakan tindakan sukarela, tidak terlalu lalai, dan dalam kepentingan terbaik pasien, tidak ada kejahatan terjadi. <i>Airedale NHS Trust ayat Bland</i> [1993] 1 Semua ER 821</span> </li><li id="cite_note-10"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-10" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg <i>R v. Pagett</i> [1983] Crim LR 393, where 'but for' the defendant using his pregnant girlfriend for a human shield from police fire, she would not have died.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-10" title=""><b>^</b></a> Misalnya <i>R ayat Pagett</i> [1983] Crim LR 393, di mana ', tetapi untuk' terdakwa menggunakan his girlfriend pregnant perisai manusia untuk polisi dari api, ia tidak akan mati.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Pagget's conduct foreseeably procured the heavy police response.</span> Pagget dari melakukan foreseeably membeli polisi respon yang berat.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-11"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-11" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Kimsey</i> [1996] Crim LR 35, where 2 girls were racing their cars dangerously and crashed.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-11" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R ayat Kimsey</i> [1996] Crim LR 35, di mana 2 anak perempuan mereka adalah balap mobil dan dangerously crashed.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One died, but the other was found slightly at fault for her death and convicted.</span> Satu meninggal, tetapi yang lain telah ditemukan sedikit kesalahan di baginya dan divonis mati.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-12"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-12" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v._Blaue&usg=ALkJrhgik7Vb0_KWeaEokOcLyq3Dl-HTWg" title="R v. Blaue"><i>R v. Blaue</i></a> [1975] where a Jehovah's witness (who refuse blood transfusions on religious grounds) was stabbed and without accepting life saving treatment died.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-12" title=""><b>^</b></a> Misalnya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v._Blaue&usg=ALkJrhgik7Vb0_KWeaEokOcLyq3Dl-HTWg" title="R v. Blaue"><i>R ayat Blaue</i></a> [1975], di mana dari saksi Yehovah (yang menolak transfusions darah pada dasar agama) telah ditikam dan hidup tanpa menerima perawatan menyimpan meninggal.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-13"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-13" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg <i>R v. Williams</i> [1992] where a hitchhiker who jumped from a car and died, apparently because the driver tried to steal his wallet, was a "daft" intervening act.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-13" title=""><b>^</b></a> Misalnya <i>Williams R v.</i> [1992], di mana yang hitchhiker melompat dari mobil dan mati, ternyata karena driver mencoba untuk mencuri dompet itu, adalah seorang "gila" campur bertindak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">cf <i>R v. Roberts</i> [1971] Crim LR 27, where a girl jumped from a speeding car to avoid sexual advances and was injured and <i>R v. Majoram</i> [2000] Crim LR 372 where thugs kicked in the victims door scared him to jumping from the window.</span> rujuk <i>ayat Roberts R</i> [1971] Crim LR 27, di mana seorang gadis melompat dari kecepatan mobil untuk menghindari seksual dan kemajuan yang terluka dan <i>R ayat Majoram</i> [2000] Crim LR 372 dimana Thugs kicked di pintu korban takut kepada jumping dari jendela.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These actions were foreseeable, creating liability for injuries.</span> Tindakan itu dpt diduga, menciptakan kewajiban untuk cedera.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-14"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-14" title=""><b>^</b></a> per Beldam LJ, <i>R v. Cheshire</i> [1991] 3 All ER 670; see also, <i>R v. Jordan</i> [1956] 40 Cr App R 152, where a stab victim recovering well in hospital was given an antibiotic.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-14" title=""><b>^</b></a> Per perempuan sihir tua buruk LJ, <i>R v. Cheshire</i> [1991] 3 Semua ER 670; lihat juga, <i>Jordan R v.</i> [1956] 40 Cr App R 152, di mana korban bacokan memulihkan baik di rumah sakit itu diberi antibiotik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The victim was allergic, but he was given it the next day too, and died.</span> Korban adalah alergi, tetapi ia telah diberikan pada hari berikutnya juga, dan mati.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The hospital's actions intervened and absolved the defendant.</span> Rumah sakit dan tindakan-tindakan campur absolved terdakwa.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-15"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-15" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Mohan</i> [1975] 2 All ER 193, intention defined as "a decision to bring about... [the <i>actus reus</i> ] no matter whether the accused desired that consequence of his act or not."</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-15" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Mohan R v.</i> [1975] 2 Semua ER 193, niat didefinisikan sebagai "sebuah keputusan untuk menghasilkan ... [yang <i>Actus Reus]</i> tidak peduli apakah terdakwa yang dikehendaki konsekuensi dari perbuatan itu atau tidak."</span> </li><li id="cite_note-16"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-16" title=""><b>^</b></a> cf <i>R v. Cunningham</i> [1957] 2 All ER 863, where the defendant did not realise, and was not liable; also <i>R v. G and Another</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldjudgmt/jd031016/g-1.htm&usg=ALkJrhiXmKkI6fkatecEwSxBzaXT2WWvoA" class="external text" title="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldjudgmt/jd031016/g-1.htm" rel="nofollow">[2003</a> UKHL 50]</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-16" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R</i> rujuk <i>ayat Cunningham</i> [1957] 2 Semua ER 863, di mana terdakwa tidak menyadari, dan tidak bertanggung jawab, juga <i>R ayat G dan lain</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldjudgmt/jd031016/g-1.htm&usg=ALkJrhiXmKkI6fkatecEwSxBzaXT2WWvoA" class="external text" title="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldjudgmt/jd031016/g-1.htm" rel="nofollow">[2003</a> UKHL 50]</span> </li><li id="cite_note-17"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-17" title=""><b>^</b></a> previously in the UK under <i>Metropolitan Police Commissioner v. Caldwell</i> [1981] 1 All ER 961</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-17" title=""><b>^</b></a> Sebelumnya di Inggris di bawah <i>Komisaris Polisi Metropolitan v. Caldwell</i> [1981] 1 Semua ER 961</span> </li><li id="cite_note-18"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-18" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Woolin</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldjudgmt/jd980722/wool.htm&usg=ALkJrhhjPYMGGGV9SSyzuGsxpkbsZCzVAQ" class="external text" title="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldjudgmt/jd980722/wool.htm" rel="nofollow">[1998</a> 4 All ER 103]</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-18" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R ayat Woolin</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldjudgmt/jd980722/wool.htm&usg=ALkJrhhjPYMGGGV9SSyzuGsxpkbsZCzVAQ" class="external text" title="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldjudgmt/jd980722/wool.htm" rel="nofollow">[1998</a> 4 Semua ER 103]</span> </li><li id="cite_note-19"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-19" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R v. Latimer</i> (1886) 17 QBD 359; though for an entirely different offense, eg breaking a window, one cannot transfer malice, see <i>R v. Pembliton</i> (1874) LR 2 CCR 119</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ#cite_ref-19" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>R ayat Latimer</i> (1886) 17 QBD 359; walaupun untuk offense sama sekali berbeda, misalnya melanggar jendela, satu tidak dapat mentransfer kedengkian, lihat <i>ayat Pembliton R</i> (1874) LR 2 CCR 119</span> </li></ol></div><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhhsfSGf6HGESZlCDlcT7h9FbOHoaw" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCriminal_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhhsfSGf6HGESZlCDlcT7h9FbOHoaw" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small"><div><table style="background-color: transparent; table-layout: fixed;" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr valign="top"><td><div style="margin-right: 20px;"><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFFarmer.2C_Lindsay2009">Farmer, Lindsay (2000).</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFFarmer.2C_Lindsay2009">Petani, Lindsay (2000).</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFFarmer.2C_Lindsay2009">" <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html&usg=ALkJrhj6EgzZSSIxU96HsFmyqTLJqeJHMA" class="external text" title="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html" rel="nofollow">Reconstructing the English Codification Debate: The Criminal Law Commissioners, 1833-45</a> ". <i>Law and History Review</i> <b>18(2)</b> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html&usg=ALkJrhj6EgzZSSIxU96HsFmyqTLJqeJHMA" class="external free" title="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html</a></span> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFFarmer.2C_Lindsay2009"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html&usg=ALkJrhj6EgzZSSIxU96HsFmyqTLJqeJHMA" class="external text" title="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html" rel="nofollow">"Kembali Inggris kodifikasi Debate: The Hukum Pidana Komisaris, 1833-45".</a> <i>Hukum dan Sejarah Review</i> <b>18</b> <span class="printonly"><b>(2).</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html&usg=ALkJrhj6EgzZSSIxU96HsFmyqTLJqeJHMA" class="external free" title="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html" rel="nofollow">Http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/farmer.html.</a></span></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Ajournal & rft.genre = artikel & rft.atitle = kembali + di + Inggris + + kodifikasi Debate% 3A + The + + Hukum Pidana Komisaris +% 2C +1833- 45 Hukum & rft.jtitle = + dan + Sejarah + Review & rft.aulast = Petani% 2C + Lindsay & rft.au = Petani% 2C + Lindsay & rft.date = 2000 & rft.volume = 18% 282% 29 & rft_id = http% 3A% 2F% 2Fwww.historycooperative. org% 2Fjournals% 2Flhr% 2F18.2% 2Ffarmer.html & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFFletcher.2C_George_P.1998">Fletcher, George P. (1998). <i>Basic Concepts of Criminal Law</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFFletcher.2C_George_P.1998">Fletcher, George P. (1998). <i>Konsep Dasar dari Hukum Pidana.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFFletcher.2C_George_P.1998">Oxford University Press.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFFletcher.2C_George_P.1998">Oxford University Press.</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = Konsep Dasar + + of + + Hukum & Kriminal rft.aulast = Fletcher% 2C + + George P. & rft.au = Fletcher% 2C + + George P. & rft.date = 1998 & rft.pub = Universitas Oxford + Tekan & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFFletcher.2C_George_P.2000">Fletcher, George P. (2000). <i>Rethinking Criminal Law</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFFletcher.2C_George_P.2000">Fletcher, George P. (2000). <i>Rethinking Hukum Pidana.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFFletcher.2C_George_P.2000">Oxford University Press.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFFletcher.2C_George_P.2000">Oxford University Press.</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = Rethinking + + Hukum & Kriminal rft.aulast = Fletcher% 2C + + George P. Fletcher & rft.au =% 2C + george + P. & rft.date = 2000 & rft.pub = + Universitas Oxford Tekan & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGorr.2C_Michael.2C_Sterling_Harwood.2C_eds.1992">Gorr, Michael, Sterling Harwood, eds.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGorr.2C_Michael.2C_Sterling_Harwood.2C_eds.1992">Gorr, Michael, Sterling Harwood, eds.</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGorr.2C_Michael.2C_Sterling_Harwood.2C_eds.1992">(1992). <i>Controversies in Criminal Law</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGorr.2C_Michael.2C_Sterling_Harwood.2C_eds.1992">(1992). <i>Kontroversi dalam Hukum Pidana.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGorr.2C_Michael.2C_Sterling_Harwood.2C_eds.1992">Westview Press.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGorr.2C_Michael.2C_Sterling_Harwood.2C_eds.1992">Westview Press.</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = kontroversi di + + + Hukum & Kriminal rft.aulast = Gorr Michael% 2C +% 2C + + Sterling Harwood% 2C + eds. Gorr & rft.au = Michael% 2C +% 2C + + Sterling Harwood% 2C + eds. rft.date & = 1992 & rft.pub = + Westview Press & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGross.2C_Hyman2005.2C_reissue">Gross, Hyman (2005, reissue). <i>A Theory of Criminal Justice</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGross.2C_Hyman2005.2C_reissue">Gross, Hyman (2005, ulang). <i>A Theory of Criminal Justice.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGross.2C_Hyman2005.2C_reissue">Oxford University Press.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFGross.2C_Hyman2005.2C_reissue">Oxford University Press.</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = A + Theory + of + + Criminal Justice & rft.aulast = Gross% 2C + Hyman & rft.au = Gross% 2C + Hyman & rft.date = 2005% 2C + ulang & rft.pub = + Universitas Oxford Tekan & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHall.2C_Jerome1960">Hall, Jerome (1960). <i>General Principles of Criminal Law</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHall.2C_Jerome1960">Hall, Jerome (1960). <i>General Principles dari Hukum Pidana.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHall.2C_Jerome1960">Lexis Law Pub. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0672800357&usg=ALkJrhir9ZWT94Xa0RTPWi9kZdY9FNNtWA" class="internal">ISBN 0-672-80035-7</a> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHall.2C_Jerome1960">Lexis Hukum Pub. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0672800357&usg=ALkJrhir9ZWT94Xa0RTPWi9kZdY9FNNtWA" class="internal">ISBN 0-672-80035-7.</a></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = Umum + Prinsip + of + + Hukum & Kriminal rft.aulast = Hall% 2C + Jerome & rft.au = Hall% 2C + Jerome & rft.date = 1960 & rft.pub = Hukum Lexis + + Pub & rft.isbn = 0-672-80035-7 & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHart.2C_H.L.A.1968">Hart, HLA (1968). <i>Punishment and Responsibility</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHart.2C_H.L.A.1968">Hart, HLA (1968). <i>Hukuman dan Tanggungjawab.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHart.2C_H.L.A.1968">Oxford University Press.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHart.2C_H.L.A.1968">Oxford University Press.</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = Hukuman + + dan Tanggungjawab & rft.aulast = Hart% 2C + HLA Hart & rft.au =% 2C + HLA & rft. tanggal = 1968 & rft.pub = + Universitas Oxford Tekan & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li></ul></div></td><td><div style="margin-right: 20px;"><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHarwood.2C_Sterling2000.2C_formerly_1996">Harwood, Sterling (2000, formerly 1996).</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHarwood.2C_Sterling2000.2C_formerly_1996">Harwood, Sterling (2000, sebelumnya 1996).</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHarwood.2C_Sterling2000.2C_formerly_1996">"Is Mercy Inherently Unjust?". <i>Crime and Punishment: Philosophic Explorations</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHarwood.2C_Sterling2000.2C_formerly_1996">"Apakah Inherently Mercy Unjust?". <i>Kejahatan dan Hukuman: eksplorasi filosofis.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHarwood.2C_Sterling2000.2C_formerly_1996">Wadsworth Publishing Co., formerly Jones & Bartlett Publishers.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFHarwood.2C_Sterling2000.2C_formerly_1996">Wadsworth Publishing Co, formerly Jones & Bartlett Publishers.</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = bookitem & rft.btitle = Apakah + Inherently Mercy + + Unjust% 3F & rft.atitle = + Kejahatan dan Hukuman% 3A + + + eksplorasi filosofis & rft. Harwood aulast =% 2C + rft.au = & Sterling Harwood% 2C + Sterling & rft.date = 2000% 2C + dahulu & rft.pub = 1996 + Wadsworth Publishing Co + sebelumnya% 2C + + Jones +% 26 + + Bartlett Penerbit & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFMurphy.2C_Jeffrie.2C_et_al.1990">Murphy, Jeffrie, et al.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFMurphy.2C_Jeffrie.2C_et_al.1990">Murphy, Jeffrie, dkk.</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFMurphy.2C_Jeffrie.2C_et_al.1990">(1990). <i>Forgiveness and Mercy</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFMurphy.2C_Jeffrie.2C_et_al.1990">(1990). <i>Ampunan dan rahmat.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFMurphy.2C_Jeffrie.2C_et_al.1990">Cambridge University Press.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFMurphy.2C_Jeffrie.2C_et_al.1990">Cambridge University Press.</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = ampunan + + dan Mercy & rft.aulast = Murphy% 2C + Jeffrie% 2C + + et al. rft.au = & Murphy Jeffrie% 2C +% 2C + + et al. rft.date & = 1990 & rft.pub = + Cambridge Universitas Tekan & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFSmith.2C_K._J._M.1998">Smith, KJM (1998). <i>Lawyers, Legislators and Theorists: Developments in English Criminal Jurisprudence, 1800-1957</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFSmith.2C_K._J._M.1998">Smith, Kjm (1998). <i>Lawyers, legislator dan Theorists: perkembangan Kriminal Fikih dalam bahasa Inggris, 1800-1957.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFSmith.2C_K._J._M.1998">Clarendon Press.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFSmith.2C_K._J._M.1998">Clarendon Press.</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = Lawyers% 2C + + + dan legislator Theorists% 3A + pembangunan + di + Inggris + + Fikih Kriminal% 2C + 1800-1957 & rft.aulast = Smith% 2C + J. K. + + M. & rft.au = Smith% 2C + J. K. + + M. & rft.date = 1998 & rft.pub = + Clarendon Press & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFvan_den_Haag.2C_Ernest1978">van den Haag, Ernest (1978). <i>Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFvan_den_Haag.2C_Ernest1978">van den Haag, Ernest (1978). <i>keras penjahat: Mengenai yang Sangat Lama dan Painful Question.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFvan_den_Haag.2C_Ernest1978">Basic Books.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFvan_den_Haag.2C_Ernest1978">Buku dasar.</cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = buku & rft.btitle = keras penjahat +% 3A + Mengenai + a + + Sangat Lama + dan + + Painful Question & rft.aulast = van + den Haag, Ernest% 2C + & rft.au = + van den Haag% 2C + + Ernest & rft.date = 1978 & rft.pub = Dasar + Buku & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Criminal_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFOrmerod.2C_David2005">Ormerod, David (2005). <i>Smith and Hogan: Criminal Law</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFOrmerod.2C_David2005">Ormerod, David (2005). <i>Smith dan Hogan: Hukum Pidana.</i></cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFOrmerod.2C_David2005">Oxford University Press.</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFOrmerod.2C_David2005">Oxford University Press.</cite></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-1437335273714918022009-01-20T23:40:00.000-08:002009-01-20T23:42:25.038-08:00Hukum administrasi negara<div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><br /></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:250px-HQFTC.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhwuaSRBvQsTwYF3PqPLvWqhyFs6w" class="image" title="Administrasi hukum di Amerika Serikat sering berkaitan dengan, atau timbul dari apa yang disebut "lembaga independen" - seperti Federal Trade Commission (FTC). FTC di sini adalah dari kantor pusat di Washington D.C."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/250px-HQFTC.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="250" border="0" height="153" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:250px-HQFTC.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhwuaSRBvQsTwYF3PqPLvWqhyFs6w" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Administrative law in the United States often relates to, or arises from, so-called "independent agencies"- such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission&usg=ALkJrhjAHTXjHmOeCStLzJc2DtHHWtf44A" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> ("FTC").</span> Administrasi hukum di Amerika Serikat sering berkaitan dengan, atau timbul dari apa yang disebut "lembaga independen" - seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission&usg=ALkJrhjAHTXjHmOeCStLzJc2DtHHWtf44A" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Here is FTC's headquarters in <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C.&usg=ALkJrhiy5-69WLdgYutUPjLxnzOtcyOaRA" title="Washington D.C." class="mw-redirect">Washington DC</a></span> FTC di sini adalah dari kantor pusat di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C.&usg=ALkJrhiy5-69WLdgYutUPjLxnzOtcyOaRA" title="Washington D.C." class="mw-redirect">Washington DC</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Administrative law</b> is the body of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">law</a> that governs the activities of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">administrative agencies</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhhn11_8RO1Ob3BoRE8YMux8CmYOzw" title="Pemerintah">government</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">Government agency</a> action can include <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulemaking&usg=ALkJrhh12auW7isHe2QvX6LxXPgAGaPbSQ" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication&usg=ALkJrhj0_ToEa-oNBqzVKx_9IgrRn8Fjlg" title="Penyelesaian">adjudication</a> , or the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcement&usg=ALkJrhgfWZM_9g_Hy5qhjgsL44GRvzy0rQ" title="Penegakan" class="mw-redirect">enforcement</a> of a specific <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhgwPa6g-xTy29JdySzeMZJo49glrw" title="Regulasi">regulatory</a> agenda.</span> <b>Administrasi hukum</b> adalah badan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhhAA0bnninHVPGeMtbl_rnQXhb3IA" title="Hukum">hukum</a> yang governs kegiatan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">badan-badan administrasi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhhn11_8RO1Ob3BoRE8YMux8CmYOzw" title="Pemerintah">pemerintahan.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">Badan Pemerintah</a> dapat mencakup tindakan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulemaking&usg=ALkJrhh12auW7isHe2QvX6LxXPgAGaPbSQ" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication&usg=ALkJrhj0_ToEa-oNBqzVKx_9IgrRn8Fjlg" title="Penyelesaian">pengadilan,</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforcement&usg=ALkJrhgfWZM_9g_Hy5qhjgsL44GRvzy0rQ" title="Penegakan" class="mw-redirect">penegakan</a> tertentu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhgwPa6g-xTy29JdySzeMZJo49glrw" title="Regulasi">peraturan</a> agenda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Administrative law is considered a branch of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhgmZUlBjpE6mgAGuVczpgWF4WQZzA" title="Hukum publik">public law</a> .</span> Administrasi hukum dianggap sebagai cabang dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhgmZUlBjpE6mgAGuVczpgWF4WQZzA" title="Hukum publik">hukum publik.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As a body of law, administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government (eg, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal&usg=ALkJrhgG6iroxQ7Zb8J3mtASnKPFAadEyA" title="Tribunal">tribunals</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board&usg=ALkJrhj6iKAWFwwC1O8C8xvZS3tdVHPuzw" title="Papan">boards</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">commissions</a> ) that are part of a national <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhgwPa6g-xTy29JdySzeMZJo49glrw" title="Regulasi">regulatory scheme</a> in such areas as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPolice_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgoHroodvo2tlIDEFJ2lmdcPGkY5g" class="new" title="Polisi hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">police law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade&usg=ALkJrhgLPYk7J87nEuZsldTXag59Uy7Yxw" title="Perdagangan Internasional">international trade</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing&usg=ALkJrhjbEBogPCp3Ygzuy23TgagwoI3Mog" title="Manufaktur">manufacturing</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_%28biophysical%29&usg=ALkJrhhyELdj2ATD0BFz3IUa3tz1ZYAG6w" title="Lingkungan (biophysical)">environment</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation&usg=ALkJrhhaE055q15ohieRpDBJP_GLTr4Ong" title="Perpajakan" class="mw-redirect">taxation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting&usg=ALkJrhh7Sv2c_x1M_SGYOjYuW93hkRiENQ" title="Penyiaran">broadcasting</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration&usg=ALkJrhjIjVU-f1EpysXZnWsVR2fylIMMFw" title="Imigrasi">immigration</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport&usg=ALkJrhhXHgEs0osMBwCb74iOXxMlNw7r5Q" title="Transportasi">transport</a> .</span> Sebagai badan hukum, administrasi hukum berkaitan dengan pengambilan keputusan dari unit administrasi pemerintahan (misalnya, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal&usg=ALkJrhgG6iroxQ7Zb8J3mtASnKPFAadEyA" title="Tribunal">tribunal,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board&usg=ALkJrhj6iKAWFwwC1O8C8xvZS3tdVHPuzw" title="Papan">papan</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">komisi)</a> yang merupakan bagian dari nasional <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhgwPa6g-xTy29JdySzeMZJo49glrw" title="Regulasi">peraturan skema</a> di wilayah seperti ini sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPolice_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgoHroodvo2tlIDEFJ2lmdcPGkY5g" class="new" title="Polisi hukum (halaman tidak ditemukan)">polisi hukum,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade&usg=ALkJrhgLPYk7J87nEuZsldTXag59Uy7Yxw" title="Perdagangan Internasional">perdagangan internasional,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing&usg=ALkJrhjbEBogPCp3Ygzuy23TgagwoI3Mog" title="Manufaktur">manufaktur,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_%28biophysical%29&usg=ALkJrhhyELdj2ATD0BFz3IUa3tz1ZYAG6w" title="Lingkungan (biophysical)">lingkungan</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation&usg=ALkJrhhaE055q15ohieRpDBJP_GLTr4Ong" title="Perpajakan" class="mw-redirect">perpajakan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting&usg=ALkJrhh7Sv2c_x1M_SGYOjYuW93hkRiENQ" title="Penyiaran">penyiaran,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration&usg=ALkJrhjIjVU-f1EpysXZnWsVR2fylIMMFw" title="Imigrasi">imigrasi</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport&usg=ALkJrhhXHgEs0osMBwCb74iOXxMlNw7r5Q" title="Transportasi">transportasi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Administrative law expanded greatly during the twentieth century, as legislative bodies worldwide created more <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">government agencies</a> to regulate the increasingly complex social, economic and political spheres of human interaction.</span> Administrasi hukum sangat diperluas pada abad kedua puluh, sebagai badan legislatif di seluruh dunia dibuat lebih <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">instansi pemerintah</a> untuk mengatur semakin kompleks sosial, ekonomi dan politik spheres interaksi manusia.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Taxation decisions are the decisions based on administrative law that are most often contested in courts.</span> Perpajakan keputusan adalah keputusan yang berdasarkan hukum administratif yang paling sering contested di pengadilan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Civil law countries often have specialized courts, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court&usg=ALkJrhi9GsDq0EfbeUwQ_6Xnckd7dSbNfg" title="Administrasi pengadilan">administrative courts</a> , that review these decisions.</span> Hukum perdata negara sering ada pengadilan khusus, <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court&usg=ALkJrhi9GsDq0EfbeUwQ_6Xnckd7dSbNfg" title="Administrasi pengadilan">administrasi pengadilan,</a> yang meninjau keputusan tersebut.</span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Administrative_law_in_common_law_countries"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative law in common law countries</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Administrative_law_in_common_law_countries"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Administrasi umum hukum di negara hukum</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">1,1</span> <span class="toctext">Amerika</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Historical_development"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical development</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Historical_development"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Riwayat pembangunan</span></a></span> </li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Administrative_law_in_civil_law_countries"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative law in civil law countries</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Administrative_law_in_civil_law_countries"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Administrasi hukum di negara-negara hukum perdata</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#France"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#France"><span class="tocnumber">2,1</span> <span class="toctext">Perancis</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2,2</span> <span class="toctext">Jerman</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#The_Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Netherlands</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#The_Netherlands"><span class="toctext"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> Belanda</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Brazil</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">2,4</span> <span class="toctext">Brazil</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Chile"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Chile</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Chile"><span class="tocnumber">2,5</span> <span class="toctext">Chile</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhiarjqzrn9taSl3tR1rPvs-tKdcHQ#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Selanjutnya membaca</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Administrative_law_in_common_law_countries" id="Administrative_law_in_common_law_countries"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjCF5wWAkKAoujivtSKQg1L66Nx-A" title="Sunting bagian: Administrasi hukum dalam negara hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Administrative law in common law countries</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjCF5wWAkKAoujivtSKQg1L66Nx-A" title="Sunting bagian: Administrasi hukum dalam negara hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Administrasi hukum umum dalam hukum negara</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Generally speaking, most countries that follow the principles of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> have developed procedures for <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhghdN55mazPPy3kpNoPDEAURISV8w" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> that limit the reviewability of decisions made by administrative law bodies.</span> Secara umum, sebagian besar negara-negara yang mengikuti prinsip-prinsip <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">umum hukum</a> telah mengembangkan prosedur untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhghdN55mazPPy3kpNoPDEAURISV8w" title="Judicial review">yudisial review</a> yang membatasi reviewability dari keputusan yang dibuat oleh badan hukum administrasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Often these procedures are coupled with legislation or other <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> doctrines that establish standards for proper <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulemaking&usg=ALkJrhh12auW7isHe2QvX6LxXPgAGaPbSQ" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking</a> .</span> Ini sering digabungkan dengan prosedur perundang-undangan atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhi3kW4tRmVO8bVuYpXqlo3RAnhfRw" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum</a> doktrin yang tepat untuk menetapkan standar <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulemaking&usg=ALkJrhh12auW7isHe2QvX6LxXPgAGaPbSQ" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Administrative law may also apply to review of decisions of so-called semi-public bodies, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_corporations&usg=ALkJrhiY70IMOrp0ENLEgLWI-0OJxUXApg" title="Perusahaan nirlaba" class="mw-redirect">non-profit corporations</a> , disciplinary boards, and other decision-making bodies that affect the legal rights of members of a particular group or entity.</span> Administrasi hukum juga dapat berlaku untuk review keputusan dari apa yang disebut semi-badan publik, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_corporations&usg=ALkJrhiY70IMOrp0ENLEgLWI-0OJxUXApg" title="Perusahaan nirlaba" class="mw-redirect">perusahaan nirlaba,</a> disiplin papan, dan badan-badan pengambilan keputusan yang mempengaruhi hak-hak hukum anggota kelompok tertentu atau kelompok tertentu.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While administrative decision-making bodies are often controlled by larger governmental units, their decisions could be reviewed by a <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court&usg=ALkJrhixlfqmvAVqZWO-1RnL7ZCkSOSSrQ" title="Pengadilan">court</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhjITuZgLqgboPpUECU70xwFa6k1VQ" title="Umum yurisdiksi">general jurisdiction</a> under some principle of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhghdN55mazPPy3kpNoPDEAURISV8w" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> based upon <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process&usg=ALkJrhgkArt56n9aKQYBjnXfYTTMCwVMXA" title="Karena proses">due process</a> (United States) or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_justice&usg=ALkJrhi1fMwRe7am6jJWM_vhW-SwhTKv-Q" title="Asas keadilan">fundamental justice</a> (Canada).</span> Sedangkan administrasi keputusan badan sering dikontrol oleh unit pemerintahan yang lebih besar, mereka keputusan dapat ditinjau kembali oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court&usg=ALkJrhixlfqmvAVqZWO-1RnL7ZCkSOSSrQ" title="Pengadilan">pengadilan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhjITuZgLqgboPpUECU70xwFa6k1VQ" title="Umum yurisdiksi">umum yurisdiksi</a> di bawah beberapa prinsip <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhghdN55mazPPy3kpNoPDEAURISV8w" title="Judicial review">yudisial review</a> berdasarkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process&usg=ALkJrhgkArt56n9aKQYBjnXfYTTMCwVMXA" title="Karena proses">proses</a> (Amerika) atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_justice&usg=ALkJrhi1fMwRe7am6jJWM_vhW-SwhTKv-Q" title="Asas keadilan">asas keadilan</a> (Kanada).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Judicial review of administrative decision, it must be noted, is different from an appeal.</span> Judicial review terhadap keputusan administrasi, harus dicatat, berbeda dari banding.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When sitting in review of a decision, the Court will only look at the method in which the decision was arrived at, whereas in appeal the correctness of the decision itself will be under question.</span> Ketika duduk di review keputusan, Pengadilan hanya akan melihat metode yang telah tiba pada keputusan, sedangkan di banding yang benar dari keputusan itu sendiri akan di bawah pertanyaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This difference is vital in appreciating administrative law in common law countries.</span> Perbedaan ini sangat penting dalam appreciating administrasi umum hukum dalam undang-undang negara.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The scope of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhghdN55mazPPy3kpNoPDEAURISV8w" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> may be limited to certain questions of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness&usg=ALkJrhiEGhSFH9TjniR4wgdZhyQ6JsNNdw" title="Keadilan">fairness</a> , or whether the administrative action is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires&usg=ALkJrhhBiQEXy7rCvseYrrKEYvbHUPgC4w" title="Ultra vires"><i>ultra vires</i></a> .</span> Lingkup <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhghdN55mazPPy3kpNoPDEAURISV8w" title="Judicial review">yudisial review</a> mungkin terbatas pada beberapa pertanyaan tentang <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness&usg=ALkJrhiEGhSFH9TjniR4wgdZhyQ6JsNNdw" title="Keadilan">keadilan,</a> atau apakah tindakan administratif adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_vires&usg=ALkJrhhBiQEXy7rCvseYrrKEYvbHUPgC4w" title="Ultra vires"><i>ultra vires.</i></a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In terms of ultra vires actions in the broad sense, a reviewing court may set aside an administrative decision if it is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUnreasonable%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg3cAhJel11XKj95am2SnH0dF2S9A" class="new" title="Keterlaluan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">unreasonable</a> (under Canadian law, following the rejection of the "Patently Unreasonable" standard by the Supreme Court in <i>Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick</i> ), <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wednesbury_unreasonableness&usg=ALkJrhiBX8-rhIh9pu2DQVyNM0vr1r58XA" title="Wednesbury unreasonableness"><i>Wednesbury</i> unreasonable</a> (under British law), or arbitrary and capricious (under US <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act&usg=ALkJrhhFxa05tNqP7uRZ6SGD75tjzMn_JA" title="UU Prosedur Administrasi">Administrative Procedure Act</a> and New York State law).</span> Dalam hal tindakan ultra vires dalam arti luas, sebuah pengadilan meninjau Mei menyisihkan sebuah keputusan administrasi jika sudah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DUnreasonable%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg3cAhJel11XKj95am2SnH0dF2S9A" class="new" title="Keterlaluan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">keterlaluan</a> (di bawah undang-undang Kanada, menyusul penolakan dari "dgn terang-terangan keterlaluan" standar oleh Mahkamah Agung dalam <i>ayat Dunsmuir New Brunswick)</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wednesbury_unreasonableness&usg=ALkJrhiBX8-rhIh9pu2DQVyNM0vr1r58XA" title="Wednesbury unreasonableness"><i>Wednesbury</i> keterlaluan</a> (di bawah hukum Inggris), atau sewenang-wenang dan bercanda (di bawah US <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act&usg=ALkJrhhFxa05tNqP7uRZ6SGD75tjzMn_JA" title="UU Prosedur Administrasi">UU Prosedur Administrasi</a> dan New York State hukum).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Administrative law, as laid down by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India&usg=ALkJrhgANimc0k8Qz8r2c3SEo4tKARZVog" title="Mahkamah Agung Indonesia">Supreme Court of India</a> , has also recognized two more grounds of judicial review which were recognized but not applied by English Courts viz. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimate_expectation&usg=ALkJrhhtK2cdPhTRS3cLcXtZC6-nzT76Ww" title="Sah harapan">legitimate expectation</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_%28political_maxim%29&usg=ALkJrhgihRjF0WsIUASnXSMM6PZKXGwT_w" title="Sebanding (politik bidal)">proportionality</a> .</span> Administrasi hukum, seperti diungkapkan oleh bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India&usg=ALkJrhgANimc0k8Qz8r2c3SEo4tKARZVog" title="Mahkamah Agung Indonesia">Mahkamah Agung India,</a> juga dikenal dua dasar dari yudisial review yang diakui namun tidak diterapkan oleh Pengadilan yaitu Bahasa Inggris. <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimate_expectation&usg=ALkJrhhtK2cdPhTRS3cLcXtZC6-nzT76Ww" title="Sah harapan">Harapan sah</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_%28political_maxim%29&usg=ALkJrhgihRjF0WsIUASnXSMM6PZKXGwT_w" title="Sebanding (politik bidal)">sebanding.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The powers to review administrative decisions are usually established by statute, but were originally developed from the royal <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerogative_writ&usg=ALkJrhiYhHC6pizhba8_nh2N0XQy76yr0w" title="Hak istimewa surat perintah">prerogative writs</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhh_aaxYYy1yH_SBpqyWY448DogeFA" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">English law</a> , such as the writ of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandamus&usg=ALkJrhjjXYEtVtCQKZ3x51iiPkK8QQ7DqQ" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a> and the writ of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari&usg=ALkJrhjiFhxJIQjwBNyCo0l9MTWpIzByeA" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> .</span> Kewenangan untuk meninjau kembali keputusan administrasi biasanya ditetapkan oleh undang-undang, tetapi pada awalnya dikembangkan dari kerajaan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerogative_writ&usg=ALkJrhiYhHC6pizhba8_nh2N0XQy76yr0w" title="Hak istimewa surat perintah">hak istimewa writs</a> bahasa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhh_aaxYYy1yH_SBpqyWY448DogeFA" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">Inggris hukum,</a> seperti yang tertulis dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandamus&usg=ALkJrhjjXYEtVtCQKZ3x51iiPkK8QQ7DqQ" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a> dan surat dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari&usg=ALkJrhjiFhxJIQjwBNyCo0l9MTWpIzByeA" title="Certiorari">certiorari.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In certain <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Law&usg=ALkJrhj52egn1ye2pbKlM91V-IE_kNs_8w" title="Umum Hukum" class="mw-redirect">Common Law</a> jurisdictions, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India&usg=ALkJrhih7BZ2nffSRv-73lYimT7jMS2T4Q" title="India">India</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan&usg=ALkJrhgYCGZc1Zsz-dSRXcUT-NOIMhXwUg" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> , the power to pass such writs is a Constitutionally guaranteed power.</span> Dalam tertentu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Law&usg=ALkJrhj52egn1ye2pbKlM91V-IE_kNs_8w" title="Umum Hukum" class="mw-redirect">Common Hukum</a> yurisdiksi, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India&usg=ALkJrhih7BZ2nffSRv-73lYimT7jMS2T4Q" title="India">India</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan&usg=ALkJrhgYCGZc1Zsz-dSRXcUT-NOIMhXwUg" title="Pakistan">Pakistan,</a> melalui kuasa seperti writs adalah sesuai dgn keadaan badan dijamin daya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This power is seen as fundamental to the power of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhghdN55mazPPy3kpNoPDEAURISV8w" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> and an aspect of the independent <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhj6feQiStl9MzcUvN-_YXsD-fhIoQ" title="Peradilan">judiciary</a> .</span> Kuasa ini dianggap sebagai dasar untuk kuasa <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhghdN55mazPPy3kpNoPDEAURISV8w" title="Judicial review">yudisial review</a> dan aspek independen <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhj6feQiStl9MzcUvN-_YXsD-fhIoQ" title="Peradilan">peradilan.</a></span> </p><p><a name="United_States" id="United_States"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhj2vvtDggNjfRLT-mB6oKdQoYRMgA" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">United States</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhj2vvtDggNjfRLT-mB6oKdQoYRMgA" title="Sunting bagian: Amerika"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Amerika Serikat</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhhlpYNcj6mqUIUyiAgJJZSYkvUPkA" title="Amerika administrasi hukum">United States administrative law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhhlpYNcj6mqUIUyiAgJJZSYkvUPkA" title="Amerika administrasi hukum">Amerika administrasi hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> , many <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">government agencies</a> are organized under the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhhaQ_6ja2CJP12rY44ZLULwTYjvkg" title="Eksekutif (pemerintah)">executive branch</a> of government, although a few are part of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhj6feQiStl9MzcUvN-_YXsD-fhIoQ" title="Peradilan">judicial</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhhP1dBzbDXt7wFor6-nZUtg32eYVw" title="Legislatif">legislative branches</a> .</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhhqVGEIeiyP_pVHb3aQqax1Ub6hyQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat,</a> banyak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">instansi pemerintah</a> yang diselenggarakan di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhhaQ_6ja2CJP12rY44ZLULwTYjvkg" title="Eksekutif (pemerintah)">cabang eksekutif</a> dari pemerintah, walaupun beberapa merupakan bagian dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhj6feQiStl9MzcUvN-_YXsD-fhIoQ" title="Peradilan">peradilan</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhhP1dBzbDXt7wFor6-nZUtg32eYVw" title="Legislatif">legislatif.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhixL8icZ86MvjdmnfgxnlJN8YaCCg" title="Pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat">federal government</a> , the executive branch, led by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhgjnt9L-FfxgNXKvqqmuGNZJss1Wg" title="Presiden Amerika Serikat">president</a> , controls the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments&usg=ALkJrhiIsc8_cCp2mGPfYRV-11EIWPcPPw" title="Amerika federal eksekutif departemen">federal executive departments</a> , which are led by secretaries who are members of the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Cabinet&usg=ALkJrhimGq8Sg1cmgye-31kFdilxavmH4Q" title="Amerika Kabinet">United States Cabinet</a> .</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhixL8icZ86MvjdmnfgxnlJN8YaCCg" title="Pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat">federal pemerintah,</a> eksekutif, dipimpin oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhgjnt9L-FfxgNXKvqqmuGNZJss1Wg" title="Presiden Amerika Serikat">presiden,</a> mengendalikan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments&usg=ALkJrhiIsc8_cCp2mGPfYRV-11EIWPcPPw" title="Amerika federal eksekutif departemen">federal eksekutif departemen</a> yang dipimpin oleh Sekretaris yang merupakan anggota dari <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Cabinet&usg=ALkJrhimGq8Sg1cmgye-31kFdilxavmH4Q" title="Amerika Kabinet">Kabinet Amerika Serikat.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The many important <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government&usg=ALkJrhgYzf3-ivopWXjrkSMNHMg0XvyAFg" title="Badan-badan independen dari pemerintah Amerika">independent agencies of the United States government</a> created by <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes&usg=ALkJrhiLC21tUZgDPyRkcN7yiXjCyTeLcg" title="Statutes" class="mw-redirect">statutes</a> enacted by the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress&usg=ALkJrhgzOzMma7HuKZ2AkKWjo-vJ7_009A" title="Kongres Amerika">Congress</a> that are exist outside of the federal executive departments but are still part of the executive branch.</span> Yang penting banyak <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government&usg=ALkJrhgYzf3-ivopWXjrkSMNHMg0XvyAFg" title="Badan-badan independen dari pemerintah Amerika">lembaga independen dari pemerintah Amerika Serikat</a> yang diciptakan oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes&usg=ALkJrhiLC21tUZgDPyRkcN7yiXjCyTeLcg" title="Statutes" class="mw-redirect">statutes</a> diundangkan oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress&usg=ALkJrhgzOzMma7HuKZ2AkKWjo-vJ7_009A" title="Kongres Amerika">Kongres</a> yang ada di luar eksekutif departemen federal tapi masih bagian dari eksekutif.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Congress has also created some special judicial bodies known as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_I_and_Article_III_tribunals&usg=ALkJrhj55bcd_s4n-3LVZHZJPZJAgBi3kQ" title="Pasal I dan Pasal III tribunal">Article I tribunals</a> to handle some areas of administrative law.</span> Kongres juga telah membuat beberapa badan-badan peradilan khusus yang dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_I_and_Article_III_tribunals&usg=ALkJrhj55bcd_s4n-3LVZHZJPZJAgBi3kQ" title="Pasal I dan Pasal III tribunal">Pasal tribunal saya</a> menangani beberapa bidang hukum administrasi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The actions of executive agencies and independent agencies are the main focus of American administrative law.</span> Tindakan eksekutif dan badan-badan independen yang fokus utama Amerika administratif hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In response to the rapid creation of new independent agencies in the early twentieth century (see discussion below), <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress&usg=ALkJrhhQvTth7WJm5rTblamd1gbQk0cRhg" title="U. S. Kongres" class="mw-redirect">Congress</a> enacted the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act&usg=ALkJrhhFxa05tNqP7uRZ6SGD75tjzMn_JA" title="UU Prosedur Administrasi">Administrative Procedure Act</a> (APA) in 1946.</span> Dalam tanggapan yang cepat penciptaan badan-badan independen yang baru pada awal abad kedua puluh (lihat diskusi di bawah), <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress&usg=ALkJrhhQvTth7WJm5rTblamd1gbQk0cRhg" title="U. S. Kongres" class="mw-redirect">Kongres</a> diundangkan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act&usg=ALkJrhhFxa05tNqP7uRZ6SGD75tjzMn_JA" title="UU Prosedur Administrasi">UU Prosedur Administrasi</a> (APA) pada 1946.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many of the independent agencies operate as miniature versions of the tripartite federal government, with the authority to "legislate" (through <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulemaking&usg=ALkJrhh12auW7isHe2QvX6LxXPgAGaPbSQ" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking</a> ; see <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register&usg=ALkJrhjkF7pPxuqZgPpn0m2wMc9YOlwFHQ" title="Daftar federal">Federal Register</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations&usg=ALkJrhhHKx32ea1zbJxCnTHxqwo42bccdw" title="Kode Federal Peraturan">Code of Federal Regulations</a> ), <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication&usg=ALkJrhj0_ToEa-oNBqzVKx_9IgrRn8Fjlg" title="Penyelesaian">"adjudicate"</a> (through administrative hearings), and to "execute" administrative goals (through agency enforcement personnel).</span> Banyak dari lembaga independen yang beroperasi sebagai miniatur versi dari tiga bagian pemerintah federal, dengan kewenangan untuk membuat undang-undang "(melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulemaking&usg=ALkJrhh12auW7isHe2QvX6LxXPgAGaPbSQ" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking;</a> lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register&usg=ALkJrhjkF7pPxuqZgPpn0m2wMc9YOlwFHQ" title="Daftar federal">Federal Daftar</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations&usg=ALkJrhhHKx32ea1zbJxCnTHxqwo42bccdw" title="Kode Federal Peraturan">Code of Federal </a><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication&usg=ALkJrhj0_ToEa-oNBqzVKx_9IgrRn8Fjlg" title="Penyelesaian">Regulations),"</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudication&usg=ALkJrhj0_ToEa-oNBqzVKx_9IgrRn8Fjlg" title="Penyelesaian">mengadili "(administrasi</a> melalui sidang), dan untuk" menjalankan " administrasi tujuan (melalui badan penegakan personil).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Because the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhgP2MRDKBuJl1VHPhGA2x6lTVLCrQ" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">United States Constitution</a> sets no limits on this tripartite authority of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">administrative agencies</a> , Congress enacted the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act&usg=ALkJrhhFxa05tNqP7uRZ6SGD75tjzMn_JA" title="UU Prosedur Administrasi">APA</a> to establish fair administrative law procedures to comply with the constitutional requirements of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process&usg=ALkJrhgkArt56n9aKQYBjnXfYTTMCwVMXA" title="Karena proses">due process</a> .</span> Karena <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhgP2MRDKBuJl1VHPhGA2x6lTVLCrQ" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">Amerika konstitusi</a> tidak menetapkan batas ini pada tiga bagian kewenangan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency&usg=ALkJrhhTJ-V6KpUAbMKGGIT8yY8KBY116A" title="Pemerintah">administratif badan,</a> kongres yang diundangkan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act&usg=ALkJrhhFxa05tNqP7uRZ6SGD75tjzMn_JA" title="UU Prosedur Administrasi">APA</a> adil untuk membentuk undang-undang prosedur administrasi untuk mematuhi persyaratan konstitusional <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process&usg=ALkJrhgkArt56n9aKQYBjnXfYTTMCwVMXA" title="Karena proses">karena proses.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A major <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhhKp9f90zMZBJzhDQFw69PeL7GXhw" title="Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat">Supreme Court of the United States</a> decision in the administrative law is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc.&usg=ALkJrhiM8czheOZyZJiqRoUk4Zdmtth_2g" title="Chevron USA, Inc v. Dewan Pertahanan Sumber Daya Alam, Inc"><i>Chevron USA, Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.</i></a> , <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/467/837/case.html&usg=ALkJrhiWIsFxM417hSzMQTzcmsvFZI19BA" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/467/837/case.html" rel="nofollow">467 US 837</a> (1984)</span> .</span> Kota <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhhKp9f90zMZBJzhDQFw69PeL7GXhw" title="Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat">Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat</a> keputusan dalam administrasi hukum adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc.&usg=ALkJrhiM8czheOZyZJiqRoUk4Zdmtth_2g" title="Chevron USA, Inc v. Dewan Pertahanan Sumber Daya Alam, Inc"><i>Chevron Indonesia, Inc v. Dewan Pertahanan Sumber Daya Alam, Inc,</i></a> <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://supreme.justia.com/us/467/837/case.html&usg=ALkJrhiWIsFxM417hSzMQTzcmsvFZI19BA" class="external text" title="http://supreme.justia.com/us/467/837/case.html" rel="nofollow">467 US 837</a> (1984).</span></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association&usg=ALkJrhhCEeq-FI0C62TopZYj4hxE_tQgeQ" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> 's official journal concerning administrative law is <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Law_Review&usg=ALkJrhjDNmLzWxKYX1k0ylUiVFIgzxWjRQ" title="Administrasi Hukum Review"><i>Administrative Law Review</i></a> .</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association&usg=ALkJrhhCEeq-FI0C62TopZYj4hxE_tQgeQ" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> 's resmi tentang jurnal hukum administrasi adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Law_Review&usg=ALkJrhjDNmLzWxKYX1k0ylUiVFIgzxWjRQ" title="Administrasi Hukum Review"><i>Administrasi Hukum Review.</i></a></span> </p><p><a name="Historical_development" id="Historical_development"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhiK6_yPzDGkdxhdJOXLyErPG_bQVw" title="Sunting bagian: Riwayat pembangunan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Historical development</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhiK6_yPzDGkdxhdJOXLyErPG_bQVw" title="Sunting bagian: Riwayat pembangunan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sejarah pengembangan</span></span> </h4><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In his book, <i>Administrative Law & Regulatory Policy</i> (3d Ed., 1992) ( <i>Admin. Law & Reg. Policy</i> ), US Supreme Court Justice <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer&usg=ALkJrhh4uXoP_7cmdsgurO52NvnY6pnpIA" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> divides the history of administrative law in the United States into six discrete periods:</span> Dalam bukunya, <i>Administrasi Hukum & Regulatory Kebijakan</i> (3d Ed., 1992) <i>(Hukum & Admin. Reg. Policy),</i> Mahkamah Agung AS Justice <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Breyer&usg=ALkJrhh4uXoP_7cmdsgurO52NvnY6pnpIA" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> membagi sejarah administrasi hukum di Amerika Serikat dalam periode enam ciri-ciri:</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">English antecedents & the American experience to 1875</span> Hidup sebelum masa Inggris & Amerika pengalaman ke 1875</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1875 - 1930: the rise of regulation & the traditional model of administrative law</span> 1875 - 1930: kebangkitan yang peraturan & tradisional model administrasi hukum</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The New Deal</span> The New Deal</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1945 - 1965: the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act&usg=ALkJrhhFxa05tNqP7uRZ6SGD75tjzMn_JA" title="UU Prosedur Administrasi">Administrative Procedure Act</a> & the maturation of the traditional model of administrative law</span> 1945 - 1965: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act&usg=ALkJrhhFxa05tNqP7uRZ6SGD75tjzMn_JA" title="UU Prosedur Administrasi">Administrasi Prosedur Undang-Undang</a> & the pematangan dari tradisional model administrasi hukum</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1965 - 1985: critique and transformation of the administrative process</span> 1965 - 1985: kritik dan transformasi dari proses administrasi</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1985 - ?: retreat or consolidation</span> 1985 -: mundur atau konsolidasi</span> </li></ul><p><a name="Administrative_law_in_civil_law_countries" id="Administrative_law_in_civil_law_countries"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiR49EHHNIJbU8wR3dv58B8JlZ17w" title="Sunting bagian: Administrasi hukum di negara-negara hukum perdata">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Administrative law in civil law countries</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiR49EHHNIJbU8wR3dv58B8JlZ17w" title="Sunting bagian: Administrasi hukum di negara-negara hukum perdata"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Administrasi hukum di negara-negara hukum perdata</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court&usg=ALkJrhi9GsDq0EfbeUwQ_6Xnckd7dSbNfg" title="Administrasi pengadilan">Administrative court</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court&usg=ALkJrhi9GsDq0EfbeUwQ_6Xnckd7dSbNfg" title="Administrasi pengadilan">Administrasi pengadilan</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unlike most Common-law jurisdictions, the majority of <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> jurisdictions have specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases which, as a rule, will apply procedural rules specifically designed for such cases and different from that applied in private-law proceedings, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw" title="Kontrak">contract</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhjJGCsTWoQSMTpDw4FEHqzMsWCO3A" title="Tort">tort</a> claims.</span> Tidak seperti kebanyakan Common-jurisdiksi hukum, mayoritas <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhgIub0DWj5UpTDnFiFgJU0V4jxDKA" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata</a> yurisdiksi pengadilan atau ada bagian khusus untuk menangani kasus-kasus yang administratif, sebagai sebuah aturan, akan menerapkan peraturan prosedural yang dirancang khusus untuk kasus-kasus seperti itu dan berbeda dari yang diterapkan secara pribadi-proses hukum, seperti sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgZ-yBMNLypNiJmg0ALo9qv-Wo4Yw" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhjJGCsTWoQSMTpDw4FEHqzMsWCO3A" title="Tort">kerugian</a> klaim.</span> </p><p><a name="France" id="France"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjwf88jX3xWq1Zw6CCDZkwz56zLEQ" title="Sunting bagian: Perancis">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">France</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjwf88jX3xWq1Zw6CCDZkwz56zLEQ" title="Sunting bagian: Perancis"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Perancis</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhi5JMThDJaUl2iiUuBrT1dk11oO-Q" title="Prancis">France</a> , most claims against the national or local governments are handled by <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court&usg=ALkJrhi9GsDq0EfbeUwQ_6Xnckd7dSbNfg" title="Administrasi pengadilan">administrative courts</a> , which use the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_d%27%25C3%2589tat&usg=ALkJrhjjMypF86tn6tOREqxYT7KM1JTG0g" title="Conseil d'État"><i>Conseil d'État</i></a> as a court of last resort.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhi5JMThDJaUl2iiUuBrT1dk11oO-Q" title="Prancis">Perancis,</a> sebagian besar tuntutan terhadap nasional atau pemerintah daerah akan ditangani oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court&usg=ALkJrhi9GsDq0EfbeUwQ_6Xnckd7dSbNfg" title="Administrasi pengadilan">administrasi pengadilan,</a> yang menggunakan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_d%27%25C3%2589tat&usg=ALkJrhjjMypF86tn6tOREqxYT7KM1JTG0g" title="Conseil d'État"><i>Conseil d'État</i></a> sebagai pengadilan terakhir.</span> </p><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg&usg=ALkJrhi_xfpCvFnovBkC-MoZb1YIr4gc2Q" class="image" title="Wiki huruf w.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/36px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="36" border="0" height="36" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhh70huDXX4yrXxNtaV0lsV1Tq-9Sw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrative_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this section</a> by expanding it.</b> Further information might be found on the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgUe6qH_bFiQ6BzREO0jgNFhBEjCQ" title="Talk: Administrasi Hukum">talk page</a> . <i><small>(June 2008)</small></i></span> <b>Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhh70huDXX4yrXxNtaV0lsV1Tq-9Sw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrative_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">meningkatkan bagian ini</a> oleh perluasan itu.</b> Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgUe6qH_bFiQ6BzREO0jgNFhBEjCQ" title="Talk: Administrasi Hukum">halaman pembicaraan.</a> <i><small>(Juni 2008)</small></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="Germany" id="Germany"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhietta15-OaQMC6ZYeBJJGIlHIzag" title="Sunting bagian: Jerman">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Germany</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhietta15-OaQMC6ZYeBJJGIlHIzag" title="Sunting bagian: Jerman"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Jerman</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhizuYaa3aqcq6IKr_x0QvKbFQGE7w" title="Jerman">Germany</a> , the highest administrative court for most matters is the federal administrative court <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverwaltungsgericht&usg=ALkJrhg_PH1lDcDc3HnEhSewJyvasWEaDg" title="Bundesverwaltungsgericht" class="mw-redirect">Bundesverwaltungsgericht</a> .</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhizuYaa3aqcq6IKr_x0QvKbFQGE7w" title="Jerman">Jerman,</a> administrasi pengadilan tertinggi untuk hal-hal yang paling administrasi pengadilan federal <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverwaltungsgericht&usg=ALkJrhg_PH1lDcDc3HnEhSewJyvasWEaDg" title="Bundesverwaltungsgericht" class="mw-redirect">Bundesverwaltungsgericht.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are federal courts with special jurisdiction in the fields of social security law ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundessozialgericht&usg=ALkJrhg6URhIS9hJlxOM1KRV-lU6NjkfLg" title="Bundessozialgericht">Bundessozialgericht</a> ) and tax law ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesfinanzhof&usg=ALkJrhi5co0IJ2aoPDpFIrvk4wrI1BhfXA" title="Bundesfinanzhof" class="mw-redirect">Bundesfinanzhof</a> ).</span> Ada federal dengan yurisdiksi khusus di bidang hukum jaminan sosial <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundessozialgericht&usg=ALkJrhg6URhIS9hJlxOM1KRV-lU6NjkfLg" title="Bundessozialgericht">(Bundessozialgericht)</a> dan pajak hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesfinanzhof&usg=ALkJrhi5co0IJ2aoPDpFIrvk4wrI1BhfXA" title="Bundesfinanzhof" class="mw-redirect">(Bundesfinanzhof).</a></span> </p><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhhYa_4H0ezbmtFtrMTn-4xDPZDiSw" title="Peradilan di Jerman">Judiciary of Germany</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhhYa_4H0ezbmtFtrMTn-4xDPZDiSw" title="Peradilan di Jerman">Kehakiman Jerman</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg&usg=ALkJrhi_xfpCvFnovBkC-MoZb1YIr4gc2Q" class="image" title="Wiki huruf w.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/36px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="36" border="0" height="36" /></a> </div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Please help <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhh70huDXX4yrXxNtaV0lsV1Tq-9Sw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrative_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this section</a> by expanding it.</b> Further information might be found on the <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgUe6qH_bFiQ6BzREO0jgNFhBEjCQ" title="Talk: Administrasi Hukum">talk page</a> . <i><small>(June 2008)</small></i></span> <b>Harap membantu <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhh70huDXX4yrXxNtaV0lsV1Tq-9Sw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrative_law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">meningkatkan bagian ini</a> oleh perluasan itu.</b> Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgUe6qH_bFiQ6BzREO0jgNFhBEjCQ" title="Talk: Administrasi Hukum">halaman pembicaraan.</a> <i><small>(Juni 2008)</small></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="The_Netherlands" id="The_Netherlands"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhjnRgz9jNUQ7bP46Dh4kOVBa0OHPw" title="Sunting bagian: The Netherlands">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">The Netherlands</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhjnRgz9jNUQ7bP46Dh4kOVBa0OHPw" title="Sunting bagian: The Netherlands"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Belanda</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In The Netherlands, administrative law provisions are usually contained in separate laws.</span> Di Belanda, ketentuan hukum administrasi biasanya terpisah dalam undang-undang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There is however a single General Administrative Law Act ("Algemene wet bestuursrecht" or Awb) that applies both to the making of administrative decisions and the judicial review of these decisions in courts.</span> Namun ada satu Undang-Undang Hukum Administrasi Umum ( "Algemene bestuursrecht basah" atau Awb) yang berlaku baik untuk pembuatan keputusan administratif dan yudisial review terhadap keputusan tersebut di pengadilan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">On the basis of the Awb, citizens can oppose a decision ('besluit') made by a public body ('bestuursorgaan') within the administration and apply for judicial review in courts if unsuccessful.</span> Berdasarkan AWB, masyarakat dapat menentang keputusan ( 'besluit') yang dibuat oleh badan publik ( 'bestuursorgaan') di dalam administrasi dan berlaku untuk meninjau peradilan di pengadilan jika tidak berhasil.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unlike France or Germany, there are no special administrative courts of first instance in the Netherlands, but regular courts have an administrative "chamber" which specializes in administrative appeals.</span> Tidak seperti Perancis atau Jerman, tidak ada khusus administrasi pengadilan pertama di Belanda, namun tetap memiliki pengadilan administratif "ruang" yang berspesialisasi dalam administrasi banding.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The courts of appeal in administrative cases however are specialized depending on the case, but most administrative appeals end up in the judicial section of the Council of State ( <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raad_van_State&usg=ALkJrhgpriAjS8qiWyGwyCcNJ_rmkMO1Rg" title="Raad van State" class="mw-redirect">Raad van State</a> ).</span> Dari pengadilan banding dalam administrasi kasus yang khusus namun tergantung pada kasus, tetapi naik banding administratif paling akhir di peradilan bagian Dewan Negara <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raad_van_State&usg=ALkJrhgpriAjS8qiWyGwyCcNJ_rmkMO1Rg" title="Raad van State" class="mw-redirect">(Raad van State).</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In addition to the system described above there is another part of administrative law which is called "administratief beroep" (administrative <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhh6fyXLC_Z4vfY5yymnSpFmqcrliA" title="Banding">appeal</a> ).</span> Selain sistem di atas ada satu bagian dari hukum administrasi yang disebut "administratief beroep" (administrasi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhh6fyXLC_Z4vfY5yymnSpFmqcrliA" title="Banding">banding).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This procedure is available only if the law on which the primary decision is based specifically provides for it and involves an appeal to a higher ranking administrative body.</span> Prosedur ini hanya tersedia jika hukum yang utama adalah berdasarkan keputusan secara khusus untuk menyediakan dan melibatkan sebuah banding ke peringkat yang lebih tinggi badan administratif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If administrative <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhh6fyXLC_Z4vfY5yymnSpFmqcrliA" title="Banding">appeal</a> is available, no appeal to the judicial system may be made.</span> Jika administrasi <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhh6fyXLC_Z4vfY5yymnSpFmqcrliA" title="Banding">banding</a> yang tersedia, tidak ada banding terhadap sistem peradilan dapat dilakukan.</span> </p><p><a name="Brazil" id="Brazil"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhhbAZdZNUuNqTa7I-H88g6tjlbWYA" title="Sunting bagian: Brazil">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Brazil</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhhbAZdZNUuNqTa7I-H88g6tjlbWYA" title="Sunting bagian: Brazil"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Brazil</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil&usg=ALkJrhgom-clBsFsXwPmrYuhr3XP0SQT_A" title="Brasil">Brazil</a> , unlike most Civil-law jurisdictions, there is no specialized court or section to deal with administrative cases.</span> Di <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil&usg=ALkJrhgom-clBsFsXwPmrYuhr3XP0SQT_A" title="Brasil">Brazil,</a> tidak seperti kebanyakan Sipil-jurisdiksi hukum, tidak ada pengadilan atau bagian khusus untuk menangani kasus-kasus administratif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1998, a constitutional reform, lead by the government of the President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, introduced regulatory agencies as a part of the executive branch.</span> Pada tahun 1998, reformasi yang konstitusional, menguasai pemerintahan Presiden Fernando Henrique Cardoso, peraturan lembaga diperkenalkan sebagai bagian dari eksekutif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since 1988, Brazilian administrative law has been strongly influenced by the judicial interpretations of the constitutional principles of public administration (art. 37 of Federal Constitution): legality, impersonality, publicity of administrative acts, morality and efficiency.</span> Sejak 1988, Brasil administrasi hukum telah sangat dipengaruhi oleh interpretasi terhadap peradilan konstitusional prinsip administrasi publik (Pasal 37 dari Konstitusi Federal): legalitas, umum, publisitas dari tindakan administratif, moralitas dan efisiensi.</span> </p><p><a name="Chile" id="Chile"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhirVaKY5RyQDDDcPCsLX7JO9pxAmQ" title="Sunting bagian: Chile">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Chile</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhirVaKY5RyQDDDcPCsLX7JO9pxAmQ" title="Sunting bagian: Chile"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Chili</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Chile&usg=ALkJrhioAOQEM4mmymB1WnklE_qBUHjRyA" title="Hukum Chile">Law of Chile</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Chile&usg=ALkJrhioAOQEM4mmymB1WnklE_qBUHjRyA" title="Hukum Chile">Hukum Chile</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic&usg=ALkJrhi8SjlBCmEC0QrsdrWxfJ2smLai9w" title="Presiden Republik">President of the Republic</a> exercises the administrative function, in collaboration with several Ministries or other authorities with <i>ministerial rank</i> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic&usg=ALkJrhi8SjlBCmEC0QrsdrWxfJ2smLai9w" title="Presiden Republik">Presiden Republik</a> latihan administrasi fungsi, bekerja sama dengan beberapa departemen atau <i>menteri</i> yang berwenang dengan <i>peringkat.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Each Ministry has one or more sub secretaries which perform through <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services&usg=ALkJrhju6gUNCPPWqf_OdvvAI6YZk0FbnQ" title="Pelayanan publik">public services</a> the actual satisfaction of public needs.</span> Masing-masing Departemen memiliki satu atau lebih sub melalui Sekretaris yang melakukan <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services&usg=ALkJrhju6gUNCPPWqf_OdvvAI6YZk0FbnQ" title="Pelayanan publik">pelayanan publik</a> yang sebenarnya memuaskan kebutuhan masyarakat.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">All Ministries and public services have a body of workers or administrative personnel ( <i>funcionarios públicos</i> ), but with different contractual statutes.</span> Semua Departemen dan pelayanan publik memiliki badan pekerja atau personil administrasi <i>(funcionarios públicos),</i> tetapi berbeda dengan kontrak statutes.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Public entities act through administrative procedures, that is, processes with formal stages where opportunities to deliver evidence and exercise appeals are granted to the citizens.</span> Publik entitas bertindak melalui prosedur administrasi, yaitu dengan proses formal tahap di mana kesempatan untuk menyampaikan bukti dan latihan naik banding yang diberikan kepada masyarakat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The recent basic law of administrative procedures deals with most of the general matters pertaining the administrative procedures of all public entities.</span> Dasar hukum yang baru yang berurusan dengan prosedur administrasi yang paling umum hal-hal yang terkait prosedur administrasi semua badan publik.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There is no <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court&usg=ALkJrhi9GsDq0EfbeUwQ_6Xnckd7dSbNfg" title="Administrasi pengadilan">specialized court</a> to deal with actions against the Administrative entities, but the civil courts have jurisdiction over all matter that are not in the scope of other court, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_liability&usg=ALkJrhgcJmZlb0QWmz_eln1hY-MgYV62wA" title="Tanggung jawab publik">public liability</a> and the overturn of single administrative acts.</span> Tidak ada <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_court&usg=ALkJrhi9GsDq0EfbeUwQ_6Xnckd7dSbNfg" title="Administrasi pengadilan">pengadilan khusus</a> untuk menangani tindakan terhadap Administrasi entitas, tetapi pengadilan sipil memiliki yurisdiksi atas segala hal yang tidak dalam lingkup pengadilan lainnya, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_liability&usg=ALkJrhgcJmZlb0QWmz_eln1hY-MgYV62wA" title="Tanggung jawab publik">tanggung jawab publik</a> dan menjungkirbalikkan satu tindakan administratif.</span> </p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhiLY19Z3sKaQHgx2gI2nQZiyhwiLQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhiLY19Z3sKaQHgx2gI2nQZiyhwiLQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhiOw7U57xL_kas72q5BGoZ2vQwOgA" title="Hukum tatanegara">Constitutional law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhiOw7U57xL_kas72q5BGoZ2vQwOgA" title="Hukum tatanegara">Hukum tatanegara</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhgUSGp0gX-GcHb2KH9xai8-YS4egg" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih membaca">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.100/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdministrative_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhgUSGp0gX-GcHb2KH9xai8-YS4egg" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih membaca"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lebih lanjut membaca</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Davis, Kenneth Culp (1975). <i>Administrative Law and Government</i> .</span> Davis, Kenneth Culp (1975). <i>Administrasi Hukum dan Pemerintahan.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.</span> St Paul, MN: West Publishing.</span> </li></ul></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-35819417051220774372009-01-20T23:36:00.000-08:002009-01-20T23:38:04.676-08:00Hukum tatanegara<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Hukum tatanegara</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg&usg=ALkJrhizWpe7ud0FhRWoUPZvToHf0xNr3Q" class="image" title="Perancis Deklarasi Hak-hak Manusia dan Warga Negara pada, prinsip-prinsip yang masih memiliki nilai konstitusional"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg/180px-Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="242" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg&usg=ALkJrhizWpe7ud0FhRWoUPZvToHf0xNr3Q" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The French <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&usg=ALkJrhiklaDulV12rJicg5IE6dU7iJc4eA" title="Deklarasi Hak-hak Manusia dan Warga Negara dari" class="mw-redirect">Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen</a> , whose principles still have constitutional value</span> Perancis <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&usg=ALkJrhiklaDulV12rJicg5IE6dU7iJc4eA" title="Deklarasi Hak-hak Manusia dan Warga Negara dari" class="mw-redirect">Deklarasi Hak-hak Manusia dan Warga Negara pada,</a> prinsip-prinsip yang masih memiliki nilai konstitusional</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Constitutional law</b> is the study of foundational or basic <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg" title="Hukum">laws</a> of nation states and other political organizations.</span> <b>Konstitusional hukum</b> adalah ilmu dasar atau dasar <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg" title="Hukum">hukum</a> dari negara dan organisasi politik lainnya.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution&usg=ALkJrhjc52Mu-GHhCbzqGO01aTc7KDG-Fg" title="Konstitusi">Constitutions</a> are the framework for <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhhUZWujgmW73BIt3LqzEgG1LIanjw" title="Pemerintah">government</a> and may limit or define the authority and procedure of political bodies to execute new laws and regulations.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution&usg=ALkJrhjc52Mu-GHhCbzqGO01aTc7KDG-Fg" title="Konstitusi">Konstitusi</a> adalah kerangka kerja bagi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhhUZWujgmW73BIt3LqzEgG1LIanjw" title="Pemerintah">pemerintah</a> dan dapat membatasi atau menetapkan wewenang dan prosedur dari badan politik baru untuk melaksanakan undang-undang dan peraturan yang berlaku.</span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Types_of_constitutions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types of constitutions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Types_of_constitutions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Jenis Konstitusi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Functions_of_constitutions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Functions of constitutions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Functions_of_constitutions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Fungsi dari Konstitusi</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#State_and_legal_structure"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">State and legal structure</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#State_and_legal_structure"><span class="tocnumber">2,1</span> <span class="toctext">hukum Negara dan struktur</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">2,2</span> <span class="toctext">Hak Asasi Manusia</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Legislative_procedure"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Legislative procedure</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Legislative_procedure"><span class="tocnumber">2,3</span> <span class="toctext">Legislatif prosedur</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#The_study_of_constitutional_law"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">The study of constitutional law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#The_study_of_constitutional_law"><span class="toctext"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> ilmu hukum tatanegara</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Constitutions_by_region"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Constitutions by region</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#Constitutions_by_region"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Konstitusi wilayah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#The_Rule_of_Law"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">The Rule of Law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#The_Rule_of_Law"><span class="toctext"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> Peraturan Hukum</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Types_of_constitutions" id="Types_of_constitutions"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhTIAcaUyEgf-ibH0PaSszvkudglg" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis Konstitusi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Types of constitutions</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhTIAcaUyEgf-ibH0PaSszvkudglg" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis Konstitusi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Jenis Konstitusi</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Not all <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state&usg=ALkJrhhGsFtZ8zbBCKwPwCfneG_f1l92Jg" title="Bangsa negara">nation states</a> have codified <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution&usg=ALkJrhjc52Mu-GHhCbzqGO01aTc7KDG-Fg" title="Konstitusi">constitutions</a> , though all such states have a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_commune&usg=ALkJrhht7MLwXzvK0HOL2KQy6AdJv4Hlbw" title="Jus komune"><i>jus commune</i></a> , or law of the land, that may consist of a variety of imperative and consensual rules.</span> Tidak semua <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state&usg=ALkJrhhGsFtZ8zbBCKwPwCfneG_f1l92Jg" title="Bangsa negara">negara</a> memiliki dikodifikasikan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution&usg=ALkJrhjc52Mu-GHhCbzqGO01aTc7KDG-Fg" title="Konstitusi">Konstitusi,</a> meskipun semua negara memiliki <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_commune&usg=ALkJrhht7MLwXzvK0HOL2KQy6AdJv4Hlbw" title="Jus komune"><i>hak komune,</i></a> atau undang-undang tanah, yang dapat terdiri dari berbagai keharusan dan consensual aturan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These may include <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law&usg=ALkJrhj00d9KHHl179rC5x3hcF84EeSOmg" title="Hukum adat" class="mw-redirect">customary law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_%28norm%29&usg=ALkJrhjRp07BMsr0WIW42oBc8X15fBAaUA" title="Konvensi (norma)">conventions</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_law&usg=ALkJrhhcih-Kpw5W-y_YCZGVM4XPzWWhwQ" title="Undang-undang">statutory law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge-made_law&usg=ALkJrhi2CrsTjwZTr855TCcPwnaigs5b-w" title="Hakim-hukum yang dibuat" class="mw-redirect">judge-made law</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhgNctJF6Kg2_0AyQvOB11_cAglgJQ" title="Hukum internasional">international rules and norms</a> .</span> Ini mungkin termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law&usg=ALkJrhj00d9KHHl179rC5x3hcF84EeSOmg" title="Hukum adat" class="mw-redirect">hukum adat,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_%28norm%29&usg=ALkJrhjRp07BMsr0WIW42oBc8X15fBAaUA" title="Konvensi (norma)">konvensi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_law&usg=ALkJrhhcih-Kpw5W-y_YCZGVM4XPzWWhwQ" title="Undang-undang">undang-undang,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge-made_law&usg=ALkJrhi2CrsTjwZTr855TCcPwnaigs5b-w" title="Hakim-hukum yang dibuat" class="mw-redirect">hakim-dibuat undang-undang</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhgNctJF6Kg2_0AyQvOB11_cAglgJQ" title="Hukum internasional">peraturan dan norma-norma internasional.</a></span> </p><p><a name="Functions_of_constitutions" id="Functions_of_constitutions"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhg5Z3PsWpJJQXSbRJWvVziGScnW0g" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi dari Konstitusi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Functions of constitutions</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhg5Z3PsWpJJQXSbRJWvVziGScnW0g" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi dari Konstitusi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Fungsi dari Konstitusi</span></span> </h2><p><a name="State_and_legal_structure" id="State_and_legal_structure"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjDMKd438_xBTp1189Rfa-9Ev-3gQ" title="Sunting bagian: Negara dan struktur hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">State and legal structure</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjDMKd438_xBTp1189Rfa-9Ev-3gQ" title="Sunting bagian: Negara dan struktur hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Negara dan struktur hukum</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Constitutional laws may often be considered second order rulemaking or rules about making rules to exercise power.</span> Konstitusional undang-undang Mei sering dianggap urutan kedua rulemaking atau membuat aturan tentang aturan untuk melakukan kuasa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It governs the relationships between the judiciary, the legislature and the executive with the bodies under its authority.</span> It governs hubungan antara lembaga peradilan, maka legislatif dan eksekutif dengan badan-nya di bawah otoritas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One of the key tasks of constitutions within this context is to indicate hierarchies and relationships of power.</span> Salah satu tugas penting dari Konstitusi dalam konteks ini adalah untuk menunjukkan hirarki dan hubungan kekuasaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, in a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state&usg=ALkJrhjmsmMg2LPWT2kZ9wusDPgB0nJWbQ" title="Unitary negara">unitary state</a> , the constitution will vest ultimate authority in one central administration and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiXQmouVY4yHrnXANHkOcEU5z7qVQ" title="Legislatif">legislature</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhgGBOFjQFw6S4oHlIvToHKcOlSjCA" title="Peradilan">judiciary</a> , though there is often a delegation of power or authority to local or municipal authorities.</span> Misalnya, dalam sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state&usg=ALkJrhjmsmMg2LPWT2kZ9wusDPgB0nJWbQ" title="Unitary negara">negara unitary,</a> konstitusi akan memberi segala kuasa di satu pusat administrasi dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiXQmouVY4yHrnXANHkOcEU5z7qVQ" title="Legislatif">legislatif,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhgGBOFjQFw6S4oHlIvToHKcOlSjCA" title="Peradilan">yudikatif,</a> walaupun sering terdapat sebuah delegasi kekuasaan atau otoritas lokal atau kota berwenang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When a constitution establishes a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_state&usg=ALkJrhi1y2rwKorX5emGYmbHQJdKlmwShg" title="Federal negara" class="mw-redirect">federal state</a> , it will identify the several levels of government coexisting with exclusive or shared areas of jurisdiction over lawmaking, application and enforcement.</span> Ketika membentuk sebuah konstitusi <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_state&usg=ALkJrhi1y2rwKorX5emGYmbHQJdKlmwShg" title="Federal negara" class="mw-redirect">federal negara,</a> akan mengidentifikasi beberapa tingkat pemerintahan coexisting eksklusif atau bersama-sama dengan bidang yurisdiksi atas legislatif, aplikasi dan penegakan hukum.</span> </p><p><a name="Human_rights" id="Human_rights"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhg0YNhMjETuoky3HZPNBQdWnC4f1g" title="Sunting bagian: Hak Asasi Manusia">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Human rights</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhg0YNhMjETuoky3HZPNBQdWnC4f1g" title="Sunting bagian: Hak Asasi Manusia"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hak Asasi Manusia</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhAbxIE70JQpkzxqn5mG4BzpuebvA" title="Hak asasi manusia">Human rights</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhgdunYak0cJAdIxUGfvhz22j9DINQ" title="Hukum hak asasi manusia" class="mw-redirect">Human rights law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhAbxIE70JQpkzxqn5mG4BzpuebvA" title="Hak asasi manusia">Hak Asasi Manusia</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhgdunYak0cJAdIxUGfvhz22j9DINQ" title="Hukum hak asasi manusia" class="mw-redirect">Hak Asasi Manusia Hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Human rights or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties&usg=ALkJrhjZ48a22nKzd3uCU0stRCsDvPgc_g" title="Kebebasan sipil">civil liberties</a> form a crucial part of a country's constitution and govern the rights of the individual against the state.</span> Hak asasi manusia atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties&usg=ALkJrhjZ48a22nKzd3uCU0stRCsDvPgc_g" title="Kebebasan sipil">kebebasan sipil</a> bentuk bagian penting dari konstitusi negara dan pemerintah hak-hak individu terhadap negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most jurisdictions, like the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America&usg=ALkJrhihlvXpTU7oM0Wv4fRNaJ18cvKjFw" title="Amerika Serikat" class="mw-redirect">United States</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhh_uT4BYw0-eyM3vIvpQZ8VutZBWA" title="Prancis">France</a> , have a single codified constitution, with a <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiUpWfWzq8ha82wY6IP9otAH5Bytw" title="Bill of Rights" class="mw-redirect">Bill of Rights</a> .</span> Sebagian besar jurisdiksi, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America&usg=ALkJrhihlvXpTU7oM0Wv4fRNaJ18cvKjFw" title="Amerika Serikat" class="mw-redirect">Amerika Serikat</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&usg=ALkJrhh_uT4BYw0-eyM3vIvpQZ8VutZBWA" title="Prancis">Perancis,</a> memiliki satu dikodifikasikan konstitusi, dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights&usg=ALkJrhiUpWfWzq8ha82wY6IP9otAH5Bytw" title="Bill of Rights" class="mw-redirect">Bill of Rights.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A recent example is the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhgCoe7gaX9P0qaLC_C07DCsgSBsbg" title="Piagam Hak-hak Fundamental dari Uni Eropa">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> which was intended to be included in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe&usg=ALkJrhih8nu5Mu363jduCDX8sQy-2Po3NQ" title="Perjanjian untuk mendirikan sebuah Konstitusi Eropa">Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe</a> , that failed to be ratified.</span> Contoh baru-baru ini adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhgCoe7gaX9P0qaLC_C07DCsgSBsbg" title="Piagam Hak-hak Fundamental dari Uni Eropa">Piagam Hak-hak Fundamental dari Uni Eropa</a> yang dirancang untuk dimasukkan ke dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe&usg=ALkJrhih8nu5Mu363jduCDX8sQy-2Po3NQ" title="Perjanjian untuk mendirikan sebuah Konstitusi Eropa">Perjanjian untuk membentuk sebuah Konstitusi Eropa,</a> yang gagal untuk meratifikasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Perhaps the most important example is the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhjfV2TQEviuSU9c8X8Wkd8OpMfinw" title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> under the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Charter&usg=ALkJrhjnw2uCLNUqvIFE0Vvgh3rVhwnMqA" title="Piagam PBB" class="mw-redirect">UN Charter</a> .</span> Mungkin contoh yang paling penting adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhjfV2TQEviuSU9c8X8Wkd8OpMfinw" title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia">Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia</a> di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Charter&usg=ALkJrhjnw2uCLNUqvIFE0Vvgh3rVhwnMqA" title="Piagam PBB" class="mw-redirect">Piagam PBB.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These are intended to ensure basic political, social and economic standards that a nation state, or intergovernmental body is obliged to provide to its citizens but many do include its governments.</span> Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk memastikan dasar politik, sosial dan ekonomi suatu bangsa yang standar negara, atau antar badan berkewajiban untuk memberikan nya tetapi warga banyak yang termasuk dengan pemerintah.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some countries like the United Kingdom, have no entrenched document setting out fundamental rights; in those jurisdictions the constitution is composed of <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhjgdWDkX_VQK2kd7OJx9CuwHjZI0g" title="Statuta">statute</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law&usg=ALkJrhiPosXG0W-rNQbpjmBD99NbD8lWkQ" title="Kasus hukum">case law</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_%28political_custom%29&usg=ALkJrhjfrb7ef3o3fwJSeFovsskVtBIeOg" title="Konstitusional konvensi (politik kustom)">convention</a> .</span> Beberapa negara seperti Inggris, tidak memiliki dokumen berurat pengeluaran hak-hak dasar dalam jurisdiksi konstitusi yang terdiri dari <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhjgdWDkX_VQK2kd7OJx9CuwHjZI0g" title="Statuta">undang-undang,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law&usg=ALkJrhiPosXG0W-rNQbpjmBD99NbD8lWkQ" title="Kasus hukum">kasus hukum</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_%28political_custom%29&usg=ALkJrhjfrb7ef3o3fwJSeFovsskVtBIeOg" title="Konstitusional konvensi (politik kustom)">konvensi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A case named <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington&usg=ALkJrhgoUEU3sPko4Ei68bZLpCPKWBCZhA" title="V. Entick Carrington" class="mw-redirect"><i>Entick v. Carrington</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law.</span> Kasus bernama <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington&usg=ALkJrhgoUEU3sPko4Ei68bZLpCPKWBCZhA" title="V. Entick Carrington" class="mw-redirect"><i>Entick ayat Carrington</i></a> <span><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span> menggambarkan sebuah prinsip konstitusional deriving dari hukum umum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mr Entick's house was searched and ransacked by Sherriff Carrington.</span> Mr Entick rumah telah dicari dan ransacked oleh Carrington Sherriff.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Montague-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax&usg=ALkJrhjLt4Ey9eNGLnF73yShjmLCBIOIYQ" title="George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax" class="mw-redirect">Earl of Halifax</a> was valid authority, even though there was no statutory provision or court order for it.</span> Carrington argumentasi yang menjamin dari Pemerintah menteri, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Montague-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax&usg=ALkJrhjLt4Ey9eNGLnF73yShjmLCBIOIYQ" title="George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax" class="mw-redirect">Earl of Halifax</a> merupakan kewenangan sah, walaupun tidak ada ketentuan undang-undang atau perintah pengadilan untuk itu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The court, led by <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pratt,_1st_Earl_Camden&usg=ALkJrhhRbsXKtdPoEL_VHmtu0K_wcL2Bcg" title="Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden">Lord Camden</a> stated that,</span> Pengadilan, yang dipimpin oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pratt,_1st_Earl_Camden&usg=ALkJrhhRbsXKtdPoEL_VHmtu0K_wcL2Bcg" title="Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden">Lord Camden</a> menyatakan bahwa,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole. By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass... If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment." <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> "The great end, untuk laki-laki yang masuk ke dalam masyarakat, adalah milik mereka aman. Itu adalah hak suci dan tak dpt diberitahukan diawetkan dalam semua hal, dimana belum diambil atau ringkasan oleh beberapa hukum publik untuk kebaikan semua. Oleh undang-undang Inggris, setiap invasi dari milik pribadi, baik sekali menit, merupakan pelanggaran ... Jika tidak ada alasan dapat ditemukan atau dihasilkan, kesunyian buku-buku merupakan kewenangan terhadap terdakwa, dan penuntut harus memiliki penghakiman . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>"[2]</span></sup></a></span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Inspired by <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government&usg=ALkJrhhpienTOiUFh-kAQnhhEu5iEVG4pA" title="Dua Treatises Pemerintah">John Locke</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> the fundamental constitutional principle is that the individual can do anything but that which is forbidden by law, while the state may do nothing but that which is authorised by law.</span> Terinspirasi oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government&usg=ALkJrhhpienTOiUFh-kAQnhhEu5iEVG4pA" title="Dua Treatises Pemerintah">John Locke,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a> dasar konstitusional adalah prinsip bahwa individu dapat melakukan apa-apa, tetapi yang dilarang oleh hukum, sementara negara Mei tetapi tidak melakukan apa-apa yang diizinkan oleh undang-undang.</span> </p><p><a name="Legislative_procedure" id="Legislative_procedure"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhifrN-d-WkT9Ker6vY2t5xKU2CHKQ" title="Sunting bagian: Legislatif prosedur">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Legislative procedure</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhifrN-d-WkT9Ker6vY2t5xKU2CHKQ" title="Sunting bagian: Legislatif prosedur"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Legislatif prosedur</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure&usg=ALkJrhg2uRUAruxCgUNwwWHTV6ZEl0crew" title="Parlemen prosedur">Parliamentary procedure</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure&usg=ALkJrhg2uRUAruxCgUNwwWHTV6ZEl0crew" title="Parlemen prosedur">Parlemen prosedur</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another main function of constitutions may be to describe the procedure by which parliaments may legislate.</span> Lain fungsi utama Konstitusi mungkin untuk menjelaskan prosedur Mei oleh parlemen yang membuat undang-undang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance, special majorities may be required to alter the constitution.</span> Sebagai contoh, khusus majorities mungkin diperlukan untuk mengubah konstitusi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In bicameral legislatures, there may be a process laid out for second or third readings of bills before a new law can enter into force.</span> Terdiri daripada dua dewan dalam legislatures, mungkin ada proses untuk meletakkan kedua atau ketiga pembacaan dari tagihan sebelum undang-undang yang baru dapat masuk ke dalam kekerasan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Alternatively, there may further be requirements for maximum terms that a government can keep power before holding an <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election&usg=ALkJrhj74XVICAWtyckgV9B9Zcx_jog6yw" title="Pemilihan">election</a> .</span> Atau, mungkin akan lebih maksimal untuk persyaratan persyaratan bahwa pemerintah dapat menjaga daya sebelum memegang sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election&usg=ALkJrhj74XVICAWtyckgV9B9Zcx_jog6yw" title="Pemilihan">pemilihan.</a></span> </p><p><a name="The_study_of_constitutional_law" id="The_study_of_constitutional_law"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhicTT1sOZSHDHY9BMZRpx5hZhq4gg" title="Sunting bagian: Studi dari hukum konstitusional">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">The study of constitutional law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhicTT1sOZSHDHY9BMZRpx5hZhq4gg" title="Sunting bagian: Studi dari hukum konstitusional"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Studi dari hukum konstitusional</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Constitutional law is a major focus of legal academia.</span> Konstitusional hukum adalah fokus utama dari hukum akademisi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, most law students in the United States are required to take a class in "Con Law" during their first year, and several <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_journals&usg=ALkJrhhS-RPWr5wnRLAdl2uRFXi4wNbqjQ" title="Jurnal hukum" class="mw-redirect">law journals</a> , like the Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy, the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Journal_of_Constitutional_Law&usg=ALkJrhiY8kS_DJXvP39w-dtc1QZ9WhAn0A" title="University of Pennsylvania Journal of Konstitusi Hukum">University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law</a> , and the University of California, Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, are devoted to the discussion of constitutional issues.</span> Sebagai contoh, sebagian besar para siswa jurusan hukum di Amerika Serikat diminta untuk mengambil kelas dalam "Con Hukum" selama tahun pertama mereka, dan beberapa <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_journals&usg=ALkJrhhS-RPWr5wnRLAdl2uRFXi4wNbqjQ" title="Jurnal hukum" class="mw-redirect">jurnal hukum,</a> seperti Duke Journal of Konstitusi Hukum & Kebijakan Publik, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Journal_of_Constitutional_Law&usg=ALkJrhiY8kS_DJXvP39w-dtc1QZ9WhAn0A" title="University of Pennsylvania Journal of Konstitusi Hukum">University of Pennsylvania Journal of Konstitusi Hukum</a> , dan University of California, Hastings Konstitusi Hukum Kuartalan, yang dikhususkan untuk diskusi mengenai isu-isu konstitusional.</span> </p><p><a name="Constitutions_by_region" id="Constitutions_by_region"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhjAWU1H2222Tv3EUDu3KH9RNxRMmw" title="Sunting bagian: Konstitusi wilayah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Constitutions by region</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhjAWU1H2222Tv3EUDu3KH9RNxRMmw" title="Sunting bagian: Konstitusi wilayah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Konstitusi wilayah</span></span> </h2><table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0">show</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic&usg=ALkJrhjaaARtc89J6TQ_kNfgTgBzxCh6xA" title="Template: Afrika topik">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic&usg=ALkJrhhQG9vuopUGp8-uVtaLM_CAaASZjQ" title="Template talk: Afrika topik">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Africa_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhJI5QW-ZcFeqPUYfuMr67xHWUnmQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic&usg=ALkJrhjaaARtc89J6TQ_kNfgTgBzxCh6xA" title="Template: Afrika topik">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic&usg=ALkJrhhQG9vuopUGp8-uVtaLM_CAaASZjQ" title="Template talk: Afrika topik">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Africa_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhJI5QW-ZcFeqPUYfuMr67xHWUnmQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">Constitutions of Africa</span></span> <span style="font-size: 110%;">Konstitusi dari Afrika</span></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Sovereign states</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Negara berdaulat</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria&usg=ALkJrhhF33UJOxAoMyXcaMI07LMlKsV8TQ" title="Konstitusi Aljazair">Algeria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Angola&usg=ALkJrhjaU4kMHbkXDu7JWCJg15Ra4qrznQ" title="Konstitusi Indonesia">Angola</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Benin&usg=ALkJrhiXhNUc2B8cVkiYRkF5FbJNgNnOHQ" title="Konstitusi Benin">Benin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Botswana&usg=ALkJrhhmU8Rd4d0R_m7ISL1Wmmphf1zWAw" title="Konstitusi Botswana">Botswana</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Burkina_Faso&usg=ALkJrhgQDhLHU9AiVLxzHUzZk4Mp7ochdQ" title="Konstitusi Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Burundi&usg=ALkJrhioD3s2kNMeBuNUxtOWIugoBDpjUA" title="Konstitusi Burundi" class="mw-redirect">Burundi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Cameroon&usg=ALkJrhgRkzGHooDMjBzq95yOiaIYCz0xow" title="Konstitusi Kamerun">Cameroon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Cape_Verde%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj4w3efXMI0sUi9IEgt7HlQaIS1OQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Cape Verde (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cape Verde</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Central_African_Republic%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi6tR5CKK_UuTBqAJSt5Q1z96_uNg" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Republik Afrika Tengah (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Central African Republic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad&usg=ALkJrhhro6G9x9oMm-TJ2S25Bq6g6oezPQ" title="Konstitusi Chad">Chad</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Comoros%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg0i3D_DwPKB5DubqjzzcMZhFYLXg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Komoros (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Comoros</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&usg=ALkJrhh6GhQms-QYhxsIpIyrEMjmYX7Q_g" title="Konstitusi dari Republik Demokratik Kongo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhILDYpaNi1mUz8q0I_MhajZGMdfA" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Kongo (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Republic of the Congo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_C%25C3%25B4te_d%27Ivoire%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgn0A_7tg1ODL1bfYMMY7a-WYjfrA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Côte d'Ivoire (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Djibouti%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhivb0CTnU1GTd84y7mPTmv8ovYmkQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Jibouti (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Djibouti</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt&usg=ALkJrhhhIQ7zMioMSkQKN4g7I7efNyBhOQ" title="Konstitusi Mesir">Egypt</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Equatorial_Guinea&usg=ALkJrhh36O_SA8L3uMsYk9Pc-sTDJV-qEg" title="Konstitusi Guinea Khatulistiwa">Equatorial Guinea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Eritrea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhkh9F8nXLWOWocSCD4-26_jzU8qQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Eritrea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Eritrea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ethiopia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjyqvLhnu8OdfEZqEz8mHSPwWNThg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ethiopia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ethiopia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Gabon%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiOYitgdPbywy_3aij49mbHPq6aew" class="new" title="Konstitusi Gabon (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Gabon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_The_Gambia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhxFkUizEbugtTvmVFb4Nsso3tBgA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Gambia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">The Gambia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ghana%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi1Dhbu8ODsc7GYNmpBjL3w7xLAiw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ghana</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guinea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhifhXtreYDZI55dJ-mASq6NT3J-Aw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guinea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guinea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guinea-Bissau%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhismyQ4jaGOYr3ts3ujeSSaNQyR-Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guinea-Bissau (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guinea-Bissau</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Kenya%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhht8xQ51uHofDVabXZ3ZM8Oz2caaQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kenya (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kenya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Lesotho%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgBN2wHS0rS9rMYqN6fCFAKUqjr_A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Lesotho (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Lesotho</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Liberia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgrziNhV7YVbSh3rP8neGL8r4zryA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Liberia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Liberia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Libya%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhxXzSNcsKzeKI77xgRKzkKG3znKQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Libya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Madagascar&usg=ALkJrhjjMhZrr-mVaDhwapV7K6T1tfL4-g" title="Konstitusi Madagaskar">Madagascar</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Malawi%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi7tTyfQyEQIeMt38nTiwI2Su3ghA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Malawi (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Malawi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mali&usg=ALkJrhiz9U3j3o3ckzScyTVFB0kN9IrdYg" title="Konstitusi Mali">Mali</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mauritania&usg=ALkJrhj2r0MF0B54j82CrE_-yVRNh1gnTg" title="Konstitusi Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mauritius%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhieQSAL-Fob0Ol5lQeJ1TvFK2jE-Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Mauritius (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mauritius</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Morocco%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiL6ps576WB1mMStqsl9tQZD9Q4Vg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Maroko (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Morocco</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mozambique%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhvsSoMvS6g03j_yu1zlveGIcjYmQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Mozambik (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mozambique</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Namibia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhid2vWSOaNLFp0qnMNMBv8LsFtVA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Namibia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Niger&usg=ALkJrhhQQKWyI44Mo28qHmCxFt-890ojeA" title="Konstitusi Niger">Niger</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria&usg=ALkJrhiBwiXkEU2nhT0x4TmIg53iof8psw" title="Konstitusi Indonesia">Nigeria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda&usg=ALkJrhiomrj7QIbqZNUu0hsQVPKj4ShIbA" title="Konstitusi Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_S%25C3%25A3o_Tom%25C3%25A9_and_Pr%25C3%25ADncipe%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiyRB8Ckpugt1u1XuVfXxyjJefp7w" class="new" title="Konstitusi São Tomé dan Príncipe (halaman tidak ditemukan)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Senegal%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiwnWdZtOnsf1QAqw-hn0lbGIq5zg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Senegal (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Senegal</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Seychelles%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiu3eGZl4HTQQMkP253k47ixqdsaA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Seychelles (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Seychelles</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Sierra_Leone%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhCiN4-2JmoptCR7ljM_a28k_m10A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sierra Leone (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Sierra Leone</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Somalia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhizQ20T-YoZxmjpT8x30Jn6ZF2Pg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Somalia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Somalia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa&usg=ALkJrhgd3BbBGzg_9-eCqDqxdLp0AcgkBA" title="Konstitusi Afrika Selatan">South Africa</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Sudan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiWC-dAccsTcBV6Q2TGa8lJ8t22Og" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sudan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Sudan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Swaziland%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgYplMgH0BfnjzS-QrCHCedaZx41Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Swaziland (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Swaziland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tanzania%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgyhMgQ3Y8AIgkEkuFD83X1c7E_XA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tanzania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Togo%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhinpmqdMeE1uV3Wcr67nIvH3ZVM6g" class="new" title="Konstitusi Togo (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Togo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tunisia&usg=ALkJrhhmpIx7QbSl7FFTuqS8I-CPf9NVwQ" title="Konstitusi Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uganda&usg=ALkJrhh-RC4B4xzevAcxosLj5ZfiiYcu0w" title="Konstitusi Uganda">Uganda</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Zambia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi8XmGA3R2yIAEe0xl4bpU0HXhg0Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Zambia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Zimbabwe%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiVuFuHwj5bNgIe4rjqVIjMQo9_fg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Zimbabwe (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Zimbabwe</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria&usg=ALkJrhhF33UJOxAoMyXcaMI07LMlKsV8TQ" title="Konstitusi Aljazair">Aljazair</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Angola&usg=ALkJrhjaU4kMHbkXDu7JWCJg15Ra4qrznQ" title="Konstitusi Indonesia">Angola</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Benin&usg=ALkJrhiXhNUc2B8cVkiYRkF5FbJNgNnOHQ" title="Konstitusi Benin">Benin</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Botswana&usg=ALkJrhhmU8Rd4d0R_m7ISL1Wmmphf1zWAw" title="Konstitusi Botswana">Botswana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Burkina_Faso&usg=ALkJrhgQDhLHU9AiVLxzHUzZk4Mp7ochdQ" title="Konstitusi Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Burundi&usg=ALkJrhioD3s2kNMeBuNUxtOWIugoBDpjUA" title="Konstitusi Burundi" class="mw-redirect">Burundi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Cameroon&usg=ALkJrhgRkzGHooDMjBzq95yOiaIYCz0xow" title="Konstitusi Kamerun">Cameroon</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Cape_Verde%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj4w3efXMI0sUi9IEgt7HlQaIS1OQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Cape Verde (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cape Verde</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Central_African_Republic%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi6tR5CKK_UuTBqAJSt5Q1z96_uNg" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Republik Afrika Tengah (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Republik Afrika Tengah</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Chad&usg=ALkJrhhro6G9x9oMm-TJ2S25Bq6g6oezPQ" title="Konstitusi Chad">Chad</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Comoros%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg0i3D_DwPKB5DubqjzzcMZhFYLXg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Komoros (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Komoro</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&usg=ALkJrhh6GhQms-QYhxsIpIyrEMjmYX7Q_g" title="Konstitusi dari Republik Demokratik Kongo">Republik Demokratik Kongo</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhILDYpaNi1mUz8q0I_MhajZGMdfA" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Kongo (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Republik Kongo</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_C%25C3%25B4te_d%27Ivoire%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgn0A_7tg1ODL1bfYMMY7a-WYjfrA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Côte d'Ivoire (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Côte d'Ivoire (Pantai <b>Gading)</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Djibouti%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhivb0CTnU1GTd84y7mPTmv8ovYmkQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Jibouti (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Djibouti</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt&usg=ALkJrhhhIQ7zMioMSkQKN4g7I7efNyBhOQ" title="Konstitusi Mesir">Mesir</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Equatorial_Guinea&usg=ALkJrhh36O_SA8L3uMsYk9Pc-sTDJV-qEg" title="Konstitusi Guinea Khatulistiwa">Equatorial Guinea</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Eritrea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhkh9F8nXLWOWocSCD4-26_jzU8qQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Eritrea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Eritrea</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ethiopia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjyqvLhnu8OdfEZqEz8mHSPwWNThg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ethiopia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ethiopia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Gabon%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiOYitgdPbywy_3aij49mbHPq6aew" class="new" title="Konstitusi Gabon (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Gabon</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_The_Gambia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhxFkUizEbugtTvmVFb4Nsso3tBgA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Gambia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Gambia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ghana%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi1Dhbu8ODsc7GYNmpBjL3w7xLAiw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ghana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guinea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhifhXtreYDZI55dJ-mASq6NT3J-Aw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guinea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guinea</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guinea-Bissau%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhismyQ4jaGOYr3ts3ujeSSaNQyR-Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guinea-Bissau (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guinea-Bissau</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Kenya%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhht8xQ51uHofDVabXZ3ZM8Oz2caaQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kenya (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kenya</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Lesotho%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgBN2wHS0rS9rMYqN6fCFAKUqjr_A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Lesotho (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Lesotho</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Liberia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgrziNhV7YVbSh3rP8neGL8r4zryA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Liberia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Liberia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Libya%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhxXzSNcsKzeKI77xgRKzkKG3znKQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Libya</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Madagascar&usg=ALkJrhjjMhZrr-mVaDhwapV7K6T1tfL4-g" title="Konstitusi Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Malawi%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi7tTyfQyEQIeMt38nTiwI2Su3ghA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Malawi (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Malawi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mali&usg=ALkJrhiz9U3j3o3ckzScyTVFB0kN9IrdYg" title="Konstitusi Mali">Mali</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mauritania&usg=ALkJrhj2r0MF0B54j82CrE_-yVRNh1gnTg" title="Konstitusi Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mauritius%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhieQSAL-Fob0Ol5lQeJ1TvFK2jE-Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Mauritius (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mauritius</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Morocco%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiL6ps576WB1mMStqsl9tQZD9Q4Vg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Maroko (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Moroko</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mozambique%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhvsSoMvS6g03j_yu1zlveGIcjYmQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Mozambik (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mozambik</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Namibia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhid2vWSOaNLFp0qnMNMBv8LsFtVA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Namibia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Niger&usg=ALkJrhhQQKWyI44Mo28qHmCxFt-890ojeA" title="Konstitusi Niger">Niger</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria&usg=ALkJrhiBwiXkEU2nhT0x4TmIg53iof8psw" title="Konstitusi Indonesia">Nigeria</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda&usg=ALkJrhiomrj7QIbqZNUu0hsQVPKj4ShIbA" title="Konstitusi Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_S%25C3%25A3o_Tom%25C3%25A9_and_Pr%25C3%25ADncipe%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiyRB8Ckpugt1u1XuVfXxyjJefp7w" class="new" title="Konstitusi São Tomé dan Príncipe (halaman tidak ditemukan)">São Tomé dan Príncipe</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Senegal%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiwnWdZtOnsf1QAqw-hn0lbGIq5zg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Senegal (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Senegal</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Seychelles%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiu3eGZl4HTQQMkP253k47ixqdsaA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Seychelles (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Seychelles</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Sierra_Leone%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhCiN4-2JmoptCR7ljM_a28k_m10A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sierra Leone (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Sierra Leone</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Somalia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhizQ20T-YoZxmjpT8x30Jn6ZF2Pg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Somalia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Somalia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa&usg=ALkJrhgd3BbBGzg_9-eCqDqxdLp0AcgkBA" title="Konstitusi Afrika Selatan">South Africa</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Sudan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiWC-dAccsTcBV6Q2TGa8lJ8t22Og" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sudan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Sudan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Swaziland%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgYplMgH0BfnjzS-QrCHCedaZx41Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Swaziland (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Swaziland</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tanzania%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgyhMgQ3Y8AIgkEkuFD83X1c7E_XA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tanzania</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Togo%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhinpmqdMeE1uV3Wcr67nIvH3ZVM6g" class="new" title="Konstitusi Togo (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Togo</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tunisia&usg=ALkJrhhmpIx7QbSl7FFTuqS8I-CPf9NVwQ" title="Konstitusi Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uganda&usg=ALkJrhh-RC4B4xzevAcxosLj5ZfiiYcu0w" title="Konstitusi Uganda">Uganda</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Zambia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi8XmGA3R2yIAEe0xl4bpU0HXhg0Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Zambia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Zimbabwe%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiVuFuHwj5bNgIe4rjqVIjMQo9_fg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Zimbabwe (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Zimbabwe</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependencies</a> ,</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependensi,</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area&usg=ALkJrhjoJ02kqownRaQo5gnIATXmRQ3lDQ" title="Otonomi daerah">autonomies</a> ,</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area&usg=ALkJrhjoJ02kqownRaQo5gnIATXmRQ3lDQ" title="Otonomi daerah">autonomies,</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">other <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28country_subdivision%29&usg=ALkJrhgK9XvR2eKfbYSm-XPVMtugJpSbCA" title="Wilayah (negara bagian)" class="mw-redirect">territories</a></span> lainnya <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28country_subdivision%29&usg=ALkJrhgK9XvR2eKfbYSm-XPVMtugJpSbCA" title="Wilayah (negara bagian)" class="mw-redirect">wilayah</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Canary_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjiAbAiXuf7lF8YqpGsyMWoSVyTEA" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Kepulauan Canary (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Canary Islands</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ceuta%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgMJDDInzLYEJJW5uvYT8jHbiiQUA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ceuta (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Melilla%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjkx3J8HRCfDfAFMFuTjRGx5FCcfQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Melilla (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Melilla</a> <small>(Spain)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Madeira%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjDDuLkO8wBZgTBimh13XqvqelHIw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Madeira (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Madeira</a> <small>(Portugal)</small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mayotte%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgwOqNCnnlFICqMzB5pwBcWQSQ7yQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Mayotte (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mayotte</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_R%25C3%25A9union%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgPlFbf2h40cyGaQqgg7UN-_KrQNw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Réunion (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Réunion</a> <small>(France)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Puntland%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgi_YpIB6IZ2zekk26D7JB4f_o-zg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Puntland (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Puntland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Helena%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi9qRmL_WOJcf6b8wLD6vwFzNCF1g" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Helena (halaman tidak ditemukan)">St. Helena</a> <small>(UK)</small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Socotra%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhMNxvFDVg7DuJpRzN1UTrEiOpoLg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Socotra (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Socotra</a> <small>(Yemen)</small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Somaliland&usg=ALkJrhhitg5wVIK81a_VrhJFHjQ0114bIA" title="Konstitusi Somaliland"><i>Somaliland</i></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Southern_Sudan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjTQ0RHO4z73-aRyY4Un-o2nEegjw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sudan Selatan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Southern Sudan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Western_Sahara%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgQS2_64tu7XeqpxW7DzM8QMAyptw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sahara Barat (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Western Sahara</i></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Zanzibar%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhc2pSzK9kdzFwJ1OfQpKm-HhH_LA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Zanzibar (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Zanzibar</a> <small>(Tanzania)</small></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Canary_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjiAbAiXuf7lF8YqpGsyMWoSVyTEA" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Kepulauan Canary (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kepulauan Canary</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ceuta%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgMJDDInzLYEJJW5uvYT8jHbiiQUA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ceuta (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Melilla%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjkx3J8HRCfDfAFMFuTjRGx5FCcfQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Melilla (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Melilla</a> <small><b>(Spanyol)</b></small></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Madeira%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjDDuLkO8wBZgTBimh13XqvqelHIw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Madeira (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Madeira</a> <small><b>(Portugal)</b></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mayotte%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgwOqNCnnlFICqMzB5pwBcWQSQ7yQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Mayotte (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mayotte</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_R%25C3%25A9union%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgPlFbf2h40cyGaQqgg7UN-_KrQNw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Réunion (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Réunion</a> <small><b>(Perancis)</b></small></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Puntland%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgi_YpIB6IZ2zekk26D7JB4f_o-zg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Puntland (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Puntland</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Helena%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi9qRmL_WOJcf6b8wLD6vwFzNCF1g" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Helena (halaman tidak ditemukan)">St Helena</a> <small><b>(UK)</b></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Socotra%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhMNxvFDVg7DuJpRzN1UTrEiOpoLg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Socotra (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Socotra</a> <small><b>(Yemen)</b></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Somaliland&usg=ALkJrhhitg5wVIK81a_VrhJFHjQ0114bIA" title="Konstitusi Somaliland"><i>Somaliland</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Southern_Sudan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjTQ0RHO4z73-aRyY4Un-o2nEegjw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sudan Selatan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Sudan Selatan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Western_Sahara%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgQS2_64tu7XeqpxW7DzM8QMAyptw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sahara Barat (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Sahara Barat</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Zanzibar%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhc2pSzK9kdzFwJ1OfQpKm-HhH_LA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Zanzibar (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Zanzibar</a> <small>(Indonesia)</small></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-size: 95%;" colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Italics</i> indicate an <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_countries&usg=ALkJrhh5qLelneytjMe-IMfy2D_MSaQlxw" title="Daftar negara yang tidak dikenal" class="mw-redirect">unrecognised or partially recognised country</a> . <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Transcontinental country</a> .</span></span> <i>Miring</i> menunjukkan sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_countries&usg=ALkJrhh5qLelneytjMe-IMfy2D_MSaQlxw" title="Daftar negara yang tidak dikenal" class="mw-redirect">unrecognised atau sebagian diakui negara.</a> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Transcontinental negara.</a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table id="collapsibleTable1" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(1);" id="collapseButton1">show</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic&usg=ALkJrhirOOZdR5pEem7JVws_Yd7t_M6arw" title="Template: Asia topik"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic&usg=ALkJrhjYL_YbbYINFgQwF1Y7XcwnWE2ZFQ" title="Template talk: Asia topik"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Asia_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhsUvnZ2s3cfg8ajAhsEcF1V0buOw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic&usg=ALkJrhirOOZdR5pEem7JVws_Yd7t_M6arw" title="Template: Asia topik"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic&usg=ALkJrhjYL_YbbYINFgQwF1Y7XcwnWE2ZFQ" title="Template talk: Asia topik"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Asia_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhsUvnZ2s3cfg8ajAhsEcF1V0buOw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">Constitutions of Asia</span></span> <span style="font-size: 110%;">Konstitusi di Asia</span></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Sovereign</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Berdaulat</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat"><br /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">states</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">negara</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan&usg=ALkJrhgp12MKwRqGib0vyUp3OnsHLaHq5g" title="Konstitusi Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia&usg=ALkJrhi2igNGu4etTGD_wanu2rFpSCESPg" title="Konstitusi Armenia">Armenia</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan&usg=ALkJrhh7ZfUHbbLC6RcttfaY3aBdVrA9hQ" title="Konstitusi Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain&usg=ALkJrhiIjq_cXpiBJTQ7hFJe_Si2stdmgQ" title="Konstitusi Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh&usg=ALkJrhjJaKc23PE_KqC7o9Q9tvp4eaF1IA" title="Konstitusi Banglades">Bangladesh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Bhutan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhNqLQyDd2_DZh4qjtQAsfRE9fzOg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Bhutan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Bhutan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Brunei%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhoYyvdRlycVeCukW28_7X7cchaYA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Brunei (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Brunei</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Burma&usg=ALkJrhijKxinmhoFn5pbmcTYSpUScougBw" title="Konstitusi Burma">Burma</a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Cambodia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjR2FgI7bQ1nOx_uXEJjsGA7-d9iw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kamboja (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cambodia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhjreE-m8UMAvYsDZeUSynJfD3xkWg" title="Konstitusi dari People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus&usg=ALkJrhgkQIC7sF54z3H70sNTDMcgVIbicw" title="Konstitusi Siprus">Cyprus</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_East_Timor%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjoI-TXM0qb6585dZR56il8wJ-vbQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Timor Leste (halaman tidak ditemukan)">East Timor</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt&usg=ALkJrhhhIQ7zMioMSkQKN4g7I7efNyBhOQ" title="Konstitusi Mesir">Egypt</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_%28country%29&usg=ALkJrhg4cbxPAtkQGlvFTJfZrcNmpsrnng" title="Konstitusi Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India&usg=ALkJrhh7bhsX0SaT-leexwIRLVC_azWdPg" title="Konstitusi India">India</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhhF_j9FLmS7hdkA2C12EWVnULTtkw" title="Konstitusi Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran&usg=ALkJrhgyrySzikghFeuTQMaHUbB0kpOvDw" title="Konstitusi Iran" class="mw-redirect">Iran</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq&usg=ALkJrhiJ-mXQgmVSvoCFzEfvSHrc89zbRA" title="Konstitusi Irak">Iraq</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Israel&usg=ALkJrhgeg8nBQL2R7X59DpsVaYANvYKYTw" title="Konstitusi Israel" class="mw-redirect">Israel</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan&usg=ALkJrhis4K2r9-PjqVFZgJHOdsRnai2Pcg" title="Konstitusi Jepang">Japan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan&usg=ALkJrhgCQRH7kmClEuSbxqeIX9L_vbJyuQ" title="Konstitusi Yordania">Jordan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan&usg=ALkJrhhOaamnt0VFTy_-7F4MHszXqHDy_w" title="Konstitusi Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea&usg=ALkJrhheW_IwFWlZIeTmVGFQltIKV5n93w" title="Konstitusi Korea Utara">North Korea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea&usg=ALkJrhiqD2SkeFbFR8GMoErLUy3lbz021A" title="Konstitusi Korea Selatan" class="mw-redirect">South Korea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait&usg=ALkJrhiKbHG2OSV-vMrFxsARTV8VGBShzA" title="Konstitusi Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan&usg=ALkJrhhuhE_vlFJXbOtM1sNMZ-IhtFahAA" title="Konstitusi Kyrgystan">Kyrgyzstan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos&usg=ALkJrhiFcU_qcrxEyXM6DekwLlgftrBz1A" title="Konstitusi Laos">Laos</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon&usg=ALkJrhiZZjXRW5R3izhVU0Wa8qQSYuJrAA" title="Konstitusi Libanon">Lebanon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia&usg=ALkJrhjUWQiPla-by2euGrszwuAOoBHK2g" title="Konstitusi Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Maldives&usg=ALkJrhgpfN9943iCB3wvDaoz_GD4ksxvLQ" title="Konstitusi yang Maldiva">Maldives</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia&usg=ALkJrhiKmDswlV6easts2Rio5FdGC0fwdA" title="Konstitusi Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal&usg=ALkJrhgc4__kveNO8mOOpcJdtR6SthxxxA" title="Konstitusi Nepal">Nepal</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Oman%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjkPu5XB6JLAjgvkva-XtSyOed3tA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Oman (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Oman</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan&usg=ALkJrhhL9H12WxlimADJvRShn3lwmGGVag" title="Konstitusi Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines&usg=ALkJrhjJcrdlM0xRXIgwBUUMgFZdupR6cw" title="Konstitusi Filipina">Philippines</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Qatar%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhga08R_iEEf9SCV9L_XCVV1OTKbJw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Qatar (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Qatar</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia&usg=ALkJrhj_mPDtg2kWru5ee-GX2sHjtOpX3Q" title="Konstitusi Rusia">Russia</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Saudi_Arabia&usg=ALkJrhicBRbv2BgKGSfAmBBw2HFHkkTp1g" title="Konstitusi Arab Saudi" class="mw-redirect">Saudi Arabia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore&usg=ALkJrhirs1rHhxL1tMMc25B9BDrhKJCflg" title="Konstitusi Singapura">Singapore</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka&usg=ALkJrhhnMdj-9SFnOlWOmpTypoSUu5kzjA" title="Konstitusi Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria&usg=ALkJrhib1jsK_1fcq8DNfWJ_oJrNaPKgWA" title="Konstitusi Syria">Syria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tajikistan&usg=ALkJrhisoCYHvdaSHMp9FUNgR40AZdUSUg" title="Konstitusi Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhig7KKdgACgN6LvPqn3OYuE7P9Cyw" title="Konstitusi Republik Cina">Republic of China</a> <small><sup>5</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand&usg=ALkJrhjI93xxmwffFO9VXwg1SLv6Dn_atg" title="Konstitusi Thailand">Thailand</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey&usg=ALkJrhj9zY0bAIi6-T0N3FKbZemHHNweBA" title="Konstitusi Turki">Turkey</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan&usg=ALkJrhhINqT6CYLymB6mFCHPQdjiGSG14w" title="Konstitusi Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&usg=ALkJrhjrxlgM2D81wpgceK0zHuXgJMc-ug" title="Konstitusi Uni Emirat Arab">United Arab Emirates</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan&usg=ALkJrhhNIynZh9BAzY4HX0WxEfqmv42_Nw" title="Konstitusi Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam&usg=ALkJrhhpK6NsuaC3vydm8kO1uvk9lYKo8A" title="Konstitusi Vietnam" class="mw-redirect">Vietnam</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Yemen%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhikC9Xf8fUJnFsjG927uUQXTMQLbg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Yaman (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Yemen</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan&usg=ALkJrhgp12MKwRqGib0vyUp3OnsHLaHq5g" title="Konstitusi Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia&usg=ALkJrhi2igNGu4etTGD_wanu2rFpSCESPg" title="Konstitusi Armenia">Armenia</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan&usg=ALkJrhh7ZfUHbbLC6RcttfaY3aBdVrA9hQ" title="Konstitusi Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain&usg=ALkJrhiIjq_cXpiBJTQ7hFJe_Si2stdmgQ" title="Konstitusi Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh&usg=ALkJrhjJaKc23PE_KqC7o9Q9tvp4eaF1IA" title="Konstitusi Banglades">Bangladesh</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Bhutan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhNqLQyDd2_DZh4qjtQAsfRE9fzOg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Bhutan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Bhutan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Brunei%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhoYyvdRlycVeCukW28_7X7cchaYA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Brunei (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Brunei</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Burma&usg=ALkJrhijKxinmhoFn5pbmcTYSpUScougBw" title="Konstitusi Burma">Burma</a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Cambodia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjR2FgI7bQ1nOx_uXEJjsGA7-d9iw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kamboja (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cambodia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhjreE-m8UMAvYsDZeUSynJfD3xkWg" title="Konstitusi dari People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus&usg=ALkJrhgkQIC7sF54z3H70sNTDMcgVIbicw" title="Konstitusi Siprus">Cyprus</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_East_Timor%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjoI-TXM0qb6585dZR56il8wJ-vbQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Timor Leste (halaman tidak ditemukan)">East Timor</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt&usg=ALkJrhhhIQ7zMioMSkQKN4g7I7efNyBhOQ" title="Konstitusi Mesir">Egypt</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_%28country%29&usg=ALkJrhg4cbxPAtkQGlvFTJfZrcNmpsrnng" title="Konstitusi Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India&usg=ALkJrhh7bhsX0SaT-leexwIRLVC_azWdPg" title="Konstitusi India">India</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhhF_j9FLmS7hdkA2C12EWVnULTtkw" title="Konstitusi Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran&usg=ALkJrhgyrySzikghFeuTQMaHUbB0kpOvDw" title="Konstitusi Iran" class="mw-redirect">Iran</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq&usg=ALkJrhiJ-mXQgmVSvoCFzEfvSHrc89zbRA" title="Konstitusi Irak">Irak</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Israel&usg=ALkJrhgeg8nBQL2R7X59DpsVaYANvYKYTw" title="Konstitusi Israel" class="mw-redirect">Israel</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan&usg=ALkJrhis4K2r9-PjqVFZgJHOdsRnai2Pcg" title="Konstitusi Jepang">Jepang</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan&usg=ALkJrhgCQRH7kmClEuSbxqeIX9L_vbJyuQ" title="Konstitusi Yordania">Jordan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan&usg=ALkJrhhOaamnt0VFTy_-7F4MHszXqHDy_w" title="Konstitusi Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea&usg=ALkJrhheW_IwFWlZIeTmVGFQltIKV5n93w" title="Konstitusi Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea&usg=ALkJrhiqD2SkeFbFR8GMoErLUy3lbz021A" title="Konstitusi Korea Selatan" class="mw-redirect">Korea Selatan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait&usg=ALkJrhiKbHG2OSV-vMrFxsARTV8VGBShzA" title="Konstitusi Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan&usg=ALkJrhhuhE_vlFJXbOtM1sNMZ-IhtFahAA" title="Konstitusi Kyrgystan">Kyrgyzstan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos&usg=ALkJrhiFcU_qcrxEyXM6DekwLlgftrBz1A" title="Konstitusi Laos">Laos</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon&usg=ALkJrhiZZjXRW5R3izhVU0Wa8qQSYuJrAA" title="Konstitusi Libanon">Lebanon</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia&usg=ALkJrhjUWQiPla-by2euGrszwuAOoBHK2g" title="Konstitusi Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Maldives&usg=ALkJrhgpfN9943iCB3wvDaoz_GD4ksxvLQ" title="Konstitusi yang Maldiva">Maldives</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia&usg=ALkJrhiKmDswlV6easts2Rio5FdGC0fwdA" title="Konstitusi Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal&usg=ALkJrhgc4__kveNO8mOOpcJdtR6SthxxxA" title="Konstitusi Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Oman%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjkPu5XB6JLAjgvkva-XtSyOed3tA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Oman (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Oman</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan&usg=ALkJrhhL9H12WxlimADJvRShn3lwmGGVag" title="Konstitusi Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines&usg=ALkJrhjJcrdlM0xRXIgwBUUMgFZdupR6cw" title="Konstitusi Filipina">Philippines</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Qatar%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhga08R_iEEf9SCV9L_XCVV1OTKbJw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Qatar (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Qatar</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia&usg=ALkJrhj_mPDtg2kWru5ee-GX2sHjtOpX3Q" title="Konstitusi Rusia">Russia</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Saudi_Arabia&usg=ALkJrhicBRbv2BgKGSfAmBBw2HFHkkTp1g" title="Konstitusi Arab Saudi" class="mw-redirect">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore&usg=ALkJrhirs1rHhxL1tMMc25B9BDrhKJCflg" title="Konstitusi Singapura">Singapore</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka&usg=ALkJrhhnMdj-9SFnOlWOmpTypoSUu5kzjA" title="Konstitusi Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria&usg=ALkJrhib1jsK_1fcq8DNfWJ_oJrNaPKgWA" title="Konstitusi Syria">Syria</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tajikistan&usg=ALkJrhisoCYHvdaSHMp9FUNgR40AZdUSUg" title="Konstitusi Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhig7KKdgACgN6LvPqn3OYuE7P9Cyw" title="Konstitusi Republik Cina">Republik Cina</a> <small><sup>5</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand&usg=ALkJrhjI93xxmwffFO9VXwg1SLv6Dn_atg" title="Konstitusi Thailand">Thailand</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey&usg=ALkJrhj9zY0bAIi6-T0N3FKbZemHHNweBA" title="Konstitusi Turki">Turki</a> <small><sup>4</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan&usg=ALkJrhhINqT6CYLymB6mFCHPQdjiGSG14w" title="Konstitusi Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&usg=ALkJrhjrxlgM2D81wpgceK0zHuXgJMc-ug" title="Konstitusi Uni Emirat Arab">United Arab Emirates</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan&usg=ALkJrhhNIynZh9BAzY4HX0WxEfqmv42_Nw" title="Konstitusi Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam&usg=ALkJrhhpK6NsuaC3vydm8kO1uvk9lYKo8A" title="Konstitusi Vietnam" class="mw-redirect">Vietnam</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Yemen%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhikC9Xf8fUJnFsjG927uUQXTMQLbg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Yaman (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Yemen</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependencies</a> ,</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependensi,</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area&usg=ALkJrhjoJ02kqownRaQo5gnIATXmRQ3lDQ" title="Otonomi daerah">autonomies</a> ,</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area&usg=ALkJrhjoJ02kqownRaQo5gnIATXmRQ3lDQ" title="Otonomi daerah">autonomies,</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">other <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28country_subdivision%29&usg=ALkJrhgK9XvR2eKfbYSm-XPVMtugJpSbCA" title="Wilayah (negara bagian)" class="mw-redirect">territories</a></span> lainnya <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28country_subdivision%29&usg=ALkJrhgK9XvR2eKfbYSm-XPVMtugJpSbCA" title="Wilayah (negara bagian)" class="mw-redirect">wilayah</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Aceh%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgwCXo2WSDVteCrFuep381wyAtCmw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Aceh (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Aceh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Adjara%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiB5jGkYfcUEeVFpozgIdzXwotr0Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Adjara (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Adjara</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia&usg=ALkJrhhnDEsJkbJBj-sReHdmucmsH_Mw3Q" title="Konstitusi Abkhazia"><i>Abkhazia</i></a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiCJvCdkl22TrmwMlxy-0bv07q2OA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Akrotiri dan Dhekelia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Altai_Republic%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhuUoAu5aBwJvXPZja38GIF8YJGBw" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Altai Republic (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Altai</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjHZsFLDTxUONINieEFLup5F9mPcg" class="new" title="Konstitusi British Indian Ocean Territory (halaman tidak ditemukan)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Buryatia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgjz3Oc3AM4B9_jOFdET4Chxglavg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Buryatia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Buryatia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Christmas_Island%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi-n9osqVVOIoCWQ8TN2zPwIbQHsw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Pulau Christmas (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Christmas Island</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjEdeFir_IoZDsFPB8m6HZ5dZe61Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Cocos (Keeling) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guangxi%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjUTJ2QZ0Hrt7ziZJ2mKDVkijP6HA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guangxi (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guangxi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Hong_Kong&usg=ALkJrhiggQmMmT40q_eLR7AXiWQ6djLIMQ" title="Konstitusi Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Inner_Mongolia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgEV7QjXLy7fxBO1i8ivxvW0pRKfg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Inner Mongolia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Inner Mongolia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjQec4v70ZuOOPO4Nsi1JzhoJE3Ng" class="new" title="Konstitusi Irak Kurdistan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Jakarta%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgWoCY4Du_X_ZiQtHdZRzG_GUaLvA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Jakarta (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Jakarta</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Khakassia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi7N-fWSOVQDhLYaI0jYemsUGfqng" class="new" title="Konstitusi Khakassia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Khakassia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Macau%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi8C_dnjqrziUg08nBsnx6fuB06dw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Macau (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Macau</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Nagorno-Karabakh%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhb_U8GVRuTRj8UFLOgosQ_HFon5Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Nagorno-Karabakh (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Nagorno-Karabakh</i></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nakhchivan&usg=ALkJrhhuilygoJC0cyeClBZODLKg7D-q0g" title="Konstitusi Nakhchivan" class="mw-redirect">Nakhchivan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ningxia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhK31d7LZfq9xmuoXodIqPjgvB3hg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ningxia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ningxia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus&usg=ALkJrhjujVK3IwnJoAz3mn_qRBEllgtOvA" title="Konstitusi Northern Cyprus"><i>Northern Cyprus</i></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Palestine&usg=ALkJrhhRAKrpIr7tWRgMXT2CQpCqQdS32Q" title="Konstitusi Palestina">Palestine</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Gaza_Strip%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhibyMxbuWhY5U63h1ALXbrKV3UiRA" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Jalur Gaza (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Gaza Strip</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_West_Bank%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhSZIt7rava-eI0YiqbRvcdOaBDtA" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari West Bank (halaman tidak ditemukan)">West Bank</a> ) <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgiI37JbSTmJBurYHNQcwrNto7RRQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Papua (provinsi Indonesia) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Papua</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Sakha%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhje1XPJ3cx_6xHn5z1e75o2MYLZLQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sakha (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Sakha</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia&usg=ALkJrhjf4vvKZ2kxtnieXb4znnOfG9wcng" title="Konstitusi Ossetia Selatan"><i>South Ossetia</i></a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tibet&usg=ALkJrhjPjxzqB6G9Vvu4Gh2L0f7uyVY6Tg" title="Konstitusi Tibet">Tibet</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tuva%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjRl3_jgS5BjykkXYZKB6iYcntc1A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Tuva (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tuva</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_West_Papua%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgryYQ1JKCcBu4LVR-4FoNh8LV-OA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Papua Barat (halaman tidak ditemukan)">West Papua</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Xinjiang%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjNUPV6jJFPsDDehfskeYXurKhFBQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Xinjiang (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Xinjiang</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Yogyakarta%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjFFZo-4gk1Nidi0CNPLKyE9cEdAA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Yogyakarta (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Yogyakarta</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Aceh%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgwCXo2WSDVteCrFuep381wyAtCmw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Aceh (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Aceh</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Adjara%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiB5jGkYfcUEeVFpozgIdzXwotr0Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Adjara (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Adjara</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia&usg=ALkJrhhnDEsJkbJBj-sReHdmucmsH_Mw3Q" title="Konstitusi Abkhazia"><i>Abkhazia</i></a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiCJvCdkl22TrmwMlxy-0bv07q2OA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Akrotiri dan Dhekelia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Akrotiri dan Dhekelia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Altai_Republic%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhuUoAu5aBwJvXPZja38GIF8YJGBw" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Altai Republic (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Altai</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjHZsFLDTxUONINieEFLup5F9mPcg" class="new" title="Konstitusi British Indian Ocean Territory (halaman tidak ditemukan)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Buryatia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgjz3Oc3AM4B9_jOFdET4Chxglavg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Buryatia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Buryatia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Christmas_Island%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi-n9osqVVOIoCWQ8TN2zPwIbQHsw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Pulau Christmas (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Christmas Island</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjEdeFir_IoZDsFPB8m6HZ5dZe61Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Cocos (Keeling) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cocos (Keeling)</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guangxi%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjUTJ2QZ0Hrt7ziZJ2mKDVkijP6HA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guangxi (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guangxi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Hong_Kong&usg=ALkJrhiggQmMmT40q_eLR7AXiWQ6djLIMQ" title="Konstitusi Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Inner_Mongolia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgEV7QjXLy7fxBO1i8ivxvW0pRKfg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Inner Mongolia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Inner Mongolia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjQec4v70ZuOOPO4Nsi1JzhoJE3Ng" class="new" title="Konstitusi Irak Kurdistan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Jakarta%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgWoCY4Du_X_ZiQtHdZRzG_GUaLvA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Jakarta (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Jakarta</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Khakassia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi7N-fWSOVQDhLYaI0jYemsUGfqng" class="new" title="Konstitusi Khakassia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Khakassia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Macau%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi8C_dnjqrziUg08nBsnx6fuB06dw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Macau (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Macau</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Nagorno-Karabakh%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhb_U8GVRuTRj8UFLOgosQ_HFon5Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Nagorno-Karabakh (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Nagorno-Karabakh</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nakhchivan&usg=ALkJrhhuilygoJC0cyeClBZODLKg7D-q0g" title="Konstitusi Nakhchivan" class="mw-redirect">Nakhchivan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ningxia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhK31d7LZfq9xmuoXodIqPjgvB3hg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ningxia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ningxia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus&usg=ALkJrhjujVK3IwnJoAz3mn_qRBEllgtOvA" title="Konstitusi Northern Cyprus"><i>Northern Cyprus</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Palestine&usg=ALkJrhhRAKrpIr7tWRgMXT2CQpCqQdS32Q" title="Konstitusi Palestina">Palestine</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Gaza_Strip%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhibyMxbuWhY5U63h1ALXbrKV3UiRA" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Jalur Gaza (halaman tidak ditemukan)">(Gaza Strip</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_West_Bank%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhSZIt7rava-eI0YiqbRvcdOaBDtA" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari West Bank (halaman tidak ditemukan)">West Bank)</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgiI37JbSTmJBurYHNQcwrNto7RRQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Papua (provinsi Indonesia) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Papua</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Sakha%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhje1XPJ3cx_6xHn5z1e75o2MYLZLQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Sakha (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Sakha</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia&usg=ALkJrhjf4vvKZ2kxtnieXb4znnOfG9wcng" title="Konstitusi Ossetia Selatan"><i>South Ossetia</i></a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tibet&usg=ALkJrhjPjxzqB6G9Vvu4Gh2L0f7uyVY6Tg" title="Konstitusi Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tuva%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjRl3_jgS5BjykkXYZKB6iYcntc1A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Tuva (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tuva</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_West_Papua%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgryYQ1JKCcBu4LVR-4FoNh8LV-OA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Papua Barat (halaman tidak ditemukan)">West Papua</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Xinjiang%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjNUPV6jJFPsDDehfskeYXurKhFBQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Xinjiang (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Xinjiang</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Yogyakarta%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjFFZo-4gk1Nidi0CNPLKyE9cEdAA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Yogyakarta (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Yogyakarta</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding: 0.4em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 95%;" colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Italics</i> indicates an <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_countries&usg=ALkJrhh5qLelneytjMe-IMfy2D_MSaQlxw" title="Daftar negara yang tidak dikenal" class="mw-redirect">unrecognised or partially recognised country</a> . <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Sometimes included in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe&usg=ALkJrhjSmKT6wAB9GK-E6eDCC1oV57gwWg" title="Eropa">Europe</a> , depending on the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_the_continents&usg=ALkJrhh1MMaoPp0DudKZ2AeUunmSvcbf2A#Europe_and_Asia" title="Batas dari benua">border definitions</a> . <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Also known as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar&usg=ALkJrhgUbQVtzUdYEoGlfoMOo-J8AC6P0Q" title="Myanmar" class="mw-redirect">Myanmar</a> . <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Sometimes included in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania&usg=ALkJrhjsV3mS06fWAUwdPiTxVM28_hUMyw" title="Oseania">Oceania</a> , and also known as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste&usg=ALkJrhjF_B81m4IaHi_N1n1LbIHNdsh3LA" title="Timor Leste" class="mw-redirect">Timor-Leste</a> . <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Transcontinental country</a> . <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> Commonly known as <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan&usg=ALkJrhj0Y2aqEQh_kwjZn_e1ukH7ITQAkQ" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> .</span></span> <i>Miring</i> menunjukkan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_countries&usg=ALkJrhh5qLelneytjMe-IMfy2D_MSaQlxw" title="Daftar negara yang tidak dikenal" class="mw-redirect">unrecognised atau sebagian diakui negara.</a> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Kadang-kadang termasuk di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe&usg=ALkJrhjSmKT6wAB9GK-E6eDCC1oV57gwWg" title="Eropa">Eropa,</a> tergantung pada <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_the_continents&usg=ALkJrhh1MMaoPp0DudKZ2AeUunmSvcbf2A#Europe_and_Asia" title="Batas dari benua">definisi perbatasan.</a> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> juga dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar&usg=ALkJrhgUbQVtzUdYEoGlfoMOo-J8AC6P0Q" title="Myanmar" class="mw-redirect">Myanmar.</a> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Kadang-kadang termasuk di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania&usg=ALkJrhjsV3mS06fWAUwdPiTxVM28_hUMyw" title="Oseania">Asia,</a> dan juga dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste&usg=ALkJrhjF_B81m4IaHi_N1n1LbIHNdsh3LA" title="Timor Leste" class="mw-redirect">Timor Leste.</a> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Transcontinental negara.</a> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> Biasanya dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan&usg=ALkJrhj0Y2aqEQh_kwjZn_e1ukH7ITQAkQ" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> .</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table id="collapsibleTable2" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(2);" id="collapseButton2">show</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe&usg=ALkJrhgODS2BZn_h_obBfvMqDm-b-vtjpQ" title="Template: Konstitusi Eropa"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate_talk:Constitutions_of_Europe%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh4raMTqZ2n8ajK6fPO-9h1AQk2wg" class="new" title="Template talk: Konstitusi Eropa (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Constitutions_of_Europe%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhog3gzg8wy6XAi7MpEACy6ABuY0Q" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Constitutions_of_Europe&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Europe&usg=ALkJrhgODS2BZn_h_obBfvMqDm-b-vtjpQ" title="Template: Konstitusi Eropa"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate_talk:Constitutions_of_Europe%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh4raMTqZ2n8ajK6fPO-9h1AQk2wg" class="new" title="Template talk: Konstitusi Eropa (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Constitutions_of_Europe%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhhog3gzg8wy6XAi7MpEACy6ABuY0Q" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Constitutions_of_Europe&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">Constitutions of Europe</span></span> <span style="font-size: 110%;">Konstitusi Eropa</span></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Sovereign</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Berdaulat</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat"><br /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">states</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">negara</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania&usg=ALkJrhgXHEuxik0ZzcCQqLpSkdU6X9PJLA" title="Konstitusi Albania">Albania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Andorra&usg=ALkJrhha-7tzTDSFuqWwwozF-5QDNuDS0A" title="Konstitusi Andorra">Andorra</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia&usg=ALkJrhi2igNGu4etTGD_wanu2rFpSCESPg" title="Konstitusi Armenia">Armenia</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria&usg=ALkJrhgNwyjbI8NlwMZy8IP0uqMgtXp0TQ" title="Konstitusi Austria">Austria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan&usg=ALkJrhh7ZfUHbbLC6RcttfaY3aBdVrA9hQ" title="Konstitusi Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus&usg=ALkJrhj1Ia3U9w4APZegrYmL_iQqV7ffag" title="Konstitusi Belarus">Belarus</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium&usg=ALkJrhjDk4uXW1Qs_B8bsa6m35QMMRZHSQ" title="Konstitusi Belgia">Belgium</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&usg=ALkJrhhF4wRG1PFzag5aFCMCNiLfMfJWlQ" title="Konstitusi Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria&usg=ALkJrhi9fl72SIA5d4roBnz-31S5Fnqy0A" title="Konstitusi Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia&usg=ALkJrhiGpwl2AA0csOLFDbS0Cebqb61qTg" title="Konstitusi Kroasia">Croatia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus&usg=ALkJrhgkQIC7sF54z3H70sNTDMcgVIbicw" title="Konstitusi Siprus">Cyprus</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic&usg=ALkJrhgvYjeYIWkVxYDg5gzcnUU_EShmgw" title="Konstitusi Republik Ceko">Czech Republic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark&usg=ALkJrhi9Yi0CxFTSNDFUeeXJ8U-BTM6tGQ" title="Konstitusi Denmark">Denmark</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia&usg=ALkJrhggYcsa65xyfn6Q6boO1Fo5Y6h1xg" title="Konstitusi Estonia">Estonia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland&usg=ALkJrhhPWWhxv3QSSv6ph428LMvTqGjbLw" title="Konstitusi Finlandia">Finland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_France&usg=ALkJrhgwi8-Oyq4sMGRAKuh3_RI7cszC8g" title="Konstitusi Perancis">France</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_%28country%29&usg=ALkJrhg4cbxPAtkQGlvFTJfZrcNmpsrnng" title="Konstitusi Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhj25KMTwEWmvnew-8HPEgE_73iFzg" title="Konstitusi Jerman" class="mw-redirect">Germany</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece&usg=ALkJrhgXNwRiCeQPzt6X5vBmhgeGnmZzjA" title="Konstitusi Yunani">Greece</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary&usg=ALkJrhiJID_x1g1NKnpGNL7fecteN-ALcw" title="Konstitusi Hungaria">Hungary</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland&usg=ALkJrhjucc-iOHXHYJdK03YokSxn_m-lDA" title="Konstitusi Islandia">Iceland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland&usg=ALkJrhj_WBciVSw_K6gKaQNFHZ77vrag5A" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Irlandia" class="mw-redirect">Ireland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy&usg=ALkJrhiav7QQzdwQ4EKVNISq6bmGwHHKuQ" title="Konstitusi Italia">Italy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan&usg=ALkJrhhOaamnt0VFTy_-7F4MHszXqHDy_w" title="Konstitusi Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia&usg=ALkJrhhTlcsoqav5nCFdJzveqfYoyfxkog" title="Konstitusi Latvia">Latvia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Liechtenstein&usg=ALkJrhimqAgrAW2ogS_xf9qDNR09MqRkfw" title="Konstitusi Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania&usg=ALkJrhg_eRwqmyd5U0VjZkt9pNMm2fIKkg" title="Konstitusi Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Luxembourg&usg=ALkJrhi2ZXzFPYEQP7HVKo9IhekyykcLHg" title="Konstitusi Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia&usg=ALkJrhjhTSiA-3I53cNdNccUnPl31naXUg" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Makedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta&usg=ALkJrhheq5jtBJWL5hUn8gPpg7pcl6Yanw" title="Konstitusi Malta">Malta</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova&usg=ALkJrhiMjpRH2bEWL0ubABrLFGPIBymifA" title="Konstitusi Moldova">Moldova</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Monaco&usg=ALkJrhiC3PhAFDuaYzZ-1jZRTPnWgEje8A" title="Konstitusi Monaco">Monaco</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro&usg=ALkJrhiOFw5PUEKZbd4FxE-Uo0os5LEGqw" title="Konstitusi Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhipfMzYT-qjePGGDPAAiNvohYTKoA" title="Konstitusi dari Belanda">Netherlands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway&usg=ALkJrhjPoPBh6WAbcuMxiC4yZh53Og_T0A" title="Konstitusi Norwegia">Norway</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland&usg=ALkJrhh_CCBTc1rrGiRd_91pWHhtvuPPEQ" title="Konstitusi Polandia" class="mw-redirect">Poland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal&usg=ALkJrhgd133EJMi9eRaqUw0QY9Rwmwx4Eg" title="Konstitusi Portugal">Portugal</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania&usg=ALkJrhiac77LGV6aBo7iFqhQfcAFhhKFOw" title="Konstitusi Rumania">Romania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia&usg=ALkJrhj_mPDtg2kWru5ee-GX2sHjtOpX3Q" title="Konstitusi Rusia">Russia</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_San_Marino&usg=ALkJrhg6_YaGzbc8X6D9NsZD-KgL4ZYlyw" title="Konstitusi San Marino">San Marino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia&usg=ALkJrhjrc8P1kmqls03-XYq5YofyNaKJrg" title="Konstitusi Serbia">Serbia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia&usg=ALkJrhh_ATS9PSu78O53HjOlF3BShMLlZA" title="Konstitusi Slovakia">Slovakia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia&usg=ALkJrhj492tdGKKPsVPuqKinjN8nd3hLQA" title="Konstitusi Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain&usg=ALkJrhgWprNJ6JwF4MWBbAdU6dGDmdNHCg" title="Konstitusi Spanyol" class="mw-redirect">Spain</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden&usg=ALkJrhhrikz-jPzkdPrl8o7mj7KlcHsfRw" title="Konstitusi Swedia">Sweden</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Switzerland&usg=ALkJrhh88R-oVOvNHU_LZKYVvDA97P_EZA" title="Konstitusi Swiss" class="mw-redirect">Switzerland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey&usg=ALkJrhj9zY0bAIi6-T0N3FKbZemHHNweBA" title="Konstitusi Turki">Turkey</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine&usg=ALkJrhi5hWx7LtTIyBUbzX1dWkIwc3TMhw" title="Konstitusi Ukraina">Ukraine</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhipS9i8RWXRwODOzhQQR7oIHJc4cw" title="Konstitusi Inggris">United Kingdom</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania&usg=ALkJrhgXHEuxik0ZzcCQqLpSkdU6X9PJLA" title="Konstitusi Albania">Albania</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Andorra&usg=ALkJrhha-7tzTDSFuqWwwozF-5QDNuDS0A" title="Konstitusi Andorra">Andorra</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia&usg=ALkJrhi2igNGu4etTGD_wanu2rFpSCESPg" title="Konstitusi Armenia">Armenia</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria&usg=ALkJrhgNwyjbI8NlwMZy8IP0uqMgtXp0TQ" title="Konstitusi Austria">Austria</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan&usg=ALkJrhh7ZfUHbbLC6RcttfaY3aBdVrA9hQ" title="Konstitusi Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus&usg=ALkJrhj1Ia3U9w4APZegrYmL_iQqV7ffag" title="Konstitusi Belarus">Belarus</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium&usg=ALkJrhjDk4uXW1Qs_B8bsa6m35QMMRZHSQ" title="Konstitusi Belgia">Belgia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&usg=ALkJrhhF4wRG1PFzag5aFCMCNiLfMfJWlQ" title="Konstitusi Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria&usg=ALkJrhi9fl72SIA5d4roBnz-31S5Fnqy0A" title="Konstitusi Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia&usg=ALkJrhiGpwl2AA0csOLFDbS0Cebqb61qTg" title="Konstitusi Kroasia">Kroasia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus&usg=ALkJrhgkQIC7sF54z3H70sNTDMcgVIbicw" title="Konstitusi Siprus">Siprus</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic&usg=ALkJrhgvYjeYIWkVxYDg5gzcnUU_EShmgw" title="Konstitusi Republik Ceko">Republik Ceko</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark&usg=ALkJrhi9Yi0CxFTSNDFUeeXJ8U-BTM6tGQ" title="Konstitusi Denmark">Denmark</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Estonia&usg=ALkJrhggYcsa65xyfn6Q6boO1Fo5Y6h1xg" title="Konstitusi Estonia">Estonia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland&usg=ALkJrhhPWWhxv3QSSv6ph428LMvTqGjbLw" title="Konstitusi Finlandia">Finlandia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_France&usg=ALkJrhgwi8-Oyq4sMGRAKuh3_RI7cszC8g" title="Konstitusi Perancis">Perancis</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_%28country%29&usg=ALkJrhg4cbxPAtkQGlvFTJfZrcNmpsrnng" title="Konstitusi Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhj25KMTwEWmvnew-8HPEgE_73iFzg" title="Konstitusi Jerman" class="mw-redirect">Jerman</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece&usg=ALkJrhgXNwRiCeQPzt6X5vBmhgeGnmZzjA" title="Konstitusi Yunani">Yunani</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary&usg=ALkJrhiJID_x1g1NKnpGNL7fecteN-ALcw" title="Konstitusi Hungaria">Hungaria</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland&usg=ALkJrhjucc-iOHXHYJdK03YokSxn_m-lDA" title="Konstitusi Islandia">Islandia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland&usg=ALkJrhj_WBciVSw_K6gKaQNFHZ77vrag5A" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Irlandia" class="mw-redirect">Irlandia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy&usg=ALkJrhiav7QQzdwQ4EKVNISq6bmGwHHKuQ" title="Konstitusi Italia">Italia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan&usg=ALkJrhhOaamnt0VFTy_-7F4MHszXqHDy_w" title="Konstitusi Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia&usg=ALkJrhhTlcsoqav5nCFdJzveqfYoyfxkog" title="Konstitusi Latvia">Latvia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Liechtenstein&usg=ALkJrhimqAgrAW2ogS_xf9qDNR09MqRkfw" title="Konstitusi Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania&usg=ALkJrhg_eRwqmyd5U0VjZkt9pNMm2fIKkg" title="Konstitusi Lithuania">Lituania</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Luxembourg&usg=ALkJrhi2ZXzFPYEQP7HVKo9IhekyykcLHg" title="Konstitusi Luxembourg">Luksemburg</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia&usg=ALkJrhjhTSiA-3I53cNdNccUnPl31naXUg" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Makedonia">Republik Makedonia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta&usg=ALkJrhheq5jtBJWL5hUn8gPpg7pcl6Yanw" title="Konstitusi Malta">Malta</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova&usg=ALkJrhiMjpRH2bEWL0ubABrLFGPIBymifA" title="Konstitusi Moldova">Moldova</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Monaco&usg=ALkJrhiC3PhAFDuaYzZ-1jZRTPnWgEje8A" title="Konstitusi Monaco">Monako</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro&usg=ALkJrhiOFw5PUEKZbd4FxE-Uo0os5LEGqw" title="Konstitusi Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhipfMzYT-qjePGGDPAAiNvohYTKoA" title="Konstitusi dari Belanda">Belanda</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway&usg=ALkJrhjPoPBh6WAbcuMxiC4yZh53Og_T0A" title="Konstitusi Norwegia">Norwegia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland&usg=ALkJrhh_CCBTc1rrGiRd_91pWHhtvuPPEQ" title="Konstitusi Polandia" class="mw-redirect">Polandia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal&usg=ALkJrhgd133EJMi9eRaqUw0QY9Rwmwx4Eg" title="Konstitusi Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania&usg=ALkJrhiac77LGV6aBo7iFqhQfcAFhhKFOw" title="Konstitusi Rumania">Romania</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia&usg=ALkJrhj_mPDtg2kWru5ee-GX2sHjtOpX3Q" title="Konstitusi Rusia">Rusia</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_San_Marino&usg=ALkJrhg6_YaGzbc8X6D9NsZD-KgL4ZYlyw" title="Konstitusi San Marino">San Marino</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia&usg=ALkJrhjrc8P1kmqls03-XYq5YofyNaKJrg" title="Konstitusi Serbia">Serbia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia&usg=ALkJrhh_ATS9PSu78O53HjOlF3BShMLlZA" title="Konstitusi Slovakia">Slowakia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia&usg=ALkJrhj492tdGKKPsVPuqKinjN8nd3hLQA" title="Konstitusi Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain&usg=ALkJrhgWprNJ6JwF4MWBbAdU6dGDmdNHCg" title="Konstitusi Spanyol" class="mw-redirect">Spanyol</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden&usg=ALkJrhhrikz-jPzkdPrl8o7mj7KlcHsfRw" title="Konstitusi Swedia">Swedia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Switzerland&usg=ALkJrhh88R-oVOvNHU_LZKYVvDA97P_EZA" title="Konstitusi Swiss" class="mw-redirect">Swiss</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey&usg=ALkJrhj9zY0bAIi6-T0N3FKbZemHHNweBA" title="Konstitusi Turki">Turki</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine&usg=ALkJrhi5hWx7LtTIyBUbzX1dWkIwc3TMhw" title="Konstitusi Ukraina">Ukraina</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhipS9i8RWXRwODOzhQQR7oIHJc4cw" title="Konstitusi Inggris">Inggris</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependencies</a> ,</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependensi,</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area&usg=ALkJrhjoJ02kqownRaQo5gnIATXmRQ3lDQ" title="Otonomi daerah">autonomies</a> ,</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_area&usg=ALkJrhjoJ02kqownRaQo5gnIATXmRQ3lDQ" title="Otonomi daerah">autonomies,</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">other <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28country_subdivision%29&usg=ALkJrhgK9XvR2eKfbYSm-XPVMtugJpSbCA" title="Wilayah (negara bagian)" class="mw-redirect">territories</a></span> lainnya <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28country_subdivision%29&usg=ALkJrhgK9XvR2eKfbYSm-XPVMtugJpSbCA" title="Wilayah (negara bagian)" class="mw-redirect">wilayah</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia&usg=ALkJrhhnDEsJkbJBj-sReHdmucmsH_Mw3Q" title="Konstitusi Abkhazia"><i>Abkhazia</i></a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Adjara%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiB5jGkYfcUEeVFpozgIdzXwotr0Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Adjara (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Adjara</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Adygea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhJanwlYlxO8dGZ0zg5auMUVxUH0w" class="new" title="Konstitusi Adygea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Adygea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiCJvCdkl22TrmwMlxy-0bv07q2OA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Akrotiri dan Dhekelia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_%25C3%2585land&usg=ALkJrhjwUWLNEfHSxJPaEHBn6XpBRn27hg" title="Konstitusi Åland">Åland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Azores%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgIrPIHSYjuLcgOfSHa1syv1mQ9dA" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Azores (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Azores</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Bashkortostan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh-qWj6C4cCWRmCrtfuVFD7v8uIgA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Bashkortostan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Bashkortostan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Chechnya%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiQEDygWOUHRquL2zhkVnP7uYpllQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Chechnya (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Chechnya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Chuvashia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj4B-KWt9H6AkWzDZv-LtCP_V4g8Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Chuvashia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Chuvashia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Crimea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgBvJb5mz28U8GskrtogGWlqfiJhg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Crimea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Crimea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Dagestan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjSye7QxAXmdU-mi-zYGK978m1yGA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Dagestan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Dagestan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Faroe_Islands&usg=ALkJrhiThqB-1yw6lp9wvbnmOW7YbQF4xg" title="Konstitusi di Kepulauan Faroe" class="mw-redirect">Faroe Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Gagauzia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjzpx0wnE5U2cdVSoIwRKgrt96RNw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Gagauzia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Gagauzia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar&usg=ALkJrhhATk6vLbuMblWIAbgNgsL-T130Ew" title="Konstitusi Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guernsey%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi1bm1e73LKyUCM5BG0RrqYgc-unw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guernsey (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guernsey</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ingushetia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiVq2ga3Ct0JU_1I1pCRqEHZkTc4g" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ingushetia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ingushetia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Jan_Mayen&usg=ALkJrhiSpoHkjRXCgndAmINhan6tlQpQLA" title="Konstitusi Jan Mayen" class="mw-redirect">Jan Mayen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Jersey%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhkv4-o6SA7i6oo8yH3omAKekmxiw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Jersey (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Jersey</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Kabardino-Balkaria%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhbqUuWvHhGTzQQd9VnKQUd4MS2Jg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kabardino-Balkaria (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Kalmykia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgXu6TkV_kir_2qU64Y0pgw7n_IBw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kalmykia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kalmykia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Karachay-Cherkessia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh5ToRwmBUS6e5NzOjQNq98A2G0mw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Karachay-Cherkessia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Republic_of_Karelia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjMyBD6qvS0Nppokk768w1-IxXE3Q" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Karelia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Republic of Karelia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Komi_Republic%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhlpF5Co39KHkgVyooo62MSPc6m3w" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Republik Komi (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Komi Republic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo&usg=ALkJrhgZT3pJRZ9OZd93WHnFMM0IZs1L1A" title="Konstitusi Kosovo"><i>Kosovo</i></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Isle_of_Man%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi79-zA5638G7Bypf4hjrub5ys8eA" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Isle of Man (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Isle of Man</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mari_El%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjYhDSu9I722F-_fXCw-XkPgqHRnw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Mari El (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mari El</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mordovia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhidV5fxxyyjORfx872FE2Ks8uGeAg" class="new" title="Mordovia Konstitusi (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mordovia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Nagorno-Karabakh%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhb_U8GVRuTRj8UFLOgosQ_HFon5Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Nagorno-Karabakh (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Nagorno-Karabakh</i></a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nakhchivan&usg=ALkJrhhuilygoJC0cyeClBZODLKg7D-q0g" title="Konstitusi Nakhchivan" class="mw-redirect">Nakhchivan</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_North_Ossetia-Alania%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh5MkCMUq4mEqXVzmDMwpZfoIr9IQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ossetia Utara-Alania (halaman tidak ditemukan)">North Ossetia-Alania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus&usg=ALkJrhjujVK3IwnJoAz3mn_qRBEllgtOvA" title="Konstitusi Northern Cyprus"><i>Northern Cyprus</i></a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia&usg=ALkJrhjf4vvKZ2kxtnieXb4znnOfG9wcng" title="Konstitusi Ossetia Selatan"><i>South Ossetia</i></a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Svalbard&usg=ALkJrhhXrnrbzsQ1cY9LTsKWlDd3GlVDhw" title="Konstitusi Svalbard" class="mw-redirect">Svalbard</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tatarstan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgv7Xjjt0XWC0tjAetF3uYbVBNVGQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Tatarstan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tatarstan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Transnistria&usg=ALkJrhg2frqlIV1l-ZsVV0BJkvNENv9q4A" title="Konstitusi Transnistria"><i>Transnistria</i></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Udmurtia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhsuo98aQKRA_whx9cihaFGE3Tp-Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Udmurtia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Udmurtia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Vojvodina%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgUBuANabgEkSVFOcoleVLURNB1Hg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Vojvodina (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Vojvodina</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia&usg=ALkJrhhnDEsJkbJBj-sReHdmucmsH_Mw3Q" title="Konstitusi Abkhazia"><i>Abkhazia</i></a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Adjara%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiB5jGkYfcUEeVFpozgIdzXwotr0Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Adjara (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Adjara</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Adygea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhJanwlYlxO8dGZ0zg5auMUVxUH0w" class="new" title="Konstitusi Adygea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Adygea</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiCJvCdkl22TrmwMlxy-0bv07q2OA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Akrotiri dan Dhekelia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Akrotiri dan Dhekelia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_%25C3%2585land&usg=ALkJrhjwUWLNEfHSxJPaEHBn6XpBRn27hg" title="Konstitusi Åland">Aland</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Azores%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgIrPIHSYjuLcgOfSHa1syv1mQ9dA" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Azores (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Azores</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Bashkortostan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh-qWj6C4cCWRmCrtfuVFD7v8uIgA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Bashkortostan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Bashkortostan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Chechnya%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiQEDygWOUHRquL2zhkVnP7uYpllQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Chechnya (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Chechnya</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Chuvashia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj4B-KWt9H6AkWzDZv-LtCP_V4g8Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Chuvashia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Chuvashia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Crimea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgBvJb5mz28U8GskrtogGWlqfiJhg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Crimea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Crimea</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Dagestan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjSye7QxAXmdU-mi-zYGK978m1yGA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Dagestan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Dagestan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Faroe_Islands&usg=ALkJrhiThqB-1yw6lp9wvbnmOW7YbQF4xg" title="Konstitusi di Kepulauan Faroe" class="mw-redirect">Kepulauan Faroe</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Gagauzia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjzpx0wnE5U2cdVSoIwRKgrt96RNw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Gagauzia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Gagauzia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar&usg=ALkJrhhATk6vLbuMblWIAbgNgsL-T130Ew" title="Konstitusi Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guernsey%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi1bm1e73LKyUCM5BG0RrqYgc-unw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guernsey (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guernsey</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Ingushetia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiVq2ga3Ct0JU_1I1pCRqEHZkTc4g" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ingushetia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Ingushetia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Jan_Mayen&usg=ALkJrhiSpoHkjRXCgndAmINhan6tlQpQLA" title="Konstitusi Jan Mayen" class="mw-redirect">Jan Mayen</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Jersey%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhkv4-o6SA7i6oo8yH3omAKekmxiw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Jersey (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Jersey</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Kabardino-Balkaria%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhbqUuWvHhGTzQQd9VnKQUd4MS2Jg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kabardino-Balkaria (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Kalmykia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgXu6TkV_kir_2qU64Y0pgw7n_IBw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kalmykia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kalmykia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Karachay-Cherkessia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh5ToRwmBUS6e5NzOjQNq98A2G0mw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Karachay-Cherkessia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Karachay - Cherkessia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Republic_of_Karelia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjMyBD6qvS0Nppokk768w1-IxXE3Q" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Karelia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Republik Karelia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Komi_Republic%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhlpF5Co39KHkgVyooo62MSPc6m3w" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Republik Komi (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Republik Komi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo&usg=ALkJrhgZT3pJRZ9OZd93WHnFMM0IZs1L1A" title="Konstitusi Kosovo"><i>Kosovo</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Isle_of_Man%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi79-zA5638G7Bypf4hjrub5ys8eA" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Isle of Man (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Isle of Man</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mari_El%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjYhDSu9I722F-_fXCw-XkPgqHRnw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Mari El (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mari El</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Mordovia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhidV5fxxyyjORfx872FE2Ks8uGeAg" class="new" title="Mordovia Konstitusi (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Mordovia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Nagorno-Karabakh%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhb_U8GVRuTRj8UFLOgosQ_HFon5Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Nagorno-Karabakh (halaman tidak ditemukan)"><i>Nagorno-Karabakh</i></a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nakhchivan&usg=ALkJrhhuilygoJC0cyeClBZODLKg7D-q0g" title="Konstitusi Nakhchivan" class="mw-redirect">Nakhchivan</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_North_Ossetia-Alania%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh5MkCMUq4mEqXVzmDMwpZfoIr9IQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Ossetia Utara-Alania (halaman tidak ditemukan)">North Ossetia-Alania</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus&usg=ALkJrhjujVK3IwnJoAz3mn_qRBEllgtOvA" title="Konstitusi Northern Cyprus"><i>Siprus Utara</i></a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia&usg=ALkJrhjf4vvKZ2kxtnieXb4znnOfG9wcng" title="Konstitusi Ossetia Selatan"><i>South Ossetia</i></a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Svalbard&usg=ALkJrhhXrnrbzsQ1cY9LTsKWlDd3GlVDhw" title="Konstitusi Svalbard" class="mw-redirect">Svalbard</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tatarstan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgv7Xjjt0XWC0tjAetF3uYbVBNVGQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Tatarstan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tatarstan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Transnistria&usg=ALkJrhg2frqlIV1l-ZsVV0BJkvNENv9q4A" title="Konstitusi Transnistria"><i>Transnistria</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Udmurtia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhsuo98aQKRA_whx9cihaFGE3Tp-Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Udmurtia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Udmurtia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Vojvodina%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgUBuANabgEkSVFOcoleVLURNB1Hg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Vojvodina (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Vojvodina</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding: 0.4em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 95%;" colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Italics</i> indicates an <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_countries&usg=ALkJrhh5qLelneytjMe-IMfy2D_MSaQlxw" title="Daftar negara yang tidak dikenal" class="mw-redirect">unrecognised or partially recognised country</a> . <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_the_continents&usg=ALkJrhh1MMaoPp0DudKZ2AeUunmSvcbf2A#Europe_and_Asia" title="Batas dari benua">border definitions</a> . <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Has the majority of its territory in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia&usg=ALkJrhh6RKmjBAN3jCcP9rR1di0ad6t04Q" title="Asia">Asia</a> .</span></span> <i>Miring</i> menunjukkan <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_countries&usg=ALkJrhh5qLelneytjMe-IMfy2D_MSaQlxw" title="Daftar negara yang tidak dikenal" class="mw-redirect">unrecognised atau sebagian diakui negara.</a> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Sebagian atau seluruhnya di Asia, tergantung <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_the_continents&usg=ALkJrhh1MMaoPp0DudKZ2AeUunmSvcbf2A#Europe_and_Asia" title="Batas dari benua">definisi perbatasan.</a> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Apakah mayoritas dari wilayah di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia&usg=ALkJrhh6RKmjBAN3jCcP9rR1di0ad6t04Q" title="Asia">Asia.</a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table id="collapsibleTable3" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(3);" id="collapseButton3">show</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic&usg=ALkJrhjjFNrbVe6woiSdrocewwEyufijEg" title="Templat: Oseania topik"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic&usg=ALkJrhj9De8ZGZCYumPXa0aHTZqX-rFlvQ" title="Template talk: Oseania topik"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Oceania_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgp4hrMVYQvMKRFFIR5WQ4BZbY1JA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic&usg=ALkJrhjjFNrbVe6woiSdrocewwEyufijEg" title="Templat: Oseania topik"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic&usg=ALkJrhj9De8ZGZCYumPXa0aHTZqX-rFlvQ" title="Template talk: Oseania topik"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Oceania_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhgp4hrMVYQvMKRFFIR5WQ4BZbY1JA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">Constitutions of Oceania</span></span> <span style="font-size: 110%;">Konstitusi dari Oseania</span></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australasia.png&usg=ALkJrhgTqhHLVwgwMZMlX82kXn2H-523zw" class="image" title="Australasia"><img alt="Australasia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Australasia.png/40px-Australasia.png" width="40" border="0" height="31" /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia&usg=ALkJrhiMjA4MwaQ91DQg59zKjw-qXOIwDA" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia&usg=ALkJrhiMjA4MwaQ91DQg59zKjw-qXOIwDA" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia&usg=ALkJrhi5MLHVCwYuG50-0ZERdFkG8kVTLA" title="Konstitusi Australia">Australia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Christmas_Island%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi-n9osqVVOIoCWQ8TN2zPwIbQHsw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Pulau Christmas (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Christmas Island</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjEdeFir_IoZDsFPB8m6HZ5dZe61Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Cocos (Keeling) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand&usg=ALkJrhh0VjX64_CQmQT6gf2isdTHtfKKAg" title="Konstitusi Selandia Baru">New Zealand</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Norfolk_Island%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhigoGajuX5i_Q8nLX2grRPuzCpWpA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Pulau Norfolk (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Norfolk Island</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia&usg=ALkJrhi5MLHVCwYuG50-0ZERdFkG8kVTLA" title="Konstitusi Australia">Australia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Christmas_Island%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi-n9osqVVOIoCWQ8TN2zPwIbQHsw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Pulau Christmas (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Pulau Christmas</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjEdeFir_IoZDsFPB8m6HZ5dZe61Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Cocos (Keeling) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand&usg=ALkJrhh0VjX64_CQmQT6gf2isdTHtfKKAg" title="Konstitusi Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Norfolk_Island%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhigoGajuX5i_Q8nLX2grRPuzCpWpA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Pulau Norfolk (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Pulau Norfolk</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: left; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melanesia.png&usg=ALkJrhgfn0QY2SVZDEWnjByPHlzfBoMqEA" class="image" title="Melanesia"><img alt="Melanesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Melanesia.png/40px-Melanesia.png" width="40" border="0" height="31" /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia&usg=ALkJrhiDVn9iXonwOb5sRapQFYl2dldR2g" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia&usg=ALkJrhiDVn9iXonwOb5sRapQFYl2dldR2g" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_East_Timor%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjoI-TXM0qb6585dZR56il8wJ-vbQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Timor Leste (halaman tidak ditemukan)">East Timor</a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Fiji&usg=ALkJrhhf3DBbD1JCf1QZIzsvK3Lg5Bcm6g" title="Konstitusi Fiji">Fiji</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_New_Caledonia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhghOM-nyHpwpDja4Z9N05OXJu2VIA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kaledonia Baru (halaman tidak ditemukan)">New Caledonia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Papua_New_Guinea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg5MkysuMP6OcEy6wsLZi8c956ehQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Papua New Guinea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Papua New Guinea</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Solomon_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjxFEgBzK1UOOcPzhBXF4-Po0f3uw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kepulauan Solomon (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Solomon Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Vanuatu%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgTwTLiGnPVlpMzIxql7305sLbhXw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Vanuatu (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Vanuatu</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_East_Timor%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjoI-TXM0qb6585dZR56il8wJ-vbQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Timor Leste (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Timor Leste</a> <small><sup>2</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Fiji&usg=ALkJrhhf3DBbD1JCf1QZIzsvK3Lg5Bcm6g" title="Konstitusi Fiji">Fiji</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_New_Caledonia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhghOM-nyHpwpDja4Z9N05OXJu2VIA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kaledonia Baru (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kaledonia Baru</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Papua_New_Guinea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg5MkysuMP6OcEy6wsLZi8c956ehQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Papua New Guinea (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Papua Nugini</a> <small><sup>3</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Solomon_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjxFEgBzK1UOOcPzhBXF4-Po0f3uw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kepulauan Solomon (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kepulauan Solomon</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Vanuatu%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgTwTLiGnPVlpMzIxql7305sLbhXw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Vanuatu (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Vanuatu</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micronesia.png&usg=ALkJrhhpwAvu2oVtJhpy4ZfTcp_3cM9hdg" class="image" title="Mikronesia"><img alt="Mikronesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Micronesia.png/40px-Micronesia.png" width="40" border="0" height="31" /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesia&usg=ALkJrhhi0q2OgomwVVvWAU_Un7eZCISy-w" title="Mikronesia">Micronesia</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesia&usg=ALkJrhhi0q2OgomwVVvWAU_Un7eZCISy-w" title="Mikronesia">Mikronesia</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjBxBZQxwsQH2bca8ck6dzSQi9h2Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Federated States of Micronesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Federated States of Micronesia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Guam&usg=ALkJrhhxA6vXo-miMlZpB93D4T2X-FCR_A" title="Konstitusi Guam" class="mw-redirect">Guam</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Kiribati%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiKGvxcjPdios4FoqZs7kS8vS7eiA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kiribati (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kiribati</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Marshall_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhisMQsp6Qm2asMGpZCrVRxZ5xF-KQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi di Kepulauan Marshall (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Marshall Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nauru&usg=ALkJrhi027VEfqXeXMpkolo5MbdKLfBD9A" title="Konstitusi Nauru">Nauru</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&usg=ALkJrhgz8zpWBfuMiTc8jNW0NzjSuzFBUA" title="Konstitusi dari Kepulauan Mariana Utara" class="mw-redirect">Northern Mariana Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Palau%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg3tMSswfQmux72Z3dM6lE3_zE7ZA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Palau (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Palau</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjBxBZQxwsQH2bca8ck6dzSQi9h2Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Federated States of Micronesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Federated States of Micronesia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Guam&usg=ALkJrhhxA6vXo-miMlZpB93D4T2X-FCR_A" title="Konstitusi Guam" class="mw-redirect">Guam</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Kiribati%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiKGvxcjPdios4FoqZs7kS8vS7eiA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kiribati (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kiribati</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Marshall_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhisMQsp6Qm2asMGpZCrVRxZ5xF-KQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi di Kepulauan Marshall (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kepulauan Marshall</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nauru&usg=ALkJrhi027VEfqXeXMpkolo5MbdKLfBD9A" title="Konstitusi Nauru">Nauru</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&usg=ALkJrhgz8zpWBfuMiTc8jNW0NzjSuzFBUA" title="Konstitusi dari Kepulauan Mariana Utara" class="mw-redirect">Kepulauan Mariana Utara</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Palau%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg3tMSswfQmux72Z3dM6lE3_zE7ZA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Palau (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Palau</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: left; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polynesia.png&usg=ALkJrhgrxz5Qs7vjpwY82pcMEMmMDVKmPg" class="image" title="Polinesia"><img alt="Polinesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Polynesia.png/40px-Polynesia.png" width="40" border="0" height="31" /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia&usg=ALkJrhjVGUMYnh3wG3ntUD9tKTZ75GAMWA" title="Polinesia">Polynesia</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia&usg=ALkJrhjVGUMYnh3wG3ntUD9tKTZ75GAMWA" title="Polinesia">Polinesia</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_American_Samoa&usg=ALkJrhgQSysfGsB9s8BkPll8St3BVmA-Kw" title="Konstitusi Amerika Samoa" class="mw-redirect">American Samoa</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Cook_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhxP1byL58m-dM602goFbI3bTWYEQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Kepulauan Cook (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cook Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_French_Polynesia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhganIbvK7pzfpp_zgeQ8-ZilOOaDA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Polinesia Prancis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">French Polynesia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii&usg=ALkJrhhPahcL5tAZHc-qn25qNyTb89ERwA" title="Konstitusi Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Niue%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgwYTIw40sfkPO0rEzMnpNdDFKrHQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Niue (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Niue</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgxDnJQS_Z8snHEWIhf_NmStpweYA" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Pitcairn Kepulauan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Pitcairn Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Samoa%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgZ1drmpc9Md2d10-RE3IA-wdBfyQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Samoa (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Samoa</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tokelau%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhikuidOEqGjmo_ZUKyu9UrZsIFnXQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Tokelau (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tokelau</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tonga&usg=ALkJrhifFEPzLZs6I5Fq090RjMjGrOX7eQ" title="Konstitusi Tonga">Tonga</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tuvalu%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhghRkD8ZRAOIk9liNS8xC6nhVx-6A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Tuvalu (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tuvalu</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Wallis_and_Futuna%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj_uRDwiGkI8k6kk8BJfdrdz9ih_A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Wallis dan Futuna (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Wallis and Futuna</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_American_Samoa&usg=ALkJrhgQSysfGsB9s8BkPll8St3BVmA-Kw" title="Konstitusi Amerika Samoa" class="mw-redirect">Samoa Amerika</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Cook_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhxP1byL58m-dM602goFbI3bTWYEQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Kepulauan Cook (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kepulauan Cook</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_French_Polynesia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhganIbvK7pzfpp_zgeQ8-ZilOOaDA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Polinesia Prancis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Polinesia Prancis</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii&usg=ALkJrhhPahcL5tAZHc-qn25qNyTb89ERwA" title="Konstitusi Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Niue%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgwYTIw40sfkPO0rEzMnpNdDFKrHQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Niue (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Niue</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgxDnJQS_Z8snHEWIhf_NmStpweYA" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Pitcairn Kepulauan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kepulauan Pitcairn</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Samoa%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgZ1drmpc9Md2d10-RE3IA-wdBfyQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Samoa (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Samoa</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tokelau%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhikuidOEqGjmo_ZUKyu9UrZsIFnXQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Tokelau (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tokelau</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Tonga&usg=ALkJrhifFEPzLZs6I5Fq090RjMjGrOX7eQ" title="Konstitusi Tonga">Tonga</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Tuvalu%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhghRkD8ZRAOIk9liNS8xC6nhVx-6A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Tuvalu (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Tuvalu</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Wallis_and_Futuna%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj_uRDwiGkI8k6kk8BJfdrdz9ih_A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Wallis dan Futuna (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Wallis dan Futuna</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-size: 95%;" colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>1</sup></small></span> Often included in Polynesia. <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>2</sup></small></span> Often included in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia&usg=ALkJrhi7__hdDwXntWyknLsQTppuqJE3xw" title="Asia Tenggara">Southeast Asia</a> . <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>3</sup></small></span> Often included in Australasia.</span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>1</sup></small></span> Sering dimasukkan dalam Polinesia. <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>2</sup></small></span> Seringkali termasuk di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia&usg=ALkJrhi7__hdDwXntWyknLsQTppuqJE3xw" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara.</a> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>3</sup></small></span> Sering dimasukkan dalam Australasia.</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table id="collapsibleTable4" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(4);" id="collapseButton4">show</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic&usg=ALkJrhgZd9vGXIYW4cXM9w7_X4OI3CPKTg" title="Templat: Amerika Utara topik"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic&usg=ALkJrhju1tJhQy8OHCWA5t8fXNC6bhVb5w" title="Template bicara: Amerika Utara topik"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:North_America_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiNTYTyv-GXh9nRxbXFjavOVNHixA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic&usg=ALkJrhgZd9vGXIYW4cXM9w7_X4OI3CPKTg" title="Templat: Amerika Utara topik"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic&usg=ALkJrhju1tJhQy8OHCWA5t8fXNC6bhVb5w" title="Template bicara: Amerika Utara topik"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:North_America_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiNTYTyv-GXh9nRxbXFjavOVNHixA" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">Constitutions of North America</span></span> <span style="font-size: 110%;">Konstitusi Amerika Utara</span></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Sovereign states</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Negara berdaulat</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgd6dF37Ybgti_dHeo4ZwfLvgZ1yg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Antigua dan Barbuda (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Antigua and Barbuda</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Bahamas%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgajaj9yue2NLlj7S1AvPgpIpEJlQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi di Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Bahamas</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Barbados%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjTNIt721tYnDqwPPak1pt78XyFHw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Barbados (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Barbados</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belize&usg=ALkJrhgQfRQbuCkQbi3GTC8HRMsDaSc0ag" title="Konstitusi Belize">Belize</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada&usg=ALkJrhgbKJ11So3fuuypQteBE_ZyaYQYSg" title="Konstitusi Kanada">Canada</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Costa_Rica%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiKMt5sSHZvKM-VKBYLNVnCykhJSA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kosta Rika (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Costa Rica</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba&usg=ALkJrhi6GCuPhY6yFrUwr3WVtwbesfjFKw" title="Konstitusi Kuba">Cuba</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Dominica%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhitDwdYqF2BguT6WsL2PsPTXpGP7Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Dominika (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Dominica</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Dominican_Republic%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj-pfAlmlW7kiGUOZ2o8Fe4UGlkAg" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Republik Dominika (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Dominican Republic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_El_Salvador%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhSwyxN3YrHA-rwf44Np6Q0rNGC_Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi El Salvador (halaman tidak ditemukan)">El Salvador</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Grenada%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhVEptengjrZq8fN7cPLEzVEvV4QQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Grenada (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Grenada</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Guatemala&usg=ALkJrhgCLrM9BpiXqvWOuAhyCqqOrgpC8w" title="Konstitusi Guatemala">Guatemala</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti&usg=ALkJrhh_Tcl-ym20e-gdxp5130dMEucsBA" title="Konstitusi Haiti">Haiti</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Honduras%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgN12NfkP-_THbOGUb588eW2eEXVQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Honduras (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Honduras</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Jamaica%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhDHnLRNQfEZX4FGgEyX5UqNK5_Ag" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Jamaica</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico&usg=ALkJrhi2n8zFxqPWxA56S4pKPF4TCRod-g" title="Konstitusi Mexico">Mexico</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua&usg=ALkJrhghGCqbjzHZXEX1N3gwUQbMpDhf8Q" title="Konstitusi Nikaragua">Nicaragua</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Panama%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj2-WBGzxRVC-oCJ1-9Ke5i-N-EjQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Panama (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Panama</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjagpqmfOQUdOBahDOlo8WElUlJrg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Kitts dan Nevis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Lucia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgmiePaUzZvmbfAz3cQKZLZJ01aVw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Lucia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Lucia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh25MWQ-07tbfjSwutrHxsrqPdUlQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Vincent dan Grenadines (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjNt1YMe2NXz2CN0U--15QBQ__Nrw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Trinidad dan Tobago (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhh_AQ15dr9XmqJa14ED1MWfgtPT1w" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat" class="mw-redirect">United States</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgd6dF37Ybgti_dHeo4ZwfLvgZ1yg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Antigua dan Barbuda (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Antigua dan Barbuda</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Bahamas%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgajaj9yue2NLlj7S1AvPgpIpEJlQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi di Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Bahama</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Barbados%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjTNIt721tYnDqwPPak1pt78XyFHw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Barbados (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Barbados</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belize&usg=ALkJrhgQfRQbuCkQbi3GTC8HRMsDaSc0ag" title="Konstitusi Belize">Belize</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada&usg=ALkJrhgbKJ11So3fuuypQteBE_ZyaYQYSg" title="Konstitusi Kanada">Kanada</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Costa_Rica%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiKMt5sSHZvKM-VKBYLNVnCykhJSA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Kosta Rika (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kosta Rika</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba&usg=ALkJrhi6GCuPhY6yFrUwr3WVtwbesfjFKw" title="Konstitusi Kuba">Kuba</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Dominica%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhitDwdYqF2BguT6WsL2PsPTXpGP7Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Dominika (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Dominika</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Dominican_Republic%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj-pfAlmlW7kiGUOZ2o8Fe4UGlkAg" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Republik Dominika (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Republik Dominika</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_El_Salvador%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhSwyxN3YrHA-rwf44Np6Q0rNGC_Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi El Salvador (halaman tidak ditemukan)">El Salvador</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Grenada%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhVEptengjrZq8fN7cPLEzVEvV4QQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Grenada (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Grenada</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Guatemala&usg=ALkJrhgCLrM9BpiXqvWOuAhyCqqOrgpC8w" title="Konstitusi Guatemala">Guatemala</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti&usg=ALkJrhh_Tcl-ym20e-gdxp5130dMEucsBA" title="Konstitusi Haiti">Haiti</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Honduras%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgN12NfkP-_THbOGUb588eW2eEXVQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Honduras (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Honduras</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Jamaica%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhDHnLRNQfEZX4FGgEyX5UqNK5_Ag" class="new" title="Konstitusi Indonesia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Jamaika</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico&usg=ALkJrhi2n8zFxqPWxA56S4pKPF4TCRod-g" title="Konstitusi Mexico">Meksiko</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua&usg=ALkJrhghGCqbjzHZXEX1N3gwUQbMpDhf8Q" title="Konstitusi Nikaragua">Nikaragua</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Panama%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj2-WBGzxRVC-oCJ1-9Ke5i-N-EjQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Panama (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Panama</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjagpqmfOQUdOBahDOlo8WElUlJrg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Kitts dan Nevis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Kitts dan Nevis</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Lucia%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgmiePaUzZvmbfAz3cQKZLZJ01aVw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Lucia (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Lucia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh25MWQ-07tbfjSwutrHxsrqPdUlQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Vincent dan Grenadines (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Vincent dan Grenadines</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjNt1YMe2NXz2CN0U--15QBQ__Nrw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Trinidad dan Tobago (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Trinidad dan Tobago</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhh_AQ15dr9XmqJa14ED1MWfgtPT1w" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat" class="mw-redirect">Amerika Serikat</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td><td style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; width: 0%;" rowspan="3"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_America.svg&usg=ALkJrhi4A7qT2LKZOy7SV-uYeRa45E1rDQ" class="image" title="Di benua Amerika Utara berbatasan dengan negara"><img alt="Di benua Amerika Utara berbatasan dengan negara" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_America.svg/85px-North_America.svg.png" width="85" border="0" height="61" /></a> </td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependencies</a> and</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependensi</a> dan</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">other <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28administrative_division%29&usg=ALkJrhhn0qMEqR0h4UNwkPotj8LIKwawCw" title="Wilayah (divisi administratif)">territories</a></span> lainnya <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_%28administrative_division%29&usg=ALkJrhhn0qMEqR0h4UNwkPotj8LIKwawCw" title="Wilayah (divisi administratif)">wilayah</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Anguilla%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh4mE8hyXlANQWddKe1ijJ1RwQB9A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Anguilla (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Anguilla</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Aruba&usg=ALkJrhiOZSYYEQ6uRTe7G-9tojc5_KjR8A" title="Konstitusi Aruba">Aruba</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Bermuda%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgfgfU63R67d7F0ZaypfccIKx_3Hw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Bermuda (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Bermuda</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg46fxTK3jzTEQDaKWjcjUnJ6lvtw" class="new" title="Konstitusi British Virgin Islands (halaman tidak ditemukan)">British Virgin Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Cayman_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh5M6yKsApR2SMBfAJVOK3R1I0R2g" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Cayman Islands (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cayman Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Greenland&usg=ALkJrhj5A9GGqxzfQOQgTUqb8VXm6r9LbQ" title="Konstitusi Greenland" class="mw-redirect">Greenland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guadeloupe%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjiZp2uSnQUjjGdEPBX_WS0iuieVA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guadeloupe (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guadeloupe</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Martinique%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjJODfcYeYbB2HglhF2Tac_znDEOA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Martinique (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Martinique</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Montserrat%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjXr54k41qoRNbzohSf4RRSl1BdJw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Montserrat (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Montserrat</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles&usg=ALkJrhjeNL2RlP5J80tQNzfO9X8qSIIaAw" title="Konstitusi Belanda Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico&usg=ALkJrhjMAegZZZYEuJXfWnJDxbF_KkypJQ" title="Konstitusi Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Barth%25C3%25A9lemy%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjUW9N2QOqDmM6i6gWlmD5zlV-xXg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Barthélemy (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Barthélemy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Martin_%28France%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi2L8ivCVajlgcQwrfcVHNZrCWGKw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Martin (Prancis) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Martin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiDNT-uvsvvekomTn-kBrJBzViveQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Pierre dan Miquelon (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhscebow_VEHugeC2iitVkVSDY3XQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Turks dan Caicos (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&usg=ALkJrhgK3tSgBdnDzaT4RNgcUZBhkp2voQ" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat Virgin Islands" class="mw-redirect">United States Virgin Islands</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Anguilla%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh4mE8hyXlANQWddKe1ijJ1RwQB9A" class="new" title="Konstitusi Anguilla (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Anguilla</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Aruba&usg=ALkJrhiOZSYYEQ6uRTe7G-9tojc5_KjR8A" title="Konstitusi Aruba">Aruba</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Bermuda%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgfgfU63R67d7F0ZaypfccIKx_3Hw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Bermuda (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Bermuda</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg46fxTK3jzTEQDaKWjcjUnJ6lvtw" class="new" title="Konstitusi British Virgin Islands (halaman tidak ditemukan)">British Virgin Islands</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Cayman_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh5M6yKsApR2SMBfAJVOK3R1I0R2g" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Cayman Islands (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Cayman Islands</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Greenland&usg=ALkJrhj5A9GGqxzfQOQgTUqb8VXm6r9LbQ" title="Konstitusi Greenland" class="mw-redirect">Greenland</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guadeloupe%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjiZp2uSnQUjjGdEPBX_WS0iuieVA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guadeloupe (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guadeloupe</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Martinique%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjJODfcYeYbB2HglhF2Tac_znDEOA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Martinique (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Martinique</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Montserrat%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjXr54k41qoRNbzohSf4RRSl1BdJw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Montserrat (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Montserrat</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles&usg=ALkJrhjeNL2RlP5J80tQNzfO9X8qSIIaAw" title="Konstitusi Belanda Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico&usg=ALkJrhjMAegZZZYEuJXfWnJDxbF_KkypJQ" title="Konstitusi Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Barth%25C3%25A9lemy%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjUW9N2QOqDmM6i6gWlmD5zlV-xXg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Barthélemy (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Barthélemy</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Martin_%28France%29%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi2L8ivCVajlgcQwrfcVHNZrCWGKw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Martin (Prancis) (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Martin</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiDNT-uvsvvekomTn-kBrJBzViveQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Saint Pierre dan Miquelon (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Saint Pierre dan Miquelon</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhscebow_VEHugeC2iitVkVSDY3XQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi yang Turks dan Caicos (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kepulauan Turks dan Caicos</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&usg=ALkJrhgK3tSgBdnDzaT4RNgcUZBhkp2voQ" title="Konstitusi Amerika Serikat Virgin Islands" class="mw-redirect">Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Serikat</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding: 0.2em 0pt; line-height: 1.4em;" colspan="3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Territories also in</a> or commonly reckoned elsewhere in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas&usg=ALkJrhiE04PmAOUt6siFiCkcuk1EpjmKkA" title="Amerika">Americas</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America&usg=ALkJrhj3LPpk9UYWxrpokYvx2jMuwBmA-Q" title="Amerika Selatan">South America</a> ).</span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Wilayah juga di</a> tempat lain atau yang biasa diperhitungkan di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas&usg=ALkJrhiE04PmAOUt6siFiCkcuk1EpjmKkA" title="Amerika">Amerika</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America&usg=ALkJrhj3LPpk9UYWxrpokYvx2jMuwBmA-Q" title="Amerika Selatan">(Amerika Selatan).</a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table id="collapsibleTable5" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(5);" id="collapseButton5">show</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic&usg=ALkJrhjVDNNGR7m5xquOEAg5WhDzlDfZ9g" title="Templat: Amerika Selatan topik"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic&usg=ALkJrhjcmcwAWJ6KGgqCq-MAvH7mJzSpLA" title="Template bicara: Amerika Selatan topik"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:South_America_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjXmpDTHW1J26Q5RsW6Ixe425Xglw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic&usg=ALkJrhjVDNNGR7m5xquOEAg5WhDzlDfZ9g" title="Templat: Amerika Selatan topik"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic&usg=ALkJrhjcmcwAWJ6KGgqCq-MAvH7mJzSpLA" title="Template bicara: Amerika Selatan topik"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Diskusi tentang template ini">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:South_America_topic%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjXmpDTHW1J26Q5RsW6Ixe425Xglw" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan.">e</span></a></span> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 110%;">Constitutions of South America</span></span> <span style="font-size: 110%;">Konstitusi di Amerika Selatan</span></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="text-align: right;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Sovereign states</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states&usg=ALkJrhiJbc67P_J3nJirJvq2vIWUlvxVAg" title="Daftar negara berdaulat">Negara berdaulat</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina&usg=ALkJrhhvE-MWLxf0sN-JpDG_aYYFthEe1w" title="Konstitusi Argentina">Argentina</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia&usg=ALkJrhhYU8WAjn91xLRVVkH6T9--WLe5oQ" title="Konstitusi Bolivia" class="mw-redirect">Bolivia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil&usg=ALkJrhiVIWonVim1Hkq3yaVw6YUzKzpS9Q" title="Konstitusi Indonesia">Brazil</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Chile&usg=ALkJrhg5VO8NCUuhW-X5OGkdYqUy2Y7dFg" title="Konstitusi Chile">Chile</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Colombia&usg=ALkJrhgnhee3uZH8r_zz_AT8EohGUNpmIg" title="Konstitusi Kolombia" class="mw-redirect">Colombia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ecuador&usg=ALkJrhgmvMaSpySdWstBBqUrbf9LyXyxBA" title="Konstitusi Ekuador">Ecuador</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guyana%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjbP7UZJd1H5Z66336SIifyqZILhA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guyana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guyana</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Panama%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj2-WBGzxRVC-oCJ1-9Ke5i-N-EjQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Panama (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Panama</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Paraguay%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgl21JxzeRcvKvGA0aywamqzxUEVA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Paraguay (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Paraguay</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru&usg=ALkJrhhloqkldhkQ3IeRjRSOiGu-hmBEXQ" title="Konstitusi Peru">Peru</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Suriname%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgxD0qchvQCR2HXKGpyQAHrNZHhiQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Suriname (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Suriname</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjNt1YMe2NXz2CN0U--15QBQ__Nrw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Trinidad dan Tobago (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay&usg=ALkJrhg62yeuxBFwpbhXBprUxwZrJkDBSQ" title="Konstitusi Uruguay">Uruguay</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela&usg=ALkJrhixZnqLsDBwnwb-FBqhgPwSbeSovg" title="Konstitusi Venezuela">Venezuela</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina&usg=ALkJrhhvE-MWLxf0sN-JpDG_aYYFthEe1w" title="Konstitusi Argentina">Argentina</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia&usg=ALkJrhhYU8WAjn91xLRVVkH6T9--WLe5oQ" title="Konstitusi Bolivia" class="mw-redirect">Bolivia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil&usg=ALkJrhiVIWonVim1Hkq3yaVw6YUzKzpS9Q" title="Konstitusi Indonesia">Brazil</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Chile&usg=ALkJrhg5VO8NCUuhW-X5OGkdYqUy2Y7dFg" title="Konstitusi Chile">Chile</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Colombia&usg=ALkJrhgnhee3uZH8r_zz_AT8EohGUNpmIg" title="Konstitusi Kolombia" class="mw-redirect">Colombia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ecuador&usg=ALkJrhgmvMaSpySdWstBBqUrbf9LyXyxBA" title="Konstitusi Ekuador">Ekuador</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Guyana%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjbP7UZJd1H5Z66336SIifyqZILhA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guyana (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guyana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Panama%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhj2-WBGzxRVC-oCJ1-9Ke5i-N-EjQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Panama (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Panama</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Paraguay%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgl21JxzeRcvKvGA0aywamqzxUEVA" class="new" title="Konstitusi Paraguay (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Paraguay</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru&usg=ALkJrhhloqkldhkQ3IeRjRSOiGu-hmBEXQ" title="Konstitusi Peru">Peru</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Suriname%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgxD0qchvQCR2HXKGpyQAHrNZHhiQ" class="new" title="Konstitusi Suriname (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Suriname</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjNt1YMe2NXz2CN0U--15QBQ__Nrw" class="new" title="Konstitusi Trinidad dan Tobago (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Trinidad dan Tobago</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay&usg=ALkJrhg62yeuxBFwpbhXBprUxwZrJkDBSQ" title="Konstitusi Uruguay">Uruguay</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela&usg=ALkJrhixZnqLsDBwnwb-FBqhgPwSbeSovg" title="Konstitusi Venezuela">Venezuela</a></span></span> </p></div></div></td><td style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; width: 0%;" rowspan="3"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_America.svg&usg=ALkJrhiIPNyZWpaoHbJkQ79KEah35l58hw" class="image" title="Selatan America.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/South_America.svg/35px-South_America.svg.png" width="35" border="0" height="47" /></a> </td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="text-align: right;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependencies</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory&usg=ALkJrhgmpFXzPyIt5cjS2DFE0xJmBQPkwg" title="Tergantung wilayah">Dependensi</a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 0.95em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Aruba&usg=ALkJrhiOZSYYEQ6uRTe7G-9tojc5_KjR8A" title="Konstitusi Aruba">Aruba</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles&usg=ALkJrhjeNL2RlP5J80tQNzfO9X8qSIIaAw" title="Konstitusi Belanda Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> <small><sup>1</sup> (Netherlands)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Falkland_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgLyMLkIu9GDrVNFq8yqK6pdyuyvg" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Kepulauan Falkland (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Falkland Islands</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhy1rNmnoHmB2qEgSwgj4ashqQY6Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></span> <small>(UK) <sup>2</sup></small> / <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_French_Guiana%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjNcOnH-U0Kfe0MjFS9k9oUHQ6phg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guyana Perancis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">French Guiana</a> <small>(France)</small></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Aruba&usg=ALkJrhiOZSYYEQ6uRTe7G-9tojc5_KjR8A" title="Konstitusi Aruba">Aruba</a> <small><sup>1</sup></small> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles&usg=ALkJrhjeNL2RlP5J80tQNzfO9X8qSIIaAw" title="Konstitusi Belanda Antilles">Antilles Belanda</a> <small><sup>1</sup> <b>(Belanda)</b></small></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_the_Falkland_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgLyMLkIu9GDrVNFq8yqK6pdyuyvg" class="new" title="Konstitusi dari Kepulauan Falkland (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Kepulauan Falkland</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhy1rNmnoHmB2qEgSwgj4ashqQY6Q" class="new" title="Konstitusi Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan</a></span> <small>(Inggris) <sup>2</sup></small> / <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitution_of_French_Guiana%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjNcOnH-U0Kfe0MjFS9k9oUHQ6phg" class="new" title="Konstitusi Guyana Perancis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Guyana Perancis</a> <small>(Perancis)</small></span></span> </p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height: 1.3em; font-size: 95%;" colspan="3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>1</sup></small></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Territories also in</a> or commonly reckoned elsewhere in the <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas&usg=ALkJrhiE04PmAOUt6siFiCkcuk1EpjmKkA" title="Amerika">Americas</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America&usg=ALkJrhhvTXhOlVJUEkBEyTqE5i6uX3rt4A" title="Amerika Utara">North America</a> and/or <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America&usg=ALkJrhjSBCIPO_ytKR-nn17kQqio7NCzrA" title="Amerika Tengah">Central America</a> ). <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>2</sup></small></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Territories also in</a> or commonly reckoned to be in <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica&usg=ALkJrhj40pToBg3V_sUY8ck_fZF7gtrtAw" title="Antartika">Antarctica</a> .</span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>1</sup></small></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Wilayah juga di</a> tempat lain atau yang biasa diperhitungkan di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas&usg=ALkJrhiE04PmAOUt6siFiCkcuk1EpjmKkA" title="Amerika">Amerika</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America&usg=ALkJrhhvTXhOlVJUEkBEyTqE5i6uX3rt4A" title="Amerika Utara">(Amerika Utara</a> dan / atau <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America&usg=ALkJrhjSBCIPO_ytKR-nn17kQqio7NCzrA" title="Amerika Tengah">Amerika Tengah).</a> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><small><sup>2</sup></small></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent&usg=ALkJrhhmqkeyeIK1foVGIAQhBBVFbhUoaw" title="Daftar negara mencakup lebih dari satu benua">Territories juga</a> diperhitungkan atau yang biasa berada di <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica&usg=ALkJrhj40pToBg3V_sUY8ck_fZF7gtrtAw" title="Antartika">Antartika.</a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><p><a name="The_Rule_of_Law" id="The_Rule_of_Law"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhjxjF71wuWT-Vjg-LM4isq69od8fA" title="Sunting bagian: The Rule of Law">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">The Rule of Law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhjxjF71wuWT-Vjg-LM4isq69od8fA" title="Sunting bagian: The Rule of Law"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">The Rule of Law</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The doctrine of the rule of law dictates that government must be conducted according to law.</span> Doktrin supremasi hukum dictates bahwa pemerintah harus dilakukan sesuai dengan hukum.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Dicey identified 3 essential elements of the British Constitution which were indicative of the rule of law.</span> Dicey mengidentifikasi 3 elemen penting British Konstitusi yang menunjukkan supremasi hukum.</span> </p><p> 1. <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">absence of arbitrary power; 2.</span> sewenang-wenang tanpa kuasa; 2.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">equality before the law; and 3.</span> kesetaraan di hadapan hukum, dan 3.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">the constitution is a result of the ordinary law of the land.</span> konstitusi merupakan hasil biasa hukum tanah.</span> </p><table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table id="collapsibleTable6" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: gold;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(6);" id="collapseButton6" style="color: gold;">show</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: gold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: gold;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Law&usg=ALkJrhiXMs7B3-SMSjWB0gKnlTyVMtOh7Q" title="Template: Hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: gold;" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Law&usg=ALkJrhj-xvMkV5vXNkz1j6-b-Pp4NDqimQ" title="Template talk: Hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: gold;" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiJVPzagJMBI0fEQklxj8FgnSzStg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Lihat template ini" style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: gold;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Law&usg=ALkJrhiXMs7B3-SMSjWB0gKnlTyVMtOh7Q" title="Template: Hukum">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: gold;" title="Diskusi tentang template ini"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Law&usg=ALkJrhj-xvMkV5vXNkz1j6-b-Pp4NDqimQ" title="Template talk: Hukum">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: gold;" title="Anda dapat mengedit template ini. Silakan gunakan tombol pratayang sebelum menyimpan."><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Law%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhiJVPzagJMBI0fEQklxj8FgnSzStg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Law&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="color: gold;"><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg" title="Hukum">Law</a></span></span></span> <span style="color: gold;"><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg" title="Hukum">Hukum</a></span></span></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg#Legal_subjects" title="Hukum"><span style="color: gold;">Core subjects</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg#Legal_subjects" title="Hukum"><span style="color: gold;">Mata pelajaran inti</span></a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgpYRmAWbvXFpPZ5KvOLlQVtj1UlQ" title="Administrasi hukum">Administrative law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_law&usg=ALkJrhjvQ7NDUn7c7rv9yjMaUj0vNw7k0w" title="Perbandingan hukum">Comparative law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhhKPs2cu0OqCvcL9svJ__S0nPU2ng" title="Konflik hukum">Conflict of laws</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <strong class="selflink">Constitutional law</strong> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhjSLmmgVz99t9OPzKelkGRBUezn9A" title="Kontrak">Contract</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhg8th7yj4b7NikvDyvwOd7wKlfcJA" title="Hukum pidana">Criminal law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhg06iSwjNeEfcCu31An6cCB0IQ2zA" title="Ekuitas (hukum)">Equity</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhg1D9oyOEnZgdwdLFHZpVHjK-LiqA" title="Hukum perdata">Private law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw" title="Hukum properti">Property law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhh_ROzZmwtgiElGJySaeZ6UjL75OQ" title="Hukum internasional publik">Public international law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhhLRjcG2IvtA0cC8-TgnK2u4USNYg" title="Hukum publik">Public law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_law&usg=ALkJrhigx1yOjOC9yjHlzmUELzDpyGJH1A" title="Batas negara hukum">Supranational law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhgIxpxYWxi4X4bL-wslob-4A6sS_Q" title="Tort">Tort</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhhW9QSTCN8XHplIz7ITxH5kat6IUA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">Trust law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgpYRmAWbvXFpPZ5KvOLlQVtj1UlQ" title="Administrasi hukum">Administrasi hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_law&usg=ALkJrhjvQ7NDUn7c7rv9yjMaUj0vNw7k0w" title="Perbandingan hukum">Komparatif hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhhKPs2cu0OqCvcL9svJ__S0nPU2ng" title="Konflik hukum">Konflik hukum</a> <strong class="selflink">hukum Konstitusi</strong> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhjSLmmgVz99t9OPzKelkGRBUezn9A" title="Kontrak">Kontrak</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhg8th7yj4b7NikvDyvwOd7wKlfcJA" title="Hukum pidana">Hukum Pidana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhg06iSwjNeEfcCu31An6cCB0IQ2zA" title="Ekuitas (hukum)">Ekuitas</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhg1D9oyOEnZgdwdLFHZpVHjK-LiqA" title="Hukum perdata">Pribadi hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhhyU_Iyx6IgMYajcZQacXYrTtFTHw" title="Hukum properti">Properti hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhh_ROzZmwtgiElGJySaeZ6UjL75OQ" title="Hukum internasional publik">umum hukum internasional</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhhLRjcG2IvtA0cC8-TgnK2u4USNYg" title="Hukum publik">Publik hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_law&usg=ALkJrhigx1yOjOC9yjHlzmUELzDpyGJH1A" title="Batas negara hukum">batas negara hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhgIxpxYWxi4X4bL-wslob-4A6sS_Q" title="Tort">Tort</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhhW9QSTCN8XHplIz7ITxH5kat6IUA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">Trust hukum</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; width: 0%;" rowspan="9"> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg&usg=ALkJrhi7aHinrYrJbFJhqC8z2jr5q2RLuA" class="image" title="Scales keadilan"><img alt="Scales keadilan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/70px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" width="70" border="0" height="71" /></a> </td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg#Further_disciplines" title="Hukum"><span style="color: gold;">Other subjects</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg#Further_disciplines" title="Hukum"><span style="color: gold;">Mata pelajaran lain</span></a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law&usg=ALkJrhjMTwC5MoUW8Y8qGYF3qLMohRi13Q" title="Admiralty hukum">Admiralty law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_law&usg=ALkJrhgyNieK3-AB42-wjwm4dH_fzRq6_A" title="Penerbangan hukum">Aviation law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhhfNyj1G-0G9CztHKUFboKCoke0GQ" title="Peraturan bank">Banking law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy&usg=ALkJrhgvjUgDsYXyFub4SljMhUsyZkDU5w" title="Kepailitan">Bankruptcy</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhinNnf-iTDDQ98y8Hf31ValslH6Lw" title="Hukum komersial">Commercial law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhiDBYWceHr_1JXoCEc_NzvNu1ri8Q" title="Hukum persaingan">Competition law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhi8ATzak5JHmYhzMUxrXPkpCDZNmg" title="Perlindungan konsumen">Consumer protection</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law&usg=ALkJrhibiCYaY_V_yvMFomS5ckq3rSqOpQ" title="Hukum perusahaan">Corporate law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhgTE26rzsXifEdysTdclUILleiApQ" title="Hukum lingkungan">Environmental law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgT93QMH2hyy3-kv-vOpl0NA0Sjcw" title="Bukti (hukum)">Evidence</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law&usg=ALkJrhhR-ffzI4jLqHoEOWADJWow0xx8hw" title="Hukum keluarga">Family law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhgdunYak0cJAdIxUGfvhz22j9DINQ" title="Hukum hak asasi manusia" class="mw-redirect">Human rights</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_law&usg=ALkJrhiMyKI9I07_TGGaxL0fY1V5450C5Q" title="Imigrasi hukum">Immigration law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&usg=ALkJrhjynsWO0fJCu5X74cUlDCBv61jA7w" title="Kekayaan intelektual">Intellectual property</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhgjRSGwX9ctDZyG_BPkAriHS6pVJA" title="Hukum pidana internasional">International criminal law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_and_employment_law&usg=ALkJrhjjss-oIXNt5V6OdRt0NruscRN4yA" title="Perburuhan dan undang-undang ketenagakerjaan" class="mw-redirect">Labour law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_law&usg=ALkJrhjyYXkqeIcnBiK_G2CVRKtqdTCVJw" title="Media hukum">Media law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_law&usg=ALkJrhhbjnTnuFRIkYM2p9ByoARrFO30uA" title="Militer hukum">Military law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_law&usg=ALkJrhidiBWSDguS-jOXaNjqumbqzTsbtQ" title="Monopoli hukum">Monopoly law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhgiYO-s7ZI8dabZLpjtbYrd90_sEA" title="Prosedur hukum" class="mw-redirect">Procedure</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhivSFw67buwq5bigxMocmIkRHpCzg" title="Sipil prosedur">Civil</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjv5zWPAPQm9QxJRJtkW5cgdLHuTw" title="Pidana prosedur">Criminal</a> ) <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhgYQV4LmpPTI9rFwOMtYqVs5BYXBA" title="Kewajiban Produk">Product liability</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhjx5wsCg1wW8jUGZMcSJELdFe9Lkw" title="Restitusi">Restitution</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_law&usg=ALkJrhg92FTqlmfy_YXLzPq65ql0JYQZ8A" title="Ruang hukum">Space law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhj2Fl4SMFLZl0piv6tXYF_WPc0cEA" title="Hukum pajak">Tax law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhg0SWtToK9otoXbZYXg2sU2mgg66A" title="Lalim penyuburan">Unjust enrichment</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhg7pinpxAKcPlt2ijzBFzFvQQtjpw" title="Apakah (hukum)">Wills</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law&usg=ALkJrhjMTwC5MoUW8Y8qGYF3qLMohRi13Q" title="Admiralty hukum">Admiralty hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_law&usg=ALkJrhgyNieK3-AB42-wjwm4dH_fzRq6_A" title="Penerbangan hukum">Penerbangan hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhhfNyj1G-0G9CztHKUFboKCoke0GQ" title="Peraturan bank">Perbankan hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy&usg=ALkJrhgvjUgDsYXyFub4SljMhUsyZkDU5w" title="Kepailitan">Kepailitan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhinNnf-iTDDQ98y8Hf31ValslH6Lw" title="Hukum komersial">Komersial hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhiDBYWceHr_1JXoCEc_NzvNu1ri8Q" title="Hukum persaingan">Kompetisi hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhi8ATzak5JHmYhzMUxrXPkpCDZNmg" title="Perlindungan konsumen">perlindungan Konsumen</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law&usg=ALkJrhibiCYaY_V_yvMFomS5ckq3rSqOpQ" title="Hukum perusahaan">Korporat hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhgTE26rzsXifEdysTdclUILleiApQ" title="Hukum lingkungan">Lingkungan hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgT93QMH2hyy3-kv-vOpl0NA0Sjcw" title="Bukti (hukum)">Dalil</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law&usg=ALkJrhhR-ffzI4jLqHoEOWADJWow0xx8hw" title="Hukum keluarga">Keluarga hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhgdunYak0cJAdIxUGfvhz22j9DINQ" title="Hukum hak asasi manusia" class="mw-redirect">Hak Asasi Manusia</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_law&usg=ALkJrhiMyKI9I07_TGGaxL0fY1V5450C5Q" title="Imigrasi hukum">Imigrasi hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&usg=ALkJrhjynsWO0fJCu5X74cUlDCBv61jA7w" title="Kekayaan intelektual">kekayaan intelektual</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhgjRSGwX9ctDZyG_BPkAriHS6pVJA" title="Hukum pidana internasional">internasional hukum pidana</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_and_employment_law&usg=ALkJrhjjss-oIXNt5V6OdRt0NruscRN4yA" title="Perburuhan dan undang-undang ketenagakerjaan" class="mw-redirect">Perburuhan hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_law&usg=ALkJrhjyYXkqeIcnBiK_G2CVRKtqdTCVJw" title="Media hukum">hukum Media</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_law&usg=ALkJrhhbjnTnuFRIkYM2p9ByoARrFO30uA" title="Militer hukum">militer hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_law&usg=ALkJrhidiBWSDguS-jOXaNjqumbqzTsbtQ" title="Monopoli hukum">Monopoly hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhgiYO-s7ZI8dabZLpjtbYrd90_sEA" title="Prosedur hukum" class="mw-redirect">Prosedur</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhivSFw67buwq5bigxMocmIkRHpCzg" title="Sipil prosedur">(Sipil</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhjv5zWPAPQm9QxJRJtkW5cgdLHuTw" title="Pidana prosedur">Kriminal)</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability&usg=ALkJrhgYQV4LmpPTI9rFwOMtYqVs5BYXBA" title="Kewajiban Produk">Produk kewajiban</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhjx5wsCg1wW8jUGZMcSJELdFe9Lkw" title="Restitusi">restitusi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_law&usg=ALkJrhg92FTqlmfy_YXLzPq65ql0JYQZ8A" title="Ruang hukum">Ruang Angkasa hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhj2Fl4SMFLZl0piv6tXYF_WPc0cEA" title="Hukum pajak">undang-undang Nomor</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhg0SWtToK9otoXbZYXg2sU2mgg66A" title="Lalim penyuburan">Unjust penyuburan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhg7pinpxAKcPlt2ijzBFzFvQQtjpw" title="Apakah (hukum)">Wills</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world&usg=ALkJrhiVWoX8kr_XxGG0Y6HqEMr4qCe9Og" title="Sistem hukum di dunia"><span style="color: gold;">Legal systems</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world&usg=ALkJrhiVWoX8kr_XxGG0Y6HqEMr4qCe9Og" title="Sistem hukum di dunia"><span style="color: gold;">Sistem hukum</span></a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law&usg=ALkJrhjIxDjBP1iZbXdclux4QPxapoe5DA" title="Hukum agama">Canon law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhhajf4XqIhSFTK6K74pECqhiC6iFw" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">Civil law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjf2yk4ZKd0FXpT4mnsg-TpltpB5A" title="Umum hukum">Common law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha&usg=ALkJrhjtbeUMk9XPzrNU-L1r1kJWyh9sgw" title="Halakha">Halakha law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhgB-5fMHayr_IgBxxtmqJCWKs6L5g" title="Hukum agama">Religious law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgysqeetp29OhnxP7Faqj6PB-vzfw" title="Roma hukum">Roman law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhiNzXAOlf4F5PUCgSpHOXwI6-dlLA" title="Sosialis hukum">Socialist law</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhxPsB0yBxEvSn-m7lrnAUeKkFDwA" title="Syariah">Sharia law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law&usg=ALkJrhjIxDjBP1iZbXdclux4QPxapoe5DA" title="Hukum agama">Hukum agama</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhhajf4XqIhSFTK6K74pECqhiC6iFw" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">Sipil hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjf2yk4ZKd0FXpT4mnsg-TpltpB5A" title="Umum hukum">Common hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha&usg=ALkJrhjtbeUMk9XPzrNU-L1r1kJWyh9sgw" title="Halakha">Halakha hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhgB-5fMHayr_IgBxxtmqJCWKs6L5g" title="Hukum agama">hukum agama</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law&usg=ALkJrhgysqeetp29OhnxP7Faqj6PB-vzfw" title="Roma hukum">Roma hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhiNzXAOlf4F5PUCgSpHOXwI6-dlLA" title="Sosialis hukum">Sosialis hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhxPsB0yBxEvSn-m7lrnAUeKkFDwA" title="Syariah">hukum Syariah</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_theory&usg=ALkJrhi4eIHgoQ5kpAF-fqriDWDzWiK95w" title="Teori hukum" class="mw-redirect"><span style="color: gold;">Legal theory</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_theory&usg=ALkJrhi4eIHgoQ5kpAF-fqriDWDzWiK95w" title="Teori hukum" class="mw-redirect"><span style="color: gold;">Teori hukum</span></a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics&usg=ALkJrhhBJZuROIe1CRH3jjgqPQ1RcbLMWw" title="Hukum dan ekonomi">Economic analysis</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history&usg=ALkJrhiYoLLVaPFCkhhCkXBSeZwjMmtjew" title="Sejarah hukum">History</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhhNNbQ8mpQOaei5QabicGzQgJOswA" title="Fikih">Philosophy</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_law&usg=ALkJrhiaedCZgJJ5hky6k3geLzexS9GG0w" title="Sosiologi hukum">Sociology</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics&usg=ALkJrhhBJZuROIe1CRH3jjgqPQ1RcbLMWw" title="Hukum dan ekonomi">Analisis ekonomi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history&usg=ALkJrhiYoLLVaPFCkhhCkXBSeZwjMmtjew" title="Sejarah hukum">Filosofi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_law&usg=ALkJrhiaedCZgJJ5hky6k3geLzexS9GG0w" title="Sosiologi hukum">Sosiologi</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg#Institutions" title="Hukum"><span style="color: gold;">Legal institutions</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhifPHFpYMnOr6ygOqFblF-Bf7GYKg#Institutions" title="Hukum"><span style="color: gold;">Lembaga hukum</span></a></span> </td><td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy&usg=ALkJrhhzdARFHIVFCvl81EXPcbXSCiCk_Q" title="Birokrasi">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society&usg=ALkJrhi3MsnX2186p1aE4MDJYPBs29I-Qg" title="Masyarakat madani">Civil society</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhjyzm2v8M6b3bmhW5_v-42-_VjzoA" title="Eksekutif (pemerintah)">Executive</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhgGBOFjQFw6S4oHlIvToHKcOlSjCA" title="Peradilan">Judiciary</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_profession&usg=ALkJrhirndZSKtHuqMh7IChMQDAjVdxuVw" title="Profesi hukum" class="mw-redirect">Legal profession</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiXQmouVY4yHrnXANHkOcEU5z7qVQ" title="Legislatif">Legislature</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military&usg=ALkJrhh4xjU45BenehqHfow89_FNzOlfNA" title="Militer">Military</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police&usg=ALkJrhgspEDF0JFWAm18NfnpGaXu6gSg6w" title="Polisi">Police</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy&usg=ALkJrhhzdARFHIVFCvl81EXPcbXSCiCk_Q" title="Birokrasi">Birokrasi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society&usg=ALkJrhi3MsnX2186p1aE4MDJYPBs29I-Qg" title="Masyarakat madani">masyarakat sipil</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhjyzm2v8M6b3bmhW5_v-42-_VjzoA" title="Eksekutif (pemerintah)">Eksekutif</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhgGBOFjQFw6S4oHlIvToHKcOlSjCA" title="Peradilan">Kehakiman</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_profession&usg=ALkJrhirndZSKtHuqMh7IChMQDAjVdxuVw" title="Profesi hukum" class="mw-redirect">Hukum profesi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiXQmouVY4yHrnXANHkOcEU5z7qVQ" title="Legislatif">legislatif</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military&usg=ALkJrhh4xjU45BenehqHfow89_FNzOlfNA" title="Militer">Militer</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police&usg=ALkJrhgspEDF0JFWAm18NfnpGaXu6gSg6w" title="Polisi">Polisi</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"><td></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="background: rgb(196, 30, 58) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: gold;" colspan="3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Law&usg=ALkJrhhRe5T24FytNkqGBOUdrdt1Fy9wcQ" title="Kategori: Hukum"><span style="color: gold;">Category</span></a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law&usg=ALkJrhj8e_4AeeEha3pNOlQ1x9YehZQDJQ" title="Portal: Hukum"><span style="color: gold;">Portal</span></a></b></span> <span style="color: gold;"><b><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Law&usg=ALkJrhhRe5T24FytNkqGBOUdrdt1Fy9wcQ" title="Kategori: Hukum">Kategori</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law&usg=ALkJrhj8e_4AeeEha3pNOlQ1x9YehZQDJQ" title="Portal: Hukum">Portal</a></b></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhg3fEyJ9Stmbkko_0KZCFqkzggbBQ" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConstitutional_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhg3fEyJ9Stmbkko_0KZCFqkzggbBQ" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referensi</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington&usg=ALkJrhgoUEU3sPko4Ei68bZLpCPKWBCZhA" title="V. Entick Carrington" class="mw-redirect"><i>Entick v. Carrington</i></a> (1765) 19 Howell's State Trials 1030</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington&usg=ALkJrhgoUEU3sPko4Ei68bZLpCPKWBCZhA" title="V. Entick Carrington" class="mw-redirect"><i>Carrington Entick ayat</i></a> (1765) Howell dari 19 Negara persidangan 1030</span> </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm&usg=ALkJrhiGOlxwqOmNat1PGa-Mv6hus5yRXw" class="external text" title="http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm" rel="nofollow">Entick v. Carrington</a> ". <i>19 Howell’s State Trials 1029 (1765)</i> . <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhjYsVSs471WREYdb38jhxDf44vrlQ" title="Amerika Serikat">USA</a> : Constitution Society.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm&usg=ALkJrhiGOlxwqOmNat1PGa-Mv6hus5yRXw" class="external text" title="http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm" rel="nofollow">"Entick ayat Carrington".</a> <i>Howell dari 19 Negara persidangan 1029 (1765).</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhjYsVSs471WREYdb38jhxDf44vrlQ" title="Amerika Serikat">USA:</a> Masyarakat konstitusi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Retrieved on 2008-11-13.</span> Retrieved on 2008/11/13.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> Chapter 9, Line 124, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke&usg=ALkJrhi97vSGTlqw3tpqCu0s33eYvCrDaw" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Treatise_on_Government&usg=ALkJrhiWSOWrAYuQA438igiDZJ3ad96V8g" title="Risalah kedua di Pemerintah" class="mw-redirect"><i>Second Treatise on Government</i></a> (1690)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjHdODMW9Fo1Zqrv4l6MgcchUKE_w#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bab 9, Line 124, <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke&usg=ALkJrhi97vSGTlqw3tpqCu0s33eYvCrDaw" title="John Locke">John Locke,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.102/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Treatise_on_Government&usg=ALkJrhiWSOWrAYuQA438igiDZJ3ad96V8g" title="Risalah kedua di Pemerintah" class="mw-redirect"><i>Kedua risalah pada Pemerintah</i></a> (1690)</span> </li></ol></div></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-63022015393485795202009-01-20T23:32:00.000-08:002009-01-20T23:33:05.007-08:00Hukum internasional publik<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Hukum internasional publik</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 327px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unpicture.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjnWqugGivs7oyoEiGAl9uNj61o8w" class="image" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa yang bertanggung jawab untuk lebih dari yang sekarang kerangka hukum internasional"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Unpicture.jpg/325px-Unpicture.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="325" border="0" height="217" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unpicture.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjnWqugGivs7oyoEiGAl9uNj61o8w" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">United Nations</a> is responsible for much of the current framework of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhjh1tia_XtHEId_MdkXhq8Osb6CWw" title="Hukum internasional">international law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> yang bertanggung jawab untuk lebih dari yang sekarang kerangka <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhjh1tia_XtHEId_MdkXhq8Osb6CWw" title="Hukum internasional">hukum internasional</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Public international law</b> concerns the structure and conduct of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States&usg=ALkJrhjUcdEBnUDsbaE5r6Zwkv-ne4Qv_w" title="Serikat" class="mw-redirect">states</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizations&usg=ALkJrhg6gomwBKTa7f2C6z_VcPnkGnsyGA" title="Antar organisasi" class="mw-redirect">intergovernmental organizations</a> .</span> <b>Hukum internasional publik</b> mengenai struktur dan melakukan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States&usg=ALkJrhjUcdEBnUDsbaE5r6Zwkv-ne4Qv_w" title="Serikat" class="mw-redirect">negara</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizations&usg=ALkJrhg6gomwBKTa7f2C6z_VcPnkGnsyGA" title="Antar organisasi" class="mw-redirect">organisasi-organisasi antar pemerintah.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To a lesser degree, international law also may affect <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation&usg=ALkJrhgTvbp8sHxWgJo2xRNhvrh8DGym1Q" title="Korporasi multinasional">multinational corporations</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual&usg=ALkJrhgv-qK-6CGZfJKpqLM_3XMMSlvpow" title="Masing-masing">individuals</a> , an impact increasingly evolving beyond domestic legal interpretation and enforcement.</span> Untuk yang lebih kecil, hukum internasional juga dapat mempengaruhi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation&usg=ALkJrhgTvbp8sHxWgJo2xRNhvrh8DGym1Q" title="Korporasi multinasional">perusahaan multinasional</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual&usg=ALkJrhgv-qK-6CGZfJKpqLM_3XMMSlvpow" title="Masing-masing">individu,</a> berdampak semakin berkembang di luar negeri interpretasi hukum dan penegakan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Public international law has increased in use and importance vastly over the twentieth century, due all to the increase in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade&usg=ALkJrhjFBKU-hHxmgLvPohJYz_-FvrfzoA" title="Perdagangan Internasional">global trade</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War&usg=ALkJrhiQO_fCkup_4VEyfT227W3eznDWow" title="Perang">armed conflict</a> , environmental deterioration on a worldwide scale, awareness of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia">human rights</a> violations, rapid and vast increases in international transportation and a boom in global communications.</span> Hukum internasional publik meningkat digunakan dan sangat penting selama abad kedua puluh, karena semua untuk peningkatan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade&usg=ALkJrhjFBKU-hHxmgLvPohJYz_-FvrfzoA" title="Perdagangan Internasional">perdagangan global,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War&usg=ALkJrhiQO_fCkup_4VEyfT227W3eznDWow" title="Perang">konflik bersenjata,</a> kemerosotan lingkungan pada skala global, kesadaran pelanggaran <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia">hak asasi manusia,</a> cepat dan besar peningkatan transportasi internasional dan dentuman dalam komunikasi global.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Public international law is sometimes called the " <b>law of nations</b> ".</span> Hukum internasional publik yang kadang-kadang disebut <b>"hukum bangsa-bangsa".</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It should not be confused with " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhgFI1kkHR5LyHdLzlvDRDsXedYPg" title="Pribadi hukum internasional" class="mw-redirect"><i>private international law</i></a> ", which is concerned with the resolution of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhg_1rBacrZpKYoHywe21AFhcc8BAQ" title="Konflik hukum">conflict of laws</a> .</span> Seharusnya tidak akan bingung dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhgFI1kkHR5LyHdLzlvDRDsXedYPg" title="Pribadi hukum internasional" class="mw-redirect"><i>"pribadi hukum internasional",</i></a> yang berkaitan dengan resolusi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhg_1rBacrZpKYoHywe21AFhcc8BAQ" title="Konflik hukum">konflik hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In its most general sense, international law "consists of rules and principles of general application dealing with the conduct of states and of intergovernmental organizations and with their relations <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_se&usg=ALkJrhhpbBFsTNThaPR-HKFeZr_JSzSHAA" title="Antar se"><i>inter se</i></a> , as well as with some of their relations with persons, whether natural or juridical." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Dalam arti paling umum, hukum internasional "terdiri dari aturan-aturan dan prinsip-prinsip umum aplikasi yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan dari negara dan organisasi-organisasi antar pemerintah dan hubungan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_se&usg=ALkJrhhpbBFsTNThaPR-HKFeZr_JSzSHAA" title="Antar se"><i>antar se,</i></a> serta dengan beberapa orang dengan hubungan mereka, apakah alam atau yuridis. <span><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">"[1]</sup></a></span></span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Isi</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Scope"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Scope</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Scope"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ruang Lingkup</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sejarah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Conflicts_between_public_international_law_and_national_sovereignty"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Conflicts between public international law and national sovereignty</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Conflicts_between_public_international_law_and_national_sovereignty"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Konflik antara masyarakat hukum internasional dan kedaulatan nasional</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Sumber</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Interpretation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Interpretation</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Interpretation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Interpretation</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Enforcement"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Enforcement</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Enforcement"><span class="toctext">Penegakan</span> <span class="tocnumber">6</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Enforcement_by_states"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Enforcement by states</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Enforcement_by_states"><span class="tocnumber">6,1</span> <span class="toctext">Penegakan oleh negara</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Enforcement_by_international_bodies"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Enforcement by international bodies</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Enforcement_by_international_bodies"><span class="tocnumber">6,2</span> <span class="toctext">Penegakan oleh badan-badan internasional</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#International_legal_theory"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">International legal theory</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#International_legal_theory"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">International teori hukum</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Natural_law"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Natural law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Natural_law"><span class="tocnumber">7,1</span> <span class="toctext">hukum alam</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Eclectic_school"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Eclectic school</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Eclectic_school"><span class="tocnumber">7,2</span> <span class="toctext">Eclectic sekolah</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Legal_positivism"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Legal positivism</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Legal_positivism"><span class="tocnumber">7,3</span> <span class="toctext">Hukum positivisme</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Branches_of_public_international_law"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Branches of public international law</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Branches_of_public_international_law"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Cabang umum hukum internasional</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat pula</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Catatan</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Scope" id="Scope"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg4ODjXqNY_z6EPUE68A57QZTCi0g" title="Sunting bagian: Lingkup">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Scope</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg4ODjXqNY_z6EPUE68A57QZTCi0g" title="Sunting bagian: Lingkup"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lingkup</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Public international law establishes the framework and the criteria for identifying <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States&usg=ALkJrhjUcdEBnUDsbaE5r6Zwkv-ne4Qv_w" title="Serikat" class="mw-redirect">states</a> as the principal actors in the international legal system.</span> Umum hukum internasional menetapkan kerangka dan kriteria untuk mengidentifikasi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States&usg=ALkJrhjUcdEBnUDsbaE5r6Zwkv-ne4Qv_w" title="Serikat" class="mw-redirect">negara</a> sebagai aktor utama dalam sistem hukum internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As the existence of a state presupposes control and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">jurisdiction</a> over territory, international law deals with the acquisition of territory, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_immunity&usg=ALkJrhiWCQUrII4LN_8vKKEb7AOJrePVew" title="Negara imunitas">state immunity</a> and the legal responsibility of states in their conduct with each other.</span> Karena keberadaan negara presupposes dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">yurisdiksi</a> atas wilayah, hukum internasional berkaitan dengan akuisisi wilayah, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_immunity&usg=ALkJrhiWCQUrII4LN_8vKKEb7AOJrePVew" title="Negara imunitas">negara kekebalan</a> hukum dan tanggung jawab negara dalam melakukan satu dengan yang lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">International law is similarly concerned with the treatment of individuals within state boundaries.</span> Hukum internasional yang bersangkutan juga sama dengan perlakuan terhadap individu dalam batas-batas negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There is thus a comprehensive regime dealing with group rights, the treatment of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgmmyPfVnknxJmgAt8WY238xPB1iQ" title="Alien (hukum)">aliens</a> , the rights of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee&usg=ALkJrhgQ578PYeHsTFEwzP8zaF_BKlP1SA" title="Pengungsi">refugees</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_crime&usg=ALkJrhgY3pzF0KyCnZVI2h15keRHri02yw" title="Kejahatan internasional">international crimes</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality&usg=ALkJrhjEvTNg6qHm6PcVSe4AzNmoLgXFGA" title="Kebangsaan">nationality</a> problems, and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia">human rights</a> generally.</span> Ada sehingga rezim yang komprehensif berhubungan dengan hak-hak kelompok, perawatan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgmmyPfVnknxJmgAt8WY238xPB1iQ" title="Alien (hukum)">aliens,</a> hak-hak <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee&usg=ALkJrhgQ578PYeHsTFEwzP8zaF_BKlP1SA" title="Pengungsi">pengungsi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_crime&usg=ALkJrhgY3pzF0KyCnZVI2h15keRHri02yw" title="Kejahatan internasional">kejahatan internasional,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality&usg=ALkJrhjEvTNg6qHm6PcVSe4AzNmoLgXFGA" title="Kebangsaan">kebangsaan</a> masalah, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia">hak asasi manusia</a> secara umum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It further includes the important functions of the maintenance of international peace and security, arms control, the pacific settlement of disputes and the regulation of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_force&usg=ALkJrhitCapdx25gol0mY3thgOkzml7i2A" title="Penggunaan kekuatan">use of force</a> in international relations.</span> Lebih lanjut meliputi fungsi-fungsi penting pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan internasional, pengendalian senjata, yang tenang penyelesaian sengketa dan peraturan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_force&usg=ALkJrhitCapdx25gol0mY3thgOkzml7i2A" title="Penggunaan kekuatan">penggunaan kekuatan</a> dalam hubungan internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Even when the law is not able to stop the outbreak of war, it has developed principles to govern the conduct of hostilities and the treatment of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war&usg=ALkJrhggZlVmchQE3YfaHM4poT4XWS8qzA" title="Tawanan perang" class="mw-redirect">prisoners</a> .</span> Bahkan ketika undang-undang tersebut tidak dapat menghentikan kejadian perang, ia telah mengembangkan prinsip-prinsip dari pemerintah yang melakukan permusuhan dan perlakuan terhadap <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war&usg=ALkJrhggZlVmchQE3YfaHM4poT4XWS8qzA" title="Tawanan perang" class="mw-redirect">tahanan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">International law is also used to govern issues relating to the global environment, the global commons such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters&usg=ALkJrhiSUJZm-cWH7FqBQzYLQQ23ELwi4g" title="Air internasional">international waters</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space&usg=ALkJrhiLspxJUGG_ORU82JifRwMUvo1Mhw" title="Luar ruang">outer space</a> , global communications, and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_trade&usg=ALkJrhh8sfoXHSi2XyPRZLE94dyp0vnJcA" title="Perdagangan dunia" class="mw-redirect">world trade</a> .</span> Hukum internasional juga digunakan untuk mengendalikan masalah-masalah yang berhubungan dengan lingkungan global, global commons seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters&usg=ALkJrhiSUJZm-cWH7FqBQzYLQQ23ELwi4g" title="Air internasional">internasional air</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space&usg=ALkJrhiLspxJUGG_ORU82JifRwMUvo1Mhw" title="Luar ruang">ruang angkasa,</a> komunikasi global, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_trade&usg=ALkJrhh8sfoXHSi2XyPRZLE94dyp0vnJcA" title="Perdagangan dunia" class="mw-redirect">perdagangan dunia.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Whilst <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_law&usg=ALkJrhj2--N46KnfLJpnR-l75mUyi0lleg" title="Kota hukum">municipal law</a> is hierarchical or vertical in its structure (meaning that a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiO0g-SWbZ5_fRLSVWsdPKdhU5_nQ" title="Legislatif">legislature</a> enacts binding <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhhIt35Rmp7Akhs8_eo6_2uUEDDM7g" title="Perundang-undangan">legislation</a> ), international law is horizontal in nature.</span> Sementara <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_law&usg=ALkJrhj2--N46KnfLJpnR-l75mUyi0lleg" title="Kota hukum">kota hukum</a> adalah hirarkis atau vertikal dalam struktur (makna bahwa <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiO0g-SWbZ5_fRLSVWsdPKdhU5_nQ" title="Legislatif">legislatif</a> enacts mengikat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation&usg=ALkJrhhIt35Rmp7Akhs8_eo6_2uUEDDM7g" title="Perundang-undangan">perundang-undangan),</a> hukum internasional adalah horisontal di alam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This means that all states are <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty&usg=ALkJrhiMGkFi5xjkFfFO-zYgUiCfn5ymDw" title="Kedaulatan">sovereign</a> and theoretically equal.</span> Ini berarti bahwa semua negara yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty&usg=ALkJrhiMGkFi5xjkFfFO-zYgUiCfn5ymDw" title="Kedaulatan">berdaulat</a> dan secara teoritis sama.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As a result of the notion of sovereignty, the value and authority of international law is dependent upon the voluntary participation of states in its formulation, observance, and enforcement.</span> Sebagai akibat dari gagasan kedaulatan, nilai dan otoritas hukum internasional adalah bergantung pada sukarela partisipasi negara dalam perumusan, pemeliharaan, dan penegakan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although there may be exceptions, it is thought by many international academics that most states enter into legal commitments with other states out of enlightened self-interest rather than adherence to a body of law that is higher than their own.</span> Walaupun mungkin ada pengecualian, hal ini oleh berbagai pemikiran akademisi yang paling masuk ke dalam negara hukum dengan komitmen negara-negara lain mendapat penerangan-penerangan dari kepentingan diri sendiri daripada kepatuhan badan hukum yang lebih tinggi daripada mereka sendiri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DD._W._Greig%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgrf04PHb-ptflkLVWqRpZq9X0tcA" class="new" title="D. Greig W. (halaman tidak ditemukan)">DW Greig</a> notes, "international law cannot exist in isolation from the political factors operating in the sphere of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations&usg=ALkJrhg3Eclu3cnmgMjeFOYPl7yk0FiCXQ" title="Hubungan internasional">international relations</a> ". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DD._W._Greig%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgrf04PHb-ptflkLVWqRpZq9X0tcA" class="new" title="D. Greig W. (halaman tidak ditemukan)">DW Greig</a> catatan, "hukum internasional tidak dapat ditemui di isolasi dari faktor politik yang beroperasi di sphere dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations&usg=ALkJrhg3Eclu3cnmgMjeFOYPl7yk0FiCXQ" title="Hubungan internasional">hubungan internasional".</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Breaches of international law raise difficult questions for <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer&usg=ALkJrhhoFIamc2PuNbBte5GSphPk77U7Bg" title="Pengacara">lawyers</a> .</span> Pelanggaran hukum internasional menimbulkan pertanyaan sulit untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer&usg=ALkJrhhoFIamc2PuNbBte5GSphPk77U7Bg" title="Pengacara">pengacara.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since international law has no established compulsory <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system&usg=ALkJrhhlq3X0FTegiXpfh4v_785ij-_lyw" title="Sistem peradilan" class="mw-redirect">judicial system</a> for the settlement of disputes or a coercive <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_system&usg=ALkJrhhJ-V7FPTxNu4ZUszbe8Hd0KJvZWA" title="Sistem hukuman" class="mw-redirect">penal system</a> , it is not as straightforward as managing breaches within a domestic legal system.</span> Sejak hukum internasional tidak wajib membentuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system&usg=ALkJrhhlq3X0FTegiXpfh4v_785ij-_lyw" title="Sistem peradilan" class="mw-redirect">sistem peradilan</a> untuk penyelesaian sengketa atau paksaan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_system&usg=ALkJrhhJ-V7FPTxNu4ZUszbe8Hd0KJvZWA" title="Sistem hukuman" class="mw-redirect">sistem hukuman,</a> tidak mudah seperti mengelola sebagai pelanggaran dalam sistem hukum domestik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, there are means by which breaches are brought to the attention of the international community and some means for resolution.</span> Namun, ada cara yang melanggar dibawa ke perhatian dari masyarakat internasional dan beberapa alat untuk resolusi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, there are judicial or quasi-judicial tribunals in international law in certain areas such as trade and human rights.</span> Misalnya, ada hukum atau pura-pura menurut hukum tribunal dalam hukum internasional di bidang tertentu, seperti perdagangan dan hak asasi manusia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The formation of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">United Nations</a> , for example, created a means for the world community to enforce international law upon members that violate its charter through the Security Council.</span> Pembentukan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa,</a> misalnya, cara untuk membuat masyarakat dunia internasional untuk menegakkan hukum kepada para anggota yang melanggar piagam melalui Dewan Keamanan.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Traditionally, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">states</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See&usg=ALkJrhjFdkk6YtKSBYq8IM8UswoaacRD-Q" title="Keuskupan">Holy See</a> were the sole subjects of international law.</span> Secara tradisional, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">negara</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See&usg=ALkJrhjFdkk6YtKSBYq8IM8UswoaacRD-Q" title="Keuskupan">Takhta Suci</a> adalah satu-satunya subyek hukum internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">With the proliferation of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organizations&usg=ALkJrhi1rq2rG8DGn-PsoSNeiOxb5YVniw" title="Organisasi internasional" class="mw-redirect">international organizations</a> over the last century, they have in some cases been recognized as relevant parties as well.</span> Dengan cepat dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organizations&usg=ALkJrhi1rq2rG8DGn-PsoSNeiOxb5YVniw" title="Organisasi internasional" class="mw-redirect">organisasi-organisasi internasional</a> selama abad, mereka dalam beberapa kasus telah diakui sebagai pihak yang terkait juga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Recent interpretations of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhj3LcqtmAv94VWlBKkj9i-vypRF1g" title="Hukum internasional hak asasi manusia">international human rights law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_humanitarian_law&usg=ALkJrhiRT5wvfvR_8oNSsMb9mJA9LUffjQ" title="Hukum humaniter internasional">international humanitarian law</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade_law&usg=ALkJrhgGGqHc_nlKAxzm0UzfmkSbxGDC8w" title="Hukum perdagangan internasional">international trade law</a> (eg, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement&usg=ALkJrhg0N63Q3Hph6QkqNIyO1kT3lgg1ng" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) Chapter 11 actions) have been inclusive of corporations, and even of certain individuals.</span> Recent interpretasi dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhj3LcqtmAv94VWlBKkj9i-vypRF1g" title="Hukum internasional hak asasi manusia">hukum hak asasi manusia internasional,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_humanitarian_law&usg=ALkJrhiRT5wvfvR_8oNSsMb9mJA9LUffjQ" title="Hukum humaniter internasional">hukum humaniter internasional,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade_law&usg=ALkJrhgGGqHc_nlKAxzm0UzfmkSbxGDC8w" title="Hukum perdagangan internasional">hukum perdagangan internasional</a> (misalnya, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement&usg=ALkJrhg0N63Q3Hph6QkqNIyO1kT3lgg1ng" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) Bab 11 tindakan) telah termasuk perusahaan, dan bahkan beberapa individu.</span> </p><p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhh0lpESXQcbnp9ITJbWutRnWhRKmQ" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhh0lpESXQcbnp9ITJbWutRnWhRKmQ" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sejarah</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhU5-EX-kryoM6AS7H6H_5U4hBEtw" title="Sejarah hukum internasional publik">History of public international law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhU5-EX-kryoM6AS7H6H_5U4hBEtw" title="Sejarah hukum internasional publik">Sejarah hukum internasional publik</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 402px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1648_verhandlungen-rathaussaal-muenster-westfaelischer-friede_1-640x420.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjWsK09weRcrDozZphb0hA_AImDpw" class="image" title="Masyarakat hukum internasional yang berasal dari Perdamaian Westphalia di Munster (1648)"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1648_verhandlungen-rathaussaal-muenster-westfaelischer-friede_1-640x420.jpg/400px-1648_verhandlungen-rathaussaal-muenster-westfaelischer-friede_1-640x420.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="400" border="0" height="263" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1648_verhandlungen-rathaussaal-muenster-westfaelischer-friede_1-640x420.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjWsK09weRcrDozZphb0hA_AImDpw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The public international law originates in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia&usg=ALkJrhjfzwORuvMXWOPdG7P_QOZ_ueND9Q" title="Ketenangan Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25BCnster&usg=ALkJrhj-mnXWfj2UCrg3re-WSpa0hYXYbA" title="Munster">Münster</a> (1648)</span> Masyarakat hukum internasional yang berasal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia&usg=ALkJrhjfzwORuvMXWOPdG7P_QOZ_ueND9Q" title="Ketenangan Westphalia">dari Perdamaian Westphalia</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25BCnster&usg=ALkJrhj-mnXWfj2UCrg3re-WSpa0hYXYbA" title="Munster">Munster</a> (1648)</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The earliest known treatise on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhjh1tia_XtHEId_MdkXhq8Osb6CWw" title="Hukum internasional">international law</a> was the <i>Introduction to the Law of Nations</i> written at the end of the 8th century by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Shaybani&usg=ALkJrhgFj1OgSCByWeAMxxAjqhqU7_JSbA" title="Muhammad al-Shaybani">Muhammad al-Shaybani</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Weeramantry-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> (d. 804), a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema&usg=ALkJrhhiZFFirl8m-AQGg2kczpHuDp6YeQ" title="Ulema">jurist</a> of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi&usg=ALkJrhgF1lOOcsp40pAkYNN_KNJAyjQ-SQ" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhMxCXV4PvsMKgDBPMhpbo5BDJIFQ" title="Syariah">Islamic law</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhgl3ihtOGXejOpwJXGGYnNd4CEGvQ" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Kelsay-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Kelsay_3-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a> and other Islamic jurists soon followed with a number of treatises written on international law ( <i>Siyar</i> in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language&usg=ALkJrhjfkXvGo4bZMF0XZWePqvVDLmLEvw" title="Bahasa Arab">Arabic</a> ). <sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Weeramantry-2" title=""><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></a></sup> These early Islamic legal treatises covered the application of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_ethics&usg=ALkJrhgdQfhikvWDQGx_BRQAVWLYf7YEBg" title="Islam etika">Islamic ethics</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economic_jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhhd64GQBgddeanYpd19YB5davUL6g" title="Ekonomi Islam Yurisprudensi">Islamic economic jurisprudence</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhjEfIxUnKy3uUY2BMP7VAr3yrRuzQ" title="Islam militer Yurisprudensi">Islamic military jurisprudence</a> to international law, <sup id="cite_ref-Kelsay_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Kelsay-3" title=""><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></a></sup> and were concerned with a number of international law topics, including the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_treaties&usg=ALkJrhhOg2P3l55uggbOnCpLt5r16g2dfw" title="Hukum perjanjian">law of treaties</a> ; the treatment of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat&usg=ALkJrhik_CdMkcskf49YJhxWqSk776lbOA" title="Diplomat" class="mw-redirect">diplomats</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage&usg=ALkJrhhHDAokSFx-p4eQh7IRQwoNScFMYA" title="Sandera">hostages</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee&usg=ALkJrhgQ578PYeHsTFEwzP8zaF_BKlP1SA" title="Pengungsi">refugees</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war&usg=ALkJrhggZlVmchQE3YfaHM4poT4XWS8qzA" title="Tawanan perang" class="mw-redirect">prisoners of war</a> ; the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylum&usg=ALkJrhh8E_z_GC0mamJuLvcSMhxEi4UWyg" title="Hak suaka">right of asylum</a> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_war&usg=ALkJrhhGsEsH1QYydv3p0k8ckg2-KX_2-Q" title="Hukum perang">conduct on the battlefield</a> ; protection of women, children and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-combatant&usg=ALkJrhj0RrgwgD2_Qna3RJhopUmJy7SxAg" title="Non-pejuang">non-combatant</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian&usg=ALkJrhiIkjEF4Vr7lRoENqHCirq5U0yS2Q" title="Sipil">civilians</a> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg" title="Kontrak">contracts</a> across the lines of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle&usg=ALkJrhjFg5doPE9OMGJQYN1w3XV_ElhnWw" title="Peperangan">battle</a> ; the use of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison&usg=ALkJrhjgfT55v7bduSzEJcMm3BQU2R6LWA" title="Poison">poisonous</a> weapons; and devastation of enemy territory. <sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-2" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Weeramantry-2" title=""><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></a></sup> The first European treatise on international law was later written by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius&usg=ALkJrhh6aIt7dds16KMR43SrE-RsM8mYVA" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> in the early 17th century.</span> Paling awal dikenal mendalam tentang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhjh1tia_XtHEId_MdkXhq8Osb6CWw" title="Hukum internasional">hukum internasional</a> adalah <i>Pengantar Hukum Bangsa-Bangsa</i> yang ditulis pada akhir abad ke-8 oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Shaybani&usg=ALkJrhgFj1OgSCByWeAMxxAjqhqU7_JSbA" title="Muhammad al-Shaybani">Muhammad al-Shaybani</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Weeramantry-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-0" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a> (d. 804), seorang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema&usg=ALkJrhhiZFFirl8m-AQGg2kczpHuDp6YeQ" title="Ulema">ahli hukum</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi&usg=ALkJrhgF1lOOcsp40pAkYNN_KNJAyjQ-SQ" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> sekolah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhMxCXV4PvsMKgDBPMhpbo5BDJIFQ" title="Syariah">hukum Islam</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhgl3ihtOGXejOpwJXGGYnNd4CEGvQ" title="Fiqh">yurisprudensi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Kelsay-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Kelsay_3-0" class="reference"><span>[ 4]</span></sup></a> dan lainnya jurists Islam segera diikuti dengan sejumlah treatises tertulis pada hukum internasional <i>(Siyar</i> di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language&usg=ALkJrhjfkXvGo4bZMF0XZWePqvVDLmLEvw" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab).</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Weeramantry-2" title=""><span>[3]</span></a></sup> Ini awal hukum Islam treatises meliputi penerapan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_ethics&usg=ALkJrhgdQfhikvWDQGx_BRQAVWLYf7YEBg" title="Islam etika">etika Islam,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economic_jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhhd64GQBgddeanYpd19YB5davUL6g" title="Ekonomi Islam Yurisprudensi">jurisprudensi Islam ekonomi</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhjEfIxUnKy3uUY2BMP7VAr3yrRuzQ" title="Islam militer Yurisprudensi">militer Islam yurisprudensi</a> hukum internasional, <sup id="cite_ref-Kelsay_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Kelsay-3" title=""><span>[ 4]</span></a></sup> dan mereka yang bersangkutan dengan jumlah topik hukum internasional, termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_treaties&usg=ALkJrhhOg2P3l55uggbOnCpLt5r16g2dfw" title="Hukum perjanjian">hukum perjanjian;</a> perawatan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat&usg=ALkJrhik_CdMkcskf49YJhxWqSk776lbOA" title="Diplomat" class="mw-redirect">diplomat,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage&usg=ALkJrhhHDAokSFx-p4eQh7IRQwoNScFMYA" title="Sandera">hostages,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee&usg=ALkJrhgQ578PYeHsTFEwzP8zaF_BKlP1SA" title="Pengungsi">pengungsi</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war&usg=ALkJrhggZlVmchQE3YfaHM4poT4XWS8qzA" title="Tawanan perang" class="mw-redirect">tawanan perang;</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylum&usg=ALkJrhh8E_z_GC0mamJuLvcSMhxEi4UWyg" title="Hak suaka">hak suaka;</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_war&usg=ALkJrhhGsEsH1QYydv3p0k8ckg2-KX_2-Q" title="Hukum perang">melakukan di medan perang,</a> perlindungan perempuan, anak-anak dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-combatant&usg=ALkJrhj0RrgwgD2_Qna3RJhopUmJy7SxAg" title="Non-pejuang">non - pejuang</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian&usg=ALkJrhiIkjEF4Vr7lRoENqHCirq5U0yS2Q" title="Sipil">sipil;</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg" title="Kontrak">kontrak</a> di seluruh baris <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle&usg=ALkJrhjFg5doPE9OMGJQYN1w3XV_ElhnWw" title="Peperangan">peperangan;</a> penggunaan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison&usg=ALkJrhjgfT55v7bduSzEJcMm3BQU2R6LWA" title="Poison">racun</a> senjata dan pengrusakan di wilayah musuh. <sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-2" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Weeramantry-2" title=""><span>[3]</span></a></sup> Yang pertama di Eropa risalah hukum internasional kemudian ditulis oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius&usg=ALkJrhh6aIt7dds16KMR43SrE-RsM8mYVA" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> pada awal abad ke-17.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He and other European legal scholars may have been influenced by early Islamic international law. <sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-3" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Weeramantry-2" title=""><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Dia dan Eropa lainnya sarjana hukum mungkin telah dipengaruhi oleh awal Islam hukum internasional. <span><sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-3" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-Weeramantry-2" title="">[3]</a></sup> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></a></span></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Beginning with the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia&usg=ALkJrhjfzwORuvMXWOPdG7P_QOZ_ueND9Q" title="Ketenangan Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648, the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries saw the growth of the concept of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign&usg=ALkJrhgNL5A6ncv0LgKdrHYYguEhg4jajQ" title="Berdaulat">sovereign</a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state&usg=ALkJrhikiJpVLrjn6J64m_GkWKxDJ5U4Wg" title="Negara-negara" class="mw-redirect">nation-state</a> ", which consisted of a nation controlled by a centralized system of government.</span> Diawali dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia&usg=ALkJrhjfzwORuvMXWOPdG7P_QOZ_ueND9Q" title="Ketenangan Westphalia">Perdamaian Westphalia yang</a> di 1648, the 17th, dan 19. Abad 18. Melihat perkembangan konsep yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign&usg=ALkJrhgNL5A6ncv0LgKdrHYYguEhg4jajQ" title="Berdaulat">berdaulat</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state&usg=ALkJrhikiJpVLrjn6J64m_GkWKxDJ5U4Wg" title="Negara-negara" class="mw-redirect">"bangsa-negara",</a> yang terdiri dari satu bangsa oleh suatu sistem sentralisasi pemerintahan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The concept of nationalism became increasingly important as people began to see themselves as citizens of a particular nation with a distinct national identity.</span> Konsep nasionalisme menjadi semakin penting karena masyarakat mulai melihat diri mereka sebagai warga negara tertentu yang berbeda dengan identitas nasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Until the mid-19th century, relations between nation-states were dictated by treaty, agreements to behave in a certain way towards another state, unenforceable except by force, and not binding except as matters of honor and faithfulness.</span> Sampai pertengahan abad ke-19, hubungan antara negara-negara yang dictated oleh perjanjian, kesepakatan untuk bertingkah dengan cara tertentu terhadap negara lain, kecuali unenforceable secara paksa, dan tidak mengikat, kecuali hal-hal sebagai kehormatan dan kesetiaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But treaties alone became increasingly toothless and wars became increasingly destructive, most markedly towards civilians, and civilized peoples decried their horrors, leading to calls for regulation of the acts of states, especially in times of war.</span> Tetapi perjanjian saja menjadi semakin toothless dan peperangan menjadi semakin merusak, paling dgn nyata terhadap warga sipil, dan masyarakat beradab decried mereka horrors, yang mengarah ke panggilan untuk peraturan dari tindakan negara, khususnya dalam perang.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Perhaps the first instrument of modern public international law was the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieber_Code&usg=ALkJrhg8LM9cKLUN-dF_6WRcXLQ4wLO7QA" title="Kode Lieber">Lieber Code</a> , passed in 1863 by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhjnFaMGVDTM_BQC0Jj1H-k3hL2EcQ" title="Dari kongres Amerika Serikat" class="mw-redirect">Congress of the United States</a> , to govern the conduct of US forces during the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Civil_War&usg=ALkJrhjZfK2ol2AIEjvfEY7JiMmv2e1IFw" title="Perang Saudara Amerika" class="mw-redirect">United States Civil War</a> and considered to be the first written recitation of the rules and articles of war, adhered to by all civilized nations, the precursor of public international law.</span> Mungkin pertama alat modern umum hukum internasional adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieber_Code&usg=ALkJrhg8LM9cKLUN-dF_6WRcXLQ4wLO7QA" title="Kode Lieber">Lieber Code,</a> lulus pada 1863 oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhjnFaMGVDTM_BQC0Jj1H-k3hL2EcQ" title="Dari kongres Amerika Serikat" class="mw-redirect">dari Kongres Amerika Serikat,</a> yang memerintah untuk melakukan US memaksa selama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Civil_War&usg=ALkJrhjZfK2ol2AIEjvfEY7JiMmv2e1IFw" title="Perang Saudara Amerika" class="mw-redirect">Perang Sipil Amerika Serikat</a> dan dianggap sebagai cerita pertama tertulis dari aturan-aturan dan artikel perang, adhered oleh semua bangsa beradab, yang pelopor umum hukum internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Part of the Code follows:</span> Bagian dari Kode berikut:</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"Military necessity, as understood by modern civilized nations, consists in the necessity of those measures which are indispensable for securing the ends of the war, and which are lawful according to the modern law and usages of war. Military necessity admits of all direct destruction of life or limb of armed enemies, and of other persons whose destruction is incidentally unavoidable in the armed contests of the war; it allows of the capturing of every armed enemy, and every enemy of importance to the hostile government, or of peculiar danger to the captor; it allows of all destruction of property, and obstruction of the ways and channels of traffic, travel, or communication, and of all withholding of sustenance or means of life from the enemy; of the appropriation of whatever an enemy's country affords necessary for the subsistence and safety of the Army, and of such deception as does not involve the breaking of good faith either positively pledged, regarding agreements entered into during the war, or supposed by the modern law of war to exist. (...But...) Men who take up arms against one another in public war do not cease on this account to be moral beings, responsible to one another and to God. Military necessity does not admit of cruelty—that is, the infliction of suffering for the sake of suffering or for revenge, nor of maiming or wounding except in fight, nor of torture to extort confessions. It does not admit of the use of poison in any way, nor of the wanton devastation of a district. It admits of deception, but disclaims acts of perfidy; and, in general, military necessity does not include any act of hostility which makes the return to peace unnecessarily difficult."</span> "Militer keperluan, seperti yang dipahami oleh bangsa-bangsa beradab yang modern, terdiri dalam mengukur kebutuhan orang-orang yang sangat diperlukan untuk pengamanan ujung perang, dan yang sah menurut hukum yang modern dan penggunaan perang. Militer mengakui perlunya semua kerusakan langsung hidup atau sayap bersenjata dari musuh, dan orang lain yang tidak dapat dihindari kerusakan adalah selentingan dalam kontes bersenjata dari perang, yang memungkinkan yang menangkap setiap musuh bersenjata, dan setiap musuh pentingnya berseteru dengan pemerintah, atau khusus untuk bahaya yang menahan, yang memungkinkan semua kerusakan properti, dan halangan dari cara dan jalur lalu lintas, perjalanan, atau komunikasi, dan semua withholding dari rezeki atau berarti kehidupan dari musuh; appropriation dari apa yang menjadi musuh negara perlu memberikan untuk subsisten dan keselamatan angkatan darat, dan dari kecurangan sebagai tidak melibatkan melanggar itikad baik yang positif baik berjanji, mengenai perjanjian memasuki selama perang, atau diduga oleh hukum perang modern ada. (Tetapi ... ...) Pria yang mengangkat senjata melawan satu sama lain dalam masyarakat perang tidak berhenti pada account ini menjadi makhluk moral, bertanggung jawab untuk satu sama lain dan kepada Allah. Militer tidak mengakui kebutuhan dari kekejaman-yakni, penderitaan dari penderitaan bagi kepentingan menderita atau dendam, maupun dari maiming atau wounding kecuali dalam peperangan, atau penyiksaan untuk memeras confessions. Ia tidak mengakui dari penggunaan racun dalam bentuk apapun, dan tidak main-main dari pengrusakan dari kabupaten. mengakui Penyalahgunaan dari kecurangan , tapi menolak tindakan khianat, dan pada umumnya keperluan militer tidak termasuk semua tindakan permusuhan yang membuat kembali ke perdamaian antena sulit. "</span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This first statement of the previously uncodified rules and articles of war led to the first prosecution for war crimes—in the case of United States prisoners of war held in cruel and depraved conditions at <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andersonville_National_Historic_Site&usg=ALkJrhhuUaoqi0_fajahadIZ4c3JibPp3Q" title="Andersonville National Historic Site">Andersonville</a> , Georgia, in which the Confederate commandant of that camp was tried and hanged, the only Confederate soldier to be punished by death in the aftermath of the entire <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Civil_War&usg=ALkJrhjZfK2ol2AIEjvfEY7JiMmv2e1IFw" title="Perang Saudara Amerika" class="mw-redirect">Civil War</a> .</span> Pernyataan ini pertama dari sebelumnya uncodified aturan dan artikel perang menyebabkan pertama untuk penuntutan kejahatan perang-dalam kasus Amerika tahanan perang diselenggarakan dalam kondisi rusak dan kejam di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andersonville_National_Historic_Site&usg=ALkJrhhuUaoqi0_fajahadIZ4c3JibPp3Q" title="Andersonville National Historic Site">Andersonville,</a> Georgia, di mana komandan sekutu itu adalah perkemahan mencoba dan digantun, satu-satunya tentara sekutu yang akan dihukum mati di seluruh setelah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Civil_War&usg=ALkJrhjZfK2ol2AIEjvfEY7JiMmv2e1IFw" title="Perang Saudara Amerika" class="mw-redirect">Perang Sipil.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the years that followed, other states subscribed to limitations of their conduct, and numerous other treaties and bodies were created to regulate the conduct of states towards one another in terms of these treaties, including, but not limited to, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration&usg=ALkJrhisgFMRzVnhCYxmAwUyWMxKEtOnBA" title="Permanen Pengadilan Arbitrase">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> in 1899; the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_%281899_and_1907%29&usg=ALkJrhjfmK-8zq4eQ0uOdc6Ktf2WnKWc4A" title="Konvensi Hague (1899 dan 1907)">Hague</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions&usg=ALkJrhjWGlAQFn5ZdXd8IriXkHZQ6t8dVg" title="Konvensi Jenewa">Geneva Conventions</a> , the first of which was passed in 1907; the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in 1921; the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_Convention&usg=ALkJrhiILV93Zz23bFxjLIfxgrP6t-Bm6w" title="Konvensi genosida" class="mw-redirect">Genocide Convention</a> ; and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhga35mQTwL-SNnSKbHqf0dzX24baw" title="Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">International Criminal Court</a> , in the late 1990s.</span> Di tahun-tahun berikutnya, negara-negara lain berlangganan keterbatasan mereka, dan berbagai perjanjian dan badan-badan tersebut dibuat untuk mengatur pelaksanaan dari negara terhadap satu sama lain dalam hal perjanjian tersebut, termasuk namun tidak terbatas pada, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration&usg=ALkJrhisgFMRzVnhCYxmAwUyWMxKEtOnBA" title="Permanen Pengadilan Arbitrase">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> pada 1899, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_%281899_and_1907%29&usg=ALkJrhjfmK-8zq4eQ0uOdc6Ktf2WnKWc4A" title="Konvensi Hague (1899 dan 1907)">Hague</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions&usg=ALkJrhjWGlAQFn5ZdXd8IriXkHZQ6t8dVg" title="Konvensi Jenewa">Konvensi Jenewa,</a> yang pertama yang disahkan pada 1907, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in 1921; yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_Convention&usg=ALkJrhiILV93Zz23bFxjLIfxgrP6t-Bm6w" title="Konvensi genosida" class="mw-redirect">Konvensi genosida,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhga35mQTwL-SNnSKbHqf0dzX24baw" title="Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">Pengadilan Pidana Internasional,</a> pada akhir tahun 1990-an.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Because international law is a relatively new area of law its development and propriety in applicable areas are often subject to dispute.</span> Karena hukum internasional yang relatif baru wilayah hukum perkembangannya dan kepatutan yang berlaku di daerah-daerah sering terganggu sengketa.</span> </p><p><a name="Conflicts_between_public_international_law_and_national_sovereignty" id="Conflicts_between_public_international_law_and_national_sovereignty"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjCApCrMTDB0_9qH4lGY0svKYMFHA" title="Sunting bagian: Konflik antara masyarakat hukum internasional dan kedaulatan nasional">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Conflicts between public international law and national sovereignty</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjCApCrMTDB0_9qH4lGY0svKYMFHA" title="Sunting bagian: Konflik antara masyarakat hukum internasional dan kedaulatan nasional"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Konflik antara masyarakat hukum internasional dan kedaulatan nasional</span></span> </h2><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>See also: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism_and_dualism_in_international_law&usg=ALkJrhjg8SEn_1Xk1x1qSnx-54Ol9KQz8w" title="Monism dan dualisme dalam hukum internasional">Monism and dualism in international law</a></i></span></span> <span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Lihat juga: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism_and_dualism_in_international_law&usg=ALkJrhjg8SEn_1Xk1x1qSnx-54Ol9KQz8w" title="Monism dan dualisme dalam hukum internasional">Monism dan dualisme dalam hukum internasional</a></i></span></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The conflict between international law and national sovereignty is subject to vigorous debate and dispute in academia, diplomacy, and politics.</span> Konflik antara hukum internasional dan kedaulatan nasional diatur cegak perdebatan dan sengketa akademisi, diplomasi, dan politik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Certainly, there is a growing trend toward judging a state's domestic actions in the light of international law and standards.</span> Tentu saja, ada yang menjadi tren yang sedang berkembang menuju sebuah negara menilai tindakan domestik sudut hukum internasional dan standar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Numerous people now view the nation-state as the primary unit of international affairs, and believe that only states may choose to voluntarily enter into commitments under international law, and that they have the right to follow their own counsel when it comes to interpretation of their commitments.</span> Sekarang banyak orang melihat negara-negara sebagai unit utama urusan internasional, dan percaya bahwa negara hanya boleh memilih untuk masuk ke dalam komitmen secara sukarela di bawah hukum internasional, dan bahwa mereka memiliki hak untuk mengikuti nasihat mereka sendiri saat itu datang kepada mereka interpretasi komitmen.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Certain scholars and political leaders feel that these modern developments endanger nation states by taking power away from state governments and ceding it to international bodies such as the UN and the World Bank, argue that international law has evolved to a point where it exists separately from the mere consent of states, and discern a legislative and judicial process to international law that parallels such processes within domestic law.</span> Beberapa ulama dan pemimpin politik merasa bahwa perkembangan modern membahayakan negara dengan daya dari pemerintah dan negara ceding ke badan-badan internasional seperti PBB dan Bank Dunia, menyatakan bahwa hukum internasional telah berkembang ke titik di mana ada secara terpisah dari mere izin dari negara, dan memahami sebuah proses peradilan dan legislatif ke hukum internasional yang parallels seperti dalam proses hukum dalam negeri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This especially occurs when states violate or deviate from the expected standards of conduct adhered to by all civilized nations.</span> Hal ini terutama terjadi ketika negara melanggar atau menyimpang dari yang diharapkan standar untuk melakukan adhered oleh semua bangsa beradab.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A number of states support very narrow interpretations of international law, including the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhh_bUH7761u4ZCj1E31jWYlxZrYeg" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council&usg=ALkJrhiU6i1SmzCx_OPUzY5wojx5rZMRiw" title="Negara Dewan Perdamaian dan Pembangunan">military junta</a> currently holding power in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar&usg=ALkJrhgg2cR2luqxfrafIPSGR3vMdQvLag" title="Myanmar" class="mw-redirect">Burma</a> , and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia&usg=ALkJrhh_WLG_Oq31jfE3VGFxO5xB53HsyA" title="Rusia">Russian Federation</a> .</span> Sejumlah negara mendukung sangat sempit interpretasi hukum internasional, termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhh_bUH7761u4ZCj1E31jWYlxZrYeg" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China,</a> the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council&usg=ALkJrhiU6i1SmzCx_OPUzY5wojx5rZMRiw" title="Negara Dewan Perdamaian dan Pembangunan">junta militer</a> saat ini memegang kekuasaan di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar&usg=ALkJrhgg2cR2luqxfrafIPSGR3vMdQvLag" title="Myanmar" class="mw-redirect">Burma,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia&usg=ALkJrhh_WLG_Oq31jfE3VGFxO5xB53HsyA" title="Rusia">Federasi Rusia.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These states maintain that sovereignty—and thus what some view as the basis of sovereignty, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultima_ratio_regum&usg=ALkJrhgivLEYzyR6RQ2ls6lMuKEXw7-uPQ" title="Kebijakan rasio regum" class="mw-redirect">ultima ratio regum</a> , or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLast_argument_of_kings%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhxSzGqkWRaOR33Y0rBDZTuAF66_w" class="new" title="Argumen terakhir raja-raja (halaman tidak ditemukan)">last argument of kings</a> (force and coercion, by military or other means)—is the only true international law; thus seeing states as having free rein over their own affairs and their affairs in the larger world.</span> Ini yang mempertahankan kedaulatan negara dan justru melihat apa yang sebagai dasar dari kedaulatan, maka <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultima_ratio_regum&usg=ALkJrhgivLEYzyR6RQ2ls6lMuKEXw7-uPQ" title="Kebijakan rasio regum" class="mw-redirect">rasio Kebijakan regum,</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLast_argument_of_kings%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhxSzGqkWRaOR33Y0rBDZTuAF66_w" class="new" title="Argumen terakhir raja-raja (halaman tidak ditemukan)">argumen terakhir raja-raja</a> (kekuatan dan kekerasan, oleh militer atau cara lain)-benar adalah satu-satunya hukum internasional sehingga melihat negara sebagai memiliki lebih bebas mengekang mereka sendiri dan urusan mereka di dunia yang lebih besar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other states oppose this view.</span> Negara-negara lain menentang pandangan ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One group of opponents of this point of view, including many <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe&usg=ALkJrhg4hSJ1D_YZ88btaYUdYTRBUcW5uw" title="Eropa">European</a> nations, maintain that all civilized nations have certain norms of conduct expected of them, including the prohibition of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide&usg=ALkJrhi9HLu79w-UjojDv70O2Eo7DBuh5w" title="Genosida">genocide</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery&usg=ALkJrhgY6QT4h6g3dWyJzAFi1rgiz1qiHg" title="Perbudakan">slavery</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trade&usg=ALkJrhgyddV1wJ4MqWyV6x1cOCKbKIcWGw" title="Perdagangan budak" class="mw-redirect">slave trade</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_aggression&usg=ALkJrhjCETtvVJWCby4_Z4JbWFwCPxKnDA" title="Perang dari agresi">wars of aggression</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture&usg=ALkJrhjs7PLScasv9jcsNfd5twRFVU379Q" title="Penyiksaan">torture</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy&usg=ALkJrhjAgZzMG7mUSBsREW_2GCEu5TpRdw" title="Pembajakan">piracy</a> , and that violation of these universal norms represents a crime, not only against the individual victims, but against humanity as a whole.</span> Satu kelompok lawan dari sudut pandang ini, termasuk banyak <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe&usg=ALkJrhg4hSJ1D_YZ88btaYUdYTRBUcW5uw" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> bangsa, mempertahankan bahwa semua bangsa beradab memiliki beberapa norma-norma perilaku yang diharapkan dari mereka, termasuk larangan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide&usg=ALkJrhi9HLu79w-UjojDv70O2Eo7DBuh5w" title="Genosida">genosida,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery&usg=ALkJrhgY6QT4h6g3dWyJzAFi1rgiz1qiHg" title="Perbudakan">perbudakan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trade&usg=ALkJrhgyddV1wJ4MqWyV6x1cOCKbKIcWGw" title="Perdagangan budak" class="mw-redirect">perdagangan budak,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_aggression&usg=ALkJrhjCETtvVJWCby4_Z4JbWFwCPxKnDA" title="Perang dari agresi">perang dari agresi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture&usg=ALkJrhjs7PLScasv9jcsNfd5twRFVU379Q" title="Penyiksaan">penyiksaan,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy&usg=ALkJrhjAgZzMG7mUSBsREW_2GCEu5TpRdw" title="Pembajakan">pembajakan,</a> dan yang melanggar norma-norma universal ini merupakan kejahatan, tidak hanya terhadap individu korban, tetapi terhadap kemanusiaan secara keseluruhan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">States and individuals who subscribe to this view opine that, in the case of the individual responsible for violation of international law, he "is become, like the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy&usg=ALkJrhjAgZzMG7mUSBsREW_2GCEu5TpRdw" title="Pembajakan">pirate</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trade&usg=ALkJrhgyddV1wJ4MqWyV6x1cOCKbKIcWGw" title="Perdagangan budak" class="mw-redirect">slave trader</a> before him, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostis_humani_generis&usg=ALkJrhiYquUO9Ewg6A-ZO8FJzyVqzwvteA" title="Hostis humani generis">hostis humani generis</a> , an enemy of all mankind" <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a> , and thus subject to prosecution in a fair trial before any fundamentally just tribunal, through the exercise of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhCLkyw6zyVvs2S-gd9vZ_4I8Sg3A" title="Yurisdiksi universal">universal jurisdiction</a> .</span> Negara dan individu yang berlangganan pandangan ini berpendapat bahwa, dalam kasus individu yang bertanggung jawab untuk pelanggaran hukum internasional, ia "menjadi, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy&usg=ALkJrhjAgZzMG7mUSBsREW_2GCEu5TpRdw" title="Pembajakan">pembajak</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trade&usg=ALkJrhgyddV1wJ4MqWyV6x1cOCKbKIcWGw" title="Perdagangan budak" class="mw-redirect">pedagang budak</a> sebelum dia, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostis_humani_generis&usg=ALkJrhiYquUO9Ewg6A-ZO8FJzyVqzwvteA" title="Hostis humani generis">hostis humani generis,</a> menjadi musuh dari semua umat manusia" <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[ 6],</span></sup></a> dan dengan demikian tunduk pada hukum yang adil dalam sebelum fundamental hanya tribunal, melalui pelaksanaan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhCLkyw6zyVvs2S-gd9vZ_4I8Sg3A" title="Yurisdiksi universal">yurisdiksi universal.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another group believes that states only commit to international law with express consent, whether through treaty or customary law, and have the right to make their own interpretations of its meaning; and that international courts only function with the consent of states.</span> Rombongan percaya bahwa negara hanya komit untuk hukum internasional dengan menyatakan persetujuan, baik melalui perjanjian atau hukum adat, dan memiliki hak untuk membuat mereka sendiri interpretasi dari maknanya, dan pengadilan internasional yang hanya berfungsi dengan izin dari negara.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Though the European democracies tend to support broad, universalistic interpretations of international law, many other democracies have differing views on international law.</span> Meskipun Eropa untuk mendukung demokrasi cenderung melebar, universalistic interpretasi hukum internasional, demokrasi memiliki banyak perbedaan pandangan tentang hukum internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Several democracies, including <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel&usg=ALkJrhh5LTAfxtQmofic7QfUqHHP5oBJPg" title="Israel">Israel</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India&usg=ALkJrhg3qzk4ffHE9pXbLQCAyzi54fnFdw" title="India">India</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ" title="Amerika Serikat">United States</a> , take a flexible, eclectic approach, recognizing aspects of public international law as universal, regarding other aspects as arising from treaty or custom, and viewing certain aspects as not being subjects of public international law at all.</span> Beberapa demokrasi, termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel&usg=ALkJrhh5LTAfxtQmofic7QfUqHHP5oBJPg" title="Israel">Indonesia,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India&usg=ALkJrhg3qzk4ffHE9pXbLQCAyzi54fnFdw" title="India">India,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat,</a> mengambil fleksibel, pendekatan eclectic, mengakui aspek hukum internasional publik sebagai universal, tentang aspek-aspek lain seperti yang timbul dari perjanjian atau adat, dan melihat aspek tertentu sebagai mata pelajaran yang tidak umum hukum internasional sama sekali.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Democracies in the developing world, due to their past colonial histories, often insist on non-interference in their internal affairs, particularly regarding human rights standards or their peculiar institutions, but often strongly support international law at the bilateral and multilateral levels, such as in the United Nations, and especially regarding the use of force, disarmament obligations, and the terms of the UN Charter.</span> Demokrasi di negara berkembang, karena sejarah masa lalu kolonial, sering tidak tegas di dalam urusan internal mereka, terutama mengenai standar hak asasi manusia atau lembaga khusus, tetapi sering sangat mendukung hukum internasional di tingkat bilateral dan multilateral, seperti di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, dan terutama mengenai penggunaan kekuatan, senjata kewajiban, dan syarat-syarat Piagam PBB.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although considerable differences exist amongst democracies as to their policies and practices regarding international law, most dictatorships have very low regard for any kind of international law, either in principle, or in practice, except when it comes to the international laws that protect their own thrones and sovereignties; indeed, most grave breaches of public international law are committed by dictatorships.</span> Meskipun ada banyak perbedaan antara demokrasi sebagai mereka mengenai kebijakan dan praktik hukum internasional, sebagian besar dictatorships yang sangat rendah untuk hal apapun hukum internasional, baik dalam prinsip, atau dalam prakteknya, kecuali bila perlu untuk hukum internasional yang melindungi mereka sendiri thrones dan sovereignties; sesungguhnya, sebagian besar kuburan umum pelanggaran hukum internasional yang dilakukan oleh dictatorships.</span> </p><p><a name="Sources" id="Sources"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiIJBTUIzYKim_LB_npx0BOzswsNg" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Sources</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhiIJBTUIzYKim_LB_npx0BOzswsNg" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sumber</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhbcUPQJYdaEqo7TCj_8DnLxcjHbA" title="Sumber-sumber hukum internasional">Sources of international law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhbcUPQJYdaEqo7TCj_8DnLxcjHbA" title="Sumber-sumber hukum internasional">Sumber-sumber hukum internasional</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Public international law has three primary sources: international treaties, custom, and general principles of law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a> International treaty law comprises obligations states expressly and voluntarily accept between themselves in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty&usg=ALkJrhjkhrYtBPuZqs1ntpuw5aPKi2Pu6Q" title="Perjanjian">treaties</a> .</span> Hukum internasional publik mempunyai tiga sumber utama: perjanjian internasional, adat, dan prinsip-prinsip umum hukum. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7]</span></sup></a> hukum perjanjian internasional terdiri dari kewajiban negara tegas dan menerima secara sukarela di antara mereka dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty&usg=ALkJrhjkhrYtBPuZqs1ntpuw5aPKi2Pu6Q" title="Perjanjian">perjanjian.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Customary international law is derived from the consistent practice of States accompanied by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinio_juris&usg=ALkJrhhJfSmgYQvMPtFRTANn6Fv9S5ppKQ" title="Opinio juris" class="mw-redirect"><i>opinio juris</i></a> , ie the conviction of States that the consistent practice is required by a legal obligation.</span> Adat hukum internasional yang berasal dari praktek konsisten Serikat didampingi oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinio_juris&usg=ALkJrhhJfSmgYQvMPtFRTANn6Fv9S5ppKQ" title="Opinio juris" class="mw-redirect"><i>opinio juris,</i></a> yaitu keyakinan dari Serikat konsisten bahwa praktek dibutuhkan oleh sebuah kewajiban hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Judgments of international tribunals as well as scholarly works have traditionally been looked to as persuasive sources for custom in addition to direct evidence of state behavior (and they are also explicitly mentioned as such in Art. 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law).</span> Hukum internasional tribunal serta karya ilmiah yang pernah melihat secara tradisional sebagai sumber dorongan untuk kustom selain langsung bukti perilaku negara (dan mereka juga secara eksplisit seperti disebutkan dalam Pasal. 38 dari Statuta dari International Court of Justice, anak perusahaan sebagai alat untuk penentuan aturan hukum).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Attempts to codify customary international law picked up momentum after the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War&usg=ALkJrhgpP6EQJKJHvEzMf767XFqtx_XurA" title="Perang Dunia Kedua" class="mw-redirect">Second World War</a> with the formation of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Law_Commission&usg=ALkJrhirlxmSC8ptXhlyQvITxzXoemNf_w" title="Komisi Hukum Internasional">International Law Commission</a> (ILC), under the aegis of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">United Nations</a> .</span> Usaha-usaha untuk mengkodifikasikan adat hukum internasional dijemput momentum setelah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War&usg=ALkJrhgpP6EQJKJHvEzMf767XFqtx_XurA" title="Perang Dunia Kedua" class="mw-redirect">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> dengan formasi dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Law_Commission&usg=ALkJrhirlxmSC8ptXhlyQvITxzXoemNf_w" title="Komisi Hukum Internasional">Komisi Hukum Internasional</a> (ILC), di bawah pengawasan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Codified customary law is made the binding interpretation of the underlying custom by agreement through treaty.</span> Dikodifikasikan hukum adat yang dibuat mengikat interpretasi dari perjanjian yang kustom oleh melalui perjanjian.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For states not party to such treaties, the work of the ILC may still be accepted as custom applying to those states.</span> Pihak untuk menyatakan tidak seperti itu perjanjian, karya ILC yang masih dapat diterima sebagai adat yang berlaku untuk negara mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">General principles of law are those commonly recognized by the major legal systems of the world.</span> General Principles hukum adalah mereka yang umumnya diakui oleh sistem hukum yang utama di dunia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Certain norms of international law achieve the binding force of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peremptory_norm&usg=ALkJrhiKqL9OQ0d9HOwZNQ3aL7JyaFCoNg" title="Menentukan norma">peremptory norms</a> ( <i>jus cogens</i> ) as to include all states with no permissible derogations.</span> Beberapa norma hukum internasional mencapai kekuatan mengikat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peremptory_norm&usg=ALkJrhiKqL9OQ0d9HOwZNQ3aL7JyaFCoNg" title="Menentukan norma">norma pasti</a> <i>(jus cogens)</i> untuk semua negara termasuk dengan tidak dibolehkan derogations.</span> </p><p><a name="Interpretation" id="Interpretation"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhj1IQ0GRywhYDKmrF3zHq3s1612Tg" title="Sunting bagian: Interpretation">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Interpretation</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhj1IQ0GRywhYDKmrF3zHq3s1612Tg" title="Sunting bagian: Interpretation"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Interpretasi</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Where there are <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute&usg=ALkJrhjCiZuRioRuTU2fZ7By3Wr8qMj4DQ" title="Sengketa" class="mw-redirect">disputes</a> about the exact meaning and application of national laws, it is the responsibility of the courts to decide what the law means.</span> Di mana terdapat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute&usg=ALkJrhjCiZuRioRuTU2fZ7By3Wr8qMj4DQ" title="Sengketa" class="mw-redirect">sengketa</a> yang tepat tentang arti dan penerapan hukum nasional, hal ini merupakan tanggung jawab pengadilan untuk memutuskan apa yang berarti hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In international law as a whole, there are no courts which have the authority to do this.</span> Dalam hukum internasional secara keseluruhan, tidak ada pengadilan yang mempunyai kewenangan untuk melakukan hal ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is generally the responsibility of states to interpret the law for themselves.</span> Hal ini biasanya menjadi tanggung jawab negara untuk menafsirkan hukum bagi diri mereka sendiri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unsurprisingly, this means that there is rarely agreement in cases of dispute.</span> Unsurprisingly, ini berarti bahwa ada persetujuan jarang dalam kasus-kasus sengketa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Insofar as treaties are concerned, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_the_Law_of_Treaties&usg=ALkJrhjl8k5iWwLjILc_TSD2jicRBBOEvg" title="Konvensi Wina tentang Hukum Treaties">Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties</a> writes on the topic of interpretation that:</span> Insofar sebagai perjanjian yang bersangkutan, di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_the_Law_of_Treaties&usg=ALkJrhjl8k5iWwLjILc_TSD2jicRBBOEvg" title="Konvensi Wina tentang Hukum Treaties">Wina Konvensi Hukum Treaties</a> menulis tentang topik interpretasi bahwa:</span> </p><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"A treaty shall be interpreted in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith&usg=ALkJrhjz4c3ZXDdlOs5mmUJioIV1Q4XgBQ" title="Itikad baik">good faith</a> in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose."</span> "Sebuah perjanjian harus diinterpretasikan itikad <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith&usg=ALkJrhjz4c3ZXDdlOs5mmUJioIV1Q4XgBQ" title="Itikad baik">baik</a> sesuai dengan arti biasa untuk diberikan kepada persyaratan perjanjian mereka dalam konteks dan dalam terang dari objek dan tujuan."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(article 31(1))</span> (Pasal 31 (1))</span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is actually a compromise between three different theories of interpretation:</span> Ini sebenarnya adalah sebuah kompromi antara tiga teori interpretasi:</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The textual approach, a restrictive interpretation, which bases itself on the "ordinary meaning" of the text; that approach assigns considerable weight to the actual text.</span> Dengan pendekatan tekstual, interpretasi yang sempit, yang berbasis pada dirinya sendiri "biasa yang berarti" dari teks; memberikan pendekatan yang cukup berat untuk teks yang sebenarnya.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The subjective approach, which takes into consideration i.</span> Pendekatan yang subjektif, yang memakan waktu menjadi pertimbangan i.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">the idea behind the treaty, ii.</span> ide di belakang perjanjian, ii.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">treaties "in their context", and iii.</span> perjanjian "dalam konteks", dan iii.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">what the writers intended when they wrote the text.</span> apa yang dimaksudkan penulis ketika menulis teks.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A third approach, which bases itself on interpretation "in the light of its object and purpose", ie the interpretation that best suits the goal of the treaty, also called "effective interpretation".</span> Ketiga pendekatan yang berbasis pada interpretasi itu sendiri "di dalam terang dari objek dan tujuan", yakni interpretasi yang paling sesuai dengan tujuan dari perjanjian, juga disebut "efektif interpretasi".</span> </li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These are general rules of interpretation; specific rules might exist in specific areas of international law.</span> Ini adalah aturan umum interpretasi; spesifik mungkin ada aturan khusus di bidang hukum internasional.</span> </p><p><a name="Enforcement" id="Enforcement"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhhhELOhfnvgV68Zh0lJapOU9aVs2A" title="Sunting bagian: Penegakan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Enforcement</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhhhELOhfnvgV68Zh0lJapOU9aVs2A" title="Sunting bagian: Penegakan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Penegakan</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since international law exists in a legal environment without an overarching "sovereign" (ie, an external power able and willing to compel compliance with international norms), "enforcement" of international law is very different than in the domestic context.</span> Sejak hukum internasional yang ada dalam hukum lingkungan tanpa overarching "berdaulat" (yakni, eksternal daya mampu dan mau memaksa sesuai dengan norma-norma internasional), "penegakan" hukum internasional adalah sangat berbeda dari dalam konteks domestik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In many cases, enforcement takes on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Coase&usg=ALkJrhh0WL9wmdDWnWruJmU-ZxAgjbjRcA" title="Ronald Coase">Coasian</a> characteristics, where the norm is self-enforcing.</span> Dalam banyak kasus, penegakan berlangsung pada <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Coase&usg=ALkJrhh0WL9wmdDWnWruJmU-ZxAgjbjRcA" title="Ronald Coase">Coasian</a> karakteristik, di mana norma adalah menegakkan diri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In other cases, defection from the norm can pose a real risk, particularly if the international environment is changing.</span> Dalam kasus lain, penyeberangan dari norma dapat mengajukan real risiko, terutama jika lingkungan internasional yang berubah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When this happens, and if enough states (or enough powerful states) continually ignore a particular aspect of international law, the norm may actually change according to concepts of customary international law.</span> Bila ini terjadi, dan jika cukup negara (atau cukup kuat negara) tertentu terus mengabaikan aspek hukum internasional, norma Mei benar-benar berubah sesuai dengan konsep adat hukum internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, prior to World War I, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare&usg=ALkJrhjW-hb8HUjEfpt9OdWFevc37DIn-Q" title="Tidak Terikat kapal perang">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> was considered a violation of international law and ostensibly the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_belli&usg=ALkJrhjIVHTe6bk1OQs2fbVlfmF8ZQL8Ew" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> for the United States' declaration of war against Germany.</span> Misalnya, sebelum Perang Dunia I, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare&usg=ALkJrhjW-hb8HUjEfpt9OdWFevc37DIn-Q" title="Tidak Terikat kapal perang">kapal perang los</a> dianggap sebagai pelanggaran hukum internasional dan nyata yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casus_belli&usg=ALkJrhjIVHTe6bk1OQs2fbVlfmF8ZQL8Ew" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> bagi Amerika 'deklarasi perang terhadap Jerman.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By World War II, however, the practice was so widespread that during the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials&usg=ALkJrhj_2teFTNZV5S7nDLOfHHnqt4oJ5Q" title="Nurnberg persidangan" class="mw-redirect">Nuremberg trials</a> , the charges against German Admiral <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%25C3%25B6nitz&usg=ALkJrhgIPKXxgtXnMbevV077u7olcVYcEg" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> for ordering unrestricted submarine warfare were dropped, notwithstanding that the activity constituted a clear violation of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.</span> Oleh Perang Dunia II, namun praktek sangat luas yang selama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials&usg=ALkJrhj_2teFTNZV5S7nDLOfHHnqt4oJ5Q" title="Nurnberg persidangan" class="mw-redirect">Nurnberg persidangan,</a> tuntutan terhadap Jerman Admiral <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%25C3%25B6nitz&usg=ALkJrhgIPKXxgtXnMbevV077u7olcVYcEg" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> untuk memesan los kapal perang telah jatuh, meskipun aktivitas yang dilantik yang jelas pelanggaran terhadap Kedua London Naval Treaty of 1936.</span> </p><p><a name="Enforcement_by_states" id="Enforcement_by_states"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhgQ-Fj32ShklX3NDO0-F2zn7FZIxA" title="Sunting bagian: Penegakan oleh negara">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Enforcement by states</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhgQ-Fj32ShklX3NDO0-F2zn7FZIxA" title="Sunting bagian: Penegakan oleh negara"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Penegakan oleh negara</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Apart from a state's natural inclination to uphold certain norms, the force of international law has always come from the pressure that states put upon one another to behave consistently and to honor their obligations.</span> Selain dari negara alam inklinasi untuk menegakkan norma-norma tertentu, kekuatan hukum internasional selalu datang dari tekanan yang menyatakan membebankan satu sama lain untuk bersikap secara konsisten dan untuk menghormati kewajiban mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As with any system of law, many violations of international law obligations are overlooked.</span> Seperti halnya sistem hukum, banyak pelanggaran hukum internasional kewajiban yang lebih.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If addressed, it is almost always purely through <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy&usg=ALkJrhh3AC6Pob6vmpayqfYIwd3uj-ntYw" title="Diplomasi">diplomacy</a> and the consequences upon an offending state's reputation.</span> Jika perubahan tersebut, maka hampir selalu murni melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy&usg=ALkJrhh3AC6Pob6vmpayqfYIwd3uj-ntYw" title="Diplomasi">diplomasi</a> dan konsekuensi atas sebuah negara bersalah reputasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Though violations may be common in fact, states try to avoid the appearance of having disregarded international obligations.</span> Walaupun mungkin pelanggaran umum dalam kenyataannya, negara mencoba untuk menghindari tampilan yang diabaikan kewajiban internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">States may also unilaterally adopt sanctions against one another such as the severance of economic or diplomatic ties, or through reciprocal action.</span> Serikat Mei sepihak juga mengadopsi sanksi terhadap satu sama lain, seperti ekonomi atau pemutusan hubungan diplomatik, atau melalui tindakan balas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In some cases, domestic courts may render judgment against a foreign state (the realm of private international law) for an injury, though this is a complicated area of law where international law intersects with domestic law.</span> Dalam beberapa kasus, pengadilan domestik Mei membuat keputusan terhadap sebuah negara asing (swasta di bidang hukum internasional) untuk cedera, namun ini adalah kompleks wilayah hukum di mana hukum internasional intersects dengan undang-undang domestik.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is implicit in the Westphalian system of nation-states, and explicitly recognized under Article 51 of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhhsVYIb9ABm8uhLzjpzgSh1WkQU-w" title="Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa" class="mw-redirect">Charter of the United Nations</a> , that all states have the inherent right to individual and collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against them.</span> Hal ini tersirat dalam sistem Westphalian bangsa-negara, dan secara eksplisit diakui dalam Pasal 51 dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhhsVYIb9ABm8uhLzjpzgSh1WkQU-w" title="Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa" class="mw-redirect">Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa,</a> bahwa semua negara mempunyai hak untuk melekat individu dan kolektif diri jika terjadi serangan bersenjata terhadap mereka.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Article 51 of the UN Charter guarantees the right of states to defend themselves until (and unless) the Security Council takes measures to keep the peace.</span> Pasal 51 dari Piagam PBB menjamin hak negara untuk membela diri mereka sendiri sampai (dan kecuali) Dewan Keamanan mengambil langkah-langkah untuk memelihara perdamaian.</span> </p><p><a name="Enforcement_by_international_bodies" id="Enforcement_by_international_bodies"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhiO_pAs1bCBotU7Mtr_Gp4tX_k6sA" title="Sunting bagian: Penegakan oleh badan-badan internasional">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Enforcement by international bodies</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhiO_pAs1bCBotU7Mtr_Gp4tX_k6sA" title="Sunting bagian: Penegakan oleh badan-badan internasional"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Penegakan oleh badan-badan internasional</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_legal_system&usg=ALkJrhhZ1-NxIRa18chNcYjOH1Gb0NJGgw" title="Sistem hukum internasional">International legal system</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_legal_system&usg=ALkJrhhZ1-NxIRa18chNcYjOH1Gb0NJGgw" title="Sistem hukum internasional">International sistem hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Further information: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_377&usg=ALkJrhg3ytCBHuSr5qqwVz0XizTcJo-_qA" title="Majelis Umum PBB Resolusi 377">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377</a></i></span> <i>Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_377&usg=ALkJrhg3ytCBHuSr5qqwVz0XizTcJo-_qA" title="Majelis Umum PBB Resolusi 377">Majelis Umum PBB Resolusi 377</a></i></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Violations of the UN Charter by members of the United Nations may be raised by the aggrieved state in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly&usg=ALkJrhjLuQB7o-h-WO3chLMeOmzLkPNUTg" title="Majelis Umum PBB">General Assembly</a> for debate.</span> Pelanggaran terhadap Piagam PBB oleh anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Mei dibangkitkan oleh negara dirugikan dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly&usg=ALkJrhjLuQB7o-h-WO3chLMeOmzLkPNUTg" title="Majelis Umum PBB">Majelis Umum</a> untuk perdebatan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The General Assembly cannot make binding resolutions, only 'recommendations', but through its adoption of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_377&usg=ALkJrhg3ytCBHuSr5qqwVz0XizTcJo-_qA" title="Majelis Umum PBB Resolusi 377">"Uniting for Peace" resolution (A/RES/377 A)</a> , of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_3&usg=ALkJrhjN9g-GmH5Xr4H22evTGziK3SnhMw" title="3 November">3 November</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950&usg=ALkJrhiGOW-O_4GRb5_lCPo8_2dfXsgtmw" title="1950">1950</a> , the Assembly declared that it has the power to authorize the use of force, under the terms of the UN Charter, in cases of breaches of the peace or acts of aggression, provided that the Security Council, owing to the negative vote of a permanent member, fails to act to address the situation.</span> Majelis Umum tidak dapat membuat resolusi yang mengikat, hanya 'rekomendasi', tetapi melalui adopsi dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_377&usg=ALkJrhg3ytCBHuSr5qqwVz0XizTcJo-_qA" title="Majelis Umum PBB Resolusi 377">"Uniting for Peace" resolusi (A/RES/377 A),</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_3&usg=ALkJrhjN9g-GmH5Xr4H22evTGziK3SnhMw" title="3 November">3 November</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950&usg=ALkJrhiGOW-O_4GRb5_lCPo8_2dfXsgtmw" title="1950">1950,</a> Majelis menyatakan bahwa ia mempunyai kuasa untuk otorisasi yang menggunakan kekerasan, menurut ketentuan Piagam PBB, dalam kasus-kasus pelanggaran dari perdamaian atau tindakan agresi, asalkan Dewan Keamanan, karena suara yang negatif dari anggota permanen, gagal bertindak untuk mengatasi situasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Assembly also declared, by its adoption of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_377&usg=ALkJrhg3ytCBHuSr5qqwVz0XizTcJo-_qA" title="Majelis Umum PBB Resolusi 377">resolution 377 A</a> , that it could call for other collective measures—such as economic and diplomatic sanctions—in situations constituting the milder "threat to the Peace".</span> Majelis juga menyatakan, dengan adopsi dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_377&usg=ALkJrhg3ytCBHuSr5qqwVz0XizTcJo-_qA" title="Majelis Umum PBB Resolusi 377">resolusi 377 A,</a> yang dapat panggilan untuk tindakan kolektif lainnya seperti ekonomi dan diplomatik-sanksi dalam situasi constituting yang milder "ancaman bagi perdamaian".</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Uniting for Peace resolution was initiated by the United States in 1950, shortly after the outbreak of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War&usg=ALkJrhjzoJvVrPNJAA-r0ulPf3CRHAURCg" title="Perang Korea">Korean War</a> , as a means of circumventing possible future Soviet vetoes in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council&usg=ALkJrhhTzHuEKgJ0dN27V97aWqZeUc3Rkw" title="Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Security Council</a> .</span> The Uniting for Peace resolusi telah dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat di tahun 1950, segera setelah kejadian dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War&usg=ALkJrhjzoJvVrPNJAA-r0ulPf3CRHAURCg" title="Perang Korea">Perang Korea,</a> sebagai alat circumventing mungkin Soviet vetoes di depan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council&usg=ALkJrhhTzHuEKgJ0dN27V97aWqZeUc3Rkw" title="Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Dewan Keamanan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The legal significance of the resolution is unclear, given that the General Assembly cannot issue binding resolutions.</span> Hukum penting dari resolusi yang tidak jelas, mengingat Majelis Umum tidak dapat mengeluarkan resolusi yang mengikat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, it was never argued by the "Joint Seven-Powers" that put forward the draft resolution, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> during the corresponding discussions, that it in any way afforded the Assembly new powers.</span> Namun, ia tidak pernah argumentasi oleh "Bersama-Tujuh Powers" yang mengajukan rancangan resolusi, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[8]</span></sup></a> selama diskusi yang sesuai, yang dengan cara apapun afforded Majelis baru kekuasaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Instead, they argued that the resolution simply declared what the Assembly's powers already were, according to the UN Charter, in the case of a dead-locked Security Council. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-UN_APV299-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-UN_APV299_8-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-UN_APV300-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-UN_APV300_9-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-UN_APV301-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-UN_APV301_10-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-UN_APV302-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-UN_APV302_11-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></sup></a> The Soviet Union was the only permanent member of the Security Council to vote against the Charter interpretations that were made law by the Assembly's adoption of resolution 377 A.</span> Sebaliknya, mereka berpendapat bahwa resolusi hanya menyatakan apa yang sudah Majelis kekuasaan itu, sesuai dengan Piagam PBB, dalam hal yang mati-terkunci Dewan Keamanan. <span><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-UN_APV299-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-UN_APV299_8-0" class="reference">[9]</sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-UN_APV300-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-UN_APV300_9-0" class="reference">[10]</sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-UN_APV301-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-UN_APV301_10-0" class="reference">[11]</sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_note-UN_APV302-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-UN_APV302_11-0" class="reference">[12]</sup></a></span> Uni Soviet yang merupakan hanya anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan untuk memberikan suara terhadap Piagam interpretasi hukum yang dibuat oleh Majelis adopsi dari resolusi 377 A.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Alleged violations of the Charter can also be raised by states in the Security Council.</span> Dugaan pelanggaran terhadap Piagam juga dapat dibangkitkan oleh negara-negara di Dewan Keamanan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Security Council could subsequently pass resolutions under Chapter VI of the UN Charter to recommend the "Pacific Resolution of Disputes."</span> Dewan Keamanan dapat kemudian lulus resolusi di bawah Bab VI dari Piagam PBB untuk merekomendasikan "Resolusi yang Perselisihan Pasifik."</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Such resolutions are not binding under international law, though they usually are expressive of the Council's convictions.</span> Seperti resolusi tidak mengikat di bawah hukum internasional, meskipun mereka biasanya adalah ekspresif Dewan's convictions.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In rare cases, the Security Council can adopt resolutions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, related to "threats to Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Aggression," which are legally binding under international law, and can be followed up with economic sanctions, military action, and similar uses of force through the auspices of the United Nations.</span> Dalam kasus langka, Dewan Keamanan dapat mengadopsi resolusi di bawah Bab VII dari Piagam PBB, yang berkaitan dengan "ancaman untuk Perdamaian, pelanggaran dari Perdamaian dan Kisah dari agresi," hukum yang mengikat di bawah hukum internasional, dan dapat ditindaklanjuti dengan ekonomi sanksi, aksi militer, dan yang mirip menggunakan kekerasan melalui naungan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It has been argued that resolutions passed outside of Chapter VII can also be binding; the legal basis for that is the Council's broad powers under Article 24(2), which states that "in discharging these duties (exercise of primary responsibility in international peace and security), it shall act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations".</span> Telah menyatakan bahwa resolusi lulus di luar Bab VII juga dapat mengikat; hukum dasar itulah Council luas dibawah kekuasaan Pasal 24 (2), yang menyatakan bahwa "dalam pemakaian tugas ini (pelaksanaan tanggung jawab utama dalam perdamaian internasional dan keamanan), ia akan bertindak sesuai dengan Tujuan dan Prinsip-prinsip Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The mandatory nature of such resolutions was upheld by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) in its advisory opinion on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia&usg=ALkJrhjeO5Nn6oSPP-5rVssHtgEiIo0FqA" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> .</span> Yang wajib sifat seperti resolusi itu upheld oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) dalam advisori pendapat di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia&usg=ALkJrhjeO5Nn6oSPP-5rVssHtgEiIo0FqA" title="Namibia">Indonesia.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The binding nature of such resolutions can be deduced from an interpretation of their language and intent.</span> Yang mengikat alam seperti resolusi dapat deduced dari interpretasi dari bahasa dan maksud mereka.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">States can also, upon mutual consent, submit disputes for arbitration by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> , located in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague&usg=ALkJrhh8wqyhzY4LxotGfB3v5i-7MCo5Qg" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjNAEu7N_pT9KYilEYY612ZNWEmCg" title="Belanda">Netherlands</a> .</span> Dapat juga menyatakan, atas persetujuan bersama, untuk menyerahkan sengketa arbitrase oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice,</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague&usg=ALkJrhh8wqyhzY4LxotGfB3v5i-7MCo5Qg" title="The Hague">Den Haag,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjNAEu7N_pT9KYilEYY612ZNWEmCg" title="Belanda">Belanda.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The judgments given by the Court in these cases are binding, although it possesses no means to enforce its rulings.</span> Hukum yang diberikan oleh Pengadilan dalam kasus ini yang mengikat, meskipun tidak memiliki alat untuk menegakkan its rulings.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Court may give an advisory opinion on any legal question at the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations to make such a request.</span> Pengadilan Mei memberikan pendapat penasehat hukum pada setiap pertanyaan atas permintaan apapun tubuh dapat diotorisasi oleh atau sesuai dengan Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa untuk membuat suatu permintaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some of the advisory cases brought before the court have been controversial with respect to the court's competence and jurisdiction.</span> Beberapa penasehat sebelum membawa kasus pengadilan telah kontroversial sehubungan dengan pengadilan kompetensi dan yurisdiksi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Often enormously complicated matters, ICJ cases (of which there have been less than 150 since the court was created from the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice&usg=ALkJrhg1lPiuD1YSi6KX1TxI6pOqjsfWmg" title="Permanen International Court of Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a> in 1945) can stretch on for years and generally involve thousands of pages of pleadings, evidence, and the world's leading specialist public international lawyers.</span> Sering secara sangat besar hal-hal rumit, kasus ICJ (yang ada kurang dari 150 sejak pengadilan telah dibuat dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice&usg=ALkJrhg1lPiuD1YSi6KX1TxI6pOqjsfWmg" title="Permanen International Court of Justice">International Court of Permanent Justice</a> di 1945) dapat meregang selama bertahun-tahun dan pada umumnya melibatkan ribuan halaman pleadings, bukti, dan di dunia terkemuka pakar ahli hukum internasional publik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As of 2005, there are twelve cases pending at the ICJ.</span> Pada 2005, terdapat dua belas kasus tertunda di ICJ.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Decisions made through other means of arbitration may be binding or non-binding depending on the nature of the arbitration agreement, whereas decisions resulting from contentious cases argued before the ICJ are always binding on the involved states.</span> Keputusan yang dilakukan melalui cara lain yang mungkin arbitrasi mengikat atau tidak mengikat, tergantung pada sifat dari perjanjian arbitrase, sedangkan keputusan yang dihasilkan dari argumentasi kontensius kasus sebelum ICJ selalu mengikat negara yang terlibat.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Though states (or increasingly, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organizations&usg=ALkJrhi1rq2rG8DGn-PsoSNeiOxb5YVniw" title="Organisasi internasional" class="mw-redirect">international organizations</a> ) are usually the only ones with standing to address a violation of international law, some treaties, such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgFrBIV0-AeZNvFlvtC-AZhycW4Gw" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> have an optional <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28treaty%29&usg=ALkJrhhML6Al8i3zGwnAqpMfUteuMRl7Dw" title="Protocol (perjanjian)" class="mw-redirect">protocol</a> that allows individuals who have had their rights violated by member states to petition the international <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Committee&usg=ALkJrhjABXJvmCNSdzkzDzOjnN7hhztfBw" title="Komite Hak Asasi Manusia">Human Rights Committee</a> .</span> Meskipun negara (atau semakin, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organizations&usg=ALkJrhi1rq2rG8DGn-PsoSNeiOxb5YVniw" title="Organisasi internasional" class="mw-redirect">organisasi-organisasi internasional)</a> biasanya satu-satunya yang berdiri dengan ke alamat yang melanggar hukum internasional, beberapa perjanjian, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgFrBIV0-AeZNvFlvtC-AZhycW4Gw" title="Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik">Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik</a> memiliki opsional <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28treaty%29&usg=ALkJrhhML6Al8i3zGwnAqpMfUteuMRl7Dw" title="Protocol (perjanjian)" class="mw-redirect">protokol</a> yang memungkinkan individu-individu yang telah melanggar hak oleh negara-negara anggota untuk petisi internasional <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Committee&usg=ALkJrhjABXJvmCNSdzkzDzOjnN7hhztfBw" title="Komite Hak Asasi Manusia">Komite Hak Asasi Manusia.</a></span> </p><p><a name="International_legal_theory" id="International_legal_theory"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhjwthSsMmTaq1b-tLaSHUOpyVA32w" title="Sunting bagian: International teori hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">International legal theory</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhjwthSsMmTaq1b-tLaSHUOpyVA32w" title="Sunting bagian: International teori hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">International teori hukum</span></span> </h2><p><a name="Natural_law" id="Natural_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgCK9jRA4zV2QfGAzsj02ozv21guA" title="Sunting bagian: hukum alam">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Natural law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhgCK9jRA4zV2QfGAzsj02ozv21guA" title="Sunting bagian: hukum alam"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Alam hukum</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The intellectual seeds of modern international law germinated in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the influence of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church&usg=ALkJrhgcixYqO9nyX9TD2C4TaPJlrBJq4Q" title="Gereja Katolik Roma">Roman Catholic Church</a> in international affairs gradually weakened.</span> Intelektual benih hukum internasional modern germinated dalam 16. Dan 17. Abad, ketika pengaruh dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church&usg=ALkJrhgcixYqO9nyX9TD2C4TaPJlrBJq4Q" title="Gereja Katolik Roma">Gereja Katolik Roma</a> dalam urusan internasional berangsur-angsur melemah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many early international legal theorists were concerned with <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic&usg=ALkJrhgvi_nEiu5KJaTVpSD-rkbb8_L-kw" title="Aksiomatis">axiomatic</a> truths thought to be reposed in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law&usg=ALkJrhgg8gId3h0NXAZN6X83RJ7iV-yzGQ" title="Hukum alam">natural law</a> .</span> Banyak awal theorists hukum internasional yang berkaitan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic&usg=ALkJrhgvi_nEiu5KJaTVpSD-rkbb8_L-kw" title="Aksiomatis">aksiomatis</a> kebenaran pemikiran yang akan reposed dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law&usg=ALkJrhgg8gId3h0NXAZN6X83RJ7iV-yzGQ" title="Hukum alam">hukum alam.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Among the early natural law writers, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria&usg=ALkJrhghAMc7fhIW5o7OzqS7-MLptJcDNA" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order&usg=ALkJrhj8728ZExMCszlSKbRlEj5IxMSv8g" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> professor of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology&usg=ALkJrhjk-ojxCUcv2yfwbbbk_kRdmhf53Q" title="Teologi">theology</a> at the University of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca&usg=ALkJrhj_86ZuC9m2NiS2rpJ3hiErdyr4gw" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> , examined the question of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war&usg=ALkJrhiVZyoaA4gWn6ZZCVlt_XDEpYml5Q" title="Hanya perang" class="mw-redirect">just war</a> and Spanish authority in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas&usg=ALkJrhihk-O7a9Fzpanel1IVmN0y_wy9ag" title="Amerika">Americas</a> .</span> Di antara awal penulis hukum alam, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria&usg=ALkJrhghAMc7fhIW5o7OzqS7-MLptJcDNA" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order&usg=ALkJrhj8728ZExMCszlSKbRlEj5IxMSv8g" title="Dominican Order">Dominika</a> profesor dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology&usg=ALkJrhjk-ojxCUcv2yfwbbbk_kRdmhf53Q" title="Teologi">teologi</a> di Universitas <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca&usg=ALkJrhj_86ZuC9m2NiS2rpJ3hiErdyr4gw" title="Salamanca">Salamanca,</a> pertanyaan yang diperiksa <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war&usg=ALkJrhiVZyoaA4gWn6ZZCVlt_XDEpYml5Q" title="Hanya perang" class="mw-redirect">hanya perang</a> kekuasaan dan Spanyol di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas&usg=ALkJrhihk-O7a9Fzpanel1IVmN0y_wy9ag" title="Amerika">Amerika.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He did so while <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain&usg=ALkJrhhNSuNxOWgOCcZbsKkFuoY2TjB3Cg" title="Spanyol">Spain</a> was at the height of its power, after the violent Spanish conquest of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru&usg=ALkJrhg5mz6841RQTfBZuLNRa-vT-vZxUw" title="Peru">Peru</a> in 1536.</span> Dia jadi sementara <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain&usg=ALkJrhhNSuNxOWgOCcZbsKkFuoY2TjB3Cg" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> telah di ketinggian kuasanya, setelah kekerasan penaklukan Spanyol dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru&usg=ALkJrhg5mz6841RQTfBZuLNRa-vT-vZxUw" title="Peru">Peru</a> pada 1536.</span> </p><p><a name="Eclectic_school" id="Eclectic_school"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhj5VCoIxeTf-LTF8h9M9MOdytjLOw" title="Sunting bagian: Eclectic sekolah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Eclectic school</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhj5VCoIxeTf-LTF8h9M9MOdytjLOw" title="Sunting bagian: Eclectic sekolah"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Eclectic sekolah</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Central in the development of modern international law was <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius&usg=ALkJrhh6aIt7dds16KMR43SrE-RsM8mYVA" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjNAEu7N_pT9KYilEYY612ZNWEmCg" title="Belanda">Dutch</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian&usg=ALkJrhhWgmO0RFpaHK-En4p6AFGpd9sNCA" title="Teolog" class="mw-redirect">theologian</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism&usg=ALkJrhisBjIHJp18dLOa9YKcY18FHoR4YA" title="Humanisme">humanist</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist&usg=ALkJrhgEADdQxX9v-BXIiWjv-8nWzNiD1Q" title="Yuris">jurist</a> .</span> Pusat dalam perkembangan hukum internasional modern adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius&usg=ALkJrhh6aIt7dds16KMR43SrE-RsM8mYVA" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhjNAEu7N_pT9KYilEYY612ZNWEmCg" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian&usg=ALkJrhhWgmO0RFpaHK-En4p6AFGpd9sNCA" title="Teolog" class="mw-redirect">teolog,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism&usg=ALkJrhisBjIHJp18dLOa9YKcY18FHoR4YA" title="Humanisme">humanis</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist&usg=ALkJrhgEADdQxX9v-BXIiWjv-8nWzNiD1Q" title="Yuris">ahli hukum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In his principal work <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure_Belli_ac_Pacis_Libri_Tres&usg=ALkJrhiiHt8EQSp9vj08PNHLv6q0eucfCw" title="Secara hukum Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres" class="mw-redirect"><i>De jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres</i></a> ("Three Books on the Law of War and Peace"; 1625), Grotius claimed that nations as well as persons ought to be governed by universal principle based on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality&usg=ALkJrhh7i_6LKvwen5YR1ta3-lVZ3LVKeQ" title="Moralitas">morality</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_retribution&usg=ALkJrhhAHQQoBb1lTtzWGn89rwWgFnzg_g" title="Ilahi retribusi">divine justice</a> .</span> Pokok dalam bekerja <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure_Belli_ac_Pacis_Libri_Tres&usg=ALkJrhiiHt8EQSp9vj08PNHLv6q0eucfCw" title="Secara hukum Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres" class="mw-redirect"><i>secara hukum Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres</i></a> ( "Tiga Buku tentang Hukum Perang dan Perdamaian"; 1625), Grotius menyatakan bahwa bangsa serta orang harus diperintah oleh universal berdasarkan prinsip <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality&usg=ALkJrhh7i_6LKvwen5YR1ta3-lVZ3LVKeQ" title="Moralitas">moral</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_retribution&usg=ALkJrhhAHQQoBb1lTtzWGn89rwWgFnzg_g" title="Ilahi retribusi">keadilan ilahi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Much of Grotius's content drew from the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible&usg=ALkJrhiJxj9vtGqTv3YT47fngn286m4_iA" title="Alkitab">Bible</a> and from classical history ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war&usg=ALkJrhiVZyoaA4gWn6ZZCVlt_XDEpYml5Q" title="Hanya perang" class="mw-redirect">just war</a> theory of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo&usg=ALkJrhigIqaiJ6DQIfiQvsnwzSMOOn959Q" title="Augustine dari Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> ).</span> Sebagian besar konten Grotius drew dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible&usg=ALkJrhiJxj9vtGqTv3YT47fngn286m4_iA" title="Alkitab">Alkitab</a> dan dari sejarah klasik <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war&usg=ALkJrhiVZyoaA4gWn6ZZCVlt_XDEpYml5Q" title="Hanya perang" class="mw-redirect">(perang hanya</a> teori <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo&usg=ALkJrhigIqaiJ6DQIfiQvsnwzSMOOn959Q" title="Augustine dari Hippo">Augustine dari Hippo).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Drawing also from domestic <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhinPsKoGbFeQCa1C_hQGBjZa3bX5g" title="Hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">contract law</a> , he also noted that relations between polities were governed by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_gentium&usg=ALkJrhjjtm2hVXQ8y2H2B2f3z75NQOG1sA" title="Jus gentium"><i>jus gentium</i></a> , the law of peoples, which had been established by the consent of the community of nations.</span> Menggambar juga dari domestik <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhinPsKoGbFeQCa1C_hQGBjZa3bX5g" title="Hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">kontrak hukum,</a> dia juga mencatat bahwa hubungan antara polities telah diatur oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_gentium&usg=ALkJrhjjtm2hVXQ8y2H2B2f3z75NQOG1sA" title="Jus gentium"><i>hukum gentium,</i></a> hukum masyarakat, yang telah ditetapkan oleh persetujuan dari komunitas bangsa-bangsa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(See <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacta_sunt_servanda&usg=ALkJrhjyLzRr26D98ufak_mm8qg7SYuNiw" title="Pacta sunt servanda"><i>pacta sunt servanda</i></a> ).</span> (Lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacta_sunt_servanda&usg=ALkJrhjyLzRr26D98ufak_mm8qg7SYuNiw" title="Pacta sunt servanda"><i>pacta sunt servanda).</i></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The fundamental facets of the Grotian or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism&usg=ALkJrhgcw6dtk5-029XZWEyc6srS7EnouQ" title="Eclecticism">eclectic</a> school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became definitive to international law in Europe.</span> Yang mendasar dari segi Grotian atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism&usg=ALkJrhgcw6dtk5-029XZWEyc6srS7EnouQ" title="Eclecticism">eclectic</a> sekolah, terutama doktrin hukum kesetaraan, kedaulatan teritorial, kemerdekaan dan negara, menjadi definitif ke hukum internasional di Eropa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These principals were recognised in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia&usg=ALkJrhjfzwORuvMXWOPdG7P_QOZ_ueND9Q" title="Ketenangan Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> and became the foundation for the treaties of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Osnabr%25C3%25BCck&usg=ALkJrhhHN4rWnHJBY4Jf3RYA2OplTyEBlQ" title="Treaty of Osnabrück" class="mw-redirect">Osnabrück</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_M%25C3%25BCnster&usg=ALkJrhjDpgDG13NvLM6GpbsNApqejRQGIw" title="Perjanjian dari Munster">Münster</a> .</span> Prinsip-prinsip ini telah diakui dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia&usg=ALkJrhjfzwORuvMXWOPdG7P_QOZ_ueND9Q" title="Ketenangan Westphalia">Perdamaian Westphalia dari</a> dan menjadi dasar bagi perjanjian dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Osnabr%25C3%25BCck&usg=ALkJrhhHN4rWnHJBY4Jf3RYA2OplTyEBlQ" title="Treaty of Osnabrück" class="mw-redirect">Osnabrück</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_M%25C3%25BCnster&usg=ALkJrhjDpgDG13NvLM6GpbsNApqejRQGIw" title="Perjanjian dari Munster">Munster.</a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another eclectic thinker, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhi6v_la-3Q19ScNXgxFZbA6zgtHtA" title="Jerman">German</a> philosopher <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_von_Wolff&usg=ALkJrhiNjMq-N_m_8A460J-C-5umM1ZlsA" title="Christian von Wolff" class="mw-redirect">Christian von Wolff</a> , contended that the foundation for international community should come as a world superstate ( <i>civitas maxima</i> ), having authority over the component member states.</span> Lain eclectic pemikir, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany&usg=ALkJrhi6v_la-3Q19ScNXgxFZbA6zgtHtA" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> filsuf <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_von_Wolff&usg=ALkJrhiNjMq-N_m_8A460J-C-5umM1ZlsA" title="Christian von Wolff" class="mw-redirect">Kristen von Wolff,</a> bahawa dasar bagi masyarakat internasional harus datang sebagai dunia superstate <i>(civitas maxima),</i> memiliki kewenangan atas komponen negara anggota.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This view was rejected by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland&usg=ALkJrhi65CkurLKeXYTk6zT9Rv3xVU6j6A" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> diplomat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerich_de_Vattel&usg=ALkJrhjsyGQ4P7jlJKjPgXYslMmfQdeHrw" title="Emmerich dari Vattel" class="mw-redirect">Emmerich de Vattel</a> , who favoured a rationale of equality of states as articulated by 18th century natural law.</span> Pandangan ini telah ditolak oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland&usg=ALkJrhi65CkurLKeXYTk6zT9Rv3xVU6j6A" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> diplomat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerich_de_Vattel&usg=ALkJrhjsyGQ4P7jlJKjPgXYslMmfQdeHrw" title="Emmerich dari Vattel" class="mw-redirect">Emmerich dari Vattel,</a> yang menarik dari sebuah dasar persamaan sebagai negara disampaikan oleh hukum alam abad 18.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Vattel suggested in his major work <i>Le droit des gens</i> that the law of nations was composed of custom and law on the one hand, and natural law on the other.</span> Vattel disarankan dalam pekerjaan utama <i>Le Droit des gens</i> bahwa hukum bangsa-bangsa yang terdiri dari adat dan hukum di satu sisi, dan hukum di alam lainnya.</span> </p><p><a name="Legal_positivism" id="Legal_positivism"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhjZe2oJ22jyjeKYqlyPM5CEfHNsLg" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum positivisme">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Legal positivism</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhjZe2oJ22jyjeKYqlyPM5CEfHNsLg" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum positivisme"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hukum positivisme</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The early positive school emphasized the importance of custom and treaties as sources of international law.</span> Awal positif sekolah menekankan pentingnya adat dan perjanjian sebagai sumber hukum internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Among the early positivists was <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAlberico_Gentilis%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiNRSrMsKHvRsouxOePBBiqIUMCSA" class="new" title="Alberico Gentilis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Alberico Gentilis</a> , a professor of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> at <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford&usg=ALkJrhgNc5xH_mxxjVa-kOL9eSEzsTrs2Q" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> who used historical examples to posit that positive law ( <i>jus voluntarium</i> ) was determined by general consent.</span> Di antara positivists awal telah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAlberico_Gentilis%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiNRSrMsKHvRsouxOePBBiqIUMCSA" class="new" title="Alberico Gentilis (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Alberico Gentilis,</a> seorang profesor dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford&usg=ALkJrhgNc5xH_mxxjVa-kOL9eSEzsTrs2Q" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> sejarah yang digunakan untuk menempatkan contoh yang positif hukum <i>(jus voluntarium)</i> telah ditentukan oleh persetujuan umum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another professor at Oxford, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Zouche&usg=ALkJrhg_umbt-rMgh03t1XFkszAwNkveEA" title="Richard Zouche" class="mw-redirect">Richard Zouche</a> , published the first manual of international law in 1650.</span> Lain profesor di Oxford, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Zouche&usg=ALkJrhg_umbt-rMgh03t1XFkszAwNkveEA" title="Richard Zouche" class="mw-redirect">Richard Zouche,</a> yang diterbitkan pertama manual hukum internasional pada 1650.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the 18th century <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism&usg=ALkJrhhbsE1Ia1r02AM_mH3gj4UwXmhSjw" title="Positivisme hukum">legal positivism</a> became popular and found its way into international legal philosophy.</span> Pada abad 18 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism&usg=ALkJrhhbsE1Ia1r02AM_mH3gj4UwXmhSjw" title="Positivisme hukum">hukum positivisme</a> menjadi terkenal dan menemukan cara-nya ke dalam filosofi hukum internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The principal figure among 18th century positivists was <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_van_Bynkershoek&usg=ALkJrhjJrTAw1zIvlPs5H2N_KO4z1zwRxQ" title="Cornelius van Bynkershoek">Cornelius van Bynkershoek</a> , a celebrated Dutch jurist who asserted that the bases of international law were customs and treaties commonly consented to by various states.</span> Kepala sekolah di antara tokoh abad 18 positivists adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_van_Bynkershoek&usg=ALkJrhjJrTAw1zIvlPs5H2N_KO4z1zwRxQ" title="Cornelius van Bynkershoek">Cornelius van Bynkershoek,</a> seorang ahli hukum Belanda yang dirayakan menegaskan bahwa dasar hukum internasional dan kebiasaan telah menyetujui perjanjian umum ke berbagai negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A second positivist, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJohn_Jacob_Moser%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgw3yfbO-ZkwNl5ejCQnXItonaJLA" class="new" title="John Jacob Moser (page does not exist)">John Jacob Moser</a> was a prolific German scholar who emphasized the importance of state practice in international law.</span> Kedua positivist, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJohn_Jacob_Moser%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgw3yfbO-ZkwNl5ejCQnXItonaJLA" class="new" title="John Jacob Moser (page does not exist)">John Jacob Moser</a> adalah seorang sarjana yang subur Jerman menekankan pentingnya negara dalam praktek hukum internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A contemporary German scholar, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_von_Martens&usg=ALkJrhjZEQM4LQ0ercZKPOakE35_ZK4wpw" title="Georg Friedrich von Martens">Georg Friedrich von Martens</a> , published the first systematic manual on positive international law, <i>Precis du droit des gens moderne de l'Europe</i> .</span> J kontemporer sarjana Jerman, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_von_Martens&usg=ALkJrhjZEQM4LQ0ercZKPOakE35_ZK4wpw" title="Georg Friedrich von Martens">Georg Friedrich von Martens,</a> yang diterbitkan pertama sistematis manual pada hukum positif internasional, <i>mengikhtisarkan du Droit des gens moderne de l'Eropa.</i></span> </p><p> The growth of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism&usg=ALkJrhjKCFyvrIK1qqVZvK1sGyGtI5Aeaw" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelian&usg=ALkJrhj_uPrD281DOkQCto-dpeH5-q2lSQ" title="Hegelian" class="mw-redirect">Hegelian</a> philosophy in the 19th century pushed natural law farther from the legal realm. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhKIGzXifCprCQXDTa2YtiIpYePaA" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a> became nationalized into <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhgFI1kkHR5LyHdLzlvDRDsXedYPg" title="Pribadi hukum internasional" class="mw-redirect">private international law</a> , distinct from public international law. Positivism narrowed the range of international practice that might qualify as law, favouring <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationality&usg=ALkJrhgp7UAFn4Rq92o3BlqXQQBNmFBwpQ" title="Rationality">rationality</a> to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality&usg=ALkJrhh7i_6LKvwen5YR1ta3-lVZ3LVKeQ" title="Moralitas">morality</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethic&usg=ALkJrhjWQuW9xyxlRseahbCEhoUBcWknbA" title="Ethic" class="mw-redirect">ethics</a> . The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna&usg=ALkJrhgYocrUslmXvOxTtceiwzKBKxuukg" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815 marked formal recognition of the political and international legal system based on the conditions of Europe. </p><p><a name="Branches_of_public_international_law" id="Branches_of_public_international_law"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhiUS7QhvoAydfzTBr7Lr-Gck7zczg" title="Edit section: Branches of public international law">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Branches of public international law</span> </h2><div style="-moz-column-count: 3;"><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DConsular_law%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgrlxUduej85-L0uyh-VZTJv7C7nw" class="new" title="Consular law (page does not exist)">Consular law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_law&usg=ALkJrhjkPUQplGJ5cyddqsFZ-38hZRnOqQ" title="Diplomatic law">Diplomatic law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_law&usg=ALkJrhg5bGcpc5Dg63oUu3NzYoMUEHwAPQ" title="Aviation law">International Aviation Law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiLqULe7fz8uRk8O-G-wqNOnAWfAQ" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Environmental_Law&usg=ALkJrhgmAoJ8ccUeFYlgIBB7nhaxqdPcjw" title="International Environmental Law" class="mw-redirect">International Environmental Law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhj3LcqtmAv94VWlBKkj9i-vypRF1g" title="Hukum internasional hak asasi manusia">International human rights law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Law&usg=ALkJrhgk56vw7vU9AkyAaTA6kE8OcHUCTQ" title="International Humanitarian Law" class="mw-redirect">International Humanitarian Law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Law&usg=ALkJrhg20W2w-UnUhEtce_Li_9zDiAkt7w" title="International Space Law" class="mw-redirect">International Space Law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade_law&usg=ALkJrhgGGqHc_nlKAxzm0UzfmkSbxGDC8w" title="Hukum perdagangan internasional">International trade law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_State_Responsibility&usg=ALkJrhgZbHB4e00TUE-6Po6EHzx0NTttQA" title="Law of State Responsibility" class="mw-redirect">Law of State Responsibility</a> </li><li> The law pertaining to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_force&usg=ALkJrhitCapdx25gol0mY3thgOkzml7i2A" title="Penggunaan kekuatan">use of force</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&usg=ALkJrhiIMwbbeDGNrBiQ-uR5g4ol28h7Xw" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the sea</a> </li></ul></div><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhh1flENFz4WzBIpQ5gdLJst905pCQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhh1flENFz4WzBIpQ5gdLJst905pCQ" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lihat juga</span></span> </h2><div style="-moz-column-count: 3;"><ul><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapeau_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhiKLeizqoCMvDOYvS_cpBDkOa1P2A" title="Chapeau (disambiguation)">Chapeau</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition&usg=ALkJrhjqhGFCxntFi2vNRhP1J-soBEobrA" title="Diplomatic recognition">Diplomatic recognition</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_agreements&usg=ALkJrhjfxHY0nkvpdgKHjgs3Tc3g3yuPrQ" title="Environmental agreements" class="mw-redirect">Environmental agreements</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kelsen&usg=ALkJrhgzqyZHOb-OZsopI3Dev2hytu0kVQ" title="Hans Kelsen">Hans Kelsen</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_community&usg=ALkJrhgFBrzYy43Wn9sBpm2jPvtLWV_rqw" title="International community">International community</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhga35mQTwL-SNnSKbHqf0dzX24baw" title="Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">International Criminal Court</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda&usg=ALkJrhhrO5OhTthGRUlv8h1OxrfHgGpDHA" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_Former_Yugoslavia&usg=ALkJrhhqX48C9UZBHNyBC_83gKQ9_Jg6HQ" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect">International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization&usg=ALkJrhgbAbIANqneQDOi_ezndJHmZZTp2A" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_war&usg=ALkJrhhGsEsH1QYydv3p0k8ckg2-KX_2-Q" title="Hukum perang">Laws of war</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_public_law_topics&usg=ALkJrhiCMQ67zdAwOjyxz3fGUj6VZ5kMBw" title="List of international public law topics">List of international public law topics</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_treaties&usg=ALkJrhjgJEJnohO4XGNPXWPwnEDOh81Sxw" title="List of treaties">List of treaties</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality&usg=ALkJrhjEvTNg6qHm6PcVSe4AzNmoLgXFGA" title="Kebangsaan">Nationality</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Intervention&usg=ALkJrhhE-msem0Gp0-JA2LoKj-1HgDBL5w" title="Non-Intervention" class="mw-redirect">Non-Intervention</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Sassen&usg=ALkJrhiQlyWqiYaYy9Q-9tcTXHqEj3CXwA" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhbcUPQJYdaEqo7TCj_8DnLxcjHbA" title="Sumber-sumber hukum internasional">Sources of international law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">State</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_integrity&usg=ALkJrhjZ8qKIO1GKGywsSVMHyx1gdGI79w" title="Territorial integrity">Territorial integrity</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism&usg=ALkJrhguns1ZEOCjv1UlVMA-4vW2rF99Cg" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Approaches_to_International_Law&usg=ALkJrhjlatHYvovHIUl7eTFFM8pggNBkYw" title="Third World Approaches to International Law" class="mw-redirect">Third World Approaches to International Law</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIDROIT&usg=ALkJrhhv0-EwkShVxs9cOWGV2VTGJC09mg" title="UNIDROIT" class="mw-redirect">UNIDROIT</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">United Nations</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_for_Peace&usg=ALkJrhhSdzvlW2lbNJL_YIjaAa3xurZOvg" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a> </li><li> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_government&usg=ALkJrhiEaSROxrSgiGOgLVHyNSIZQpLICA" title="World government">World government</a> </li></ul></div><p><a name="Notes" id="Notes"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhiLlHsSeEnf1pTuvX8azw5vSntbuA" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhiLlHsSeEnf1pTuvX8azw5vSntbuA" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Catatan</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.law.columbia.edu/library/Research_Guides/internat_law/pubint&usg=ALkJrhia7zIdkl6RNNzuJ-LjM-Den2IRMA#Definition%20of%20International%20Law" class="external text" title="http://www.law.columbia.edu/library/Research_Guides/internat_law/pubint#Definition%20of%20International%20Law" rel="nofollow">Columbia Law School, McKeever, 2003 — Definition of International Law</a> </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> Greig, DW, <i>International Law</i> , 2nd edn (Butterworths: London, 1976) </li><li id="cite_note-Weeramantry-2"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-1" title="">b</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-2" title="">c</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-Weeramantry_2-3" title="">d</a></b></i></sup> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFJudge_Weeramantry1997">Judge Weeramantry, Christopher G. (1997), <i>Justice Without Frontiers</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers&usg=ALkJrhgKzjX_RP4OH6NkB5WrVvZrgapiVQ" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a> , pp. 136, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9041102418&usg=ALkJrhjRn-Ff36qTzsZ0-z8x5S1H4n-4MA" class="internal">ISBN 9041102418</a></cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+Without+Frontiers&rft.aulast=Judge+Weeramantry&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft.au=Judge+Weeramantry%2C+Christopher+G.&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B136&rft.pub=%5B%5BBrill+Publishers%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9041102418&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Public_international_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-Kelsay-3"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-Kelsay_3-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-Kelsay_3-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFKelsay2003">Kelsay, J. (March 2003), "Al-Shaybani and the Islamic Law of War", <i>Journal of Military Ethics</i> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge&usg=ALkJrhiQj6hFKt3EBB2n0uIFRY5P3s2vIg" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> ) <b>2</b> (1): 63-75</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al-Shaybani+and+the+Islamic+Law+of+War&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+Ethics&rft.aulast=Kelsay&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Kelsay%2C+J.&rft.date=March+2003&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-75&rft.pub=%5B%5BRoutledge%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Public_international_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-4"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="Journal" id="CITEREFBoisard1980">Boisard, Marcel A. (July 1980), "On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> <b>11</b> (4): 429-50</cite> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Probable+Influence+of+Islam+on+Western+Public+and+International+Law&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.aulast=Boisard&rft.aufirst=Marcel+A.&rft.au=Boisard%2C+Marcel+A.&rft.date=July+1980&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=429-50&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Public_international_law"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-5"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-5" title=""><b>^</b></a> Janis, M. and Noyes, J. International Law": Cases and Commentary (3rd ed.), Prosecutor v. Furundžija, Page 148 (2006) </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> (cf. Art. 38 of the Statute of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> </li><li id="cite_note-7"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> United States, United Kingdom, France, Canada, Turkey, Philippines and Uruguay </li><li id="cite_note-UN_APV299-8"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-UN_APV299_8-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly&usg=ALkJrhjLuQB7o-h-WO3chLMeOmzLkPNUTg" title="Majelis Umum PBB">United Nations General Assembly</a> <a href="http://www.undemocracy.com/A-PV.299" class="external text" title="http://www.undemocracy.com/A-PV.299" rel="nofollow"><i>Proces Verbal</i> session 5</a> on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1&usg=ALkJrhi9P7ode7ilxNNyZv0_jDOs-cXQIg" title="November 1">1 November</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950&usg=ALkJrhiGOW-O_4GRb5_lCPo8_2dfXsgtmw" title="1950">1950</a> (retrieved 2008-04-13) </li><li id="cite_note-UN_APV300-9"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-UN_APV300_9-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly&usg=ALkJrhjLuQB7o-h-WO3chLMeOmzLkPNUTg" title="Majelis Umum PBB">United Nations General Assembly</a> <a href="http://www.undemocracy.com/A-PV.300" class="external text" title="http://www.undemocracy.com/A-PV.300" rel="nofollow"><i>Proces Verbal</i> session 5</a> on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2&usg=ALkJrhiP5StjT_VLYTmPkJSuZmYLIlhjsA" title="November 2">2 November</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950&usg=ALkJrhiGOW-O_4GRb5_lCPo8_2dfXsgtmw" title="1950">1950</a> (retrieved 2008-04-13) </li><li id="cite_note-UN_APV301-10"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-UN_APV301_10-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly&usg=ALkJrhjLuQB7o-h-WO3chLMeOmzLkPNUTg" title="Majelis Umum PBB">United Nations General Assembly</a> <a href="http://www.undemocracy.com/A-PV.301" class="external text" title="http://www.undemocracy.com/A-PV.301" rel="nofollow"><i>Proces Verbal</i> session 5</a> on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2&usg=ALkJrhiP5StjT_VLYTmPkJSuZmYLIlhjsA" title="November 2">2 November</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950&usg=ALkJrhiGOW-O_4GRb5_lCPo8_2dfXsgtmw" title="1950">1950</a> (retrieved 2008-04-13) </li><li id="cite_note-UN_APV302-11"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ#cite_ref-UN_APV302_11-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly&usg=ALkJrhjLuQB7o-h-WO3chLMeOmzLkPNUTg" title="Majelis Umum PBB">United Nations General Assembly</a> <a href="http://www.undemocracy.com/A-PV.302" class="external text" title="http://www.undemocracy.com/A-PV.302" rel="nofollow"><i>Proces Verbal</i> session 5</a> on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_3&usg=ALkJrhjN9g-GmH5Xr4H22evTGziK3SnhMw" title="3 November">3 November</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950&usg=ALkJrhiGOW-O_4GRb5_lCPo8_2dfXsgtmw" title="1950">1950</a> (retrieved 2008-04-13) </li></ol></div><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhj3b4s23-yxsUVwJ8efWwIsb9VMMA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPublic_international_law%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhj3b4s23-yxsUVwJ8efWwIsb9VMMA" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline"></span></span></h2></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7660366343574393762.post-86085537928886743242009-01-20T23:08:00.000-08:002009-01-20T23:26:53.050-08:00Hukum<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Hukum</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#searchInput">search</a></span> Langsung ke: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#column-one">navigasi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#searchInput">cari</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><div class="dablink"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For other uses, see <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhj6g89xESccBNeI_EfKXILW-zE4ww" title="Hukum (disambiguasi)">Law (disambiguation)</a> .</span> Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhj6g89xESccBNeI_EfKXILW-zE4ww" title="Hukum (disambiguasi)">Hukum (disambiguasi).</a></span> </div><div class="dablink"> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"Legal" redirects here.</span> "Hukum" redirects here.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For other uses, see <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhjVViFzqumcOFBjHbeeG4Xu7xg3Sw" title="Hukum (disambiguasi)">Legal (disambiguation)</a> .</span> Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhjVViFzqumcOFBjHbeeG4Xu7xg3Sw" title="Hukum (disambiguasi)">Hukum (disambiguasi).</a></span> </div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JMR-Memphis1.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj431yqo1s1vqWgZfyQIZYP_xFdKQ" class="image" title="Lady Keadilan menggambarkan keadilan sebagai dewi yang dilengkapi dengan tiga simbol supremasi hukum: pedang melambangkan pengadilan paksaan dari kuasa; skala mewakili beratnya tuntutan yang bersaing; dan mata menunjukkan sikap netral. [1]"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/JMR-Memphis1.jpg/300px-JMR-Memphis1.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="300" border="0" height="452" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JMR-Memphis1.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj431yqo1s1vqWgZfyQIZYP_xFdKQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Justice&usg=ALkJrhhGFHeNQvwACtz8IJyHj13Kykwqqg" title="Lady Keadilan">Lady Justice</a> depicts <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice&usg=ALkJrhgONODnToKKDxlYLLgMmigpUGWsDA" title="Keadilan">justice</a> as a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess&usg=ALkJrhgM9Z5Y4GrnLs-XQXj8LjeIUiqeoA" title="Dewi">goddess</a> equipped with three symbols of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law&usg=ALkJrhg79d_pW2jWFGpBkFIvCF441GXJ5A" title="Supremasi hukum">rule of law</a> : a sword symbolizing the court's coercive power; scales representing the weighing of competing claims; and a blindfold indicating impartiality. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Justice&usg=ALkJrhhGFHeNQvwACtz8IJyHj13Kykwqqg" title="Lady Keadilan">Lady Keadilan</a> menggambarkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice&usg=ALkJrhgONODnToKKDxlYLLgMmigpUGWsDA" title="Keadilan">keadilan</a> sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess&usg=ALkJrhgM9Z5Y4GrnLs-XQXj8LjeIUiqeoA" title="Dewi">dewi</a> yang dilengkapi dengan tiga simbol <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law&usg=ALkJrhg79d_pW2jWFGpBkFIvCF441GXJ5A" title="Supremasi hukum">supremasi hukum:</a> pedang melambangkan pengadilan paksaan dari kuasa; skala mewakili beratnya tuntutan yang bersaing; dan mata menunjukkan sikap netral. <span><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-0" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span></span> </div></div></div><p> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Law</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a> is a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System&usg=ALkJrhhxrTrpolFYsJyNgwHAQQP0M3Sutg" title="Sistem">system</a> of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules&usg=ALkJrhj0WvbNKKmEfeK1csa_M1ANktfn5Q" title="Aturan" class="mw-redirect">rules</a> , enforced through a set of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution&usg=ALkJrhi2GRMh-mH_GE-Q2g_FvE08kGJ8cg" title="Lembaga">institutions</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience, politics, economics and society.</span> <b>Hukum</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-1" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2]</span></sup></a> adalah suatu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System&usg=ALkJrhhxrTrpolFYsJyNgwHAQQP0M3Sutg" title="Sistem">sistem</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules&usg=ALkJrhj0WvbNKKmEfeK1csa_M1ANktfn5Q" title="Aturan" class="mw-redirect">peraturan,</a> enforced melalui serangkaian <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution&usg=ALkJrhi2GRMh-mH_GE-Q2g_FvE08kGJ8cg" title="Lembaga">lembaga,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-2" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a> digunakan sebagai instrumen untuk underpin ketaatan sipil, politik, ekonomi dan masyarakat.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law serves as the foremost social mediator in relations between people.</span> Hukum berfungsi sebagai mediator sosial terutama dalam hubungan antara manusia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Writing in 350 BC, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece&usg=ALkJrhhvU9Ydjvh2yu3ReEUPJhVLzdi8QA" title="Yunani kuno">Greek</a> philosopher <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle&usg=ALkJrhivI8phbZGOCd7GnaBOOss7AT_BfA" title="Aristotel">Aristotle</a> declared, "The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law&usg=ALkJrhg79d_pW2jWFGpBkFIvCF441GXJ5A" title="Supremasi hukum">rule of law</a> is better than the rule of any individual." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Menulis dalam 350 SM, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece&usg=ALkJrhhvU9Ydjvh2yu3ReEUPJhVLzdi8QA" title="Yunani kuno">Yunani</a> filsuf <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle&usg=ALkJrhivI8phbZGOCd7GnaBOOss7AT_BfA" title="Aristotel">Aristotle</a> menyatakan, "Adanya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law&usg=ALkJrhg79d_pW2jWFGpBkFIvCF441GXJ5A" title="Supremasi hukum">ketentuan hukum</a> yang lebih baik dari peraturan dari setiap individu." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-3" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[4]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law consists a wide variety of separate disciplines. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhinPsKoGbFeQCa1C_hQGBjZa3bX5g" title="Hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">Contract law</a> regulates binding agreements which may relate to everything from civil purchase to trading on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhhfFtYpIu3aWctA0N74rzdjH0nr7g" title="Turunan (keuangan)">derivatives markets</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhi0jMjcaYbk25mdNM0aQr026vJyTA" title="Hukum properti">Property law</a> defines rights and obligations related to the transfer and title of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property&usg=ALkJrhja63wtYCWLcd3FUMN5s5uoT2l64w" title="Milik pribadi">personal</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property&usg=ALkJrhhO09JkzBvDOwbzczPvFnTImjaxNQ" title="Tanah milik">real property</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">Trust law</a> applies to assets held for investment and financial security, while <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">Tort</a> law allows claims for compensation if an individual or their property is injured or harmed.</span> Hukum terdiri dari berbagai disiplin terpisah. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law&usg=ALkJrhinPsKoGbFeQCa1C_hQGBjZa3bX5g" title="Hukum kontrak" class="mw-redirect">Kontrak hukum</a> mengatur mengikat perjanjian yang mungkin terkait dengan pembelian mulai dari sipil untuk perdagangan di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhhfFtYpIu3aWctA0N74rzdjH0nr7g" title="Turunan (keuangan)">pasar derivatif.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhi0jMjcaYbk25mdNM0aQr026vJyTA" title="Hukum properti">Properti hukum</a> mendefinisikan hak dan kewajiban yang berkaitan dengan transfer dan judul <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property&usg=ALkJrhja63wtYCWLcd3FUMN5s5uoT2l64w" title="Milik pribadi">pribadi</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property&usg=ALkJrhhO09JkzBvDOwbzczPvFnTImjaxNQ" title="Tanah milik">harta kekayaan.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">Trust hukum</a> berlaku untuk aset yang diselenggarakan untuk investasi keuangan dan keamanan, sementara <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">Tort</a> hukum memungkinkan klaim untuk kompensasi jika seorang individu atau mereka yang terluka atau harta dirugikan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If the harm is criminalised in penal code, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ" title="Hukum pidana">criminal law</a> offers means by which the state can prosecute the perpetrator. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjmvNpt6ai2IPjRZ5DZli3aw1TG3Q" title="Hukum tatanegara">Constitutional law</a> provides a framework for the creation of law, the protection of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia">human rights</a> and the election of political representatives. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgjIGMJHc5NTg2IWAsy9LbIHMJ20w" title="Administrasi hukum">Administrative law</a> regulates the activities the administrative agencies of government, while <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhjh1tia_XtHEId_MdkXhq8Osb6CWw" title="Hukum internasional">International law</a> governs affairs between sovereign <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state&usg=ALkJrhhb-jnrWyaG2H7kMXVTuCXHC8TFwQ" title="Bangsa negara">nation states</a> in activities ranging from <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade&usg=ALkJrhhpFJO_PZnRe7dDDcmQIBMRvbGyoA" title="Perdagangan">trade</a> , environmental regulation or military action.</span> Jika membahayakan adalah criminalised dalam hukum pidana, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ" title="Hukum pidana">hukum pidana</a> yang menawarkan cara negara dapat menuntut pelaku. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjmvNpt6ai2IPjRZ5DZli3aw1TG3Q" title="Hukum tatanegara">Konstitusi hukum</a> menyediakan kerangka kerja bagi penciptaan hukum, perlindungan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia">hak asasi manusia</a> dan politik pemilihan perwakilan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgjIGMJHc5NTg2IWAsy9LbIHMJ20w" title="Administrasi hukum">Administratif hukum</a> mengatur kegiatan administrasi lembaga pemerintah, sedangkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law&usg=ALkJrhjh1tia_XtHEId_MdkXhq8Osb6CWw" title="Hukum internasional">Hukum internasional</a> governs urusan antara berdaulat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state&usg=ALkJrhhb-jnrWyaG2H7kMXVTuCXHC8TFwQ" title="Bangsa negara">negara</a> dalam kegiatan mulai dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade&usg=ALkJrhhpFJO_PZnRe7dDDcmQIBMRvbGyoA" title="Perdagangan">perdagangan,</a> lingkungan peraturan atau tindakan militer.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Legal systems elaborate <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right&usg=ALkJrhitT2-03FdVuUsiRHG5HbkuHW6XZg" title="Kanan" class="mw-redirect">rights</a> and responsibilities in a variety of ways.</span> Sistem hukum menguraikan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right&usg=ALkJrhitT2-03FdVuUsiRHG5HbkuHW6XZg" title="Kanan" class="mw-redirect">hak-hak</a> dan tanggung jawab dalam berbagai cara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A basic distinction is generally made between <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">jurisdictions</a> and systems using <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> .</span> J dasar umumnya dibuat perbezaan antara <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">jurisdiksi</a> dan menggunakan sistem <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In some countries, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhivqHOTeKZiifb4DuZpgW4Wq6NvMw" title="Hukum agama">religion</a> informs the law.</span> Di beberapa negara, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhivqHOTeKZiifb4DuZpgW4Wq6NvMw" title="Hukum agama">agama</a> memberitahu hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Scholars investigate the nature of law through many perspectives, including <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history&usg=ALkJrhjOQyE02d3XD3evrUWhdi96_Us_-Q" title="Sejarah hukum">legal history</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhgmrt8OShr8UOOMNYi_To6mnnnMHQ" title="Fikih">philosophy</a> , or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences&usg=ALkJrhjEH7s5jDfenliqkqsS8ZCDb7erqA" title="Ilmu sosial">social sciences</a> such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics&usg=ALkJrhgUunm7QQa7OTYPW6DRSfdCXpXP3Q" title="Hukum dan ekonomi">economics</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_law&usg=ALkJrhiHOy9CSBUWh7yOFtR-ohFkor-DXA" title="Sosiologi hukum">sociology</a> .</span> Beasiswa menyelidiki sifat hukum melalui berbagai perspektif, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history&usg=ALkJrhjOQyE02d3XD3evrUWhdi96_Us_-Q" title="Sejarah hukum">termasuk sejarah</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhgmrt8OShr8UOOMNYi_To6mnnnMHQ" title="Fikih">filsafat,</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences&usg=ALkJrhjEH7s5jDfenliqkqsS8ZCDb7erqA" title="Ilmu sosial">ilmu sosial</a> seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics&usg=ALkJrhgUunm7QQa7OTYPW6DRSfdCXpXP3Q" title="Hukum dan ekonomi">ekonomi</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_law&usg=ALkJrhiHOy9CSBUWh7yOFtR-ohFkor-DXA" title="Sosiologi hukum">sosiologi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The study of law raises important and complex issues concerning <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism&usg=ALkJrhj7cn2E8v-LUVyYQ7IKnqFuZGRVSw" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a> , fairness, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty&usg=ALkJrhhVDTmiOBMcIIruJH4QMBW0f1bRoQ" title="Kebebasan">liberty</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice&usg=ALkJrhgONODnToKKDxlYLLgMmigpUGWsDA" title="Keadilan">justice</a> .</span> Ilmu hukum menimbulkan masalah-masalah penting dan kompleks tentang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism&usg=ALkJrhj7cn2E8v-LUVyYQ7IKnqFuZGRVSw" title="Egalitarianism">kesetaraan,</a> keadilan, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty&usg=ALkJrhhVDTmiOBMcIIruJH4QMBW0f1bRoQ" title="Kebebasan">kebebasan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice&usg=ALkJrhgONODnToKKDxlYLLgMmigpUGWsDA" title="Keadilan">keadilan.</a></span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"In its majestic equality", said the author <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_France&usg=ALkJrhgy69h0cbJv7jPhizOSlkjQ5yhdwA" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a> in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a> The central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three main branches of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhgjjvSaYJn9okXcMDi9OCw09BGkwQ" title="Pemerintah">government</a> , namely an impartial <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhhjG9IonJ29mbx5LQMZr6GrH5oFQg" title="Peradilan">judiciary</a> , a democratic <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiO0g-SWbZ5_fRLSVWsdPKdhU5_nQ" title="Legislatif">legislature</a> , and an accountable <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhjAg4WnIUfhbso0xArNPmuzZuo48A" title="Eksekutif (pemerintah)">executive</a> .</span> "Dalam kesetaraan megah," ujar penulis <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_France&usg=ALkJrhgy69h0cbJv7jPhizOSlkjQ5yhdwA" title="Anatole France">Anatole Perancis</a> pada tahun 1894, "hukum melarang kaya dan miskin sama-sama tidur di bawah jembatan, mengemis di jalanan dan mencuri roti roti." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-4" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[5]</span></sup></a> The pusat dan lembaga-lembaga untuk membuat hukum adalah tiga cabang utama dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhgjjvSaYJn9okXcMDi9OCw09BGkwQ" title="Pemerintah">pemerintah,</a> yaitu imparsial <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhhjG9IonJ29mbx5LQMZr6GrH5oFQg" title="Peradilan">yudikatif,</a> yang demokratis <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiO0g-SWbZ5_fRLSVWsdPKdhU5_nQ" title="Legislatif">legislatif,</a> dan akuntabel <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhjAg4WnIUfhbso0xArNPmuzZuo48A" title="Eksekutif (pemerintah)">eksekutif.</a></span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public, a government's bureaucracy, the military and police are vital.</span> Untuk menerapkan dan menegakkan hukum dan memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat, pemerintah dari birokrasi, militer dan polisi yang penting.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While all these organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law, an independent <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer&usg=ALkJrhhoFIamc2PuNbBte5GSphPk77U7Bg" title="Pengacara">legal profession</a> and a vibrant <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society&usg=ALkJrhh6WBIPhlm3F1vF8c-Vbdxim30uIA" title="Masyarakat madani">civil society</a> inform and support their progress.</span> Walaupun semua organ negara dan menciptakan makhluk yang terikat oleh hukum, yang independen <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer&usg=ALkJrhhoFIamc2PuNbBte5GSphPk77U7Bg" title="Pengacara">profesi hukum</a> dan bersemangat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society&usg=ALkJrhh6WBIPhlm3F1vF8c-Vbdxim30uIA" title="Masyarakat madani">masyarakat</a> menginformasikan dan mendukung kemajuan.</span></p><h2><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="mw-headline">Hukum subjek</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">All legal systems deal with similar issues and behaviors, but each country categorises and identifies its legal standards and principals in different ways.</span> Semua sistem hukum menangani isu-isu dan perilaku yang serupa, namun masing-masing negara categorises dan mengidentifikasi hukum-nya standar dan kepala sekolah dalam berbagai cara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A common distinction is that between " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhisEtpgSQzP5an5aZxc1c7iyt9_IQ" title="Hukum publik">public law</a> " (a term related closely to the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">state</a> , and including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhiSNjHeFnRSoXlXA2l0lk_1w-GK8Q" title="Hukum perdata">private law</a> " (which covers contract, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">tort</a> and property). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a> In <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjDdNJhWB4-zs92LF6kVq-Wle-zMQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)" class="mw-redirect">civil law</a> systems, contract and tort fall under a general <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhhYqc7bCcJ1TArOY2ecZ5xxT8-rqA" title="Kewajiban hukum">law of obligations</a> , while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_Law_Applicable_to_Trusts_and_on_their_Recognition&usg=ALkJrhgAkOIc0aUBD1Dhy07JWvxI0UyqXA" title="Hague Konvensi Hukum Berlaku untuk percaya pada mereka dan Pengakuan">international conventions</a> .</span> Umum adalah bahwa perbedaan antara <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhisEtpgSQzP5an5aZxc1c7iyt9_IQ" title="Hukum publik">"hukum publik"</a> (istilah yang terkait erat dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">negara,</a> termasuk dan konstitusional, administratif dan hukum pidana), dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law&usg=ALkJrhiSNjHeFnRSoXlXA2l0lk_1w-GK8Q" title="Hukum perdata">"hukum perdata"</a> (yang mencakup kontrak, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">kerugian</a> dan harta benda). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-5" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[6]</span></sup></a> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjDdNJhWB4-zs92LF6kVq-Wle-zMQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)" class="mw-redirect">hukum perdata</a> sistem kontrak dan kerugian umum yang jatuh di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_obligations&usg=ALkJrhhYqc7bCcJ1TArOY2ecZ5xxT8-rqA" title="Kewajiban hukum">kewajiban hukum,</a> sedangkan kepercayaan adalah berhadapan dengan hukum di bawah undang-undang rezim atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_Law_Applicable_to_Trusts_and_on_their_Recognition&usg=ALkJrhgAkOIc0aUBD1Dhy07JWvxI0UyqXA" title="Hague Konvensi Hukum Berlaku untuk percaya pada mereka dan Pengakuan">konvensi internasional.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">trusts</a> are regarded as the "traditional core subjects", <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a> although there are many <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#Further_disciplines" title="Hukum">further disciplines</a> which may be of greater practical importance.</span> Internasional, konstitusional dan hukum administrasi, hukum pidana, kontrak, kerugian, properti hukum dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">kepercayaan</a> yang dianggap sebagai "mata pelajaran inti tradisional", <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-6" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7]</span></sup></a> meskipun terdapat banyak <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#Further_disciplines" title="Hukum">lebih disiplin</a> yang mungkin lebih besar dari kepentingan praktis.</span> </p><p><a name="International_law" id="International_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhgNyiH5-zaF_7EchmKAJ22j0eiZig" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum internasional">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">International law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&usg=ALkJrhgNyiH5-zaF_7EchmKAJ22j0eiZig" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum internasional"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hukum internasional</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ" title="Hukum internasional publik">Public international law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhg_1rBacrZpKYoHywe21AFhcc8BAQ" title="Konflik hukum">Conflict of laws</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_law&usg=ALkJrhhNEJjdDw4CWPJRZby_-SqpMp2PJA" title="Uni Eropa hukum" class="mw-redirect">European Union law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ" title="Hukum internasional publik">hukum internasional publik,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhg_1rBacrZpKYoHywe21AFhcc8BAQ" title="Konflik hukum">Konflik hukum,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_law&usg=ALkJrhhNEJjdDw4CWPJRZby_-SqpMp2PJA" title="Uni Eropa hukum" class="mw-redirect">undang-undang Uni Eropa</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naciones_Unidas_3.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgDjGzyhfD3JeVnxN2EC241K3Lpdw" class="image" title="Memberikan konstitusi untuk umum hukum internasional, sistem PBB disepakati selama Perang Dunia II."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Naciones_Unidas_3.jpg/180px-Naciones_Unidas_3.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="254" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naciones_Unidas_3.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgDjGzyhfD3JeVnxN2EC241K3Lpdw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Providing a constitution for public international law, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">United Nations</a> system was agreed during <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&usg=ALkJrhgCx41AdZAy-rCuDgfMmvu2sG6a1A" title="Perang Dunia II">World War II</a> .</span> Memberikan konstitusi untuk umum hukum internasional, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">sistem</a> PBB disepakati selama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&usg=ALkJrhgCx41AdZAy-rCuDgfMmvu2sG6a1A" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II.</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">International law can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations.</span> Hukum internasional dapat merujuk pada tiga hal: hukum internasional publik, swasta hukum internasional atau konflik hukum dan hukum batas negara organisasi.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ" title="Hukum internasional publik"><b>Public international law</b></a> concerns relationships between sovereign nations.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law&usg=ALkJrhi0UrZaVl64AWP-zKj71EQF5hf5hQ" title="Hukum internasional publik"><b>Hukum internasional publik</b></a> mengenai hubungan antara negara-negara berdaulat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhbcUPQJYdaEqo7TCj_8DnLxcjHbA" title="Sumber-sumber hukum internasional">sources</a> for public international law development are <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjjKobitGl2KQYoZM42TUVNdcp6iw" title="Adat (hukum)">custom</a> , practice and treaties between sovereign nations, such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions&usg=ALkJrhjWGlAQFn5ZdXd8IriXkHZQ6t8dVg" title="Konvensi Jenewa">Geneva Conventions</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_international_law&usg=ALkJrhhbcUPQJYdaEqo7TCj_8DnLxcjHbA" title="Sumber-sumber hukum internasional">Source</a> untuk umum hukum internasional adalah pengembangan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhjjKobitGl2KQYoZM42TUVNdcp6iw" title="Adat (hukum)">adat,</a> dan praktek perjanjian antara negara-negara berdaulat, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions&usg=ALkJrhjWGlAQFn5ZdXd8IriXkHZQ6t8dVg" title="Konvensi Jenewa">Konvensi Jenewa.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Public international law can be formed by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organisations&usg=ALkJrhh4nSPLFoLKT-5wP_MR5-6CWW0uvQ" title="Organisasi internasional" class="mw-redirect">international organisations</a> , such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">United Nations</a> (which was established after the failure of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhiSqSZDrFiQc0jDrZLbQoBv2kUWPg" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to prevent the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War&usg=ALkJrhgpP6EQJKJHvEzMf767XFqtx_XurA" title="Perang Dunia Kedua" class="mw-redirect">Second World War</a> ), <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization&usg=ALkJrhgbAbIANqneQDOi_ezndJHmZZTp2A" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organisation</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization&usg=ALkJrhgEPvjf3LOyOJARvvW-nkJWJknUIg" title="Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia">World Trade Organisation</a> , or the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund&usg=ALkJrhgKTs_ilCj1UbCi5dWDn78f1Dnmtg" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> .</span> Hukum internasional publik dapat dibentuk oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organisations&usg=ALkJrhh4nSPLFoLKT-5wP_MR5-6CWW0uvQ" title="Organisasi internasional" class="mw-redirect">organisasi internasional,</a> seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> (yang didirikan setelah kegagalan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations&usg=ALkJrhiSqSZDrFiQc0jDrZLbQoBv2kUWPg" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> untuk mencegah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War&usg=ALkJrhgpP6EQJKJHvEzMf767XFqtx_XurA" title="Perang Dunia Kedua" class="mw-redirect">Perang Dunia Kedua),</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-7" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[8]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization&usg=ALkJrhgbAbIANqneQDOi_ezndJHmZZTp2A" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organisation,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization&usg=ALkJrhgEPvjf3LOyOJARvvW-nkJWJknUIg" title="Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia">World Trade Organisation,</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund&usg=ALkJrhgKTs_ilCj1UbCi5dWDn78f1Dnmtg" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund.</a></span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police force, and courts (eg the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> as the primary UN judicial organ) lack the capacity to penalise disobedience. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a> However, a few bodies, such as the WTO, have effective systems of binding arbitration and dispute resolution backed up by trade sanctions. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Hukum internasional publik memiliki status khusus sebagai hukum karena tidak ada kekuatan polisi internasional, dan pengadilan (misalnya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> sebagai organ hukum utama PBB) kurangnya kemampuan untuk penalise ketidaktaatan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-8" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[9]</span></sup></a> Namun, beberapa badan, seperti sebagai WTO, ada sistem yang efektif dan mengikat arbitrase sengketa didukung oleh sanksi perdagangan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-9" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[10]</span></sup></a></span> </li></ul><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhg_1rBacrZpKYoHywe21AFhcc8BAQ" title="Konflik hukum"><b>Conflict of laws</b></a> (or "private international law" in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">civil law</a> countries) concerns which <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">jurisdiction</a> a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_laws&usg=ALkJrhg_1rBacrZpKYoHywe21AFhcc8BAQ" title="Konflik hukum"><b>Konflik hukum</b></a> (atau "pribadi hukum internasional" dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum perdata</a> negara) keprihatinan yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction&usg=ALkJrhhMdY0VZe7wLCzjopS3DxYSAxI_og" title="Yurisdiksi">yurisdiksi</a> hukum sengketa antara pihak swasta harus mendengar dan yurisdiksi hukum yang harus diterapkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhgFEig51Dh5e76eeL7GyxckomXv0A" title="Modal (ekonomi)">capital</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhhSVcFAbV48sKZoCKXqi0Q1399K4g" title="Tenaga kerja (ekonomi)" class="mw-redirect">labour</a> supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses.</span> Saat ini, perusahaan semakin mampu pergeseran <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhgFEig51Dh5e76eeL7GyxckomXv0A" title="Modal (ekonomi)">modal</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhhSVcFAbV48sKZoCKXqi0Q1399K4g" title="Tenaga kerja (ekonomi)" class="mw-redirect">tenaga kerja</a> di seluruh rantai suplai perbatasan, serta perdagangan dengan perusahaan-perusahaan di luar negeri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Increasing numbers of businesses opt for commercial arbitration under the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Recognition_and_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Arbitral_Awards&usg=ALkJrhgEfb4iiItETsMIFUB7J5xR__IIcQ" title="Konvensi tentang Pengakuan dan Penegakan Luar Arbitral Penghargaan">New York Convention 1958</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Peningkatan jumlah usaha untuk memilih arbitrasi komersial di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Recognition_and_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Arbitral_Awards&usg=ALkJrhgEfb4iiItETsMIFUB7J5xR__IIcQ" title="Konvensi tentang Pengakuan dan Penegakan Luar Arbitral Penghargaan">Konvensi New York 1958.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-10" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[11]</span></sup></a></span> </li></ul><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_law&usg=ALkJrhhNEJjdDw4CWPJRZby_-SqpMp2PJA" title="Uni Eropa hukum" class="mw-redirect"><b>European Union law</b></a> is the first, and so far, only example of a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_law&usg=ALkJrhgjA5aE0bu1hy9j7Hs7_fxY2o5KHQ" title="Batas negara hukum">supranational legal framework</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_law&usg=ALkJrhhNEJjdDw4CWPJRZby_-SqpMp2PJA" title="Uni Eropa hukum" class="mw-redirect"><b>Uni Eropa hukum</b></a> adalah yang pertama, dan sampai saat ini, hanya sebuah contoh dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_law&usg=ALkJrhgjA5aE0bu1hy9j7Hs7_fxY2o5KHQ" title="Batas negara hukum">kerangka hukum batas negara.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Given the trend of increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations&usg=ALkJrhh2EKGak_otJ3GRL21GceqV8CQKog" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a> —are on track to follow the same model.</span> Mengingat kecenderungan peningkatan integrasi ekonomi global, banyak daerah-perjanjian terutama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations&usg=ALkJrhh2EKGak_otJ3GRL21GceqV8CQKog" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations-berada</a> di trek untuk mengikuti model yang sama.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the EU, sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhg-WzKk6kQj0a_5bsuoX2M3mEG_Sw" title="Parlemen Eropa">political institutions</a> .</span> Di Uni Eropa, negara-negara berdaulat mengumpulkan mereka kewenangan dalam sistem pengadilan dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhg-WzKk6kQj0a_5bsuoX2M3mEG_Sw" title="Parlemen Eropa">lembaga-lembaga politik.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></sup></a> As the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhgm1YnRY9V_K247Ndj5hy3B4yRkdw" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> said in the 1960s, European Union law constitutes "a new legal order of international law" for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Lembaga ini boleh kemampuan untuk menegakkan hukum terhadap norma-norma baik atau anggota masyarakat dan negara dengan cara yang tidak dapat dilakukan melalui hukum internasional publik. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-11" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><span>[12]</span></sup></a> Sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhgm1YnRY9V_K247Ndj5hy3B4yRkdw" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> berkata pada tahun 1960, Uni Eropa merupakan hukum "yang hukum baru demi hukum internasional "untuk saling manfaat sosial dan ekonomi dari negara-negara anggota. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-12" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[13]</span></sup></a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Constitutional_and_administrative_law" id="Constitutional_and_administrative_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjXwsaGOIVMCd6ZX6IdKs2Zt_WOCg" title="Sunting bagian: Konstitusi dan administrasi hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Constitutional and administrative law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhjXwsaGOIVMCd6ZX6IdKs2Zt_WOCg" title="Sunting bagian: Konstitusi dan administrasi hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Konstitusi dan hukum administrasi</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjmvNpt6ai2IPjRZ5DZli3aw1TG3Q" title="Hukum tatanegara">Constitutional law</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgjIGMJHc5NTg2IWAsy9LbIHMJ20w" title="Administrasi hukum">Administrative law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjmvNpt6ai2IPjRZ5DZli3aw1TG3Q" title="Hukum tatanegara">Konstitusi hukum</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law&usg=ALkJrhgjIGMJHc5NTg2IWAsy9LbIHMJ20w" title="Administrasi hukum">undang-undang Administrasi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgU5KogGSs0m97EyC-cLCPIXsZUXA" class="image" title="Perancis Deklarasi Hak Manusia dan Warga Negara pada, prinsip-prinsip yang masih memiliki nilai konstitusional."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg/180px-Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="242" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgU5KogGSs0m97EyC-cLCPIXsZUXA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The French <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&usg=ALkJrhjWtmMzi_6NoLDaad0SiGwA6JOAjA" title="Deklarasi Hak Manusia dan Warga Negara dari">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> , whose principles still have constitutional value.</span> Perancis <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&usg=ALkJrhjWtmMzi_6NoLDaad0SiGwA6JOAjA" title="Deklarasi Hak Manusia dan Warga Negara dari">Deklarasi Hak Manusia dan Warga Negara pada,</a> prinsip-prinsip yang masih memiliki nilai konstitusional.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjmvNpt6ai2IPjRZ5DZli3aw1TG3Q" title="Hukum tatanegara">Constitutional law</a> concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia">human rights</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties&usg=ALkJrhgco-z7Afn4qnpzBcAasujxyKazgQ" title="Kebebasan sipil">civil liberties</a> of individuals against the state.</span> Konstitusional dan hukum administratif yang mengendalikan urusan negara. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law&usg=ALkJrhjmvNpt6ai2IPjRZ5DZli3aw1TG3Q" title="Hukum tatanegara">Konstitusi hukum</a> keprihatinan hubungan baik antara eksekutif, legislatif dan kehakiman dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia">hak asasi manusia</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties&usg=ALkJrhgco-z7Afn4qnpzBcAasujxyKazgQ" title="Kebebasan sipil">kebebasan sipil</a> individu terhadap negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most jurisdictions, like the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhjEYZuFYCXAVHCMjAa8CkT83--HAw" title="Hukum Amerika Serikat">United States</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_France&usg=ALkJrhi9SorrqldJDYKJ2sKnHOybVnpM2Q" title="Hukum Perancis">France</a> , have a single codified constitution, with a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgr1Rq9CuBLaDZXAqSIo7h_l6Pg5Q" title="Bill of Rights" class="mw-redirect">Bill of Rights</a> .</span> Sebagian besar jurisdiksi, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhjEYZuFYCXAVHCMjAa8CkT83--HAw" title="Hukum Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_France&usg=ALkJrhi9SorrqldJDYKJ2sKnHOybVnpM2Q" title="Hukum Perancis">Perancis,</a> memiliki satu dikodifikasikan konstitusi, dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgr1Rq9CuBLaDZXAqSIo7h_l6Pg5Q" title="Bill of Rights" class="mw-redirect">Bill of Rights.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A few, like the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhlPHrGhnJDkLWsyzofv88vf50Qrg" title="Hukum Inggris">United Kingdom</a> , have no such document.</span> Beberapa, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhhlPHrGhnJDkLWsyzofv88vf50Qrg" title="Hukum Inggris">Inggris,</a> tidak memiliki dokumen seperti itu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_politic&usg=ALkJrhjdJbtxaYkxhveqQNDRF0hii3-9uw" title="Lembaga politik">body politic</a> , from <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhgFf-VgJrQ7DOdD8YMwu6N7_yGBkA" title="Statuta">statute</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law&usg=ALkJrhicQ5hEpKhJqMLclIbAxf84Zb-aOg" title="Kasus hukum">case law</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_%28political_custom%29&usg=ALkJrhg9fax1tMxC0buk5scG_tIrJBpFqw" title="Konstitusional konvensi (politik kustom)">convention</a> .</span> J "konstitusi" hanyalah orang-orang hukum yang merupakan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_politic&usg=ALkJrhjdJbtxaYkxhveqQNDRF0hii3-9uw" title="Lembaga politik">lembaga politik,</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhgFf-VgJrQ7DOdD8YMwu6N7_yGBkA" title="Statuta">undang-undang,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law&usg=ALkJrhicQ5hEpKhJqMLclIbAxf84Zb-aOg" title="Kasus hukum">kasus hukum</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_%28political_custom%29&usg=ALkJrhg9fax1tMxC0buk5scG_tIrJBpFqw" title="Konstitusional konvensi (politik kustom)">konvensi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A case named <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington&usg=ALkJrhj5kzSp8zjDXclybTRpLp3GoTcUNA" title="V. Entick Carrington" class="mw-redirect"><i>Entick v. Carrington</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span></sup></a> illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law.</span> Kasus bernama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington&usg=ALkJrhj5kzSp8zjDXclybTRpLp3GoTcUNA" title="V. Entick Carrington" class="mw-redirect"><i>Entick ayat Carrington</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-13" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[14]</span></sup></a> menggambarkan sebuah prinsip konstitusional deriving dari hukum umum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mr Entick's house was searched and ransacked by Sheriff Carrington.</span> Mr Entick rumah telah dicari dan ransacked oleh Sheriff Carrington.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When Mr Entick complained in court, Sheriff Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Montague-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax&usg=ALkJrhhHaxYqbUED9zTRHVNQo7z5i4exVg" title="George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax" class="mw-redirect">Earl of Halifax</a> , was valid authority.</span> Ketika Mr Entick mengeluhkan di pengadilan, Sheriff Carrington argumentasi yang menjamin dari Pemerintah menteri, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Montague-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax&usg=ALkJrhhHaxYqbUED9zTRHVNQo7z5i4exVg" title="George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax" class="mw-redirect">Earl of Halifax,</a> adalah kewenangan berlaku.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, there was no written statutory provision or court authority.</span> Namun, tidak ada ketentuan undang-undang tertulis atau otoritas pengadilan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The leading judge, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pratt,_1st_Earl_Camden&usg=ALkJrhii6QpM2x1Yxk3qHRMZiU8uziyfmg" title="Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden">Lord Camden</a> , stated that,</span> Awalan hakim, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pratt,_1st_Earl_Camden&usg=ALkJrhii6QpM2x1Yxk3qHRMZiU8uziyfmg" title="Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden">Tuhan Camden,</a> menyatakan bahwa,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole ... If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> "The great end, untuk laki-laki yang masuk ke dalam masyarakat, adalah milik mereka aman. Itu adalah hak suci dan tak dpt diberitahukan diawetkan dalam semua hal, dimana belum diambil atau ringkasan oleh beberapa hukum publik untuk kebaikan seluruh .. . Jika tidak ada alasan dapat ditemukan atau dihasilkan, kesunyian buku-buku merupakan kewenangan terhadap terdakwa, dan penuntut harus memiliki penghakiman. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-14" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>"[15]</span></sup></a></span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government&usg=ALkJrhhLFo7A1JDF22ktaheslsdOGYYC_Q" title="Dua Treatises Pemerintah">John Locke</a> , holds that the individual can do anything but that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing but that which is authorised by law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span></sup></a> Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account.</span> Prinsip dasar yang konstitusional, yang terinspirasi oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government&usg=ALkJrhhLFo7A1JDF22ktaheslsdOGYYC_Q" title="Dua Treatises Pemerintah">John Locke,</a> berpendapat bahwa individu dapat melakukan apa-apa, tetapi yang dilarang oleh hukum, dan negara Mei tetapi tidak melakukan apa-apa yang diizinkan oleh undang-undang. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-15" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[16]</span></sup></a> Administrasi hukum adalah metode utama untuk orang-orang badan-badan negara untuk terus ke rekening.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">People can apply for <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhgKUeFIsh9b1gIz9u3hoZz1jVOtwQ" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> of actions or decisions by local councils, public services or government ministries, to ensure that they comply with the law.</span> Orang yang dapat mengajukan permohonan untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review&usg=ALkJrhgKUeFIsh9b1gIz9u3hoZz1jVOtwQ" title="Judicial review">yudisial review terhadap</a> tindakan atau keputusan oleh dewan lokal, pelayanan publik atau departemen pemerintah, untuk memastikan bahwa mereka mematuhi undang-undang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The first specialist administrative court was the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_d%27%25C3%2589tat&usg=ALkJrhj-F2PQ51QfA46u5jh5_sD9gm97xg" title="Conseil d'État"><i>Conseil d'État</i></a> set up in 1799, as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France&usg=ALkJrhh7SdP5ld-01sfRF9GmIWdfAOCLGQ" title="Napoleon I dari Perancis">Napoleon</a> assumed power in France. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-A75-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-A75_16-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Pertama spesialis administrasi pengadilan adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_d%27%25C3%2589tat&usg=ALkJrhj-F2PQ51QfA46u5jh5_sD9gm97xg" title="Conseil d'État"><i>Conseil d'État</i></a> diatur dalam 1799, karena <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France&usg=ALkJrhh7SdP5ld-01sfRF9GmIWdfAOCLGQ" title="Napoleon I dari Perancis">Napoleon</a> diasumsikan daya di Prancis. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-A75-16" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-A75_16-0" class="reference"><span>[17]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Criminal_law" id="Criminal_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhgpS1nj3whJIMLC0xuTq0bgr_y99A" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum Pidana">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Criminal law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&usg=ALkJrhgpS1nj3whJIMLC0xuTq0bgr_y99A" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum Pidana"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hukum Pidana</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ" title="Hukum pidana">Criminal law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law&usg=ALkJrhiaBeE-obqLohU5BAtn9LwLZOHVbQ" title="Hukum pidana">Hukum Pidana</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminal law (also known as penal law) pertains to crimes and punishment. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span></sup></a> It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-W2-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-W2_18-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span></sup></a> Investigating, apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhh0ySJ0JKcY_Za0w50aEB11wQjE4A" title="Pidana prosedur">criminal procedure</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Br2-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Br2_19-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 20 <span>]</span></sup></a> The paradigm case of a crime lies in the proof, in the concept of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhg5i07AxNoG7LwmoeCGxhc8oyC58Q" title="Bukti beban">beyond reasonable doubt</a> , the judgement that a person is guilty of two things.</span> Hukum pidana (juga dikenal sebagai kepidanaan) berhubungan ke kejahatan dan hukuman. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-17" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[18]</span></sup></a> sehingga Penyalahgunaan mengatur definisi dan hukuman untuk pelanggaran ditemukan memiliki cukup mengganggu dampak sosial. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-W2-18" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-W2_18-0" class="reference"><span>[19]</span></sup></a> menyelidikinya, apprehending, pengisian, dan mencoba menduga offenders diatur oleh hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhh0ySJ0JKcY_Za0w50aEB11wQjE4A" title="Pidana prosedur">pidana prosedur.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Br2-19" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Br2_19-0" class="reference"><span>[20]</span></sup></a> The paradigma kasus tindak pidana terletak pada bukti, konsep di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof&usg=ALkJrhg5i07AxNoG7LwmoeCGxhc8oyC58Q" title="Bukti beban">luar wajar ragu,</a> penghakiman orang yang bersalah adalah dua hal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">First, the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_reus&usg=ALkJrhi54jpabVDztSBSJVHgiC2PnrIXCw" title="Actus Reus"><i>actus reus</i></a> (guilty act). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-20" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><span>[</span> 21 <span>]</span></sup></a> Second, the accused must have the requisite <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgFLOxHnNGGWq-BFir3-rZOcbqcEA" title="Niat (pidana)">malicious intent</a> to do a criminal act, or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea"><i>mens rea</i></a> (guilty mind).</span> Pertama, terdakwa harus melakukan tindakan yang dianggap oleh masyarakat untuk menjadi kriminal, atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actus_reus&usg=ALkJrhi54jpabVDztSBSJVHgiC2PnrIXCw" title="Actus Reus"><i>Actus Reus</i></a> (bersalah bertindak). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-20" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><span>[21]</span></sup></a> Kedua, terdakwa yang diperlukan harus memiliki <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhgFLOxHnNGGWq-BFir3-rZOcbqcEA" title="Niat (pidana)">niat jahat</a> untuk melakukan tindakan kriminal, atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_rea&usg=ALkJrhgD_eljp6Gd1-TdgsMbGCM3yYGx1Q" title="Mens Rea"><i>mens Rea</i></a> (bersalah pikiran ).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However for so called " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhh4WWDD25QGV2eP2DgJR6rzQzQRaQ" title="Ketat kewajiban (pidana)">strict liability</a> " crimes, an <i>actus reus</i> is enough. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-21" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><span>[</span> 22 <span>]</span></sup></a> Criminal systems of the civil law tradition distinguish between intention in the broad sense ( <i>dolus directus</i> and <i>dolus eventualis</i> ), and negligence.</span> Namun untuk disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_liability_%28criminal%29&usg=ALkJrhh4WWDD25QGV2eP2DgJR6rzQzQRaQ" title="Ketat kewajiban (pidana)">"ketat kewajiban"</a> kejahatan, sebuah <i>Actus Reus</i> cukup. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-21" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><span>[22]</span></sup></a> Kriminal dari sistem hukum perdata tradisi antara niat dalam arti luas <i>(dolus directus</i> dan <i>dolus eventualis),</i> dan kelalaian.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Negligence does not carry criminal responsibility unless a particular crime provides for its punishment. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-22" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><span>[</span> 23 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Kelalaian tidak melaksanakan tanggung jawab pidana kecuali kejahatan tertentu untuk memberikan hukuman. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-22" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><span>[23]</span></sup></a></span> </p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhcHi7JrxU6xSn_Z-kMei6PEMADyQ" class="image" title="Sebuah gambaran dari 1600s pidana percobaan, untuk sihir di Salem"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg/180px-SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhcHi7JrxU6xSn_Z-kMei6PEMADyQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A depiction of a 1600s criminal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial&usg=ALkJrhiRWTO-BS84GkClcKDmd3IeK3Dlfw" title="Percobaan" class="mw-redirect">trial</a> , for <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft&usg=ALkJrhiCpcwJcWEPjQZVlWlgaexDXIbW-Q" title="Rukiat">witchcraft</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_witch_trials&usg=ALkJrhhHIY19FEY8s9BX_Rbw-FqN0MmYkw" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></span> Sebuah gambaran dari 1600s pidana <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial&usg=ALkJrhiRWTO-BS84GkClcKDmd3IeK3Dlfw" title="Percobaan" class="mw-redirect">percobaan,</a> untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft&usg=ALkJrhiCpcwJcWEPjQZVlWlgaexDXIbW-Q" title="Rukiat">sihir</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_witch_trials&usg=ALkJrhhHIY19FEY8s9BX_Rbw-FqN0MmYkw" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Acts of crime include <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">murder</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A" title="Penyerangan">assault</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ" title="Penipuan">fraud</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft&usg=ALkJrhjVJFDKgnYbLiCY9fFJWAuRhYYwmw" title="Pencurian">theft</a> .</span> Tindakan kejahatan termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder&usg=ALkJrhhkAWJqez_xamX5nprFPZwbv6foiQ" title="Pembunuhan">pembunuhan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault&usg=ALkJrhiTjUa7fy6rtDqPYEDuf7cgQLWX6A" title="Penyerangan">penyerangan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud&usg=ALkJrhi5ITP8V9dBtBOxoKNS7dwv9SOlOQ" title="Penipuan">penipuan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft&usg=ALkJrhjVJFDKgnYbLiCY9fFJWAuRhYYwmw" title="Pencurian">pencurian.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In exceptional circumstances defences can apply to specific acts, such as killing in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defense_%28theory%29&usg=ALkJrhierpuGU6CEA8JrLRR4cDBKrot7sQ" title="Diri (teori)" class="mw-redirect">self defence</a> , or pleading <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_defense&usg=ALkJrhj2oAVDZNZ_buTMJJ9c_ssig2epAA" title="Insanity pertahanan">insanity</a> .</span> Pembelaan dalam keadaan luar biasa dapat berlaku untuk tindakan tertentu, seperti pembunuhan dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defense_%28theory%29&usg=ALkJrhierpuGU6CEA8JrLRR4cDBKrot7sQ" title="Diri (teori)" class="mw-redirect">pembelaan diri,</a> atau pembelaan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_defense&usg=ALkJrhj2oAVDZNZ_buTMJJ9c_ssig2epAA" title="Insanity pertahanan">gila.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another example is in the 19th century English case of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._v._Dudley_and_Stephens&usg=ALkJrhgiKR9JekuuK4JjBxk4LY98rgjYXA" title="R. v. Dudley dan Stephens"><i>R.</i></a></span> Contoh lain adalah pada abad ke-19 Bahasa Inggris kasus <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._v._Dudley_and_Stephens&usg=ALkJrhgiKR9JekuuK4JjBxk4LY98rgjYXA" title="R. v. Dudley dan Stephens"><i>R.</i></a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._v._Dudley_and_Stephens&usg=ALkJrhgiKR9JekuuK4JjBxk4LY98rgjYXA" title="R. v. Dudley dan Stephens"><i>v. Dudley and Stephens</i></a> , which tested a defence of " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity&usg=ALkJrhgSMeU-cxyqk3cGCM3jnlPrTiOlsg" title="Kebutuhan">necessity</a> ".</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._v._Dudley_and_Stephens&usg=ALkJrhgiKR9JekuuK4JjBxk4LY98rgjYXA" title="R. v. Dudley dan Stephens"><i>v. Dudley dan Stephens,</i></a> yang diuji sebuah pembelaan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity&usg=ALkJrhgSMeU-cxyqk3cGCM3jnlPrTiOlsg" title="Kebutuhan">"kebutuhan".</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <i>Mignotte</i> , sailing from <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton&usg=ALkJrhiFQaaPNe49uIN-gHoF9ysrB3YsQQ" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney&usg=ALkJrhhCeTSmoVltutmiycck81ct5vdRZw" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> , sank.</span> The <i>Mignotte,</i> berlayar dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton&usg=ALkJrhiFQaaPNe49uIN-gHoF9ysrB3YsQQ" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney&usg=ALkJrhhCeTSmoVltutmiycck81ct5vdRZw" title="Sydney">Sydney,</a> sank.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Three crew members and a cabin boy were stranded on a raft.</span> Tiga anggota awak kabin dan seorang anak laki-laki terdampar di rakit.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They were starving and the cabin boy was close to death.</span> Mereka kelaparan dan pelayan kamar di kapal yang dekat dengan kematian.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Driven to extreme hunger, the crew killed and ate the cabin boy.</span> Driven kelaparan yang ekstrim, yang membunuh dan memakan awak kabin yang boy.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The crew survived and were rescued, but put on trial for murder.</span> Awak pesawat yang selamat dan rescued, tetapi disimpan di pengadilan untuk membunuh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They argued it was necessary to kill the cabin boy to preserve their own lives. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coleridge,_1st_Baron_Coleridge&usg=ALkJrhi14xhFw4ElB461WztuxhGIMkZWAg" title="John Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge">Lord Coleridge</a> , expressing immense disapproval, ruled, "to preserve one's life is generally speaking a duty, but it may be the plainest and the highest duty to sacrifice it."</span> Mereka berpendapat ia diperlukan untuk membunuh kabin boy untuk melestarikan kehidupan mereka sendiri. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coleridge,_1st_Baron_Coleridge&usg=ALkJrhi14xhFw4ElB461WztuxhGIMkZWAg" title="John Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge">Coleridge Tuhan,</a> luas sekali mengekspresikan penolakan, memerintah, "satu untuk melestarikan kehidupan umumnya adalah sebuah kewajiban, tetapi mungkin merupakan yang tertinggi plainest dan kewajiban untuk korban itu. "</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The men were sentenced to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging&usg=ALkJrhjokEq3MKUoQoDTjAeUVNt1HAp3Ng" title="Gantung">hang</a> , but public opinion was overwhelmingly supportive of the crew's right to preserve their own lives.</span> Orang-orang yang dihukum untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging&usg=ALkJrhjokEq3MKUoQoDTjAeUVNt1HAp3Ng" title="Gantung">menggantung,</a> tetapi opini publik yang sangat mendukung dari awak tepat untuk melestarikan kehidupan mereka sendiri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the end, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_prerogative&usg=ALkJrhgeGW_cZ9VjI6kBxR5WKx_PooQ8xg" title="Royal hak istimewa" class="mw-redirect">Crown</a> commuted their sentences to six months in jail. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-23" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><span>[</span> 24 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Pada akhirnya, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_prerogative&usg=ALkJrhgeGW_cZ9VjI6kBxR5WKx_PooQ8xg" title="Royal hak istimewa" class="mw-redirect">Mahkota</a> commuted mereka kalimat ke enam bulan di penjara. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-23" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><span>[24]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims, but the community as well. <sup id="cite_ref-W2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-W2-18" title=""><span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span></a></sup> The state, usually with the help of police, takes the lead in prosecution, which is why in common law countries cases are cited as " <i>The People</i> v. …" or " <i>R.</i> (for <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy&usg=ALkJrhhZNqOBkioGE6bGolf5zfszWVFTtQ" title="Monarki">Rex</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant&usg=ALkJrhidAyKOPJ2ne6eBKiUF-ZnP_p0Ofg" title="Queen yg beraja">Regina</a> ) v. …" Also, lay <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury&usg=ALkJrhgvcE5S8jL7BMmYMc-Jj1mcb57wSw" title="Juri">juries</a> are often used to determine the guilt of defendants on points of fact: juries cannot change legal rules.</span> Pelanggaran hukum pidana yang dilihat sebagai pelanggaran terhadap korban tidak hanya individu, tetapi masyarakat juga. <sup id="cite_ref-W2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-W2-18" title=""><span>[19]</span></a></sup> Negara, biasanya dengan bantuan polisi, memakan waktu memimpin dalam penuntutan, yang mengapa dalam kasus hukum umum negara yang disebut sebagai " <i>Rakyat</i> ayat ... "atau" <i>R.</i> (untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy&usg=ALkJrhhZNqOBkioGE6bGolf5zfszWVFTtQ" title="Monarki">Rex</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant&usg=ALkJrhidAyKOPJ2ne6eBKiUF-ZnP_p0Ofg" title="Queen yg beraja">Regina)</a> ayat ... "Selain itu, meletakkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury&usg=ALkJrhgvcE5S8jL7BMmYMc-Jj1mcb57wSw" title="Juri">Juri</a> sering digunakan untuk menentukan kesalahan dari terdakwa pada kenyataan poin: Juri tidak dapat mengubah aturan-aturan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some developed countries still condone <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment&usg=ALkJrhjedKHJeuTRFPevVB4CyZqGr0_t-g" title="Hukuman mati">capital punishment</a> for criminal activity, but the normal punishment for a crime will be <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhhleym4gY6IjXGqPBub2AAcl0MKeA" title="Penjara">imprisonment</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_%28penalty%29&usg=ALkJrhi-LZiHyi-g0aGVpMb95uYkA9qL8w" title="Denda (penalti)">fines</a> , state supervision (such as probation), or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service&usg=ALkJrhgKxIqCPjcp9e5NmpY_yJ4JWdEiHA" title="Pelayanan masyarakat">community service</a> .</span> Beberapa negara maju masih membenarkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment&usg=ALkJrhjedKHJeuTRFPevVB4CyZqGr0_t-g" title="Hukuman mati">hukuman mati</a> untuk kegiatan kriminal, tetapi biasa hukuman untuk kejahatan akan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison&usg=ALkJrhhleym4gY6IjXGqPBub2AAcl0MKeA" title="Penjara">penjara,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_%28penalty%29&usg=ALkJrhi-LZiHyi-g0aGVpMb95uYkA9qL8w" title="Denda (penalti)">denda,</a> pengawasan negara (misalnya masa percobaan), atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service&usg=ALkJrhgKxIqCPjcp9e5NmpY_yJ4JWdEiHA" title="Pelayanan masyarakat">pelayanan masyarakat.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Modern criminal law has been affected considerably by the social sciences, especially with respect to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiZCUuLorEikyogl2IN18epM5i82g" title="Kalimat (hukum)">sentencing</a> , legal research, legislation, and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_%28penology%29&usg=ALkJrhhufi1km_6iGHZbzwid1wvTSnwjdA" title="Rehabilitasi (pinologi)">rehabilitation</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-24" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><span>[</span> 25 <span>]</span></sup></a> On the international field, 108 are <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Parties_to_the_Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhhp4B2tVylosqkY5bgO_0Rs2BWJYQ" title="Negara-negara Pihak pada Statuta Roma tentang Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">members</a> of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhga35mQTwL-SNnSKbHqf0dzX24baw" title="Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">International Criminal Court</a> , which was established to try people for <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhhaXi5LRjHYEwCkiuC1DuvFMdl3Ug" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan">crimes against humanity</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-25" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><span>[</span> 26 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Hukum pidana modern telah sangat terpengaruh oleh ilmu sosial, terutama sehubungan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiZCUuLorEikyogl2IN18epM5i82g" title="Kalimat (hukum)">hukuman,</a> penelitian hukum, peraturan perundangan, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_%28penology%29&usg=ALkJrhhufi1km_6iGHZbzwid1wvTSnwjdA" title="Rehabilitasi (pinologi)">rehabilitasi.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-24" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><span>[25]</span></sup></a> Di bidang internasional, 108 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Parties_to_the_Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhhp4B2tVylosqkY5bgO_0Rs2BWJYQ" title="Negara-negara Pihak pada Statuta Roma tentang Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">anggota</a> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court&usg=ALkJrhga35mQTwL-SNnSKbHqf0dzX24baw" title="Pengadilan Pidana Internasional">International Criminal Court,</a> yang didirikan untuk orang-orang untuk mencoba <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_against_humanity&usg=ALkJrhhaXi5LRjHYEwCkiuC1DuvFMdl3Ug" title="Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan">kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-25" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><span>[26]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Contract_law" id="Contract_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjmtCbp_Zpwi1EwIZ-GRNUKe0Wd6Q" title="Sunting bagian: Kontrak Hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Contract law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&usg=ALkJrhjmtCbp_Zpwi1EwIZ-GRNUKe0Wd6Q" title="Sunting bagian: Kontrak Hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kontrak Hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg" title="Kontrak">Contract</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract&usg=ALkJrhgYKE_RQYBFsN_MvDKJr81lGJDNRg" title="Kontrak">Kontrak</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbolic_smoke_ball_co.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhB0dZ1XRl803gx6cVg1-ZBMS2k3w" class="image" title="Yang terkenal karbol Smoke Ball iklan mengobati influenza diadakan menjadi kontrak sepihak."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Carbolic_smoke_ball_co.jpg/180px-Carbolic_smoke_ball_co.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="252" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbolic_smoke_ball_co.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhB0dZ1XRl803gx6cVg1-ZBMS2k3w" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The famous Carbolic Smoke Ball advertisement to cure <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza&usg=ALkJrhiOi36ohr7gnOC4odzPlKXn9CfeVg" title="Influenza">influenza</a> was held to be a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_contract&usg=ALkJrhgCCH_SRZoJs1rAFzVbGuQH1-WV3g" title="Sepihak kontrak" class="mw-redirect">unilateral contract</a> .</span> Yang terkenal karbol Smoke Ball iklan mengobati <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza&usg=ALkJrhiOi36ohr7gnOC4odzPlKXn9CfeVg" title="Influenza">influenza</a> diadakan menjadi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_contract&usg=ALkJrhgCCH_SRZoJs1rAFzVbGuQH1-WV3g" title="Sepihak kontrak" class="mw-redirect">kontrak sepihak.</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contract law regulates the exchange of promises between parties to perform or refrain from performing an act enforceable in a court of law.</span> Kontrak hukum mengatur pertukaran janji antara pihak untuk melakukan atau menahan diri dari melakukan tindakan yang dilaksanakan dalam pengadilan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contracts can be formed from oral or written agreements.</span> Kontrak dapat dibentuk dari kesepakatan lisan atau tertulis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The concept of a "contract" is based on the Latin phrase <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacta_sunt_servanda&usg=ALkJrhjyLzRr26D98ufak_mm8qg7SYuNiw" title="Pacta sunt servanda"><i>pacta sunt servanda</i></a> (agreements must be kept). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-26" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><span>[</span> 27 <span>]</span></sup></a> In common law jurisdictions, three key elements to the creation of a contract are necessary: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance&usg=ALkJrhi2K6d390GbNdZR5GcPsD3UwfuPQQ" title="Penawaran dan penerimaan">offer and acceptance</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhgSOm7-ensG3OelN4oThSTgESVR0A" title="Pertimbangan">consideration</a> and the intention to create legal relations.</span> Konsep yang "kontrak" didasarkan pada Latin phrase <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacta_sunt_servanda&usg=ALkJrhjyLzRr26D98ufak_mm8qg7SYuNiw" title="Pacta sunt servanda"><i>pacta sunt servanda</i></a> (perjanjian harus dipelihara). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-26" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><span>[27]</span></sup></a> Secara umum yurisdiksi hukum, tiga elemen penting untuk pembuatan kontrak yang diperlukan: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance&usg=ALkJrhi2K6d390GbNdZR5GcPsD3UwfuPQQ" title="Penawaran dan penerimaan">menawarkan dan penerimaan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration&usg=ALkJrhgSOm7-ensG3OelN4oThSTgESVR0A" title="Pertimbangan">pertimbangan</a> dan untuk menciptakan hubungan hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlill_v._Carbolic_Smoke_Ball_Company&usg=ALkJrhjTAGmhTCOsZG9q5dkhw-OlPstITQ" title="V. Carlill karbol Smoke Ball Perusahaan" class="mw-redirect"><i>Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company</i></a> a medical firm advertised that its new wonder drug, the smokeball, would cure people's flu, and if it did not, the buyers would get <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling&usg=ALkJrhiTsjY3Gwhlpb5RY4Fvj5zs0dug9w" title="Pound sterling">£</a> 100.</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlill_v._Carbolic_Smoke_Ball_Company&usg=ALkJrhjTAGmhTCOsZG9q5dkhw-OlPstITQ" title="V. Carlill karbol Smoke Ball Perusahaan" class="mw-redirect"><i>ayat Carlill karbol Smoke Ball Perusahaan</i></a> sebuah firma medis yang diiklankan heran narkoba yang baru, yang smokeball, rakyat akan menyembuhkan flu, dan jika tidak, maka pembeli akan mendapatkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling&usg=ALkJrhiTsjY3Gwhlpb5RY4Fvj5zs0dug9w" title="Pound sterling">£</a> 100.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many people sued for their £100 when the drug did not work.</span> Banyak orang digugat untuk mereka £ 100 bila obat tidak bekerja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Fearing <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy&usg=ALkJrhg6b6lq8CF9EY7MaJ8dgnyQ_Qqq9g" title="Kepailitan">bankruptcy</a> , Carbolic argued the advert was not to be taken as a serious, legally binding offer.</span> Takut <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy&usg=ALkJrhg6b6lq8CF9EY7MaJ8dgnyQ_Qqq9g" title="Kepailitan">kepailitan,</a> karbol advert argumentasi yang tidak akan diambil sebagai serius, menawarkan mengikat secara hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It was an <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_to_treat&usg=ALkJrhh_ywER2dim7QMXtROoyN_4Jgmn3g" title="Undangan untuk merawat">invitation to treat</a> , mere puff, a gimmick.</span> Seorang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_to_treat&usg=ALkJrhh_ywER2dim7QMXtROoyN_4Jgmn3g" title="Undangan untuk merawat">undangan untuk merawat,</a> mere-engah, sebuah gimmick.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But the court of appeal held that to a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_man&usg=ALkJrhi5uJ3rSqnWSkcyWHNU9El6J_fiag" title="Wajar manusia" class="mw-redirect">reasonable man</a> Carbolic had made a serious offer.</span> Tetapi pengadilan banding yang diselenggarakan untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_man&usg=ALkJrhi5uJ3rSqnWSkcyWHNU9El6J_fiag" title="Wajar manusia" class="mw-redirect">yang</a> masuk akal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_man&usg=ALkJrhi5uJ3rSqnWSkcyWHNU9El6J_fiag" title="Wajar manusia" class="mw-redirect">manusia</a> karbol telah menawarkan yang serius.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">People had given good consideration for it by going to the "distinct inconvenience" of using a faulty product.</span> Orang yang telah diberikan baik oleh pertimbangan untuk pergi ke "berbeda ketidaknyamanan" penggunaan produk cacat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"Read the advertisement how you will, and twist it about as you will", said <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lindley,_Baron_Lindley&usg=ALkJrhiLWdOXOgQHNDpyRSAEKCmBOm8EhA" title="Nathaniel Lindley, Baron Lindley">Lord Justice Lindley</a> , "here is a distinct promise expressed in language which is perfectly unmistakable". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-CCSBCE-27" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-CCSBCE_27-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 28 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> "Baca iklan bagaimana Anda akan, dan berliku-liku tentang hal yang Anda akan", kata <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lindley,_Baron_Lindley&usg=ALkJrhiLWdOXOgQHNDpyRSAEKCmBOm8EhA" title="Nathaniel Lindley, Baron Lindley">Tuhan Keadilan Lindley,</a> "jelas di sini adalah janji yang dinyatakan dalam bahasa adalah hal yang terang". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-CCSBCE-27" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-CCSBCE_27-0" class="reference"><span>[28]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"Consideration" indicates the fact that all parties to a contract have exchanged something of value.</span> "Pertimbangan" menunjukkan fakta bahwa semua pihak yang memiliki kontrak komunikasi sesuatu yang berharga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some common law systems, including Australia, are moving away from the idea of consideration as a requirement.</span> Beberapa sistem hukum, termasuk Indonesia, sedang menjauhi idea pertimbangan sebagai syarat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The idea of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel&usg=ALkJrhgB9q_TSerHa80l11A7ldvhAjtkXQ" title="Estoppel">estoppel</a> or <i>culpa in contrahendo</i> , can be used to create obligations during pre-contractual negotiations. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-28" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><span>[</span> 29 <span>]</span></sup></a> In civil law jurisdictions, consideration is not required for a contract to be binding. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-29" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><span>[</span> 30 <span>]</span></sup></a> In France, an ordinary contract is said to form simply on the basis of a "meeting of the minds" or a "concurrence of wills". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhhKCGAn2N5vJkAGvDs7Nylxq64g7A" title="Hukum di Jerman">Germany</a> has a special approach to contracts, which ties into property law.</span> Ide dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel&usg=ALkJrhgB9q_TSerHa80l11A7ldvhAjtkXQ" title="Estoppel">estoppel</a> atau <i>culpa di contrahendo,</i> dapat digunakan untuk membuat kewajiban selama pra-negosiasi kontrak. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-28" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><span>[29]</span></sup></a> Dalam yurisdiksi hukum perdata, adalah tidak diperlukan untuk kontrak yang akan mengikat. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-29" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><span>[30]</span></sup></a> Dalam Perancis, sebuah kontrak adalah biasa berkata kepada bentuk hanya berdasarkan dari "Rapat pikiran" atau "persetujuan dari kehendak". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhhKCGAn2N5vJkAGvDs7Nylxq64g7A" title="Hukum di Jerman">Jerman</a> memiliki pendekatan khusus untuk kontrak, yang menjadi ikatan hukum properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Their ' <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_principle&usg=ALkJrhhtuqrNQwiLI1NfR3PwvTNKybnFsA" title="Abstak prinsip">abstraction principle</a> ' ( <i>Abstraktionsprinzip</i> ) means that the personal obligation of contract forms separately from the title of property being conferred.</span> Mereka <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_principle&usg=ALkJrhhtuqrNQwiLI1NfR3PwvTNKybnFsA" title="Abstak prinsip">'abstak prinsip'</a> <i>(Abstraktionsprinzip)</i> berarti pribadi kewajiban kontrak bentuk terpisah dari judul properti yang conferred.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When contracts are invalidated for some reason (eg a car buyer is so drunk that he lacks legal capacity to contract) <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-30" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><span>[</span> 31 <span>]</span></sup></a> the contractual obligation to pay can be invalidated separately from the proprietary title of the car. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhiV-HDOcg-fU1kJGJZg1MCFLAwV6w" title="Lalim penyuburan">Unjust enrichment</a> law, rather than contract law, is then used to restore title to the rightful owner. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-31" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><span>[</span> 32 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Ketika kontrak tersebut batal karena alasan tertentu (misalnya mobil pembeli sangat mabuk sehingga ia tidak kapasitas hukum untuk kontrak) <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-30" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><span>[31]</span></sup></a> yang kontrak kewajiban membayar dapat batal secara terpisah dari milik judul mobil. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhiV-HDOcg-fU1kJGJZg1MCFLAwV6w" title="Lalim penyuburan">Unjust penyuburan</a> hukum, daripada kontrak hukum, yang kemudian digunakan untuk mengembalikan hak kepada pemilik yang sebenarnya. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-31" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><span>[32]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Tort_law" id="Tort_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhhWnq6f7-oWm7De0bfHRaBU0Xot2A" title="Sunting bagian: Tort law">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Tort law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&usg=ALkJrhhWnq6f7-oWm7De0bfHRaBU0Xot2A" title="Sunting bagian: Tort law"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Tort law</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">Tort</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort&usg=ALkJrhhSCeEfmXS5KSKnLqbRHEXjg0giFA" title="Tort">Tort</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mcspotlight.jpg&usg=ALkJrhib0ynmXvzLe9CHtZOQOqaJoINk0A" class="image" title="The "McLibel" dua orang yang terlibat dalam kasus berjalan lama dalam sejarah Inggris untuk menerbitkan sebuah pamflet criticising restoran McDonald's."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mcspotlight.jpg/180px-Mcspotlight.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mcspotlight.jpg&usg=ALkJrhib0ynmXvzLe9CHtZOQOqaJoINk0A" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_Restaurants_v_Morris_%26_Steel&usg=ALkJrhj4-VkQYupIV6ZvjP0-sLO7ulQl2g" title="Restoran McDonald's v Morris & Steel">McLibel</a> " two were involved in the longest running case in UK history for publishing a pamphlet criticising <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s&usg=ALkJrhjcr3kHeP3ZNzMrtvRXrFp3h0yu5A" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> restaurants.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_Restaurants_v_Morris_%26_Steel&usg=ALkJrhj4-VkQYupIV6ZvjP0-sLO7ulQl2g" title="Restoran McDonald's v Morris & Steel">"McLibel"</a> dua orang yang terlibat dalam kasus berjalan lama dalam sejarah Inggris untuk menerbitkan sebuah pamflet criticising <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s&usg=ALkJrhjcr3kHeP3ZNzMrtvRXrFp3h0yu5A" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> restoran.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Torts, sometimes called <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delict&usg=ALkJrhiXAmwMbxkyyGdq7QAtVbKa6i4MUw" title="Hal melanggar">delicts</a> , are civil wrongs.</span> Torts, kadang-kadang disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delict&usg=ALkJrhiXAmwMbxkyyGdq7QAtVbKa6i4MUw" title="Hal melanggar">delicts,</a> adalah sipil wrongs.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To have acted tortiously, one must have breached a duty to another person, or infringed some pre-existing legal right.</span> Agar bertindak tortiously, harus ada satu breached kewajiban kepada orang lain, atau infringed beberapa pra-hak hukum yang ada.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A simple <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_v._Stone&usg=ALkJrhi3DTPJq5ntfEGxDUCIXK2CSeOSoA" title="Bolton vs Stone">example</a> might be accidentally hitting someone with a cricket ball. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-32" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><span>[</span> 33 <span>]</span></sup></a> Under <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA" title="Kelalaian">negligence</a> law, the most common form of tort, the injured party could potentially claim compensation for his injuries from the party responsible.</span> J sederhana <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_v._Stone&usg=ALkJrhi3DTPJq5ntfEGxDUCIXK2CSeOSoA" title="Bolton vs Stone">contoh</a> mungkin secara tidak sengaja memukul seseorang dengan bola kriket. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-32" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><span>[33]</span></sup></a> Di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence&usg=ALkJrhhQtLUA4-qiZnrHQ24Khpbl3BY2hA" title="Kelalaian">kelalaian</a> hukum, yang paling umum bentuk kerugian, pihak yang dirugikan bisa berpotensi untuk klaim kompensasi kecelakaan dari pihak yang bertanggung jawab.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The principles of negligence are illustrated by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v._Stevenson&usg=ALkJrhi-AXEdbeZYg8j2x5U5BKDHJBk4zQ" title="Donoghue v. Stevenson" class="mw-redirect"><i>Donoghue v. Stevenson</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-DvS-33" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-DvS_33-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 34 <span>]</span></sup></a> A friend of Mrs Donoghue ordered an opaque bottle of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_beer&usg=ALkJrhj9v4X-s8KhTQ2m_-nu9xJvGqRC0A" title="Bir jahe">ginger beer</a> (intended for the consumption of Mrs Donoghue) in a café in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley&usg=ALkJrhg68X9iXCIgr7KQW8HHmhdr2-K-WA" title="Paisley">Paisley</a> .</span> Prinsip-prinsip kelalaian yang digambarkan oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v._Stevenson&usg=ALkJrhi-AXEdbeZYg8j2x5U5BKDHJBk4zQ" title="Donoghue v. Stevenson" class="mw-redirect"><i>Donoghue v. Stevenson.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-DvS-33" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-DvS_33-0" class="reference"><span>[34]</span></sup></a> Seorang teman dari Mrs Donoghue memerintahkan sebuah kekusaman sebotol <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_beer&usg=ALkJrhj9v4X-s8KhTQ2m_-nu9xJvGqRC0A" title="Bir jahe">bir jahe</a> (untuk konsumsi Mrs Donoghue) di kafe di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley&usg=ALkJrhg68X9iXCIgr7KQW8HHmhdr2-K-WA" title="Paisley">Paisley.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Having consumed half of it, Mrs Donoghue poured the remainder into a tumbler.</span> Setelah memakan setengah dari itu, Mrs Donoghue sisanya dituangkan ke dalam segelas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The decomposing remains of a snail floated out.</span> Decomposing yang tetap dari siput floated out.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">She claimed to have suffered from shock, fell ill with gastroenteritis and sued the manufacturer for carelessly allowing the drink to be contaminated.</span> Dia mengklaim telah menderita shock, jatuh sakit dengan Gastroenteritis digugat dan produsen untuk mengizinkan sembarangan minum menjadi ketularan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> decided that the manufacturer was liable for Mrs Donoghue's illness. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Atkin&usg=ALkJrhi_nxqwgDX4mhPhnXwshhR65S-0mw" title="Tuhan Atkin" class="mw-redirect">Lord Atkin</a> took a distinctly moral approach, and said,</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> memutuskan bahwa pabriknya telah bertanggung jawab atas Mrs Donoghue dari penyakit. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Atkin&usg=ALkJrhi_nxqwgDX4mhPhnXwshhR65S-0mw" title="Tuhan Atkin" class="mw-redirect">Atkin Tuhan</a> mengambil pendekatan khas moral, dan berkata,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"The liability for negligence ... is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay ... The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer's question, Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-34" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><span>[</span> 35 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> "The kelalaian ... kewajiban untuk tidak ragu-ragu berdasarkan sentimen publik dari kesalahan moral bagi para pelaku pelanggaran yang harus membayar ... Adanya ketentuan bahwa Anda mengasihi Anda menjadi tetangga di hukum, Anda harus tidak merugikan tetangga Anda, dan pengacara yang pertanyaan yang saya tetangga? menerima balasan dibatasi. Anda harus mengambil hati-hati untuk menghindari tindakan atau kelalaian yang dapat Anda cukup dulu akan merugikan anda ke tetangga. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-34" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><span>"[35]</span></sup></a></span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This became the basis for the four principles of negligence; (1) Mr Stevenson owed Mrs Donoghue a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg" title="Tugas perawatan">duty of care</a> to provide safe drinks (2) he <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_duty_in_English_law&usg=ALkJrhjDTe8ROOgB-9q2lcD6u_1CTJY66g" title="Pelanggaran kewajiban hukum dalam bahasa Inggris">breached</a> his duty of care (3) the harm would not have occurred <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhzfP7nUCufWSZADEENQFN9_8ngAg" title="Hal menyebabkan (hukum)">but for</a> his breach and (4) his act was the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_cause&usg=ALkJrhhjyss5lE9Qrx1a4JTqlwT3VHJgvg" title="Kira-kira penyebabnya">proximate cause</a> , or not too <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remoteness_in_English_Law&usg=ALkJrhg_70EJDRa4hJyRiBT97gjt5W4_Fg" title="Terpencil dalam bahasa Inggris Hukum" class="mw-redirect">remote</a> a consequence, of her harm. <sup id="cite_ref-DvS_33-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-DvS-33" title=""><span>[</span> 34 <span>]</span></a></sup> Another example of tort might be a neighbour making excessively loud noises with machinery on his property. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Sturges-35" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Sturges_35-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 36 <span>]</span></sup></a> Under a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA" title="Berabe">nuisance</a> claim the noise could be stopped.</span> Ini menjadi dasar untuk empat prinsip kelalaian; (1) Mr Stevenson owed Mrs Donoghue <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care&usg=ALkJrhgt_GJPWcq6tHCw_67vQVvNRwuzXg" title="Tugas perawatan">kewajiban perawatan</a> aman untuk menyediakan minuman (2) dia <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_duty_in_English_law&usg=ALkJrhjDTe8ROOgB-9q2lcD6u_1CTJY66g" title="Pelanggaran kewajiban hukum dalam bahasa Inggris">breached</a> his tugas perawatan (3) yang berbahaya tidak akan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causation_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhzfP7nUCufWSZADEENQFN9_8ngAg" title="Hal menyebabkan (hukum)">terjadi, namun atas</a> pelanggaran dan (4) perbuatan itu adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_cause&usg=ALkJrhhjyss5lE9Qrx1a4JTqlwT3VHJgvg" title="Kira-kira penyebabnya">kira-kira penyebabnya,</a> atau tidak terlalu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remoteness_in_English_Law&usg=ALkJrhg_70EJDRa4hJyRiBT97gjt5W4_Fg" title="Terpencil dalam bahasa Inggris Hukum" class="mw-redirect">jauh</a> akibat, dari bahaya. <sup id="cite_ref-DvS_33-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-DvS-33" title=""><span>[34]</span></a></sup> Contoh lain dari kerugian yang mungkin membuat banyak tetangga dengan suara keras pada mesin properti. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Sturges-35" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Sturges_35-0" class="reference"><span>[36]</span></sup></a> Pada suatu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA" title="Berabe">gangguan</a> klaim yang kebisingan dapat dihentikan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Torts can also involve intentional acts, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhl8Kbg3yFWaP5aOz1IZes5RgyZAA" title="Penyerangan (tort)">assault</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhxLXNcS2aVPbRGXWr2iUgtz6MWBg" title="Baterai (tort)">battery</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ" title="Pelanggaran">trespass</a> .</span> Torts dapat juga melibatkan tindakan disengaja, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhl8Kbg3yFWaP5aOz1IZes5RgyZAA" title="Penyerangan (tort)">penyerangan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28tort%29&usg=ALkJrhhxLXNcS2aVPbRGXWr2iUgtz6MWBg" title="Baterai (tort)">baterai</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespass&usg=ALkJrhgr_d-TTy2bDvpdrluX3yuLcM-knQ" title="Pelanggaran">pelanggaran.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A better known tort is <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slander_and_libel&usg=ALkJrhhVLi2fWRDZbEvM30mwOV1kCWGAOA" title="Fitnah dan fitnah" class="mw-redirect">defamation</a> , which occurs, for example, when a newspaper makes unsupportable allegations that damage a politician's reputation. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-36" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><span>[</span> 37 <span>]</span></sup></a> More infamous are economic torts, which form the basis of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhjXEqvVtMAQY9uG8CBel-q7eARkuQ" title="Hukum perburuhan">labour law</a> in some countries by making trade unions liable for strikes, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-37" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><span>[</span> 38 <span>]</span></sup></a> when statute does not provide immunity. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-38" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><span>[</span> 39 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> J lebih dikenal tort adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slander_and_libel&usg=ALkJrhhVLi2fWRDZbEvM30mwOV1kCWGAOA" title="Fitnah dan fitnah" class="mw-redirect">fitnah,</a> yang terjadi, misalnya, ketika sebuah koran unsupportable membuat dugaan bahwa politikus merusak reputasi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-36" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><span>[37]</span></sup></a> Lagi hina adalah ekonomi torts, yang membentuk dasar dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhjXEqvVtMAQY9uG8CBel-q7eARkuQ" title="Hukum perburuhan">hukum ketenagakerjaan</a> di beberapa negara dengan membuat serikat pekerja bertanggung jawab atas pemogokan, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-37" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><span>[38]</span></sup></a> ketika undang-undang tidak memberikan kekebalan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-38" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><span>[39]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Property_law" id="Property_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhiFTNHgBjchKDfGyAqogeqUP1evUA" title="Sunting bagian: Properti hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Property law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&usg=ALkJrhiFTNHgBjchKDfGyAqogeqUP1evUA" title="Sunting bagian: Properti hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Properti hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhi0jMjcaYbk25mdNM0aQr026vJyTA" title="Hukum properti">Property law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law&usg=ALkJrhi0jMjcaYbk25mdNM0aQr026vJyTA" title="Hukum properti">Properti hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sea_Bubble.jpg&usg=ALkJrhihuXCDGaOzc0DcsuMzWz4_ClyRjw" class="image" title="J lukisan dari Laut Selatan Bubble, salah satu dunia pertama kalinya spekulasi dan crash, menyebabkan peraturan ketat pada perdagangan saham. [40]"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/South_Sea_Bubble.jpg/180px-South_Sea_Bubble.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="122" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sea_Bubble.jpg&usg=ALkJrhihuXCDGaOzc0DcsuMzWz4_ClyRjw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A painting of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble&usg=ALkJrhj7g8uIiVWzQFt-ztessih__aQEuQ" title="Laut Selatan Bubble" class="mw-redirect">South Sea Bubble</a> , one of the world's first ever <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculation&usg=ALkJrhi89-pHLRnu0wE8dkg5Oio3vNd3mg" title="Spekulasi">speculations</a> and crashes, led to strict regulation on share trading. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-39" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><span>[</span> 40 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> J lukisan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble&usg=ALkJrhj7g8uIiVWzQFt-ztessih__aQEuQ" title="Laut Selatan Bubble" class="mw-redirect">Laut Selatan Bubble,</a> salah satu dunia pertama kalinya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculation&usg=ALkJrhi89-pHLRnu0wE8dkg5Oio3vNd3mg" title="Spekulasi">spekulasi</a> dan crash, menyebabkan peraturan ketat pada perdagangan saham. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-39" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><span>[40]</span></sup></a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhjaoiIJZeqfWsqhUk-5ZG6L8uOaHw" title="Properti">Property</a> law governs valuable things that people call 'theirs'. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property&usg=ALkJrhhO09JkzBvDOwbzczPvFnTImjaxNQ" title="Tanah milik">Real property</a> , sometimes called 'real estate' refers to ownership of land and things attached to it. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-40" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><span>[</span> 41 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property&usg=ALkJrhja63wtYCWLcd3FUMN5s5uoT2l64w" title="Milik pribadi">Personal property</a> , refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry, and sandwiches, or intangible rights, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhjPCeAeJ3uzzn42zTRaAfnP_a-BWQ" title="Share (keuangan)">stocks and shares</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property&usg=ALkJrhjaoiIJZeqfWsqhUk-5ZG6L8uOaHw" title="Properti">Harta</a> benda berharga governs hukum orang-orang yang memanggil 'mereka'. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property&usg=ALkJrhhO09JkzBvDOwbzczPvFnTImjaxNQ" title="Tanah milik">Real properti,</a> kadang-kadang disebut 'real estate' merujuk kepada kepemilikan tanah dan hal-hal yang melekat itu. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-40" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><span>[41]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property&usg=ALkJrhja63wtYCWLcd3FUMN5s5uoT2l64w" title="Milik pribadi">milik pribadi,</a> semuanya merujuk kepada orang lain; benda yg dpt bergerak seperti komputer, mobil, perhiasan, dan sandwich, atau hak intangible, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_%28finance%29&usg=ALkJrhjPCeAeJ3uzzn42zTRaAfnP_a-BWQ" title="Share (keuangan)">saham dan saham.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A right <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_rem&usg=ALkJrhgY5Tf7GkNhzi4gUSPAYDNKTEd8cA" title="Dalam rem"><i>in rem</i></a> is a right to a specific piece of property, contrasting to a right <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_personam&usg=ALkJrhiXdJ8sT0RvErvuhFOIhgHfYMEZRw" title="Dalam personam"><i>in personam</i></a> which allows compensation for a loss, but not a particular thing back.</span> J kanan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_rem&usg=ALkJrhgY5Tf7GkNhzi4gUSPAYDNKTEd8cA" title="Dalam rem"><i>di rem</i></a> adalah hak tertentu bagian dari properti, contrasting ke kanan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_personam&usg=ALkJrhiXdJ8sT0RvErvuhFOIhgHfYMEZRw" title="Dalam personam"><i>di personam</i></a> yang memungkinkan kompensasi untuk kerugian, namun tidak kembali hal tertentu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law, and is the most complex.</span> Tanah membentuk undang-undang dasar untuk kebanyakan jenis hukum properti, dan yang paling kompleks.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It concerns <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage&usg=ALkJrhg373uATku7O_qV0434FRM3NVAo7w" title="Hipotek">mortgages</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold_estate&usg=ALkJrhiC6MLTUlPz81n7ct8O71iy8Zj0nw" title="Penyewaan estate">rental agreements</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License&usg=ALkJrhgHvnCz7t4xtHqm79A2nUjcdvnU8Q" title="Lisensi">licences</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant&usg=ALkJrhgeyfsmSyoG4UED-Ue_S2DjSg9mxA" title="Perjanjian">covenants</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement&usg=ALkJrhgZTBm0Q8dyIvOA6IYJ7VOufIt0Pg" title="Keenakan">easements</a> and the statutory systems for land registration.</span> It keprihatinan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage&usg=ALkJrhg373uATku7O_qV0434FRM3NVAo7w" title="Hipotek">hipotik,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold_estate&usg=ALkJrhiC6MLTUlPz81n7ct8O71iy8Zj0nw" title="Penyewaan estate">perjanjian sewa,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License&usg=ALkJrhgHvnCz7t4xtHqm79A2nUjcdvnU8Q" title="Lisensi">lisensi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant&usg=ALkJrhgeyfsmSyoG4UED-Ue_S2DjSg9mxA" title="Perjanjian">perjanjian,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement&usg=ALkJrhgZTBm0Q8dyIvOA6IYJ7VOufIt0Pg" title="Keenakan">easements-undangan</a> dan sistem untuk pendaftaran tanah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Regulations on the use of personal property fall under <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&usg=ALkJrhj6jKPj6IXE0KVUauLzRqvUqXwNGw" title="Kekayaan intelektual">intellectual property</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhh6AZly4wREzHwHgH0DtuLeiHavhg" title="Perusahaan (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">company law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">trusts</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhKIGzXifCprCQXDTa2YtiIpYePaA" title="Hukum komersial">commercial law</a> .</span> Peraturan untuk penggunaan pribadi properti termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&usg=ALkJrhj6jKPj6IXE0KVUauLzRqvUqXwNGw" title="Kekayaan intelektual">kekayaan intelektual,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhh6AZly4wREzHwHgH0DtuLeiHavhg" title="Perusahaan (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">hukum perusahaan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">kepercayaan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhKIGzXifCprCQXDTa2YtiIpYePaA" title="Hukum komersial">hukum komersial.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An example of a basic case of most property law is <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_v._Delamirie&usg=ALkJrhjw_3H8V0HhJ1CBAbmtmxMpNM-Uzw" title="Gudang persenjataan ayat Delamirie" class="mw-redirect"><i>Armory v. Delamirie</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-41" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><span>[</span> 42 <span>]</span></sup></a> A <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_sweep&usg=ALkJrhiS9XzmDsRleAPq6C-lOm2i-dFjhg" title="Cerobong">chimney sweep</a> 's boy found a jewel encrusted with precious stones.</span> Contoh kasus dasar hukum yang paling properti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_v._Delamirie&usg=ALkJrhjw_3H8V0HhJ1CBAbmtmxMpNM-Uzw" title="Gudang persenjataan ayat Delamirie" class="mw-redirect"><i>Armory ayat Delamirie.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-41" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><span>[42]</span></sup></a> J <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_sweep&usg=ALkJrhiS9XzmDsRleAPq6C-lOm2i-dFjhg" title="Cerobong">cerobong</a> 's boy menemukan berlapiskan permata dengan batu-batu berharga.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He took it to a goldsmith to have it valued.</span> Dia membawa ke tukang emas agar dihargai.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The goldsmith's apprentice looked at it, sneakily removed the stones, told the boy it was worth three <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfpenny_%28British_coin%29&usg=ALkJrhitPLvvcn6RJdPIv7BxmKjdFnOH6w" title="Murah (British koin)" class="mw-redirect">halfpence</a> and that he would buy it.</span> Tukang emas dari magang yang melihat itu, sneakily dihapus batu, kepada anak itu bernilai tiga <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfpenny_%28British_coin%29&usg=ALkJrhitPLvvcn6RJdPIv7BxmKjdFnOH6w" title="Murah (British koin)" class="mw-redirect">halfpence</a> dan bahwa dia akan membelinya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The boy said he would prefer the jewel back, so the apprentice gave it to him, but without the stones.</span> The boy mengatakan dia akan lebih mengutamakan permata kembali, sehingga magang memberikannya kepadanya, tapi dengan batu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The boy sued the goldsmith for his apprentice's attempt to cheat him.</span> Anak emas yang digugat untuk magang dari upaya untuk menipu dia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Lord Chief Justice Pratt ruled that even though the boy could not be said to own the jewel, he should be considered the rightful keeper ("finders keeper") until the original owner is found.</span> Tuhan Chief Justice Pratt memutuskan bahwa meskipun anak tidak dapat berkata kepada memiliki permata, ia harus mempertimbangkan hak penjaga ( "finders penjaga") sampai pemilik asli sudah ditemukan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In fact the apprentice and the boy both had a right of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgLHKSwrFviMPh1VkVXpGw5xhQouw" title="Possession (hukum)"><i>possession</i></a> in the jewel (a technical concept, meaning evidence that something <i>could</i> belong to someone), but the boy's possessory interest was considered better, because it could be shown to be first in time.</span> Sebenarnya yang magang dan anak keduanya memiliki hak <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgLHKSwrFviMPh1VkVXpGw5xhQouw" title="Possession (hukum)"><i>milik</i></a> di permata (konsep teknis, yang berarti bahwa sesuatu yang <i>dapat</i> dimiliki seseorang), tetapi anak dari milik bunga dianggap lebih baik, karena dapat ditampilkan untuk pertama kalinya .</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Physical possession is nine tenths of the law, but not all.</span> Fisik adalah milik sembilan tenths hukum, tetapi tidak semua.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This case is used to support the view of property in common law jurisdictions, that the person who can show the best claim to a piece of property, against any contesting party, is the owner. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-42" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><span>[</span> 43 <span>]</span></sup></a> By contrast, the classic civil law approach to property, propounded by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny&usg=ALkJrhiP7Nrtmu9AxTqMrQwQ-WPiAleaOg" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Friedrich Carl von Savigny</a> , is that it is a right good against the world.</span> Hal ini digunakan untuk mendukung pandangan umum hukum properti di wilayah hukum, bahwa orang yang dapat menunjukkan yang terbaik klaim ke bagian dari properti, terhadap pihak contesting, adalah pemiliknya. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-42" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><span>[43]</span></sup></a> Dengan kontras, klasik pendekatan hukum perdata untuk properti, propounded oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny&usg=ALkJrhiP7Nrtmu9AxTqMrQwQ-WPiAleaOg" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Friedrich Carl von Savigny,</a> adalah bahwa hal itu adalah hak baik terhadap dunia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Obligations, like contracts and torts are conceptualised as rights good between individuals. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-43" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><span>[</span> 44 <span>]</span></sup></a> The idea of property raises many further philosophical and political issues.</span> Kewajiban, seperti kontrak dan torts adalah sebagai hak conceptualised baik antara individu. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-43" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><span>[44]</span></sup></a> Ide dari properti lebih banyak menimbulkan persoalan politik dan filosofis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Locke argued that our "lives, liberties and estates" are our property because we own our bodies and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_theory_of_property&usg=ALkJrhhYLr3NNlPskRja1185PsYfY1S6HQ" title="Kerja teori properti" class="mw-redirect">mix our labour</a> with our surroundings. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-44" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><span>[</span> 45 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Locke berpendapat bahwa kami "hidup, kebebasan dan perkebunan" adalah milik kami karena kami sendiri tubuh kita dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_theory_of_property&usg=ALkJrhhYLr3NNlPskRja1185PsYfY1S6HQ" title="Kerja teori properti" class="mw-redirect">campuran kami kerja</a> dengan lingkungan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-44" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><span>[45]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Equity_and_Trusts" id="Equity_and_Trusts"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhiutBSb55Ui4_4ORD7ygeEODOsMwg" title="Sunting bagian: Pemerataan dan percaya">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Equity and Trusts</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&usg=ALkJrhiutBSb55Ui4_4ORD7ygeEODOsMwg" title="Sunting bagian: Pemerataan dan percaya"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Keadilan dan kepercayaan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgj88VQ_N3RUAj4iCmJXa6X_iUslw" title="Ekuitas (hukum)">Equity (law)</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">Trust law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgj88VQ_N3RUAj4iCmJXa6X_iUslw" title="Ekuitas (hukum)">Equity (hukum)</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">hukum Trust</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Court_of_Chancery_edited.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjjxm11qYAxaSS-CsqwEmt44rYAiA" class="image" title="Pengadilan keadilan, London, awal abad 19."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Court_of_Chancery_edited.jpg/180px-Court_of_Chancery_edited.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Court_of_Chancery_edited.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjjxm11qYAxaSS-CsqwEmt44rYAiA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery&usg=ALkJrhg5dxawP6S67ZDZ2r1J3wEWccltew" title="Pengadilan berdasar keadilan">Court of Chancery</a> , London, early 19th century</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery&usg=ALkJrhg5dxawP6S67ZDZ2r1J3wEWccltew" title="Pengadilan berdasar keadilan">Pengadilan keadilan,</a> London, awal abad 19.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Equity is a body of rules that developed in England separately from the "common law".</span> Pemerataan adalah tubuh dari aturan yang dikembangkan di Inggris secara terpisah dari "hukum adat".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The common law was administered by judges.</span> Hukum umum yang telah administratif oleh hakim.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor&usg=ALkJrhhjt-SZLRuAzxq7tgMJ5ampp-ABwQ" title="Tuhan Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> on the other hand, as the King's keeper of conscience, could overrule the judge made law if he thought it equitable to do so. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-45" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><span>[</span> 46 <span>]</span></sup></a> This meant equity came to operate more through <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxims_of_equity&usg=ALkJrhhnBhOJFx_j5Jadait3QXOdOmAlTQ" title="Maxims pemerataan">principles</a> than rigid rules.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor&usg=ALkJrhhjt-SZLRuAzxq7tgMJ5ampp-ABwQ" title="Tuhan Chancellor">Tuhan Chancellor</a> di sisi lain, sebagai Raja dari penjaga dari hati nurani, dapat mengesampingkan hukum yang dibuat hakim jika ia pikir itu adil untuk melakukannya. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-45" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><span>[46]</span></sup></a> Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk pemerataan datang lagi beroperasi melalui <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxims_of_equity&usg=ALkJrhhnBhOJFx_j5Jadait3QXOdOmAlTQ" title="Maxims pemerataan">prinsip-prinsip</a> dari aturan-aturan kaku.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance, whereas neither the common law nor civil law systems allow people to split the ownership from the control of one piece of property, equity allows this through an arrangement known as a 'trust'.</span> Misalnya, sedangkan baik umum hukum perdata maupun hukum sistem mengizinkan orang untuk memisahkan kepemilikan dari kontrol satu bagian dari properti, kesetaraan memungkinkan melalui pengaturan ini dikenal sebagai 'kepercayaan'.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">'Trustees' control property, whereas the 'beneficial' (or 'equitable') ownership of trust property is held by people known as 'beneficiaries'.</span> 'Trustees' kontrol properti, sedangkan' bermanfaat '(atau' adil ') kepemilikan harta adalah kepercayaan yang dipegang oleh orang-orang yang dikenal sebagai' penerima '.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Trustees owe duties to their beneficiaries to take good care of the entrusted property. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-46" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><span>[</span> 47 <span>]</span></sup></a> In the early case of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keech_v._Sandford&usg=ALkJrhhCyY7h2NvjQhkt8_x1MjvOmpYXuA" title="Keech v. Sandford" class="mw-redirect"><i>Keech v. Sandford</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-47" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><span>[</span> 48 <span>]</span></sup></a> a child had inherited the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lease&usg=ALkJrhipji_uD6CVjbIUhpJP96x54gbRKA" title="Sewa">lease</a> on a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_Market&usg=ALkJrhgBMxHO9HU-QoFDIdfEljqydhAdCw" title="Romford Pasar">market</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford&usg=ALkJrhhYc0MABkusxJpCfH-qvWS7hAGKuA" title="Romford">Romford</a> , London.</span> Trustees berhutang untuk tugas-tugas mereka untuk mengambil manfaat dari perawatan yang baik yang dipercayakan properti. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-46" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><span>[47]</span></sup></a> Pada awal kasus <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keech_v._Sandford&usg=ALkJrhhCyY7h2NvjQhkt8_x1MjvOmpYXuA" title="Keech v. Sandford" class="mw-redirect"><i>Keech ayat Sandford</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-47" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><span>[48]</span></sup></a> seorang anak telah mewarisi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lease&usg=ALkJrhipji_uD6CVjbIUhpJP96x54gbRKA" title="Sewa">sewa</a> pada <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford_Market&usg=ALkJrhgBMxHO9HU-QoFDIdfEljqydhAdCw" title="Romford Pasar">pasar</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romford&usg=ALkJrhhYc0MABkusxJpCfH-qvWS7hAGKuA" title="Romford">Romford,</a> London.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mr Sandford was entrusted to look after this property until the child matured.</span> Mr Sandford juga pernah melihat properti ini setelah sampai anak matang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But before then, the lease expired.</span> Namun sebelum itu, sewa berakhir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The landlord had (apparently) told Mr Sandford that he did not want the child to have the renewed lease.</span> Para pemilik yang (ternyata) Mr Sandford diberitahu bahwa dia tidak ingin memiliki anak untuk memperbaharui sewa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Yet the landlord was happy (apparently) to give Mr Sandford the opportunity of the lease instead.</span> Namun pemilik adalah gembira (ternyata) untuk memberikan kesempatan Mr Sandford dari sewa instead.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mr Sandford took it.</span> Mr Sandford took it.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When the child (now Mr Keech) grew up, he sued Mr Sandford for the profit that he had been making by getting the market's lease.</span> Bila anak (sekarang Mr Keech) dibesarkan, ia digugat Mr Sandford untuk keuntungan bahwa ia telah membuat oleh mendapatkan pasar dari sewa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mr Sandford was meant to be trusted, but he put himself in a position of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest&usg=ALkJrhhoiJjmKqVquMsQ4Va9jTKeG1a9mw" title="Konflik kepentingan">conflict of interest</a> .</span> Mr Sandford itu dimaksudkan untuk dipercaya, tetapi ia menempatkan dirinya dalam posisi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest&usg=ALkJrhhoiJjmKqVquMsQ4Va9jTKeG1a9mw" title="Konflik kepentingan">konflik kepentingan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Lord Chancellor, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_King,_1st_Baron_King&usg=ALkJrhjqa7SN4W5Bd39WaNzXg9e_aTNl4Q" title="Peter King, 1st Baron Raja">Lord King</a> , agreed and ordered Mr Sandford should disgorge his profits.</span> Chancellor Tuhan, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_King,_1st_Baron_King&usg=ALkJrhjqa7SN4W5Bd39WaNzXg9e_aTNl4Q" title="Peter King, 1st Baron Raja">Tuhan Raja,</a> disetujui dan memerintahkan Mr Sandford ia harus mengembalikan keuntungan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He wrote,</span> Dia menulis,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"I very well see, if a trustee, on the refusal to renew, might have a lease to himself few trust-estates would be renewed ... This may seem very hard, that the trustee is the only person of all mankind who might not have the lease; but it is very proper that the rule should be strictly pursued and not at all relaxed." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-48" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><span>[</span> 49 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> "Saya lihat sangat baik, jika wali, pada penolakan untuk memperbarui, mungkin ada yang sewa beberapa kepercayaan kepada dirinya-perkebunan akan diperpanjang ... Mei ini tampaknya sangat sulit, bahwa wali adalah satu-satunya orang dari semua manusia yang mungkin tidak ada yang sewa, tetapi sangat tepat bahwa aturan harus tegas dan tidak ikut di semua santai. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-48" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><span>"[49]</span></sup></a></span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Of course, Lord King LC was worried that trustees might exploit opportunities to use trust property for themselves instead of looking after it.</span> Tentu saja, Tuhan adalah Raja LC khawatir trustees mungkin memanfaatkan kesempatan untuk menggunakan kepercayaan milik sendiri bukan cari setelahnya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Business speculators using trusts had just recently caused a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble&usg=ALkJrhj7g8uIiVWzQFt-ztessih__aQEuQ" title="Laut Selatan Bubble" class="mw-redirect">stock market crash</a> .</span> Speculators percaya dengan bisnis baru saja baru-baru ini mengakibatkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble&usg=ALkJrhj7g8uIiVWzQFt-ztessih__aQEuQ" title="Laut Selatan Bubble" class="mw-redirect">pasar saham crash.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Strict duties for trustees made their way into company law and were applied to directors and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer&usg=ALkJrhh0yF38qfToeA-LrcO73ZbK5IfDIQ" title="CEO">chief executive officers</a> .</span> Ketat trustees dibuat untuk tugas-tugas mereka dengan cara hukum dan menjadi perusahaan yang diterapkan ke direksi dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer&usg=ALkJrhh0yF38qfToeA-LrcO73ZbK5IfDIQ" title="CEO">ketua pejabat eksekutif.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Another example of a trustee's duty might be to invest property wisely or sell it. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-49" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><span>[</span> 50 <span>]</span></sup></a> This is especially the case for <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension&usg=ALkJrhgygaDkjuJ2W95qx-CFI0SLAguXNQ" title="Pensiun">pension</a> funds, the most important form of trust, where investors are trustees for people's savings until <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement&usg=ALkJrhgVeJmMvNRVm58jCajm9CZIqObGrg" title="Pensiun">retirement</a> .</span> Contoh lain dari wali dari kewajiban mungkin bijak untuk berinvestasi properti atau menjualnya. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-49" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><span>[50]</span></sup></a> Ini adalah hal terutama untuk dana <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension&usg=ALkJrhgygaDkjuJ2W95qx-CFI0SLAguXNQ" title="Pensiun">pensiun,</a> yang paling penting bentuk kepercayaan, di mana investor yang trustees bagi tabungan sampai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement&usg=ALkJrhgVeJmMvNRVm58jCajm9CZIqObGrg" title="Pensiun">pensiun.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But trusts can also be set up for <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_trust&usg=ALkJrhh1cj_aI1dhdC5E8_uSbre30eiw_w" title="Amal kepercayaan">charitable purposes</a> , famous examples being the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum&usg=ALkJrhjt1zblIuQVZxqUXTHzUyzjCuUPGA" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> or the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation&usg=ALkJrhhoTkAJqFHwUTpPWTK8it4abi0ZLA" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> .</span> Tetapi percaya juga dapat diatur untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_trust&usg=ALkJrhh1cj_aI1dhdC5E8_uSbre30eiw_w" title="Amal kepercayaan">kepentingan sosial,</a> contoh yang terkenal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum&usg=ALkJrhjt1zblIuQVZxqUXTHzUyzjCuUPGA" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation&usg=ALkJrhhoTkAJqFHwUTpPWTK8it4abi0ZLA" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation.</a></span> </p><p><a name="Further_disciplines" id="Further_disciplines"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhi4ITP4YtTUZzm88KVgmHZauipUcw" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih disiplin">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further disciplines</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&usg=ALkJrhi4ITP4YtTUZzm88KVgmHZauipUcw" title="Sunting bagian: Lebih disiplin"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lebih disiplin</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law spreads far beyond the core subjects into virtually every area of life.</span> Hukum menyebar jauh melampaui inti mata pelajaran ke dalam hampir setiap bidang kehidupan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Three categories are presented for convenience, though the subjects intertwine and overlap.</span> Tiga kategori disajikan untuk kenyamanan, walaupun mata pelajaran berjalin dan tumpang tindih.</span> </p><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law and society</span> Hukum dan masyarakat</span> </dt></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnisonStrikeRallyOxford20060328_KaihsuTai.jpg&usg=ALkJrhiVDv7D6wnP3gDviSTNMNgHcb6LoQ" class="image" title="Sebuah serikat buruh protes oleh keserempakan saat mogok"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/UnisonStrikeRallyOxford20060328_KaihsuTai.jpg/180px-UnisonStrikeRallyOxford20060328_KaihsuTai.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="119" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnisonStrikeRallyOxford20060328_KaihsuTai.jpg&usg=ALkJrhiVDv7D6wnP3gDviSTNMNgHcb6LoQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A trade union protest by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNISON&usg=ALkJrhi6E6Okc7oAvEWE9z0ODhReNh6VvA" title="Sedarun">UNISON</a> while on strike</span> Sebuah serikat buruh protes oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNISON&usg=ALkJrhi6E6Okc7oAvEWE9z0ODhReNh6VvA" title="Sedarun">keserempakan</a> saat mogok</span> </div></div></div><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhjXEqvVtMAQY9uG8CBel-q7eARkuQ" title="Hukum perburuhan"><b>Labour law</b></a> is the study of a tripartite industrial relationship between worker, employer and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union&usg=ALkJrhgwYndJKkMGjgJ6YDYlDvC9jwjF8A" title="Serikat buruh">trade union</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law&usg=ALkJrhjXEqvVtMAQY9uG8CBel-q7eARkuQ" title="Hukum perburuhan"><b>Hukum perburuhan</b></a> adalah studi yang dilakukan oleh tiga pihak hubungan industrial antara pekerja, majikan dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union&usg=ALkJrhgwYndJKkMGjgJ6YDYlDvC9jwjF8A" title="Serikat buruh">serikat buruh.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This involves <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining&usg=ALkJrhgh-Veyo09SRwDBMwDlatUUHOaOiA" title="Berunding bersama">collective bargaining</a> regulation, and the right to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhjiqGBBWAjBHM96qvohOTe-Ii3IBg" title="Aksi mogok">strike</a> .</span> Ini melibatkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining&usg=ALkJrhgh-Veyo09SRwDBMwDlatUUHOaOiA" title="Berunding bersama">kolektif tawar</a> peraturan, dan hak untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action&usg=ALkJrhjiqGBBWAjBHM96qvohOTe-Ii3IBg" title="Aksi mogok">mogok.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Individual employment law refers to workplace rights, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health&usg=ALkJrhht2KqFfDP4z3QIW7DMzwyR6lIObw" title="Keselamatan dan kesehatan">health and safety</a> or a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage&usg=ALkJrhhvQeMP0TPhYZ7-L1e3Khszic96aQ" title="Upah minimum">minimum wage</a> .</span> Masing-masing pekerjaan hukum merujuk kepada hak-hak kerja, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health&usg=ALkJrhht2KqFfDP4z3QIW7DMzwyR6lIObw" title="Keselamatan dan kesehatan">kesehatan dan keselamatan</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage&usg=ALkJrhhvQeMP0TPhYZ7-L1e3Khszic96aQ" title="Upah minimum">upah minimum.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia"><b>Human rights</b></a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights&usg=ALkJrhjuCo-hqae9TDBdm8ZgfPS3Y5X71g" title="Hak-hak sipil dan politik">civil rights</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng" title="Hukum hak asasi manusia" class="mw-redirect">human rights law</a> are important fields to guarantee everyone basic freedoms and entitlements.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights&usg=ALkJrhhK0wS-tkzebGM4RplZm7s8kDhZtA" title="Hak asasi manusia"><b>Hak asasi manusia,</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights&usg=ALkJrhjuCo-hqae9TDBdm8ZgfPS3Y5X71g" title="Hak-hak sipil dan politik">hak-hak sipil</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_law&usg=ALkJrhjrGYv5svHnHZe0FaEOh8BfpXwUng" title="Hukum hak asasi manusia" class="mw-redirect">hak asasi manusia hukum</a> adalah bidang penting untuk menjamin semua hak dan kebebasan dasar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These are laid down in codes such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhg8rPNMJN4CokvKg3jtuURxjc5fFw" title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgA5bol8Q38ayaEMEBQ6XCMNJEzxg" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">European Convention on Human Rights</a> (which founded the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhge_v7q9ISX2c4qYMLtoGjYdSlp_A" title="Eropa Pengadilan HAM">European Court of Human Rights</a> ) and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights&usg=ALkJrhh80eumIQOYSb7fjzK2b6pZG8Eeug" title="Amerika Bill of Rights">US Bill of Rights</a> .</span> Ini adalah diletakkan di bawah kode seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhg8rPNMJN4CokvKg3jtuURxjc5fFw" title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia">Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhgA5bol8Q38ayaEMEBQ6XCMNJEzxg" title="Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia">Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia</a> (yang didirikan di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights&usg=ALkJrhge_v7q9ISX2c4qYMLtoGjYdSlp_A" title="Eropa Pengadilan HAM">Eropa Pengadilan HAM)</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights&usg=ALkJrhh80eumIQOYSb7fjzK2b6pZG8Eeug" title="Amerika Bill of Rights">US Bill of Rights.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon&usg=ALkJrhiPDxQM1x-VLAVD99vCkwOddg4MAA" title="Perjanjian di Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> makes the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhinO99Bbqyy1xtuiJohaB0T7x6NTA" title="Piagam Hak-hak Fundamental dari Uni Eropa">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> legally binding in all member states except <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhhuNkQ-qKwSjVBrZLDQNBvvCe13wA#Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs di Uni Eropa">Poland and the United Kingdom</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-50" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><span>[</span> 51 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon&usg=ALkJrhiPDxQM1x-VLAVD99vCkwOddg4MAA" title="Perjanjian di Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> membuat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhinO99Bbqyy1xtuiJohaB0T7x6NTA" title="Piagam Hak-hak Fundamental dari Uni Eropa">Piagam Hak Fundamental dari Uni Eropa</a> secara hukum mengikat semua negara anggota kecuali <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union&usg=ALkJrhhuNkQ-qKwSjVBrZLDQNBvvCe13wA#Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs di Uni Eropa">Polandia dan Inggris.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-50" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><span>[51]</span></sup></a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhhIdU2jmB-LcLPECBDN7UaRzikVAQ" title="Sipil prosedur"><b>Civil procedure</b></a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhh0ySJ0JKcY_Za0w50aEB11wQjE4A" title="Pidana prosedur"><b>criminal procedure</b></a> concern the rules that courts must follow as a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial&usg=ALkJrhiRWTO-BS84GkClcKDmd3IeK3Dlfw" title="Percobaan" class="mw-redirect">trial</a> and appeals proceed.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure&usg=ALkJrhhIdU2jmB-LcLPECBDN7UaRzikVAQ" title="Sipil prosedur"><b>Prosedur perdata</b></a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_procedure&usg=ALkJrhh0ySJ0JKcY_Za0w50aEB11wQjE4A" title="Pidana prosedur"><b>pidana prosedur</b></a> kekhawatiran bahwa aturan harus mengikuti pengadilan sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial&usg=ALkJrhiRWTO-BS84GkClcKDmd3IeK3Dlfw" title="Percobaan" class="mw-redirect">percobaan</a> dan melanjutkan naik banding.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Both concern a citizen's <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial&usg=ALkJrhhR8Rpb_YXCa-9Xa9u06NjviqxnMA" title="Hak untuk yang adil">right to a fair trial</a> or hearing.</span> Perhatian yang baik dari warga negara <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial&usg=ALkJrhhR8Rpb_YXCa-9Xa9u06NjviqxnMA" title="Hak untuk yang adil">berhak atas adil</a> atau pendengaran.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhj0suqNPkf8v6KUMLCYTeAU1Jnx-w" title="Bukti (hukum)"><b>Evidence</b></a> law involves which materials are admissible in courts for a case to be built.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhj0suqNPkf8v6KUMLCYTeAU1Jnx-w" title="Bukti (hukum)"><b>Bukti</b></a> hukum yang melibatkan bahan-bahan yang dpt di pengadilan untuk kasus yang akan dibangun.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_law&usg=ALkJrhhdHXb8F9cWNciKYy0u8xFNCtMeoA" title="Imigrasi hukum"><b>Immigration law</b></a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_law&usg=ALkJrhiqgvFRGL03kxdr-vLm0lfx_unlYg" title="Kebangsaan hukum"><b>nationality law</b></a> concern the rights of foreigners to live and work in a nation-state that is not their own and to acquire or lose <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship&usg=ALkJrhhRSlOWRoLeNgi6BhPCIZTz-aCd4g" title="Kewarganegaraan">citizenship</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_law&usg=ALkJrhhdHXb8F9cWNciKYy0u8xFNCtMeoA" title="Imigrasi hukum"><b>Hukum imigrasi</b></a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_law&usg=ALkJrhiqgvFRGL03kxdr-vLm0lfx_unlYg" title="Kebangsaan hukum"><b>kewarganegaraan hukum</b></a> perhatian hak-hak orang asing untuk tinggal dan bekerja di negara-negara yang tidak mereka sendiri dan untuk memperoleh atau kehilangan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship&usg=ALkJrhhRSlOWRoLeNgi6BhPCIZTz-aCd4g" title="Kewarganegaraan">kewarganegaraan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Both also involve the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylum&usg=ALkJrhh8E_z_GC0mamJuLvcSMhxEi4UWyg" title="Hak suaka">right of asylum</a> and the problem of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statelessness&usg=ALkJrhjMxRmxiv4FEz99qJ8-HiWTU_JIpQ" title="Statelessness">stateless</a> individuals.</span> Keduanya juga melibatkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_asylum&usg=ALkJrhh8E_z_GC0mamJuLvcSMhxEi4UWyg" title="Hak suaka">hak suaka</a> dan masalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statelessness&usg=ALkJrhjMxRmxiv4FEz99qJ8-HiWTU_JIpQ" title="Statelessness">bernegara</a> individu.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security&usg=ALkJrhg9GbMdRklIQ2P1ot9mD2Pj6I7blw" title="Jaminan sosial"><b>Social security</b></a> law refers to the rights people have to social insurance, such as jobseekers' allowances or housing benefits.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security&usg=ALkJrhg9GbMdRklIQ2P1ot9mD2Pj6I7blw" title="Jaminan sosial"><b>Jaminan sosial</b></a> hukum merujuk kepada orang-orang memiliki hak untuk asuransi sosial, seperti Jobseekers' tunjangan atau manfaat perumahan.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law&usg=ALkJrhhFQGWSiER_wRy70gJhmKPZyvIYKQ" title="Hukum keluarga"><b>Family law</b></a> covers <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage&usg=ALkJrhh3BHbzgaEGDfOjM9xR-pz-O9NXmg" title="Pernikahan">marriage</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce&usg=ALkJrhg4RH54eN6_filTe1tDUNiBet3ETw" title="Perceraian">divorce</a> proceedings, the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_law&usg=ALkJrhhFQGWSiER_wRy70gJhmKPZyvIYKQ" title="Hukum keluarga"><b>Hukum keluarga</b></a> meliputi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage&usg=ALkJrhh3BHbzgaEGDfOjM9xR-pz-O9NXmg" title="Pernikahan">perkawinan</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce&usg=ALkJrhg4RH54eN6_filTe1tDUNiBet3ETw" title="Perceraian">perceraian</a> proses, hak-hak anak dan hak atas harta benda dan uang dalam hal pemisahan.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law and commerce</span> Hukum dan perdagangan</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhKIGzXifCprCQXDTa2YtiIpYePaA" title="Hukum komersial"><b>Commercial law</b></a> covers complex contract and property law.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law&usg=ALkJrhhKIGzXifCprCQXDTa2YtiIpYePaA" title="Hukum komersial"><b>Komersial hukum</b></a> mencakup kompleks kontrak dan hukum properti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The law of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhMkGqj6CQwhLzV7u83TjZTuRPC7w" title="Badan (hukum)">agency</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_law&usg=ALkJrhi-eNigQm7P8VX-rmHLEoULFVlNag" title="Hukum asuransi">insurance law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiable_instrument&usg=ALkJrhhAXemJ8Q2gXElUtr29LyqYikxoIA" title="Negotiable instrumen">bills of exchange</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency&usg=ALkJrhhO_nNK132CzOpAVArNgAveT2M3Xg" title="Insolvensi">insolvency</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_law&usg=ALkJrhhanOJvhpckj5YiTho7elaEbMxFGA" title="Hukum kepailitan" class="mw-redirect">bankruptcy law</a> and sales law are all important, and trace back to the mediæval <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Merchant&usg=ALkJrhhZZDnV4l4NVNdIz8VBoRG3asKRSg" title="Hukum Merchant" class="mw-redirect"><i>Lex Mercatoria</i></a> .</span> Hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhMkGqj6CQwhLzV7u83TjZTuRPC7w" title="Badan (hukum)">badan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_law&usg=ALkJrhi-eNigQm7P8VX-rmHLEoULFVlNag" title="Hukum asuransi">hukum asuransi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiable_instrument&usg=ALkJrhhAXemJ8Q2gXElUtr29LyqYikxoIA" title="Negotiable instrumen">bill of exchange,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency&usg=ALkJrhhO_nNK132CzOpAVArNgAveT2M3Xg" title="Insolvensi">insolvenci</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_law&usg=ALkJrhhanOJvhpckj5YiTho7elaEbMxFGA" title="Hukum kepailitan" class="mw-redirect">hukum kepailitan</a> dan hukum penjualan semuanya penting, dan kembali ke jejak mediaeval <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Merchant&usg=ALkJrhhZZDnV4l4NVNdIz8VBoRG3asKRSg" title="Hukum Merchant" class="mw-redirect"><i>Lex Mercatoria.</i></a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The UK <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhhixidILNY-TlQxB8DgEQl1FW4wVw" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Sale of Goods Acts</a> and the US <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code&usg=ALkJrhhsPtJ2w9FbiR2aX8jBDhbctyI6mw" title="Seragam Kode Komersial">Uniform Commercial Code</a> are examples of codified common law commercial principles.</span> Inggris <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979&usg=ALkJrhhixidILNY-TlQxB8DgEQl1FW4wVw" title="Penjualan barang Act 1979">Penjualan Barang Kisah</a> dan US <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code&usg=ALkJrhhsPtJ2w9FbiR2aX8jBDhbctyI6mw" title="Seragam Kode Komersial">Uniform Commercial Kode</a> dikodifikasikan adalah contoh dari prinsip-prinsip umum hukum komersial.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law&usg=ALkJrhhe12BWhIc0xqj4b_BEd_VWelR50w" title="Admiralty hukum"><b>Admiralty law</b></a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&usg=ALkJrhiIMwbbeDGNrBiQ-uR5g4ol28h7Xw" title="Konvensi PBB tentang Hukum Laut"><b>Law of the Sea</b></a> lay a basic framework for free trade and commerce across the world's oceans and seas, where outside of a country's zone of control.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law&usg=ALkJrhhe12BWhIc0xqj4b_BEd_VWelR50w" title="Admiralty hukum"><b>Admiralty hukum</b></a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&usg=ALkJrhiIMwbbeDGNrBiQ-uR5g4ol28h7Xw" title="Konvensi PBB tentang Hukum Laut"><b>Hukum Laut</b></a> meletakkan kerangka dasar untuk perdagangan bebas dan perdagangan di seluruh dunia lautan dan lautan, di mana di luar negara zona kontrol.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Shipping companies operate through ordinary principles of commercial law, generalised for a global market.</span> Pengiriman perusahaan beroperasi melalui prinsip-prinsip komersial biasa hukum, generalised untuk pasar global.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Admiralty law also encompasses specialized issues such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_salvage&usg=ALkJrhjzImlIWGcHtfcpyqoXbqHznmBd0g" title="Kelautan penyelamatan">salvage</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien&usg=ALkJrhiYGfbncooCFKFDWB-M0Nb5DsQS2Q#Maritime_liens" title="Lien">maritime liens</a> , and injuries to passengers.</span> Admiralty hukum juga mencakup masalah-masalah khusus seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_salvage&usg=ALkJrhjzImlIWGcHtfcpyqoXbqHznmBd0g" title="Kelautan penyelamatan">penyelamatan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien&usg=ALkJrhiYGfbncooCFKFDWB-M0Nb5DsQS2Q#Maritime_liens" title="Lien">liens maritim,</a> dan untuk penumpang cedera.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhiBBT3QeIAZ9YRP3G0c4IuREf-Q7w" title="Hukum perusahaan" class="mw-redirect"><b>Company law</b></a> sprang from the law of trusts, on the principle of separating ownership of property and control. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-51" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><span>[</span> 52 <span>]</span></sup></a> The law of the modern <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhh6AZly4wREzHwHgH0DtuLeiHavhg" title="Perusahaan (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">company</a> began with the <i>Joint Stock Companies Act</i> , passed in the United Kingdom in 1865, which protected investors with <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhjg86C6fqmNjhqIcXCnITRp_MSGww" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">limited liability</a> and conferred <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristic_person&usg=ALkJrhiMqOs_2DioiEvbU7nibTEeTiojpg" title="Hukum orang" class="mw-redirect">separate legal personality</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law&usg=ALkJrhiBBT3QeIAZ9YRP3G0c4IuREf-Q7w" title="Hukum perusahaan" class="mw-redirect"><b>Hukum perusahaan</b></a> sprang dari hukum yang percaya pada prinsip memisahkan kepemilikan harta dan kontrol. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-51" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><span>[52]</span></sup></a> Undang-undang yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhh6AZly4wREzHwHgH0DtuLeiHavhg" title="Perusahaan (hukum)" class="mw-redirect">modern, perusahaan</a> mulai dengan <i>Joint Stock Companies Act,</i> lulus di Inggris pada 1865, yang dilindungi dengan investor <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability&usg=ALkJrhjg86C6fqmNjhqIcXCnITRp_MSGww" title="Tanggung jawab terbatas">terbatas kewajiban</a> dan conferred <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristic_person&usg=ALkJrhiMqOs_2DioiEvbU7nibTEeTiojpg" title="Hukum orang" class="mw-redirect">terpisah hukum pribadinya.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&usg=ALkJrhj6jKPj6IXE0KVUauLzRqvUqXwNGw" title="Kekayaan intelektual"><b>Intellectual property</b></a> law aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&usg=ALkJrhj6jKPj6IXE0KVUauLzRqvUqXwNGw" title="Kekayaan intelektual"><b>Kekayaan intelektual</b></a> hukum bertujuan untuk pengamanan pencipta dan intelektual produsen barang dan jasa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These are legal rights ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright&usg=ALkJrhgoBRHadDTy6H2aAwyy4b6IBPva6g" title="Hakcipta">copyrights</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark&usg=ALkJrhjXj3qsK8JucqkMTuDnJCnDG5mi5Q" title="Merek dagang">trademarks</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&usg=ALkJrhifxXHLXr_5YWaWOOV4R_Zowfjf4A" title="Paten">patents</a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Related_right&usg=ALkJrhhISuG1s0zo_EcBNWSz3actWuZHjA" title="Terkait kanan" class="mw-redirect">related rights</a> ) which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, literary and artistic fields. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-52" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><span>[</span> 53 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Ini adalah hak hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright&usg=ALkJrhgoBRHadDTy6H2aAwyy4b6IBPva6g" title="Hakcipta">(hak cipta,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark&usg=ALkJrhjXj3qsK8JucqkMTuDnJCnDG5mi5Q" title="Merek dagang">merek dagang,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&usg=ALkJrhifxXHLXr_5YWaWOOV4R_Zowfjf4A" title="Paten">paten,</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Related_right&usg=ALkJrhhISuG1s0zo_EcBNWSz3actWuZHjA" title="Terkait kanan" class="mw-redirect">hak-hak yang terkait)</a> yang diakibatkan dari kegiatan intelektual dalam industri, bidang seni dan sastra. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-52" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><span>[53]</span></sup></a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhiuMYscIB8eECH6Qll8t6IZToUNQQ" title="Restitusi"><b>Restitution</b></a> deals with the recovery of someone else's gain, rather than <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w" title="Kerusakan">compensation</a> for one's own loss.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution&usg=ALkJrhiuMYscIB8eECH6Qll8t6IZToUNQQ" title="Restitusi"><b>Restitusi</b></a> berkaitan dengan pemulihan mendapatkan orang lain, daripada <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages&usg=ALkJrhinPvwJZKfWg8PRkenbw1yCHklr8w" title="Kerusakan">kompensasi</a> untuk kerugian sendiri.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhiV-HDOcg-fU1kJGJZg1MCFLAwV6w" title="Lalim penyuburan"><b>Unjust enrichment</b></a> is law covering a right to retrieve property from someone that has profited unjustly at another's expense.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjust_enrichment&usg=ALkJrhiV-HDOcg-fU1kJGJZg1MCFLAwV6w" title="Lalim penyuburan"><b>Penyuburan tidak adil</b></a> adalah hukum yang meliputi hak untuk mengambil harta dari seseorang yang memiliki profited lalim di lain biaya.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law and regulation</span> Hukum dan peraturan</span> </dt></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1930-67B.gif&usg=ALkJrhg7Ua2INC17OLcz4HIp_3gXQRBHjw" class="image" title="The New York Stock Exchange lantai perdagangan setelah Wall Street Crash of 1929, sebelum peraturan ketat perbankan telah diperkenalkan."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/1930-67B.gif" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="142" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1930-67B.gif&usg=ALkJrhg7Ua2INC17OLcz4HIp_3gXQRBHjw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange&usg=ALkJrhglhv7KrKonT5O5KRzAeCl5ko3N5A" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> trading floor after the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929&usg=ALkJrhhd_HCQdk13ju52lMLdOYsp1A9YTw" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> , before tougher <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_regulation&usg=ALkJrhhWn3bTHZ1YVrXLzKaAIbswJbVGyQ" title="Peraturan perbankan" class="mw-redirect">banking regulation</a> was introduced.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange&usg=ALkJrhglhv7KrKonT5O5KRzAeCl5ko3N5A" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> lantai perdagangan setelah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929&usg=ALkJrhhd_HCQdk13ju52lMLdOYsp1A9YTw" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929,</a> sebelum ketat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_regulation&usg=ALkJrhhWn3bTHZ1YVrXLzKaAIbswJbVGyQ" title="Peraturan perbankan" class="mw-redirect">perbankan peraturan</a> telah diperkenalkan.</span> </div></div></div><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhgSyWESwMxk7wAJc8RTYo0aAt0rtg" title="Hukum pajak"><b>Tax law</b></a> involves regulations that concern <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added_tax&usg=ALkJrhi2_0iPO9wADe4QPhQRXB__Tr0f0w" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax&usg=ALkJrhiMk1PB2UI2aRSxPAxCvrGWJOQb2g" title="Pajak Perusahaan">corporate tax</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax&usg=ALkJrhhBsDQ7_HurFqOgmeCNE2m-KcXx8A" title="Pajak">income tax</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law&usg=ALkJrhgSyWESwMxk7wAJc8RTYo0aAt0rtg" title="Hukum pajak"><b>Hukum pajak</b></a> melibatkan peraturan yang peduli <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added_tax&usg=ALkJrhi2_0iPO9wADe4QPhQRXB__Tr0f0w" title="Value added tax">nilai pajak,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_tax&usg=ALkJrhiMk1PB2UI2aRSxPAxCvrGWJOQb2g" title="Pajak Perusahaan">pajak perusahaan,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax&usg=ALkJrhhBsDQ7_HurFqOgmeCNE2m-KcXx8A" title="Pajak">pajak penghasilan.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhghvK38CZir6JTL6Pgds15xbTTNGA" title="Peraturan bank"><b>Banking law</b></a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation&usg=ALkJrhg1EUXRdLPDRaP_SON4y_Cqjj2q8A" title="Peraturan keuangan">financial regulation</a> set minimum standards on the amounts of capital banks must hold, and rules about best practice for investment.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_regulation&usg=ALkJrhghvK38CZir6JTL6Pgds15xbTTNGA" title="Peraturan bank"><b>Hukum perbankan</b></a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation&usg=ALkJrhg1EUXRdLPDRaP_SON4y_Cqjj2q8A" title="Peraturan keuangan">keuangan peraturan</a> mengatur standar minimum pada jumlah modal bank harus terus, dan aturan tentang praktek terbaik untuk investasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is to insure against the risk of economic crises, such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929&usg=ALkJrhhd_HCQdk13ju52lMLdOYsp1A9YTw" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> .</span> Hal ini untuk memastikan terhadap risiko krisis ekonomi, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929&usg=ALkJrhhd_HCQdk13ju52lMLdOYsp1A9YTw" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhjIXeWaXRD5KA0t9u9-3FnEO3-Vmg" title="Regulasi"><b>Regulation</b></a> deals with the provision of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services&usg=ALkJrhhQ1dt1BUE9FYdLVprVIW_G5BWtnw" title="Pelayanan publik">public services</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilities&usg=ALkJrhjuOvZBfwJkH35U_fwEvy28gkrgMg" title="Utilitas" class="mw-redirect">utilities</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law&usg=ALkJrhiI17PivAM13SYp6rO8qqzpIYaMGg" title="Air hukum"><b>Water law</b></a> is one example.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation&usg=ALkJrhjIXeWaXRD5KA0t9u9-3FnEO3-Vmg" title="Regulasi"><b>Regulasi</b></a> berkaitan dengan penyediaan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services&usg=ALkJrhhQ1dt1BUE9FYdLVprVIW_G5BWtnw" title="Pelayanan publik">layanan publik</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilities&usg=ALkJrhjuOvZBfwJkH35U_fwEvy28gkrgMg" title="Utilitas" class="mw-redirect">utilitas.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law&usg=ALkJrhiI17PivAM13SYp6rO8qqzpIYaMGg" title="Air hukum"><b>Air hukum</b></a> adalah salah satu contoh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Especially since <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization&usg=ALkJrhhB2zDCWBTgfoS5LIqNS18865UjFw" title="Privatisasi">privatisation</a> became popular, private companies doing the jobs previously controlled by government have been bound by social responsibilities. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy&usg=ALkJrhgRE7wO_24PGKQvf_lWk78bGoO96w" title="Kebijakan energi">Energy</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofgem&usg=ALkJrhhyFCeVOUZab5UJ2c4JdC6K0mzspQ" title="Ofgem" class="mw-redirect">gas</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_policy&usg=ALkJrhj-zFNC845O7nAbn-oIBmOibnR0Jw" title="Telekomunikasi kebijakan">telecomms</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law&usg=ALkJrhiI17PivAM13SYp6rO8qqzpIYaMGg" title="Air hukum">water</a> are regulated industries in most <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development&usg=ALkJrhj3e2wROlfENApQ6FhQIONhg1IHcw" title="Organisasi untuk Ekonomi Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> countries.</span> Terutama sejak <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization&usg=ALkJrhhB2zDCWBTgfoS5LIqNS18865UjFw" title="Privatisasi">privatisasi</a> menjadi terkenal, perusahaan swasta yang melakukan pekerjaan sebelumnya dikontrol oleh pemerintah telah terikat oleh tanggung jawab sosial. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy&usg=ALkJrhgRE7wO_24PGKQvf_lWk78bGoO96w" title="Kebijakan energi">Energi,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofgem&usg=ALkJrhhyFCeVOUZab5UJ2c4JdC6K0mzspQ" title="Ofgem" class="mw-redirect">gas</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_policy&usg=ALkJrhj-zFNC845O7nAbn-oIBmOibnR0Jw" title="Telekomunikasi kebijakan">telecomms</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law&usg=ALkJrhiI17PivAM13SYp6rO8qqzpIYaMGg" title="Air hukum">air</a> diatur dalam industri paling <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development&usg=ALkJrhj3e2wROlfENApQ6FhQIONhg1IHcw" title="Organisasi untuk Ekonomi Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> negara.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhi6CgPFvdbrAXCyJH2ogC-YGYDnXQ" title="Hukum persaingan"><b>Competition law</b></a> , known in the US as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhh1rLIRXDcHBARxe9ZmIgFrg4nsqg" title="Antitrust" class="mw-redirect">antitrust</a> law, is an evolving field that traces as far back as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome&usg=ALkJrhglOy7J8UeNy58T6FKe6pWKhvMC4w" title="Roma kuno">Roman</a> decrees against <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_fixing&usg=ALkJrhgaB6Nv-2QGAzCjMSEHoA5NyN0nMA" title="Penetapan harga">price fixing</a> and the English <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade&usg=ALkJrhicYjhf3qbdrbMe5L6A9WzfLG39PA" title="Perdagangan bebas">restraint of trade</a> doctrine.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law&usg=ALkJrhi6CgPFvdbrAXCyJH2ogC-YGYDnXQ" title="Hukum persaingan"><b>Hukum persaingan,</b></a> dikenal di AS sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhh1rLIRXDcHBARxe9ZmIgFrg4nsqg" title="Antitrust" class="mw-redirect">antitrust</a> hukum, merupakan bidang yang berkembang bekas sejauh kembali sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome&usg=ALkJrhglOy7J8UeNy58T6FKe6pWKhvMC4w" title="Roma kuno">Roma</a> terhadap keputusan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_fixing&usg=ALkJrhgaB6Nv-2QGAzCjMSEHoA5NyN0nMA" title="Penetapan harga">penetapan harga</a> dan Inggris <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade&usg=ALkJrhicYjhf3qbdrbMe5L6A9WzfLG39PA" title="Perdagangan bebas">pengekangan perdagangan</a> doktrin.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Modern competition law derives from the US anti-cartel and anti-monopoly statutes (the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhi66WmHQ9Zo3x4rTThu3r3RapkI4Q" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman Act</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhh9sYN_5qsDnORmU2nq9xNodOuT_g" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Clayton Act</a> ) of the turn of the 20th century.</span> Modern hukum kompetisi berasal dari US anti-kartel dan anti-monopoli statutes (the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Act&usg=ALkJrhi66WmHQ9Zo3x4rTThu3r3RapkI4Q" title="Sherman Act" class="mw-redirect">Sherman Act</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Act&usg=ALkJrhh9sYN_5qsDnORmU2nq9xNodOuT_g" title="Undang-undang Clayton" class="mw-redirect">Clayton Act)</a> dari akhir abad ke-20.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is used to control businesses who attempt to use their economic influence to distort market prices at the expense of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_welfare&usg=ALkJrhjk0DLPHVdUw0egL4TAtNoWqCBsdA" title="Konsumen kesejahteraan" class="mw-redirect">consumer welfare</a> .</span> Digunakan untuk mengendalikan perusahaan yang mencoba untuk menggunakan pengaruh mereka untuk mengubah ekonomi harga pasar pada belanja <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_welfare&usg=ALkJrhjk0DLPHVdUw0egL4TAtNoWqCBsdA" title="Konsumen kesejahteraan" class="mw-redirect">konsumen kesejahteraan.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjZc8rQx92qoUuNIB6Tc258FZewpw" title="Perlindungan konsumen"><b>Consumer law</b></a> could include anything from regulations on unfair <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_terms&usg=ALkJrhi6b8wBaMA5EtGd1B-5ULVAM7ov2Q" title="Kontrak istilah" class="mw-redirect">contractual terms</a> and clauses to directives on airline baggage insurance.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection&usg=ALkJrhjZc8rQx92qoUuNIB6Tc258FZewpw" title="Perlindungan konsumen"><b>Konsumen hukum</b></a> dapat mencakup hal-hal yang tidak adil dari peraturan tentang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractual_terms&usg=ALkJrhi6b8wBaMA5EtGd1B-5ULVAM7ov2Q" title="Kontrak istilah" class="mw-redirect">syarat-syarat kontrak</a> dan arahan clauses ke maskapai penerbangan di bagasi asuransi.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhj0uzzqJPsuWuzhVx17tqDK-kH7Gw" title="Hukum lingkungan"><b>Environmental law</b></a> is increasingly important, especially in light of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol&usg=ALkJrhiWg55SDe2_Hh5h0F__T33E-OugNQ" title="Protokol Kyoto">Kyoto Protocol</a> and the potential danger of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change&usg=ALkJrhjOGe0f-Lnm91To8qhyuD2w-xPnsA" title="Perubahan iklim">climate change</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law&usg=ALkJrhj0uzzqJPsuWuzhVx17tqDK-kH7Gw" title="Hukum lingkungan"><b>Hukum lingkungan hidup</b></a> yang semakin penting, khususnya sehubungan dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol&usg=ALkJrhiWg55SDe2_Hh5h0F__T33E-OugNQ" title="Protokol Kyoto">Protokol Kyoto</a> dan potensi bahaya dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change&usg=ALkJrhjOGe0f-Lnm91To8qhyuD2w-xPnsA" title="Perubahan iklim">perubahan iklim.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Environmental protection also serves to penalise <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution&usg=ALkJrhjwMv2nFi4EDYdZind98C6UOeTjPw" title="Pencemaran">polluters</a> within domestic legal systems.</span> Perlindungan lingkungan hidup juga berfungsi untuk penalise <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution&usg=ALkJrhjwMv2nFi4EDYdZind98C6UOeTjPw" title="Pencemaran">polluters</a> dalam sistem hukum domestik.</span> </li></ul><p><a name="Legal_systems" id="Legal_systems"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhiZHlbrEE8gIW1jugiZpFLKA_y_bQ" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum sistem">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Legal systems</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&usg=ALkJrhiZHlbrEE8gIW1jugiZpFLKA_y_bQ" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum sistem"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sistem Hukum</span></span> </h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world&usg=ALkJrhhAtJdTLZYGONY1USjPpIdq7udbRA" title="Sistem hukum di dunia">Legal systems of the world</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world&usg=ALkJrhhAtJdTLZYGONY1USjPpIdq7udbRA" title="Sistem hukum di dunia">Sistem hukum di dunia</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-53" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><span>[</span> 54 <span>]</span></sup></a> The term civil law should not be confused with civil law as a group of legal subjects, as distinct from criminal or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhisEtpgSQzP5an5aZxc1c7iyt9_IQ" title="Hukum publik">public law</a> .</span> Secara umum, sistem hukum dapat memisahkan antara hukum perdata dan hukum umum sistem. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-53" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><span>[54]</span></sup></a> Istilah hukum perdata tidak harus bingung dengan hukum perdata sebagai hukum kelompok mata pelajaran, seperti yang berbeda dari pidana atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law&usg=ALkJrhisEtpgSQzP5an5aZxc1c7iyt9_IQ" title="Hukum publik">hukum publik.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A third type of legal system—still accepted by some countries—is religious law, based on <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripture&usg=ALkJrhiiKUfKJeszF2Bg8bGvA0vy-oIzmg" title="Alkitab" class="mw-redirect">scriptures</a> and interpretations thereof.</span> Ketiga jenis sistem hukum masih diterima oleh beberapa negara adalah hukum agama, berdasarkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripture&usg=ALkJrhiiKUfKJeszF2Bg8bGvA0vy-oIzmg" title="Alkitab" class="mw-redirect">kitab-kitab</a> dan interpretasi itu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections with other countries, or its adherence to international standards.</span> Spesifik sistem yang memerintah sebuah negara yang oleh sering ditentukan oleh sejarahnya, hubungan dengan negara-negara lain, atau kepatuhan standar internasional.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_law&usg=ALkJrhjXRW6I_FgUKWqJTz-l6smT3l5irw" title="Sumber hukum">sources</a> that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_law&usg=ALkJrhjXRW6I_FgUKWqJTz-l6smT3l5irw" title="Sumber hukum">Source</a> jurisdiksi yang mengadopsi sebagai authoritatively mengikat adalah mendefinisikan fitur dari setiap sistem hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Yet classification is a matter of form rather than substance, since similar rules often prevail.</span> Namun klasifikasi adalah soal bentuk daripada substansi, sejak peraturan serupa sering digunakan.</span> </p><p><a name="Civil_law" id="Civil_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhjdA_5E_Zm5BcVTar2a8BkaK7hEdQ" title="Sunting bagian: hukum Sipil">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Civil law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&usg=ALkJrhjdA_5E_Zm5BcVTar2a8BkaK7hEdQ" title="Sunting bagian: hukum Sipil"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sipil hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">Civil law (legal system)</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29&usg=ALkJrhjlQQq6jxRhu1w21U4-055S0zqEdQ" title="Hukum sipil (sistem hukum)">hukum sipil (sistem hukum)</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Code_Civil_1804.png&usg=ALkJrhgWtoAW1RgWhw2qYarWkcq13Sn9Ww" class="image" title="Halaman pertama dari edisi 1804 yang Napoleonic Kode"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Code_Civil_1804.png/180px-Code_Civil_1804.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="216" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Code_Civil_1804.png&usg=ALkJrhgWtoAW1RgWhw2qYarWkcq13Sn9Ww" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">First page of the 1804 edition of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhiNDdhZx5XQGzlLr0CnjSfeDzHs5A" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code</a></span> Halaman pertama dari edisi 1804 yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhiNDdhZx5XQGzlLr0CnjSfeDzHs5A" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Kode</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today.</span> Hukum perdata adalah sistem hukum yang digunakan dalam sebagian besar negara di seluruh dunia hari ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In civil law the sources recognised as authoritative are, primarily, legislation—especially <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhi3D5jtuO3LIlPz-gGmGgeEgkrJxw" title="Kodifikasi">codifications</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution&usg=ALkJrhiuAPZwC45aT8aG6F4K1-hokg6CJg" title="Konstitusi">constitutions</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhgFf-VgJrQ7DOdD8YMwu6N7_yGBkA" title="Statuta">statutes</a> passed by government—and custom. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-54" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><span>[</span> 55 <span>]</span></sup></a> Codifications date back millennia, with one early example being the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_law&usg=ALkJrhjy3B_kFX1pXTLNlvDhirBQAqHs-A" title="Babylon hukum">Babylonian</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhiFdoyuKj0_95zK1kSeG8F1ShJIpw" title="Kode Hammurabi">Codex Hammurabi</a> .</span> Dalam hukum perdata yang diakui sebagai sumber yang berwibawa, terutama, terutama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhi3D5jtuO3LIlPz-gGmGgeEgkrJxw" title="Kodifikasi">undang-undang-codifications</a> dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution&usg=ALkJrhiuAPZwC45aT8aG6F4K1-hokg6CJg" title="Konstitusi">Konstitusi</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute&usg=ALkJrhgFf-VgJrQ7DOdD8YMwu6N7_yGBkA" title="Statuta">statutes</a> disahkan oleh pemerintah dan adat. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-54" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><span>[55]</span></sup></a> Codifications tanggal kembali ribuan tahun, dengan satu contoh awal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_law&usg=ALkJrhjy3B_kFX1pXTLNlvDhirBQAqHs-A" title="Babylon hukum">Babylon</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhiFdoyuKj0_95zK1kSeG8F1ShJIpw" title="Kode Hammurabi">Codex Hammurabi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Modern civil law systems essentially derive from the legal practice of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire&usg=ALkJrhibkkoL3MPG324FjZwcKJBfb-gENQ" title="Rum">Roman Empire</a> whose texts were rediscovered in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages&usg=ALkJrhgMN-hKpU6eeKun_DiWqGUqBApmrA" title="Abad">medieval</a> Europe.</span> Modern sistem hukum perdata pada dasarnya berasal dari praktik hukum Empayar <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire&usg=ALkJrhibkkoL3MPG324FjZwcKJBfb-gENQ" title="Rum">Rom</a> teks yang telah kembali di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages&usg=ALkJrhgMN-hKpU6eeKun_DiWqGUqBApmrA" title="Abad">abad pertengahan</a> Eropa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Roman law in the days of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic&usg=ALkJrhg6R3s579ra7T9op6M-gm0ssXifBg" title="Republik Romawi">Roman Republic</a> and Empire was heavily procedural, and lacked a professional legal class. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-55" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><span>[</span> 56 <span>]</span></sup></a> Instead a lay person, <i>iudex</i> , was chosen to adjudicate.</span> Roma hukum di jaman <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic&usg=ALkJrhg6R3s579ra7T9op6M-gm0ssXifBg" title="Republik Romawi">Romawi Republik</a> Empire dan telah sangat prosedural, dan kekurangan hukum profesional kelas. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-55" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><span>[56]</span></sup></a> Namun orang yang tidur, <i>iudex,</i> telah dipilih untuk mengadili.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Precedents were not reported, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-56" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><span>[</span> 57 <span>]</span></sup></a> Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the state, which mirrors the (theoretical) unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today.</span> Preseden weren't reported sehingga setiap kasus hukum yang dikembangkan adalah samar dan hampir unrecognised. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-56" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><span>[57]</span></sup></a> Setiap kasus itu yang akan memutuskan afresh dari negara hukum, yang mencerminkan (teori) dari unimportance hakim 'keputusan untuk masa depan dalam kasus perdata sistem hukum ini.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">During the 6th century AD in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire&usg=ALkJrhjG3r0AQVgr0JiX0uTWGI4v13Yj1Q" title="Rum">Eastern Roman Empire</a> , the Emperor <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I&usg=ALkJrhhhiDpHcKo-mBiyLpMAQZjC-1y_rQ" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> codified and consolidated the laws that had existed in Rome, so that what remained was one-twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-57" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><span>[</span> 58 <span>]</span></sup></a> This became known as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis&usg=ALkJrhjVQl-lGsiWAOon5fKvPhsRRV8zXg" title="Corpus Juris Civilis"><i>Corpus Juris Civilis</i></a> .</span> Selama abad 6. AD di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire&usg=ALkJrhjG3r0AQVgr0JiX0uTWGI4v13Yj1Q" title="Rum">Timur Rum,</a> maka Kaisar <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I&usg=ALkJrhhhiDpHcKo-mBiyLpMAQZjC-1y_rQ" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> dikodifikasikan konsolidasian dan undang-undang yang ada di Roma, sehingga apa yang tetap adalah satu dari dua puluh massa hukum teks dari sebelumnya. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-57" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><span>[58]</span></sup></a> Hal ini kemudian dikenal sebagai yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis&usg=ALkJrhjVQl-lGsiWAOon5fKvPhsRRV8zXg" title="Corpus Juris Civilis"><i>Corpus Juris Civilis.</i></a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As one legal historian wrote, "Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-58" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><span>[</span> 59 <span>]</span></sup></a> Western Europe, meanwhile, slowly slipped into the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages&usg=ALkJrhhezP_wubIAavEfBIfcKDykbaxtsw" title="Abad">Dark Ages</a> , and it was not until the 11th century that scholars in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna&usg=ALkJrhgyogOH99div-DcQSSyGrkMD-GIWA" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> rediscovered the texts and used them to interpret their own laws. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-59" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><span>[</span> 60 <span>]</span></sup></a> Civil law codifications based closely on Roman law, alongside some influences from <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhivqHOTeKZiifb4DuZpgW4Wq6NvMw" title="Hukum agama">religious laws</a> such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law&usg=ALkJrhiNdkGUKKBeuCdo9zUFN5iWMb3EWQ" title="Hukum agama">Canon law</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhMxCXV4PvsMKgDBPMhpbo5BDJIFQ" title="Syariah">Islamic law</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-name-60" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-name_60-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 61 <span>]</span></sup></a> continued to spread throughout Europe until the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment&usg=ALkJrhj61UvjZxaRoN21QvcRGSRPpoBbWQ" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ; then, in the 19th century, both France, with the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Civil&usg=ALkJrhjJW2-dxwJYN1GJc7_wCdPPBlolig" title="Kode Sipil" class="mw-redirect">Code Civil</a> , and Germany, with the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhi1GbuyDqTVWtjwJ4vf3vzTWO-ROw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> , modernised their legal codes.</span> Sebagai sejarawan hukum menulis, "Justinian melihat secara sadar kembali ke usia emas Roma hukum dan bertujuan untuk mengembalikannya ke puncak ia mencapai tiga abad sebelumnya." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-58" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><span>[59]</span></sup></a> Eropa Barat, sementara itu, perlahan tergelincir ke dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages&usg=ALkJrhhezP_wubIAavEfBIfcKDykbaxtsw" title="Abad">abad pertengahan,</a> dan ia tidak sampai abad 11 yang sarjana di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna&usg=ALkJrhgyogOH99div-DcQSSyGrkMD-GIWA" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> kembali teks dan digunakan untuk mereka menafsirkan sendiri undang-undang. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-59" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><span>[60]</span></sup></a> hukum codifications Sipil berdasarkan hukum erat di Roma, di samping beberapa pengaruh dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhivqHOTeKZiifb4DuZpgW4Wq6NvMw" title="Hukum agama">hukum agama</a> seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law&usg=ALkJrhiNdkGUKKBeuCdo9zUFN5iWMb3EWQ" title="Hukum agama">Canon hukum</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhMxCXV4PvsMKgDBPMhpbo5BDJIFQ" title="Syariah">Islam hukum,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-name-60" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-name_60-0" class="reference"><span>[61]</span></sup></a> terus menyebar ke seluruh Eropa sampai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment&usg=ALkJrhj61UvjZxaRoN21QvcRGSRPpoBbWQ" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment,</a> kemudian, pada abad ke-19, kedua Prancis, dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Civil&usg=ALkJrhjJW2-dxwJYN1GJc7_wCdPPBlolig" title="Kode Sipil" class="mw-redirect">Kode Sipil,</a> dan Jerman, dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhi1GbuyDqTVWtjwJ4vf3vzTWO-ROw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch,</a> mereka modernised kode hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Both these codes influenced heavily not only the law systems of the countries in continental Europe (eg Greece), but also the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Japan&usg=ALkJrhjCnfQGz4qQnhEOiEsuxeGMxEqbng" title="Hukum Jepang">Japanese</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea&usg=ALkJrhh7ylznu3ofZQ25nEJJ2a0-8FFIOw" title="Korea Selatan">Korean</a> legal traditions. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-61" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><span>[</span> 62 <span>]</span></sup></a> Today countries that have civil law systems range from <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Russia&usg=ALkJrhgR5_EMmUnyp2ktIa_e1dmQf3eDiA" title="Hukum Rusia" class="mw-redirect">Russia</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhhTp8XmCToGusUsDdTj5Av1wNIRNQ" title="Hukum dari People's Republic of China">China</a> to most of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America&usg=ALkJrhgm-EhKpFszKiFh4l6jihfSr-7DhA" title="Amerika Tengah">Central</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_South_America&usg=ALkJrhj5CaQEqPDp5i3EcwMABB2fQT-MZw" title="Hukum Amerika Selatan">Latin America</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-62" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><span>[</span> 63 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Kedua kode ini sangat dipengaruhi tidak hanya sistem hukum dari negara-negara di benua Eropa (misalnya Indonesia), tetapi juga <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Japan&usg=ALkJrhjCnfQGz4qQnhEOiEsuxeGMxEqbng" title="Hukum Jepang">Jepang</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea&usg=ALkJrhh7ylznu3ofZQ25nEJJ2a0-8FFIOw" title="Korea Selatan">Korea</a> hukum tradisi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-61" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><span>[62]</span></sup></a> Saat ini negara-negara yang memiliki sistem hukum perdata mulai dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Russia&usg=ALkJrhgR5_EMmUnyp2ktIa_e1dmQf3eDiA" title="Hukum Rusia" class="mw-redirect">Rusia</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhhTp8XmCToGusUsDdTj5Av1wNIRNQ" title="Hukum dari People's Republic of China">Cina</a> untuk kebanyakan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America&usg=ALkJrhgm-EhKpFszKiFh4l6jihfSr-7DhA" title="Amerika Tengah">Tengah</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_South_America&usg=ALkJrhj5CaQEqPDp5i3EcwMABB2fQT-MZw" title="Hukum Amerika Selatan">Amerika Latin.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-62" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><span>[63]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Common_law_and_equity" id="Common_law_and_equity"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhjjTJpAdw8pyOrWtwlxX47aXRiLNQ" title="Sunting bagian: Common hukum dan keadilan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Common law and equity</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&usg=ALkJrhjjTJpAdw8pyOrWtwlxX47aXRiLNQ" title="Sunting bagian: Common hukum dan keadilan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Common hukum dan keadilan</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">Common law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">Common law</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joao_sem_terra_assina_carta_Magna.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjyScIf3--NixrbnkKrl-Sy0BTCZA" class="image" title="Raja John dari Inggris menandatangani Magna Carta."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Joao_sem_terra_assina_carta_Magna.jpg/180px-Joao_sem_terra_assina_carta_Magna.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="248" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joao_sem_terra_assina_carta_Magna.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjyScIf3--NixrbnkKrl-Sy0BTCZA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">King John of England signs Magna Carta.</span> Raja John dari Inggris menandatangani Magna Carta.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Common law and equity are systems of whose distinction derives from the doctrine of precedent, or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stare_decisis&usg=ALkJrhg2kEPqMqRzOkbPqPrGKwLTpKqp5w" title="Stare decisis"><i>stare decisis</i></a> (Latin for "to stand by decisions").</span> Umum hukum dan keadilan adalah sistem yang berasal dari perbedaan doktrin preseden, atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stare_decisis&usg=ALkJrhg2kEPqMqRzOkbPqPrGKwLTpKqp5w" title="Stare decisis"><i>tatapan decisis</i></a> (Latin untuk "berdiri oleh keputusan").</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In addition to precedent, common law systems are codified by governments enabled to pass new laws and statutes.</span> Selain preseden, hukum umum sistem diaktifkan dikodifikasikan oleh pemerintah melalui undang-undang baru dan statutes.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Common law originated from England and has been adapted by almost every country once tied to the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire&usg=ALkJrhgAzeuKU0a0yAdWB8U-ihfmRwcAjg" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> ; with the exceptions of Malta, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Scotland&usg=ALkJrhjAE8ciuz5Q-LkQ_xLwKpU7Kojc4Q" title="Hukum Skotlandia" class="mw-redirect">Scotland</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa&usg=ALkJrhi_Mhp2alyvxRcLAgqwLs-2CS-qTg" title="Hukum Afrika Selatan">South Africa</a> , the US state of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_law&usg=ALkJrhg_px4yoGsCBdWCL5TQoiOsq45PWg" title="Louisiana hukum">Louisiana</a> and the Canadian province of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_law&usg=ALkJrhjFwNoIKpjLdqQE2dAzpVqe2MEPIQ" title="Quebec hukum">Quebec</a> .</span> Hukum umum yang berasal dari Inggris dan telah diadaptasi oleh hampir semua negara sekali terikat ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire&usg=ALkJrhgAzeuKU0a0yAdWB8U-ihfmRwcAjg" title="British Empire">British Empire;</a> dengan pengecualian dari Malta, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Scotland&usg=ALkJrhjAE8ciuz5Q-LkQ_xLwKpU7Kojc4Q" title="Hukum Skotlandia" class="mw-redirect">Skotlandia,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa&usg=ALkJrhi_Mhp2alyvxRcLAgqwLs-2CS-qTg" title="Hukum Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan,</a> Amerika Serikat negara bagian <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_law&usg=ALkJrhg_px4yoGsCBdWCL5TQoiOsq45PWg" title="Louisiana hukum">Louisiana</a> dan Kanada provinsi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_law&usg=ALkJrhjFwNoIKpjLdqQE2dAzpVqe2MEPIQ" title="Quebec hukum">Quebec.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Common law's roots are to be found in in medieval England, and was influenced by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England&usg=ALkJrhhNGPQs-B1Jj_eg8Q0PnMAvUnO8EA" title="Norman penaklukan dari Inggris">Norman conquest of England</a> which introduced legal concepts and institutions from its own and possibly also <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam&usg=ALkJrhhBLxexDomXJe9L4uGCvqX5kJPu_w" title="Islam">Islamic</a> law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Makdisi-63" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi_63-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 64 <span>]</span></sup></a> Common law further developed when the English monarchy had been weakened by the enormous cost of fighting for control over large parts of France. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England&usg=ALkJrhjFKEo8JaWpr37u03jpZnMInB5dXA" title="John dari Inggris">King John</a> had been forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws.</span> Hukum umum dari akar akan ditemukan di Inggris di abad pertengahan, dan telah dipengaruhi oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England&usg=ALkJrhhNGPQs-B1Jj_eg8Q0PnMAvUnO8EA" title="Norman penaklukan dari Inggris">penaklukan Norman dari Inggris</a> yang memperkenalkan konsep-konsep dan institusi hukum dari sendiri dan mungkin juga hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam&usg=ALkJrhhBLxexDomXJe9L4uGCvqX5kJPu_w" title="Islam">Islam.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Makdisi-63" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi_63-0" class="reference"><span>[64]</span></sup></a> Common hukum bila dikembangkan lebih lanjut Inggris monarki telah melemahkan dengan biaya besar untuk memerangi kontrol atas sebagian besar Perancis. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England&usg=ALkJrhjFKEo8JaWpr37u03jpZnMInB5dXA" title="John dari Inggris">Raja John</a> telah dipaksa oleh para barons untuk menandatangani dokumen yang membatasi kewenangan melalui undang-undang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This "great charter" or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta&usg=ALkJrhi44VTcpidpnyImDRQkD0JkXmi_-w" title="Magna Carta"><i>Magna Carta</i></a> of 1215 also required that the King's entourage of judges hold their courts and judgments at "a certain place" rather than dispensing autocratic justice in unpredictable places about the country. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-64" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><span>[</span> 65 <span>]</span></sup></a> A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making under this system, and compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralised.</span> Ini "besar charter" atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta&usg=ALkJrhi44VTcpidpnyImDRQkD0JkXmi_-w" title="Magna Carta"><i>Magna Carta</i></a> dari 1215 yang diperlukan juga Raja dari rombongan dari hakim pengadilan dan mereka terus Hukum di "tempat tertentu" daripada dispensing otokratis keadilan di tempat-tempat yang tidak terduga tentang negara. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-64" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><span>[65]</span></sup></a> J terkonsentrasi dan kelompok elit hakim diperoleh peran yang dominan dalam membuat undang-undang-di bawah sistem ini, dan dibandingkan dengan negeri Eropa Inggris peradilan menjadi sangat sentralistik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1297, for instance, while the highest court in France had fifty-one judges, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Court_of_Common_Pleas&usg=ALkJrhixLFOpgji1Zsc-wquYphRIul869A" title="English Pengadilan Common Pleas" class="mw-redirect">English Court of Common Pleas</a> had five. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-65" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><span>[</span> 66 <span>]</span></sup></a> This powerful and tight-knit judiciary gave rise to a rigid and inflexible system of common law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-66" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><span>[</span> 67 <span>]</span></sup></a> As a result, as time went on, increasing numbers of citizens petitioned the King to override the common law, and on the King's behalf the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor&usg=ALkJrhhjt-SZLRuAzxq7tgMJ5ampp-ABwQ" title="Tuhan Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> gave judgment to do what was equitable in a case.</span> Dalam 1297, misalnya, sementara pengadilan tertinggi di Perancis telah lima puluh satu hakim, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Court_of_Common_Pleas&usg=ALkJrhixLFOpgji1Zsc-wquYphRIul869A" title="English Pengadilan Common Pleas" class="mw-redirect">Inggris Court of Common Pleas</a> telah lima. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-65" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><span>[66]</span></sup></a> Ini kuat dan bersatu-padu memberi menimbulkan peradilan yang kaku dan keras sistem hukum umum. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-66" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><span>[ 67]</span></sup></a> Sebagai hasilnya, karena pada waktu itu, peningkatan jumlah warga petitioned Raja untuk menggantikan hukum yang umum, dan di King's nama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor&usg=ALkJrhhjt-SZLRuAzxq7tgMJ5ampp-ABwQ" title="Tuhan Chancellor">Tuhan Chancellor</a> memberi pertimbangan untuk melakukan apa yang adil dalam kasus tersebut.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From the time of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More&usg=ALkJrhguRMGvE7Tzn44nvJCIZXfjrqXGqQ" title="Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a> , the first lawyer to be appointed as Lord Chancellor, a systematic body of equity grew up alongside the rigid common law, and developed its own <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery&usg=ALkJrhg5dxawP6S67ZDZ2r1J3wEWccltew" title="Pengadilan berdasar keadilan">Court of Chancery</a> .</span> Dari waktu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More&usg=ALkJrhguRMGvE7Tzn44nvJCIZXfjrqXGqQ" title="Thomas More">Sir Thomas More,</a> pertama pengacara yang akan ditunjuk sebagai Tuhan Chancellor, sistematis tubuh ekuitas dibesarkan dengan kaku hukum umum, dan dikembangkan sendiri <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery&usg=ALkJrhg5dxawP6S67ZDZ2r1J3wEWccltew" title="Pengadilan berdasar keadilan">pengadilan berdasar keadilan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At first, equity was often criticised as erratic, that it "varies like the Chancellor's foot".</span> Pada awalnya, keadilan telah sering kritik sebagai aneh, bahwa "bervariasi seperti Chancellor dari kaki".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But over time it developed solid <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxims_of_equity&usg=ALkJrhhnBhOJFx_j5Jadait3QXOdOmAlTQ" title="Maxims pemerataan">principles</a> , especially under <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon&usg=ALkJrhixCYyNORgOoUmEsDsBPoKV2Y1WAA" title="John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon">Lord Eldon</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-67" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><span>[</span> 68 <span>]</span></sup></a> In the 19th century the two systems were fused into one another.</span> Tapi seiring waktu itu dikembangkan solid <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxims_of_equity&usg=ALkJrhhnBhOJFx_j5Jadait3QXOdOmAlTQ" title="Maxims pemerataan">prinsip,</a> khususnya di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon&usg=ALkJrhixCYyNORgOoUmEsDsBPoKV2Y1WAA" title="John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon">Tuhan Eldon.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-67" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><span>[68]</span></sup></a> Pada abad ke-19 dua sistem yang tergabung ke dalam satu sama lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In developing the common law and equity, academic authors have always played an important part. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blackstone&usg=ALkJrhiqHF5gYOLmKql20l-gAdSutnxUYA" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a> , from around 1760, was the first scholar to describe and teach it. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-68" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><span>[</span> 69 <span>]</span></sup></a> But merely in describing, scholars who sought explanations and underlying structures slowly changed the way the law actually worked. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-69" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><span>[</span> 70 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Umum dalam pengembangan hukum dan keadilan, akademik penulis selalu diputar bagian penting. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blackstone&usg=ALkJrhiqHF5gYOLmKql20l-gAdSutnxUYA" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone,</a> dari sekitar 1760, adalah yang pertama untuk menjelaskan sarjana dan mengajar itu. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-68" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><span>[69]</span></sup></a> Tetapi hanya dalam menjelaskan, ulama yang dicari penjelasan dan struktur yang lambat mengubah cara hukum yang benar-benar bekerja. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-69" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><span>[70]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Religious_law" id="Religious_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhghlMF3GvD7OVl9vN-8Zr17eHLhHA" title="Sunting bagian: hukum agama">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Religious law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&usg=ALkJrhghlMF3GvD7OVl9vN-8Zr17eHLhHA" title="Sunting bagian: hukum agama"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Keagamaan hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhivqHOTeKZiifb4DuZpgW4Wq6NvMw" title="Hukum agama">Religious law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_law&usg=ALkJrhivqHOTeKZiifb4DuZpgW4Wq6NvMw" title="Hukum agama">agama hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Religious law is explicitly based on religious precepts.</span> Hukum agama yang secara eksplisit berdasarkan agama precepts.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Examples include the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism&usg=ALkJrhgyH6fqHSZIi8bMHO7rr0z-37GE2A" title="Judaisme">Jewish</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha&usg=ALkJrhgrfgD4ziHslAOEYYyadkiFWx9IWQ" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> and Islamic Sharia—both of which translate as the "path to follow"—while <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity&usg=ALkJrhg2742e6PDyigIzrIiAWUQheHY8Fw" title="Kekristenan">Christian</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law&usg=ALkJrhiNdkGUKKBeuCdo9zUFN5iWMb3EWQ" title="Hukum agama">canon law</a> also survives in some church communities.</span> Contoh-contoh termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism&usg=ALkJrhgyH6fqHSZIi8bMHO7rr0z-37GE2A" title="Judaisme">Yahudi</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha&usg=ALkJrhgrfgD4ziHslAOEYYyadkiFWx9IWQ" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> Syariah dan Islam-baik yang menterjemahkan sebagai "jalan untuk mengikuti"-sementara <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity&usg=ALkJrhg2742e6PDyigIzrIiAWUQheHY8Fw" title="Kekristenan">Kristen</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law&usg=ALkJrhiNdkGUKKBeuCdo9zUFN5iWMb3EWQ" title="Hukum agama">hukum agama</a> juga survives masyarakat di beberapa gereja.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Often the implication of religion for law is unalterability, because the word of God cannot be amended or legislated against by judges or governments.</span> Sering implikasi dari agama adalah untuk hukum unalterability, karena firman Tuhan tidak dapat diubah atau legislated terhadap hakim atau oleh pemerintah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However a thorough and detailed legal system generally requires human elaboration.</span> Namun yang menyeluruh dan detil sistem hukum umumnya manusia memerlukan elaborasi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For instance, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran&usg=ALkJrhgXydiVpC44Pd4i58joAb_mnnNs7g" title="Quran" class="mw-redirect">Quran</a> has some law, and it acts as a source of further law through interpretation, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-70" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><span>[</span> 71 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas&usg=ALkJrhjhU0-sFM-Xi4A3VoEsdCmV-u2Mrg" title="Qiyas"><i>Qiyas</i></a> (reasoning by analogy), <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijma&usg=ALkJrhgD6vcLVBl3x1x3tnXmuoG6xFeceQ" title="Ijma"><i>Ijma</i></a> (consensus) and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent&usg=ALkJrhjOWN9PZXSvIurVCIrYVnYOo_5T8w" title="Preseden">precedent</a> .</span> Sebagai contoh, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran&usg=ALkJrhgXydiVpC44Pd4i58joAb_mnnNs7g" title="Quran" class="mw-redirect">Quran</a> memiliki beberapa hukum, dan bertindak sebagai sumber hukum melalui interpretasi lebih lanjut, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-70" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><span>[71]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas&usg=ALkJrhjhU0-sFM-Xi4A3VoEsdCmV-u2Mrg" title="Qiyas"><i>Qiyas</i></a> (reasoning oleh analogi), <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijma&usg=ALkJrhgD6vcLVBl3x1x3tnXmuoG6xFeceQ" title="Ijma"><i>Ijma</i></a> (konsensus) dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent&usg=ALkJrhjOWN9PZXSvIurVCIrYVnYOo_5T8w" title="Preseden">preseden.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This is mainly contained in a body of law and jurisprudence known as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhMxCXV4PvsMKgDBPMhpbo5BDJIFQ" title="Syariah">Sharia</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhgl3ihtOGXejOpwJXGGYnNd4CEGvQ" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> respectively, which at least one scholar has claimed had an influence on the early development of the common law, <sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi_63-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Makdisi-63" title=""><span>[</span> 64 <span>]</span></a></sup> as well as some influence on civil law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-71" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><span>[</span> 72 <span>]</span></sup></a> Another example is the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah&usg=ALkJrhi7F54_ndoMnhO9a3RkB1Q1jQO-Fg" title="Taurat">Torah</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament&usg=ALkJrhgsKOpC7sng5qKDP8EHsOr6eJcpWw" title="Perjanjian Lama">Old Testament</a> , in the Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses.</span> Ini terutama dalam sebuah badan hukum dan yurisprudensi dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia&usg=ALkJrhhMxCXV4PvsMKgDBPMhpbo5BDJIFQ" title="Syariah">Syariah</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhgl3ihtOGXejOpwJXGGYnNd4CEGvQ" title="Fiqh">»Iman</a> masing-masing, yang setidaknya satu sarjana telah diklaim memiliki pengaruh pada awal perkembangan hukum umum, <sup id="cite_ref-Makdisi_63-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Makdisi-63" title=""><span>[64]</span></a></sup> serta beberapa pengaruh pada hukum perdata. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-71" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><span>[ 72]</span></sup></a> Contoh lain adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah&usg=ALkJrhi7F54_ndoMnhO9a3RkB1Q1jQO-Fg" title="Taurat">Taurat</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament&usg=ALkJrhgsKOpC7sng5qKDP8EHsOr6eJcpWw" title="Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama,</a> dalam Pentateuch atau Lima Buku Musa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This contains the basic code of Jewish law, which some Israeli communities choose to use.</span> Ini berisi kode dasar hukum Yahudi, Israel beberapa masyarakat yang memilih untuk digunakan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha&usg=ALkJrhgrfgD4ziHslAOEYYyadkiFWx9IWQ" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> is a code of Jewish law which summarises some of the Talmud's interpretations.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha&usg=ALkJrhgrfgD4ziHslAOEYYyadkiFWx9IWQ" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> adalah kode hukum Yahudi yang merangkum beberapa interpretasi dari Talmud.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Nevertheless, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Israel&usg=ALkJrhhev0zYy5TafickgwuLmwv9QwTFEg" title="Hukum Israel" class="mw-redirect">Israeli law</a> allows <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigant&usg=ALkJrhhNpiKI4FFyY9aJ2HJS7SN1ez1BLg" title="Penggugat" class="mw-redirect">litigants</a> to use religious laws only if they choose.</span> Namun demikian, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Israel&usg=ALkJrhhev0zYy5TafickgwuLmwv9QwTFEg" title="Hukum Israel" class="mw-redirect">Israel hukum</a> memungkinkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigant&usg=ALkJrhhNpiKI4FFyY9aJ2HJS7SN1ez1BLg" title="Penggugat" class="mw-redirect">litigants</a> menggunakan hukum agama hanya jika mereka pilih.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Canon law is only in use by members of the clergy in the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church&usg=ALkJrhgcixYqO9nyX9TD2C4TaPJlrBJq4Q" title="Gereja Katolik Roma">Roman Catholic Church</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church&usg=ALkJrhjMtdcYD8B_7rAtGnwNk9NfUhMq9Q" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion&usg=ALkJrhhBdhvy9h7SFy4Qfyx2rJiSUy7bTQ" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> .</span> Hukum agama hanya digunakan oleh anggota dari pendeta di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church&usg=ALkJrhgcixYqO9nyX9TD2C4TaPJlrBJq4Q" title="Gereja Katolik Roma">Gereja Katolik Roma,</a> di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church&usg=ALkJrhjMtdcYD8B_7rAtGnwNk9NfUhMq9Q" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur">Gereja Ortodoks Timur</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion&usg=ALkJrhhBdhvy9h7SFy4Qfyx2rJiSUy7bTQ" title="Anglican Communion">Anglikan Communion.</a></span> </p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png&usg=ALkJrhgruZyZZn1L8nyHw09CT77QjNzSKA" class="image" title="J persidangan di Ottoman Empire, 1879, ketika hukum agama diterapkan di bawah Mecelle."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png/180px-1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="72" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1879-Ottoman_Court-from-NYL.png&usg=ALkJrhgruZyZZn1L8nyHw09CT77QjNzSKA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A trial in the Ottoman Empire, 1879, when religious law applied under the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecelle&usg=ALkJrhgRfTbDcM6hvanghgu02pRsyBvYUg" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a> .</span> J persidangan di Ottoman Empire, 1879, ketika hukum agama diterapkan di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecelle&usg=ALkJrhgRfTbDcM6hvanghgu02pRsyBvYUg" title="Mecelle">Mecelle.</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Until the 18th century, Sharia law was practiced throughout the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world&usg=ALkJrhircLr-IFGzefHrGUW4Dfy6mXaPew" title="Dunia muslim">Muslim world</a> in a non-codified form, with the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire&usg=ALkJrhiQG6PHDPeBXXRtXNrtLCOWIQyq1A" title="Kekaisaran Ottoman">Ottoman Empire</a> 's <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecelle&usg=ALkJrhgRfTbDcM6hvanghgu02pRsyBvYUg" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a> code in the 19th century being first attempt at <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhi3D5jtuO3LIlPz-gGmGgeEgkrJxw" title="Kodifikasi">codifying</a> elements of Sharia law.</span> Hingga abad 18, hukum Syariah telah dipraktekkan di seluruh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world&usg=ALkJrhircLr-IFGzefHrGUW4Dfy6mXaPew" title="Dunia muslim">dunia Muslim</a> di non-dikodifikasikan formulir, dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire&usg=ALkJrhiQG6PHDPeBXXRtXNrtLCOWIQyq1A" title="Kekaisaran Ottoman">Ottoman Empire</a> 's <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecelle&usg=ALkJrhgRfTbDcM6hvanghgu02pRsyBvYUg" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a> kode pada abad ke-19 yang pertama kali mencoba di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification&usg=ALkJrhi3D5jtuO3LIlPz-gGmGgeEgkrJxw" title="Kodifikasi">codifying</a> elemen hukum syariah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since the mid-1940s, efforts have been made, in country after country, to bring Sharia law more into line with modern conditions and conceptions. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-AA-72" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-AA_72-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 73 <span>]</span></sup></a> In modern times, the legal systems of many Muslim countries draw upon both civil and common law traditions as well as Islamic law and custom.</span> Sejak pertengahan tahun 1940-an, usaha-usaha yang telah dibuat, di negara setelah negara, untuk membawa hukum Syariah menjadi lebih sesuai dengan kondisi dan konsep modern. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-AA-72" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-AA_72-0" class="reference"><span>[73]</span></sup></a> Dalam modern, sistem hukum di berbagai negara Muslim membangkitkan baik umum dan hukum perdata tradisi serta adat dan hukum Islam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The constitutions of certain Muslim states, such as Egypt and Afghanistan, recognise Islam as the religion of the state, obliging legislature to adhere to Sharia. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-73" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><span>[</span> 74 <span>]</span></sup></a> Saudi Arabia recognises Quran as its constitution, and is governed on the basis of Islamic law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Jurist-74" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Jurist_74-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 75 <span>]</span></sup></a> Iran has also witnessed a reiteration of Islamic law into its legal system after 1979. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-75" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><span>[</span> 76 <span>]</span></sup></a> During the last few decades, one of the fundamental features of the movement of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_resurgence&usg=ALkJrhgQsudlbQotrDQh1zTfQPiIdIaHsw" title="Kebangkitan Islam" class="mw-redirect">Islamic resurgence</a> has been the call to restore the Sharia, which has generated a vast amount of literature and affected <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_politics&usg=ALkJrhh7wILv9JuBBjwrjWwcyDvR4cWQ2g" title="Dunia politik" class="mw-redirect">world politics</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-H1-76" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-H1_76-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 77 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Konstitusi di negara-negara Muslim tertentu, seperti Mesir dan Afghanistan, mengakui Islam sebagai agama negara, seorang legislatif untuk mematuhi Syariah. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-73" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><span>[74]</span></sup></a> Arab Saudi mengakui Quran sebagai konstitusi, dan diatur berdasarkan hukum Islam. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Jurist-74" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Jurist_74-0" class="reference"><span>[75]</span></sup></a> Iran juga telah menyaksikan sebuah perulangan hukum Islam ke dalam sistem hukum setelah 1979. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-75" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><span>[76]</span></sup></a> Selama beberapa dekade terakhir, salah satu fitur dasar gerakan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_resurgence&usg=ALkJrhgQsudlbQotrDQh1zTfQPiIdIaHsw" title="Kebangkitan Islam" class="mw-redirect">kebangkitan Islam</a> telah panggilan untuk mengembalikan Syariah, yang memiliki dalam jumlah yang luas dan sastra terpengaruh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_politics&usg=ALkJrhh7wILv9JuBBjwrjWwcyDvR4cWQ2g" title="Dunia politik" class="mw-redirect">dunia politik.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-H1-76" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-H1_76-0" class="reference"><span>[77]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Legal_theory" id="Legal_theory"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhiEjRJthR22nLl2GD2uAlbJ5UAKHQ" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum teori">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Legal theory</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&usg=ALkJrhiEjRJthR22nLl2GD2uAlbJ5UAKHQ" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum teori"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hukum teori</span></span> </h2><p><a name="History_of_law" id="History_of_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhiYc8n7yqotL51rXaHip0-LGmxu7Q" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History of law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&usg=ALkJrhiYc8n7yqotL51rXaHip0-LGmxu7Q" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sejarah hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history&usg=ALkJrhjOQyE02d3XD3evrUWhdi96_Us_-Q" title="Sejarah hukum">Legal history</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_history&usg=ALkJrhjOQyE02d3XD3evrUWhdi96_Us_-Q" title="Sejarah hukum">Sejarah Hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhfRc_fNbly2vdzElZsT5c7jDfA4Q" class="image" title="Raja Hammurabi diturunkan dari kode hukum oleh Mesopotamian god Shamash Minggu, revered juga sebagai dewa keadilan."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg/180px-Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="245" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milkau_Oberer_Teil_der_Stele_mit_dem_Text_von_Hammurapis_Gesetzescode_369-2.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhfRc_fNbly2vdzElZsT5c7jDfA4Q" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">King <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhjl8OaqH-PQrrI6D6-ZJSvW6oHWSA" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> is revealed the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhiFdoyuKj0_95zK1kSeG8F1ShJIpw" title="Kode Hammurabi">code of laws</a> by the Mesopotamian sun god <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash&usg=ALkJrhiFuOEQt2wnYuKLSZcqQLaJkTljNw" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> , also revered as the god of justice.</span> Raja <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhjl8OaqH-PQrrI6D6-ZJSvW6oHWSA" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> diturunkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhiFdoyuKj0_95zK1kSeG8F1ShJIpw" title="Kode Hammurabi">kode dari hukum</a> oleh Minggu Mesopotamian god <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash&usg=ALkJrhiFuOEQt2wnYuKLSZcqQLaJkTljNw" title="Shamash">Shamash,</a> juga revered sebagai Tuhan keadilan.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The history of law is closely connected to the development of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization&usg=ALkJrhhLXgiKvqEdCcfRCoAB4LeqZitsUA" title="Peradaban">civilization</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt&usg=ALkJrhhu_yCwDfjFY7AqdF2sHbSYcZH3UA" title="Mesir kuno">Ancient Egyptian</a> law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books.</span> Sejarah hukum sangat terkait dengan perkembangan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization&usg=ALkJrhhLXgiKvqEdCcfRCoAB4LeqZitsUA" title="Peradaban">peradaban.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt&usg=ALkJrhhu_yCwDfjFY7AqdF2sHbSYcZH3UA" title="Mesir kuno">Mesir Kuno</a> hukum, dating kembali sebagai sejauh 3000 SM, yang berisi kode sipil yang mungkin dibagi menjadi dua belas buku.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It was based on the concept of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at&usg=ALkJrhhKDliuCrNNXpkzIkdgy0XNTy68Dg" title="Ma'at">Ma'at</a> , characterised by tradition, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric&usg=ALkJrhg_-pe6ptzFjN1E1yyiM2YIOplZIw" title="Retorika">rhetorical</a> speech, social equality and impartiality. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-77" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><span>[</span> 78 <span>]</span></sup></a> By the 22nd century BC, the ancient <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer&usg=ALkJrhhBFl6WW0QSmcEB9tjtT0UQ5ePU8g" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> ruler <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Nammu&usg=ALkJrhibiyb0OChhjc2MkIRP0lm7sDDGlw" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> had formulated the first <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu&usg=ALkJrhj2_1DhAwt3hfG2mXLZmnZkYOXimg" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">law code</a> , which consisted of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuistry&usg=ALkJrhi6P4Q40nkc9XnP2YMA0A8qfw5paA" title="Permainan kata-kata">casuistic</a> statements ("if ... then ...").</span> Ia berbasis pada konsep <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at&usg=ALkJrhhKDliuCrNNXpkzIkdgy0XNTy68Dg" title="Ma'at">Ma'at,</a> ditandai dengan tradisi, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric&usg=ALkJrhg_-pe6ptzFjN1E1yyiM2YIOplZIw" title="Retorika">retorik</a> pidato, kesetaraan dan keadilan sosial. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-77" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><span>[78]</span></sup></a> 22. Pada abad SM, kuno <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer&usg=ALkJrhhBFl6WW0QSmcEB9tjtT0UQ5ePU8g" title="Sumer">Sumeria</a> penguasa <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Nammu&usg=ALkJrhibiyb0OChhjc2MkIRP0lm7sDDGlw" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> telah dirumuskan pertama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu&usg=ALkJrhj2_1DhAwt3hfG2mXLZmnZkYOXimg" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">kode hukum,</a> yang terdiri dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuistry&usg=ALkJrhi6P4Q40nkc9XnP2YMA0A8qfw5paA" title="Permainan kata-kata">casuistic</a> pernyataan ( "jika ... maka ...").</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Around 1760 BC, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhjl8OaqH-PQrrI6D6-ZJSvW6oHWSA" title="Hammurabi">King Hammurabi</a> further developed <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_law&usg=ALkJrhjy3B_kFX1pXTLNlvDhirBQAqHs-A" title="Babylon hukum">Babylonian law</a> , by codifying and inscribing it in stone.</span> Sekitar 1760 SM, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhjl8OaqH-PQrrI6D6-ZJSvW6oHWSA" title="Hammurabi">Raja Hammurabi</a> dikembangkan lebih lanjut <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_law&usg=ALkJrhjy3B_kFX1pXTLNlvDhirBQAqHs-A" title="Babylon hukum">Babylon hukum,</a> dan inscribing oleh codifying dalam batu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele&usg=ALkJrhhXCFplLHHgrWdqTmDJUp6B4TYKcQ" title="Tugu peringatan">stelae</a> , for the entire public to see; this became known as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhiFdoyuKj0_95zK1kSeG8F1ShJIpw" title="Kode Hammurabi">Codex Hammurabi</a> .</span> Hammurabi ditempatkan beberapa salinan dari kode hukum kepada seluruh kerajaan Babel sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele&usg=ALkJrhhXCFplLHHgrWdqTmDJUp6B4TYKcQ" title="Tugu peringatan">stelae,</a> untuk seluruh masyarakat untuk melihat hal ini menjadi dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi&usg=ALkJrhiFdoyuKj0_95zK1kSeG8F1ShJIpw" title="Kode Hammurabi">Codex Hammurabi.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British Assyriologists, and has since been fully <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterated&usg=ALkJrhiDW2EmLMP9_MLFgR76PkVKeS2iQw" title="Transliterated" class="mw-redirect">transliterated</a> and translated into various languages, including English, German, and French. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-78" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><span>[</span> 79 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Yang paling utuh salinan stelae ini telah ditemukan pada abad ke-19 oleh British Assyriologists, dan telah sepenuhnya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterated&usg=ALkJrhiDW2EmLMP9_MLFgR76PkVKeS2iQw" title="Transliterated" class="mw-redirect">transliterated</a> dan diterjemahkan ke dalam berbagai bahasa, termasuk Inggris, Jerman, dan Perancis. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-78" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><span>[79]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament&usg=ALkJrhgsKOpC7sng5qKDP8EHsOr6eJcpWw" title="Perjanjian Lama">Old Testament</a> is likely the oldest surviving body of law still relevant to modern legal systems.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament&usg=ALkJrhgsKOpC7sng5qKDP8EHsOr6eJcpWw" title="Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama</a> kemungkinan tertua hidup badan hukum masih relevan dengan sistem hukum modern.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It dates back to 1280 BC, and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society.</span> It tanggal kembali ke 1280 SM, dan mengambil bentuk moral imperatives sebagai rekomendasi yang baik bagi masyarakat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The small <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece&usg=ALkJrhhvU9Ydjvh2yu3ReEUPJhVLzdi8QA" title="Yunani kuno">Greek</a> city-state, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Athens&usg=ALkJrhh1z7rtnBw66lKz6Fx5SUDpt7Z9Og" title="Sejarah Jakarta">Ancient Athens</a> , and from about 8th century BC was the first society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry; excluding women and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery&usg=ALkJrhgY6QT4h6g3dWyJzAFi1rgiz1qiHg" title="Perbudakan">slave</a> class.</span> Kecil <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece&usg=ALkJrhhvU9Ydjvh2yu3ReEUPJhVLzdi8QA" title="Yunani kuno">Yunani-kota</a> negara, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Athens&usg=ALkJrhh1z7rtnBw66lKz6Fx5SUDpt7Z9Og" title="Sejarah Jakarta">Athena Kuno,</a> dan dari sekitar abad ke-8 SM pertama adalah masyarakat yang akan dimasukkan berdasarkan luas dari rakyat, tidak termasuk perempuan dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery&usg=ALkJrhgY6QT4h6g3dWyJzAFi1rgiz1qiHg" title="Perbudakan">budak</a> kelas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However.</span> Akan tetapi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Athens had no legal science, and no word for "law" as an abstract concept. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-79" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><span>[</span> 80 <span>]</span></sup></a> Yet <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law&usg=ALkJrhj8d0_lQAW1jlUOS9mjoLAm6OOv-g" title="Hukum Yunani Kuno">Ancient Greek law</a> contained major <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians&usg=ALkJrhh8ogEBpQ18Sg5N_4LO92PCNA_pAw" title="Konstitusi yang Athenians">constitutional</a> innovations in the development of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracy&usg=ALkJrhhKiQwjA4FQs6qIBJGco8YpUPGQ5w" title="Demokrasi Athenian">democracy</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-80" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><span>[</span> 81 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Athena tidak memiliki ilmu hukum, dan tidak ada untuk kata "hukum" sebagai konsep abstrak. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-79" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><span>[80]</span></sup></a> Namun <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law&usg=ALkJrhj8d0_lQAW1jlUOS9mjoLAm6OOv-g" title="Hukum Yunani Kuno">hukum Yunani Kuno</a> yang utama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians&usg=ALkJrhh8ogEBpQ18Sg5N_4LO92PCNA_pAw" title="Konstitusi yang Athenians">konstitusional</a> inovasi dalam perkembangan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracy&usg=ALkJrhhKiQwjA4FQs6qIBJGco8YpUPGQ5w" title="Demokrasi Athenian">demokrasi.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-80" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><span>[81]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Roman law was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists, and were highly sophisticated. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-81" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><span>[</span> 82 <span>]</span></sup></a> Over the centuries between the rise and decline of the Roman Empire, law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations, and underwent major codification during Justinian I. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-St107-82" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-St107_82-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 83 <span>]</span></sup></a> Although it declined in significance during the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages&usg=ALkJrhhezP_wubIAavEfBIfcKDykbaxtsw" title="Abad">Dark Ages</a> , Roman law was rediscovered around the 11th century when mediæval legal scholars began to research Roman codes and adapt their concepts.</span> Roma hukum itu banyak dipengaruhi oleh filsafat Yunani, namun rinci aturan tersebut dikembangkan oleh jurists profesional, dan sangat canggih. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-81" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><span>[82]</span></sup></a> Selama abad antara bangkit dan penurunan Empayar Rom, hukum telah berupaya untuk disesuaikan dengan perubahan situasi sosial , dan mengalami kodifikasi utama selama Justinian I. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-St107-82" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-St107_82-0" class="reference"><span>[83]</span></sup></a> Walaupun ditolak dalam arti selama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages&usg=ALkJrhhezP_wubIAavEfBIfcKDykbaxtsw" title="Abad">abad,</a> Roma hukum telah kembali sekitar 11 abad pertengahan ketika sarjana hukum mulai penelitian kode Roma dan mereka mengadaptasi konsep.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In mediæval England, the King's judges developed a body of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent&usg=ALkJrhjOWN9PZXSvIurVCIrYVnYOo_5T8w" title="Preseden">precedent</a> , which later became the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">common law</a> .</span> Mediaeval di Inggris, Raja dari hakim mengembangkan tubuh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent&usg=ALkJrhjOWN9PZXSvIurVCIrYVnYOo_5T8w" title="Preseden">preseden,</a> yang kemudian menjadi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law&usg=ALkJrhjLXnjwmHsvBxoSo03JOvXqL42Hag" title="Umum hukum">hukum umum.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A Europe-wide <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Merchant&usg=ALkJrhhZZDnV4l4NVNdIz8VBoRG3asKRSg" title="Hukum Merchant" class="mw-redirect"><i>Lex Mercatoria</i></a> was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice; rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws.</span> J Eropa-lebar <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Merchant&usg=ALkJrhhZZDnV4l4NVNdIz8VBoRG3asKRSg" title="Hukum Merchant" class="mw-redirect"><i>Lex Mercatoria</i></a> dibentuk sehingga pedagang bisa perdagangan umum dengan standar praktek; daripada dengan banyak splintered dari segi undang-undang setempat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <i>Lex Mercatoria</i> , a precursor to modern commercial law, emphasised the freedom of contract and alienability of property. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-83" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><span>[</span> 84 <span>]</span></sup></a> As <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism&usg=ALkJrhjKCFyvrIK1qqVZvK1sGyGtI5Aeaw" title="Nasionalisme">nationalism</a> grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, <i>Lex Mercatoria</i> was incorporated into countries' local law under new civil codes.</span> The <i>Lex Mercatoria,</i> sebuah pelopor modern komersial hukum, menekankan kebebasan kontrak dan alienability dari properti. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-83" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><span>[84]</span></sup></a> Sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism&usg=ALkJrhjKCFyvrIK1qqVZvK1sGyGtI5Aeaw" title="Nasionalisme">nasionalisme</a> berkembang di abad 18. Dan 19., <i>Lex Mercatoria</i> telah dimasukkan ke dalam negara lokal di bawah undang-undang baru sipil kode.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The French <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhiNDdhZx5XQGzlLr0CnjSfeDzHs5A" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhi1GbuyDqTVWtjwJ4vf3vzTWO-ROw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">German</a> became the most influential.</span> Perancis <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code&usg=ALkJrhiNDdhZx5XQGzlLr0CnjSfeDzHs5A" title="Napoleonic Kode" class="mw-redirect">Napoleonic Code</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhi1GbuyDqTVWtjwJ4vf3vzTWO-ROw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Jerman</a> menjadi yang paling berpengaruh.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In contrast to English common law, which consists of enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply.</span> Kontras ke Bahasa Inggris hukum umum, yang terdiri dari tomes besar dari kasus hukum, kode dalam buku kecil yang mudah dan ekspor mudah bagi hakim untuk menerapkan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-84" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><span>[</span> 85 <span>]</span></sup></a> EU law is codified in treaties, but develops through the precedent laid down by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhgm1YnRY9V_K247Ndj5hy3B4yRkdw" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> .</span> Namun, saat ini terdapat tanda-tanda bahwa perdata dan hukum umum adalah yg bertemu di suatu tempat. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-84" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><span>[85]</span></sup></a> Uni Eropa ketentuan hukum yang dikodifikasikan dalam perjanjian, tetapi berkembang melalui preseden meletakkan bawah oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhgm1YnRY9V_K247Ndj5hy3B4yRkdw" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice.</a></span> </p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constitution_of_India.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhgXFEXENkTbUWdj5M31HiHbJQjOQ" class="image" title="Konstitusi Indonesia adalah konstitusi lama ditulis untuk suatu negara, yang berisi 444 artikel, 12 jadwal, dan berbagai perubahan 117.369 kata."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Constitution_of_India.jpg/180px-Constitution_of_India.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="248" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constitution_of_India.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhgXFEXENkTbUWdj5M31HiHbJQjOQ" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India&usg=ALkJrhirfHCLdQJjyazCzVE3l2G1CaV3hg" title="Konstitusi India">Constitution of India</a> is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India&usg=ALkJrhirfHCLdQJjyazCzVE3l2G1CaV3hg" title="Konstitusi India">Konstitusi Indonesia</a> adalah konstitusi lama ditulis untuk suatu negara, yang berisi 444 artikel, 12 jadwal, dan berbagai perubahan 117.369 kata.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Islamic law and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhgl3ihtOGXejOpwJXGGYnNd4CEGvQ" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> developed during the Middle Ages. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Badr-85" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Badr_85-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 86 <span>]</span></sup></a> The methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas&usg=ALkJrhjhU0-sFM-Xi4A3VoEsdCmV-u2Mrg" title="Qiyas"><i>Qiyas</i></a> ) used in early Islamic law was similar to that of the later <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhgRWneWJZHZ47EVVMzTzx0YO5DRMQ" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">English common law</a> system. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Gamal-86" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Gamal_86-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 87 <span>]</span></sup></a> This was particularly the case for the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki&usg=ALkJrhioN016EoquOAWzU1b3vKY2RvO3fw" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of Islamic law active in North Africa, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus&usg=ALkJrhgjMLhCzszPoSJa0ZvXZ1mBd2WjHw" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic Spain</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily&usg=ALkJrhjqzukuHaIlYQIE7F7IS2zyIJ_I6A" title="Emirate dari Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> .</span> Hukum Islam dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh&usg=ALkJrhgl3ihtOGXejOpwJXGGYnNd4CEGvQ" title="Fiqh">yurisprudensi</a> berkembang selama abad pertengahan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Badr-85" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Badr_85-0" class="reference"><span>[86]</span></sup></a> Metodologi preseden hukum dan alasan oleh analogi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyas&usg=ALkJrhjhU0-sFM-Xi4A3VoEsdCmV-u2Mrg" title="Qiyas"><i>(Qiyas)</i></a> yang digunakan pada awal hukum Islam itu mirip dengan yang nanti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhgRWneWJZHZ47EVVMzTzx0YO5DRMQ" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">Inggris umum</a> sistem <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law&usg=ALkJrhgRWneWJZHZ47EVVMzTzx0YO5DRMQ" title="Bahasa Inggris Hukum">hukum.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Gamal-86" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Gamal_86-0" class="reference"><span>[87]</span></sup></a> Hal ini terutama terjadi untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki&usg=ALkJrhioN016EoquOAWzU1b3vKY2RvO3fw" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> sekolah hukum Islam yang aktif di Afrika Utara, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus&usg=ALkJrhgjMLhCzszPoSJa0ZvXZ1mBd2WjHw" title="Al-Andalus">Spanyol Islam</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily&usg=ALkJrhjqzukuHaIlYQIE7F7IS2zyIJ_I6A" title="Emirate dari Sicily">Emirate dari Sicily.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Between the 8th and 11th centuries, Maliki law developed several legal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution&usg=ALkJrhi2GRMh-mH_GE-Q2g_FvE08kGJ8cg" title="Lembaga">institutions</a> that were parallel with later common law institutions. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-87" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><span>[</span> 88 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> 8. Antara 11 dan abad, Maliki hukum hukum dikembangkan beberapa <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution&usg=ALkJrhi2GRMh-mH_GE-Q2g_FvE08kGJ8cg" title="Lembaga">lembaga</a> yang sejajar dengan lembaga-lembaga hukum umum nanti. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-87" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><span>[88]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ancient <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_India&usg=ALkJrhgiY1IQZH7ylVqtnE8u4rnIFjVPeg" title="Hukum Indonesia">India</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_law&usg=ALkJrhh0jGQTzdRsD-0NAJhwGLCT5pW15Q" title="Cina hukum">China</a> represent distinct traditions of law, and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice.</span> Kuno <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_India&usg=ALkJrhgiY1IQZH7ylVqtnE8u4rnIFjVPeg" title="Hukum Indonesia">India</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_law&usg=ALkJrhh0jGQTzdRsD-0NAJhwGLCT5pW15Q" title="Cina hukum">Cina</a> merupakan tradisi hukum yang berbeda, dan memiliki sejarah yang independen dari sekolah hukum teori dan praktek.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra&usg=ALkJrhhQHW9Rtai_OpbQzPH5SZREmRPRjw" title="Arthashastra"><i>Arthashastra</i></a> , probably compiled around 100 AD (although it contains older material), and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti&usg=ALkJrhjVnPpFBYI_ina8-IV3jyoRt7Xg-A" title="Manusmriti" class="mw-redirect"><i>Manusmriti</i></a> (c. 100–300 AD) were foundational treatises in India, and comprise texts considered authoritative legal guidance. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-88" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><span>[</span> 89 <span>]</span></sup></a> Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_%28political_philosophy%29&usg=ALkJrhgnP9wqdvAnJuKAEwsJF5_cy5pr-Q" title="Pluralisme (filsafat politik)">Pluralism</a> , and was cited across Southeast Asia. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-89" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><span>[</span> 90 <span>]</span></sup></a> This <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism&usg=ALkJrhigghSP2PhZiBhsBPvJhTOqD44gVA" title="Hinduisme">Hindu</a> tradition, along with Islamic law, was supplanted by the common law when India became part of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire&usg=ALkJrhgAzeuKU0a0yAdWB8U-ihfmRwcAjg" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-90" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><span>[</span> 91 <span>]</span></sup></a> Malaysia, Brunei, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Singapore&usg=ALkJrhg1SWR6U1eXkYQYeRNtSRUym67n4g" title="Hukum di Singapura">Singapore</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong&usg=ALkJrhg6pk5z8N325XFtIAuAKbQsV0TAcg" title="Hukum Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> also adopted the common law.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra&usg=ALkJrhhQHW9Rtai_OpbQzPH5SZREmRPRjw" title="Arthashastra"><i>Arthashastra,</i></a> dikompilasi mungkin sekitar 100 AD (walaupun berisi bahan lama), dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti&usg=ALkJrhjVnPpFBYI_ina8-IV3jyoRt7Xg-A" title="Manusmriti" class="mw-redirect"><i>Manusmriti</i></a> (c. 100-300 AD) adalah dasar treatises di India, dan terdiri dari teks dianggap berwibawa pembinaan hukum. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-88" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><span>[89]</span></sup></a> Manu pusat dan toleransi adalah filosofi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_%28political_philosophy%29&usg=ALkJrhgnP9wqdvAnJuKAEwsJF5_cy5pr-Q" title="Pluralisme (filsafat politik)">pluralisme,</a> dan dikutip di seluruh Asia Tenggara. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-89" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><span>[90]</span></sup></a> Ini <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism&usg=ALkJrhigghSP2PhZiBhsBPvJhTOqD44gVA" title="Hinduisme">Hindu</a> tradisi, bersama dengan hukum Islam, adalah supplanted oleh hukum umum bila Indonesia menjadi bagian dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire&usg=ALkJrhgAzeuKU0a0yAdWB8U-ihfmRwcAjg" title="British Empire">British Empire.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-90" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><span>[91]</span></sup></a> Malaysia, Brunei, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Singapore&usg=ALkJrhg1SWR6U1eXkYQYeRNtSRUym67n4g" title="Hukum di Singapura">Singapura</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong&usg=ALkJrhg6pk5z8N325XFtIAuAKbQsV0TAcg" title="Hukum Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> juga mengadopsi hukum umum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-91" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><span>[</span> 92 <span>]</span></sup></a> Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines, by importing bits of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Civil&usg=ALkJrhjJW2-dxwJYN1GJc7_wCdPPBlolig" title="Kode Sipil" class="mw-redirect">French</a> , but mostly the German Civil Code. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-92" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><span>[</span> 93 <span>]</span></sup></a> This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising power in the late 19th century.</span> Timur Asia mencerminkan tradisi hukum yang unik campuran pengaruh sekuler dan agama. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-91" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><span>[92]</span></sup></a> Jepang merupakan negara pertama untuk mulai modernising dengan sistem hukum di sepanjang jalur barat, oleh bit impor dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Civil&usg=ALkJrhjJW2-dxwJYN1GJc7_wCdPPBlolig" title="Kode Sipil" class="mw-redirect">Perancis,</a> Jerman, tetapi kebanyakan Civil Code. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-92" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><span>[93]</span></sup></a> Hal ini tercermin sebagian Jerman status sebagai meningkatnya daya pada akhir abad ke-19.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Similarly, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_law&usg=ALkJrhgicuyg4erpR4iPELNG0z71IBZErw" title="Tradisional Cina hukum">traditional Chinese law</a> gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty&usg=ALkJrhi_6V8lTOt6HDtV3SFO8iwt00_lhg" title="Dinasti Qing">Ch'ing dynasty</a> in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-93" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><span>[</span> 94 <span>]</span></sup></a> Today <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhjkERphiNlpWtOwea4ixL3flsQxbA" title="Undang-undang Republik Cina">Taiwanese law</a> retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period, because of the split between <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek&usg=ALkJrhiucRMDyrgQ5GZQqdXG23kgWa_Vxg" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> 's nationalists, who fled there, and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong&usg=ALkJrhg6CzVQaLkRDXUYvpGHITQJJ1tq-A" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> 's communists who won control of the mainland in 1949.</span> Demikian pula, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_law&usg=ALkJrhgicuyg4erpR4iPELNG0z71IBZErw" title="Tradisional Cina hukum">hukum tradisional Cina</a> untuk memberi jalan ke arah Barat akhir tahun dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty&usg=ALkJrhi_6V8lTOt6HDtV3SFO8iwt00_lhg" title="Dinasti Qing">dinasti Ch'ing</a> dalam bentuk enam hukum swasta terutama kode berbasis pada model Jepang Jerman hukum. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-93" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><span>[94]</span></sup></a> Hari Ini <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_China&usg=ALkJrhjkERphiNlpWtOwea4ixL3flsQxbA" title="Undang-undang Republik Cina">Taiwan hukum</a> tetap yang paling dekat dengan codifications Affinity Dari jangka waktu, karena yang memisahkan antara <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek&usg=ALkJrhiucRMDyrgQ5GZQqdXG23kgWa_Vxg" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> 's nationalists, yang melarikan diri, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong&usg=ALkJrhg6CzVQaLkRDXUYvpGHITQJJ1tq-A" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong'</a> s komunis yang memenangkan kontrol dari daratan pada tahun 1949.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic of China was heavily influenced by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union&usg=ALkJrhgEhBZFkNx1mx85CusvXd_-kDg9kw" title="Uni Soviet">Soviet</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhj9wCsoXIFMqn15VnmbaLkGjRu59A" title="Sosialis hukum">Socialist law</a> , which essentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-94" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><span>[</span> 95 <span>]</span></sup></a> Due to rapid industrialisation, today China undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social and political, rights.</span> Infrastruktur hukum yang berlaku di People's Republic of China telah banyak dipengaruhi oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union&usg=ALkJrhgEhBZFkNx1mx85CusvXd_-kDg9kw" title="Uni Soviet">Soviet</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law&usg=ALkJrhj9wCsoXIFMqn15VnmbaLkGjRu59A" title="Sosialis hukum">Sosialis hukum,</a> yang pada dasarnya akan meningkatkan jumlah administrasi hukum pada biaya hukum hak pribadi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-94" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><span>[95]</span></sup></a> Karena industrialisation cepat, hari ini Cina melakukan proses reformasi, paling tidak dalam segi ekonomi, jika tidak sosial dan politik, hak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A new contract code in 1999 represented a move away from administrative domination. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-95" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><span>[</span> 96 <span>]</span></sup></a> Furthermore, after negotiations lasting fifteen years, in 2001 China joined the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhjJyTD9kp4_vP4Muxk2WWkovAAx7w" title="World Trade Organisation" class="mw-redirect">World Trade Organisation</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-96" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><span>[</span> 97 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Kode kontrak baru pada tahun 1999 mewakili pindah dari dominasi administratif. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-95" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><span>[96]</span></sup></a> Selain itu, setelah negosiasi selama lima belas tahun, pada tahun 2001 Cina bergabung dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhjJyTD9kp4_vP4Muxk2WWkovAAx7w" title="World Trade Organisation" class="mw-redirect">World Trade Organisation.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-96" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><span>[97]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Philosophy_of_law" id="Philosophy_of_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhjPW99HkAN1J9IkHXq6Rr0_ooBBaw" title="Sunting bagian: Filsafat hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Philosophy of law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&usg=ALkJrhjPW99HkAN1J9IkHXq6Rr0_ooBBaw" title="Sunting bagian: Filsafat hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Filsafat hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhgmrt8OShr8UOOMNYi_To6mnnnMHQ" title="Fikih">Jurisprudence</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence&usg=ALkJrhgmrt8OShr8UOOMNYi_To6mnnnMHQ" title="Fikih">Fikih</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><table class="toccolours" style="background: rgb(198, 219, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black; width: 30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"But what, after all, is a law? […] When I say that the object of laws is always general, I mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract, and never a particular person or action. […] On this view, we at once see that it can no longer be asked whose business it is to make laws, since they are acts of the general will; nor whether the prince is above the law, since he is a member of the State; nor whether the law can be unjust, since no one is unjust to himself; nor how we can be both free and subject to the laws, since they are but registers of our wills."</span> "Tapi apa, setelah semua, adalah hukum [...] Ketika saya mengatakan bahwa objek hukum selalu umum, saya menganggap berarti hukum mata pelajaran secara masal dan tindakan dalam abstrak, dan tidak pernah orang tertentu atau tindakan. [... ] Pada pandangan ini, kami sekaligus melihat bahwa ia tidak dapat bisnis yang ditanyakan itu adalah untuk membuat hukum, karena tindakan yang akan umum; atau apakah pangeran di atas hukum, karena dia adalah anggota dari Negara ; atau apakah hukum dapat tidak adil, karena tidak ada yang tidak adil kepada dirinya sendiri; maupun bagaimana kita bisa bebas dan kedua tunduk pada undang-undang, tetapi karena kami register wills. "</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: left;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Jean-Jacques Rousseau</b> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Contract&usg=ALkJrhgeVsHBrMb2d3Cclr9F0P-PIGSckQ" title="Kontrak Sosial" class="mw-redirect"><i>The Social Contract</i></a> , II, 6. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-97" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><span>[</span> 98 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> <b>Jean-Jacques Rousseau,</b> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Contract&usg=ALkJrhgeVsHBrMb2d3Cclr9F0P-PIGSckQ" title="Kontrak Sosial" class="mw-redirect"><i>The Social Contract,</i></a> II, 6. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-97" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><span>[98]</span></sup></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy&usg=ALkJrhh2ObQ-ZhzTex-3ywrc_pZekyknww" title="Filosofi">philosophy</a> of law is commonly known as jurisprudence.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy&usg=ALkJrhh2ObQ-ZhzTex-3ywrc_pZekyknww" title="Filosofi">Filosofi</a> dari hukum ini dikenal sebagai yurisprudensi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Normative jurisprudence is essentially <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy&usg=ALkJrhjDe2GG8wv8WIK2inb0cpxYCSDyag" title="Filsafat politik">political philosophy</a> , and asks "what should law be?", while analytic jurisprudence is asks "what is law?". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Austin_%28legal_philosopher%29&usg=ALkJrhhdj_OhazeMA8Xunr41rainIVoq7A" title="John Austin (hukum filsuf)">John Austin</a> 's <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism&usg=ALkJrhjlu1SKuk1wQqZ_3uouuV2q5Q0CDQ" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> answer was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-jap-98" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-jap_98-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 99 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law&usg=ALkJrhgg8gId3h0NXAZN6X83RJ7iV-yzGQ" title="Hukum alam">Natural lawyers</a> on the other side, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau&usg=ALkJrhgza5_g5WdnqTZ9Huhm2Nrdxk_9mg" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> , argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature.</span> Yurisprudensi normatif pada dasarnya adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy&usg=ALkJrhjDe2GG8wv8WIK2inb0cpxYCSDyag" title="Filsafat politik">filsafat politik,</a> dan menanyakan "apa yang harus menjadi undang-undang?", Sedangkan analitis Yurisprudensi adalah menanyakan "apa yang hukum?". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Austin_%28legal_philosopher%29&usg=ALkJrhhdj_OhazeMA8Xunr41rainIVoq7A" title="John Austin (hukum filsuf)">John Austin</a> 's <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism&usg=ALkJrhjlu1SKuk1wQqZ_3uouuV2q5Q0CDQ" title="Utilitarianism">berfaedah</a> terbaik adalah bahwa hukum adalah "perintah, didukung oleh ancaman sanksi, dari berdaulat, orang-orang yang memiliki kebiasaan ketaatan ". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-jap-98" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-jap_98-0" class="reference"><span>[99]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law&usg=ALkJrhgg8gId3h0NXAZN6X83RJ7iV-yzGQ" title="Hukum alam">Alam pengacara</a> di sisi lain, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau&usg=ALkJrhgza5_g5WdnqTZ9Huhm2Nrdxk_9mg" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau,</a> menyatakan bahwa undang-undang dasarnya mencerminkan unchangeable moral dan undang-undang alam.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The concept of "natural law" emerged in ancient <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophy&usg=ALkJrhjB7gJtI6CtOhOItnN9CsRQTJ43Cw" title="Falsafah Yunani">Greek philosophy</a> concurrently and in entanglement with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture&usg=ALkJrhhHYMxA5J6YLouf7HvvUD6SpLofeA" title="Budaya barat">Western culture</a> through the writings of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas&usg=ALkJrhjbOGXunf6-8-6-3nVY-_dyyfcj2A" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and the commentaries of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy&usg=ALkJrhhLnCYZtx81KdQVGAU76KA5fgjBmw" title="Awal Islam filsafat">Islamic philosopher</a> and jurist <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes&usg=ALkJrhihrWd7rVikuqIisCpOg-e3XjRWzA" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-99" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><span>[</span> 100 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Konsep "hukum alam" muncul di kuno <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophy&usg=ALkJrhjB7gJtI6CtOhOItnN9CsRQTJ43Cw" title="Falsafah Yunani">filsafat Yunani</a> dan bersamaan dengan keterlibatan dalam gagasan keadilan, dan kembali memasuki aliran <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture&usg=ALkJrhhHYMxA5J6YLouf7HvvUD6SpLofeA" title="Budaya barat">Barat budaya</a> melalui tulisan-tulisan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas&usg=ALkJrhjbOGXunf6-8-6-3nVY-_dyyfcj2A" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> dan komentar dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy&usg=ALkJrhhLnCYZtx81KdQVGAU76KA5fgjBmw" title="Awal Islam filsafat">Islam filsuf</a> dan ahli hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes&usg=ALkJrhihrWd7rVikuqIisCpOg-e3XjRWzA" title="Averroes">Averroes.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-99" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><span>[100]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius&usg=ALkJrhh6aIt7dds16KMR43SrE-RsM8mYVA" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> , the founder of a purely rationalistic system of natural law, argued that law arises from both a social impulse—as Aristotle had indicated—and reason. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-100" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><span>[</span> 101 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant&usg=ALkJrhhm6-KGTGCB-4qsB-UcYoVmnAACSw" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> believed a moral imperative requires laws "be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-101" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><span>[</span> 102 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham&usg=ALkJrhht_ApUVtlV_wXAnAH_KJpbOEvftA" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> and his student Austin, following <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume&usg=ALkJrhgN-IFFPjDlkThsqiuQOuviUOH18w" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> , believed that this conflated the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-ought_problem&usg=ALkJrhhtX2zg2uzeUDlOdcKNVsBE-9HRJw" title="Adalah masalah-patut">"is" and what "ought to be"</a> problem.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius&usg=ALkJrhh6aIt7dds16KMR43SrE-RsM8mYVA" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius,</a> pendiri yang murni rasional dari sistem hukum alam, bahwa hukum yang timbul dari kedua sosial sebagai impuls-Aristotle telah ditunjukkan dan alasan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-100" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><span>[101]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant&usg=ALkJrhhm6-KGTGCB-4qsB-UcYoVmnAACSw" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> percaya sebuah keharusan moral memerlukan hukum "dipilih menjadi seolah-olah mereka harus terus universal sebagai hukum alam ". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-101" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><span>[102]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham&usg=ALkJrhht_ApUVtlV_wXAnAH_KJpbOEvftA" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> dan siswa Austin, berikut <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume&usg=ALkJrhgN-IFFPjDlkThsqiuQOuviUOH18w" title="David Hume">David Hume,</a> percaya bahwa ini yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-ought_problem&usg=ALkJrhhtX2zg2uzeUDlOdcKNVsBE-9HRJw" title="Adalah masalah-patut">conflated" adalah "dan apa yang" seharusnya menjadi "masalah.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Bentham and Austin argued for law's <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism&usg=ALkJrhhbsE1Ia1r02AM_mH3gj4UwXmhSjw" title="Positivisme hukum">positivism</a> ; that real law is entirely separate from "morality". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-102" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><span>[</span> 103 <span>]</span></sup></a> Kant was also criticised by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche&usg=ALkJrhha_jjnrgQz6rcXrWMcYXbhDgB4Kg" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> , who rejected the principle of equality, and believed that law emanates from the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_to_power&usg=ALkJrhgem-TJSopaEKlvrqvRynAuZsRjqw" title="Untuk daya">will to power</a> , and cannot be labelled as "moral" or "immoral". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-103" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><span>[</span> 104 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Bentham dan Austin untuk argumentasi hukum dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism&usg=ALkJrhhbsE1Ia1r02AM_mH3gj4UwXmhSjw" title="Positivisme hukum">positivisme;</a> nyata bahwa hukum sepenuhnya terpisah dari "moralitas". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-102" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><span>[103]</span></sup></a> Kant juga kritik oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche&usg=ALkJrhha_jjnrgQz6rcXrWMcYXbhDgB4Kg" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche,</a> yang menolak prinsip kesetaraan, dan percaya bahwa hukum dari emanates <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_to_power&usg=ALkJrhgem-TJSopaEKlvrqvRynAuZsRjqw" title="Untuk daya">untuk berkuasa,</a> dan tidak dapat akan dicap sebagai "moral" atau "jahat". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-103" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><span>[104]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1934, the Austrian philosopher <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kelsen&usg=ALkJrhgzqyZHOb-OZsopI3Dev2hytu0kVQ" title="Hans Kelsen">Hans Kelsen</a> continued the positivist tradition in his book the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law&usg=ALkJrhgG7x2HVFX-zr7pjU6kgztCBYCsfg" title="Teori Hukum Murni"><i>Pure Theory of Law</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-104" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><span>[</span> 105 <span>]</span></sup></a> Kelsen believed that although law is separate from morality, it is endowed with "normativity"; meaning we ought to obey it.</span> Pada tahun 1934, di Austria filsuf <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kelsen&usg=ALkJrhgzqyZHOb-OZsopI3Dev2hytu0kVQ" title="Hans Kelsen">Hans Kelsen</a> yang terus positivist tradisi dalam bukunya the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law&usg=ALkJrhgG7x2HVFX-zr7pjU6kgztCBYCsfg" title="Teori Hukum Murni"><i>Pure Theory of Law.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-104" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><span>[105]</span></sup></a> Kelsen percaya bahwa walaupun undang-undang yang terpisah dari moralitas, adalah kaya dengan "normativity"; berarti kita harus mentaati itu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While laws are positive "is" statements (eg the fine for reversing on a highway <i>is</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro&usg=ALkJrhhBMYhV3KdwotiFIetrgNF7hwyLMg" title="Euro">€</a> 500); law tells us what we "should" do.</span> Meskipun undang-undang yang positif "adalah" pernyataan (misalnya denda untuk reversing pada raya <i>adalah</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro&usg=ALkJrhhBMYhV3KdwotiFIetrgNF7hwyLMg" title="Euro">€</a> 500); hukum memberitahu kita apa yang kita "harus" dilakukan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Thus, each legal system can be hypothesised to have a basic norm ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundnorm&usg=ALkJrhgrEH2eal2jN34syooq4WplT4dRuQ" title="Grundnorm" class="mw-redirect"><i>Grundnorm</i></a> ) instructing us to obey.</span> Dengan demikian, setiap sistem hukum dapat hypothesised memiliki norma dasar <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundnorm&usg=ALkJrhgrEH2eal2jN34syooq4WplT4dRuQ" title="Grundnorm" class="mw-redirect"><i>(Grundnorm)</i></a> meminta kami untuk taat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Kelsen's major opponent, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt&usg=ALkJrhgPx1zqdO25XYbBM2Lb80DkYGUnSg" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> , rejected both positivism and the idea of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law&usg=ALkJrhg79d_pW2jWFGpBkFIvCF441GXJ5A" title="Supremasi hukum">rule of law</a> because he did not accept the primacy of abstract normative principles over concrete political positions and decisions. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-105" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><span>[</span> 106 <span>]</span></sup></a> Therefore, Schmitt advocated a jurisprudence of the exception ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency&usg=ALkJrhg7a9YKkd8iPbsKOewzAXgbBkAXpw" title="Keadaan darurat">state of emergency</a> ), which denied that legal norms could encompass of all political experience. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-F171-106" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-F171_106-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 107 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Kelsen utama lawan, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt&usg=ALkJrhgPx1zqdO25XYbBM2Lb80DkYGUnSg" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt,</a> menolak kedua positivisme dan ide dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law&usg=ALkJrhg79d_pW2jWFGpBkFIvCF441GXJ5A" title="Supremasi hukum">supremasi hukum,</a> karena tidak menerima kedudukan di atas prinsip-prinsip abstrak normatif beton posisi politik dan keputusan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-105" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><span>[106]</span></sup></a> Oleh karena itu, Schmitt advocated dari satu Yurisprudensi kecuali <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency&usg=ALkJrhg7a9YKkd8iPbsKOewzAXgbBkAXpw" title="Keadaan darurat">(negara keadaan darurat),</a> yang menyangkal bahwa norma hukum dapat mencakup semua pengalaman politik. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-F171-106" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-F171_106-0" class="reference"><span>[107]</span></sup></a></span> </p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bentham.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhFjf8WNI7ziPUKbw9UYUEonaZCGg" class="image" title="Bentham berfaedah dari teori hukum tetap dominan sampai abad ke-20."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bentham.jpg/150px-Bentham.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" border="0" height="213" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bentham.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhFjf8WNI7ziPUKbw9UYUEonaZCGg" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the 20th century.</span> Bentham berfaedah dari teori hukum tetap dominan sampai abad ke-20.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Later in the 20th century, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._A._Hart&usg=ALkJrhgqSkfPRsmtuznvxjF28a3w1dlZtg" title="H. A. L. Hart">HLA Hart</a> attacked Austin for his simplifications and Kelsen for his fictions in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law&usg=ALkJrhh6oJ1OxcPnb_6m1OinY6YnBOb4AA" title="Konsep yang Hukum"><i>The Concept of Law</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-107" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><span>[</span> 108 <span>]</span></sup></a> Hart argued law is a system of rules, divided into primary (rules of conduct) and secondary ones (rules addressed to officials to administer primary rules).</span> Kemudian pada abad ke 20, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._A._Hart&usg=ALkJrhgqSkfPRsmtuznvxjF28a3w1dlZtg" title="H. A. L. Hart">HLA Hart</a> menyerang Austin untuk simplifications dan Kelsen untuk fictions <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law&usg=ALkJrhh6oJ1OxcPnb_6m1OinY6YnBOb4AA" title="Konsep yang Hukum"><i>di Konsep Hukum.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-107" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><span>[108]</span></sup></a> Hart argumentasi hukum adalah suatu sistem peraturan, dibagi menjadi dasar (rules of conduct) dan yang kedua (aturan dialamatkan ke petugas untuk mengurus aturan dasar).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication (to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (allowing laws to be varied) and the rule of recognition (allowing laws to be identified as valid).</span> Sekunder aturan yang lebih lanjut dibagi menjadi aturan penyelesaian (untuk menyelesaikan sengketa hukum), mengubah aturan-aturan (undang-undang yang akan memungkinkan bervariasi) dan supremasi pengakuan (membuat undang-undang yang akan diidentifikasi sebagai valid).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Two of Hart's students continued the debate: In his book <i>Law's Empire</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin&usg=ALkJrhiTDQSeNcP0s7qGFmWIpG345ma2Jw" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a> attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue.</span> Dua dari Hart dari siswa lanjutan perdebatan: Dalam bukunya <i>Hukum dari Empire,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin&usg=ALkJrhiTDQSeNcP0s7qGFmWIpG345ma2Jw" title="Ronald Dworkin">Ronald Dworkin</a> menyerang Hart dan positivists penolakan mereka untuk memperlakukan hukum sebagai suatu isu moral.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Dworkin argues that law is an " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretivism_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhiJMNTcsQ9GlBzb0aCNilL0I3Pgew" title="Interpretivism (hukum)">interpretive</a> concept", <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-108" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><span>[</span> 109 <span>]</span></sup></a> that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their constitutional traditions. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Raz&usg=ALkJrhgDvW1A69t03v5Tq1vHhUnDxoKXPg" title="Joseph Raz">Joseph Raz</a> , on the other hand, defended the positivist outlook and criticised Hart's "soft social thesis" approach in <i>The Authority of Law</i> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-jra-109" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-jra_109-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 110 <span>]</span></sup></a> Raz argues that law is authority, identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning.</span> Dworkin bahwa hukum adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretivism_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhiJMNTcsQ9GlBzb0aCNilL0I3Pgew" title="Interpretivism (hukum)">"interpretif</a> konsep", <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-108" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><span>[109]</span></sup></a> yang memerlukan hakim untuk menemukan yang terbaik dan paling pas hanya solusi hukum sengketa, mereka diberikan tradisi konstitusional. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Raz&usg=ALkJrhgDvW1A69t03v5Tq1vHhUnDxoKXPg" title="Joseph Raz">Joseph Raz,</a> di sisi lain, defended the positivist pandangan dan kritik hart's "lunak sosial tesis" pendekatan <i>dalam UU Otoritas.</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-jra-109" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-jra_109-0" class="reference"><span>[110]</span></sup></a> Raz berpendapat bahwa hukum adalah kekuasaan, identitas murni melalui sumber-sumber sosial dan moral tanpa merujuk kepada reasoning.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In his view, any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation are best left to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology&usg=ALkJrhiAZhdJxF6sjQ-EfyzSGohErBUnag" title="Sosiologi">sociology</a> , rather than jurisprudence. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-110" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><span>[</span> 111 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Dalam pandangannya, setiap categorisation aturan melebihi peranan mereka sebagai instrumen berwibawa dalam mediasi yang terbaik untuk dipilih <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology&usg=ALkJrhiAZhdJxF6sjQ-EfyzSGohErBUnag" title="Sosiologi">sosiologi,</a> daripada Yurisprudensi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-110" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><span>[111]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Economic_analysis_of_law" id="Economic_analysis_of_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhj1VNG0NFcbTVJqGuO56qF5ydegZw" title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi analisis hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Economic analysis of law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&usg=ALkJrhj1VNG0NFcbTVJqGuO56qF5ydegZw" title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi analisis hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Ekonomi analisis hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics&usg=ALkJrhgUunm7QQa7OTYPW6DRSfdCXpXP3Q" title="Hukum dan ekonomi">Law and economics</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics&usg=ALkJrhgUunm7QQa7OTYPW6DRSfdCXpXP3Q" title="Hukum dan ekonomi">Hukum dan ekonomi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the 18th century <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith&usg=ALkJrhiE3WzTigYZrGijFHU-BdFfQGv-vw" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> presented a philosophical foundation for explaining the relationship between law and economics. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-111" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><span>[</span> 112 <span>]</span></sup></a> The discipline arose partly out of a critique of trade unions and US <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhh1rLIRXDcHBARxe9ZmIgFrg4nsqg" title="Antitrust" class="mw-redirect">antitrust</a> law.</span> Pada abad 18 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith&usg=ALkJrhiE3WzTigYZrGijFHU-BdFfQGv-vw" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> disajikan sebuah filosofi dasar untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara hukum dan ekonomi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-111" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><span>[112]</span></sup></a> disiplin yang timbul dari sebagian kritik dari serikat pekerja dan US <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust&usg=ALkJrhh1rLIRXDcHBARxe9ZmIgFrg4nsqg" title="Antitrust" class="mw-redirect">antitrust</a> hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most influential proponents, such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner&usg=ALkJrhgruVDdEAU64JEYASG3vzbtgpg7sg" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson&usg=ALkJrhj0EtylQ_i886X9O0rVDjZzDD5qYg" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver Williamson</a> and the so-called <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhhroT7gR0iZROMLKEEe2-KJlCGqtA" title="Chicago sekolah (ekonomi)" class="mw-redirect">Chicago School</a> of economists and lawyers including <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman&usg=ALkJrhinmbA-CPWDUwLPZTvjoOFNNRJ9bA" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Becker&usg=ALkJrhgNxzQ3K3q37f8iTX4dzuUFaJhFgg" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a> , are generally advocates of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation&usg=ALkJrhj0K6gk5jmmlXfqIrUUxu-lJ6hyNA" title="Deregulasi">deregulation</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation&usg=ALkJrhgEspp7TTVhsOgaLDgenXZJQ1g0vw" title="Privatisasi" class="mw-redirect">privatisation</a> , and are hostile to state regulation or what they see as restrictions on the operation of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market&usg=ALkJrhgNJXjikuw-r_-IQ4VerprOAWe7Og" title="Pasar bebas">free markets</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-112" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><span>[</span> 113 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Yang paling berpengaruh proponents, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner&usg=ALkJrhgruVDdEAU64JEYASG3vzbtgpg7sg" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson&usg=ALkJrhj0EtylQ_i886X9O0rVDjZzDD5qYg" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver Williamson</a> dan yang disebut <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhhroT7gR0iZROMLKEEe2-KJlCGqtA" title="Chicago sekolah (ekonomi)" class="mw-redirect">Chicago School</a> of ekonom dan pengacara termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman&usg=ALkJrhinmbA-CPWDUwLPZTvjoOFNNRJ9bA" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Becker&usg=ALkJrhgNxzQ3K3q37f8iTX4dzuUFaJhFgg" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker,</a> biasanya advokat dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation&usg=ALkJrhj0K6gk5jmmlXfqIrUUxu-lJ6hyNA" title="Deregulasi">deregulasi</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation&usg=ALkJrhgEspp7TTVhsOgaLDgenXZJQ1g0vw" title="Privatisasi" class="mw-redirect">privatisasi,</a> dan memperseterukan negara atau peraturan apa yang mereka lihat sebagai pembatasan pada pengoperasian <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market&usg=ALkJrhgNJXjikuw-r_-IQ4VerprOAWe7Og" title="Pasar bebas">pasar bebas.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-112" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><span>[113]</span></sup></a></span> </p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard-A-Posner.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjbmky6LkD_MLbNsAneEEZ7Doop6Q" class="image" title="Richard Posner, salah satu Sekolah Chicago, menjalankan sebuah blog dengan Bank Swedia pemenang Hadiah ekonom Gary Becker. [114]"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Richard-A-Posner.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="150" border="0" height="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard-A-Posner.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjbmky6LkD_MLbNsAneEEZ7Doop6Q" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner&usg=ALkJrhgruVDdEAU64JEYASG3vzbtgpg7sg" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> , one of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhhroT7gR0iZROMLKEEe2-KJlCGqtA" title="Chicago sekolah (ekonomi)" class="mw-redirect">Chicago School</a> , runs a blog with <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Prize&usg=ALkJrhgIlVOiXXQoaaNQPbi3gR1TD4LdZw" title="Bank Swedia Prize" class="mw-redirect">Bank of Sweden Prize</a> winning economist <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Becker&usg=ALkJrhgNxzQ3K3q37f8iTX4dzuUFaJhFgg" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-113" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><span>[</span> 114 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Posner&usg=ALkJrhgruVDdEAU64JEYASG3vzbtgpg7sg" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner,</a> salah satu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhhroT7gR0iZROMLKEEe2-KJlCGqtA" title="Chicago sekolah (ekonomi)" class="mw-redirect">Sekolah Chicago,</a> menjalankan sebuah blog dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Prize&usg=ALkJrhgIlVOiXXQoaaNQPbi3gR1TD4LdZw" title="Bank Swedia Prize" class="mw-redirect">Bank Swedia Prize</a> unggul ekonom <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Becker&usg=ALkJrhgNxzQ3K3q37f8iTX4dzuUFaJhFgg" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-113" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><span>[114]</span></sup></a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most prominent economic analyst of law is 1991 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics&usg=ALkJrhget_iWa2CojP2410p0FA7z9MthNQ" title="Nobel Ekonomi" class="mw-redirect">Nobel Prize</a> winner <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Coase&usg=ALkJrhh0WL9wmdDWnWruJmU-ZxAgjbjRcA" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a> , whose first major article, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_the_Firm&usg=ALkJrhgi_JDp2e_Q16AzpLywnZI0k5T-UQ" title="The Nature of the Firm"><i>The Nature of the Firm</i></a> (1937), argued that the reason for the existence of firms (companies, partnerships, etc.) is the existence of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_cost&usg=ALkJrhjE7lVvx59NzqkzgmXqWoOQAqWd0A" title="Biaya transaksi">transaction costs</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-114" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><span>[</span> 115 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_economicus&usg=ALkJrhhGHFUdny5Bf1p4EOQrksQ_1JwJkA" title="Homo economicus">Rational individuals</a> trade through bilateral contracts on open markets until the costs of transactions mean that using corporations to produce things is more cost-effective.</span> Ekonomi yang paling menonjol adalah analis hukum 1991 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics&usg=ALkJrhget_iWa2CojP2410p0FA7z9MthNQ" title="Nobel Ekonomi" class="mw-redirect">Nobel</a> pemenang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Coase&usg=ALkJrhh0WL9wmdDWnWruJmU-ZxAgjbjRcA" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase,</a> artikel utama yang pertama, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_of_the_Firm&usg=ALkJrhgi_JDp2e_Q16AzpLywnZI0k5T-UQ" title="The Nature of the Firm"><i>The Nature of the Firm</i></a> (1937), menyatakan bahwa alasan keberadaan perusahaan (perusahaan, kemitraan, dll) adalah adanya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_cost&usg=ALkJrhjE7lVvx59NzqkzgmXqWoOQAqWd0A" title="Biaya transaksi">biaya transaksi.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-114" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><span>[115]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_economicus&usg=ALkJrhhGHFUdny5Bf1p4EOQrksQ_1JwJkA" title="Homo economicus">Rational individu</a> melalui perdagangan bilateral kontrak di pasar buka sampai biaya transaksi berarti menggunakan perusahaan untuk menghasilkan sesuatu yang lebih hemat biaya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">His second major article, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Problem_of_Social_Cost&usg=ALkJrhjlKeY8LJHeIB4LA_s0UAD1gmGDPw" title="Masalah Sosial Biaya"><i>The Problem of Social Cost</i></a> (1960), argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs, people would <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargaining&usg=ALkJrhh18xwLq7Z2cKQ9gcVYi_XElR73Rg" title="Tawar">bargain</a> with one another to create the same allocation of resources, regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-115" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><span>[</span> 116 <span>]</span></sup></a> Coase used the example of a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA" title="Berabe">nuisance</a> case named <i>Sturges v. Bridgman</i> , where a noisy sweetmaker and a quiet doctor were neighbours and went to court to see who should have to move. <sup id="cite_ref-Sturges_35-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Sturges-35" title=""><span>[</span> 36 <span>]</span></a></sup> Coase said that regardless of whether the judge ruled that the sweetmaker had to stop using his machinery, or that the doctor had to put up with it, they could strike a mutually beneficial bargain about who moves house that reaches the same outcome of resource distribution.</span> Nya kedua artikel utama, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Problem_of_Social_Cost&usg=ALkJrhjlKeY8LJHeIB4LA_s0UAD1gmGDPw" title="Masalah Sosial Biaya"><i>Masalah Sosial Biaya</i></a> (1960), berpendapat bahwa jika kita hidup di dunia tanpa biaya transaksi, orang akan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargaining&usg=ALkJrhh18xwLq7Z2cKQ9gcVYi_XElR73Rg" title="Tawar">tawar-menawar</a> dengan satu sama lain yang sama untuk membuat alokasi sumber daya, apapun cara pengadilan mungkin aturan properti sengketa. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-115" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><span>[116]</span></sup></a> Coase digunakan contoh dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance&usg=ALkJrhj4WYdS4FNZtV80xolytFKOJXUTGA" title="Berabe">gangguan</a> kasus bernama <i>Sturges ayat Bridgman,</i> tempat yang bising sweetmaker yang tenang dan dokter yang tetangga dan pergi ke pengadilan untuk melihat siapa yang akan memindahkan. <sup id="cite_ref-Sturges_35-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Sturges-35" title=""><span>[36]</span></a></sup> Coase mengatakan bahwa meskipun hakim memutuskan bahwa sweetmaker harus berhenti menggunakan mesin itu, atau bahwa dokter harus memasang dengan hal itu, mereka dapat saling menguntungkan menebah tentang tawaran yang pindah rumah yang mencapai hasil yang sama dari sumber distribusi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Only the existence of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_costs&usg=ALkJrhgkEkTgLaAxH0OOFleaGaIneALVkg" title="Biaya transaksi" class="mw-redirect">transaction costs</a> may prevent this. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-116" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><span>[</span> 117 <span>]</span></sup></a> So the law ought to pre-empt what <i>would</i> happen, and be guided by the most <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhhpOiukIg6-dq9UNmtb35ctKpqzxQ" title="Efisiensi (ekonomi)" class="mw-redirect">efficient</a> solution.</span> Hanya adanya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_costs&usg=ALkJrhgkEkTgLaAxH0OOFleaGaIneALVkg" title="Biaya transaksi" class="mw-redirect">biaya transaksi</a> dapat mencegah hal ini. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-116" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><span>[117]</span></sup></a> Jadi, hukum harus memiliki lebih dulu apa yang <i>akan</i> terjadi, dan akan dipandu oleh yang paling <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhhpOiukIg6-dq9UNmtb35ctKpqzxQ" title="Efisiensi (ekonomi)" class="mw-redirect">efisien</a> solusi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The idea is that law and regulation are not as important or effective at helping people as lawyers and government planners believe. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-117" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><span>[</span> 118 <span>]</span></sup></a> Coase and others like him wanted a change of approach, to put the burden of proof for positive effects on a government that was intervening in the market, by analysing the costs of action. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-118" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><span>[</span> 119 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Intinya adalah bahwa hukum dan peraturan yang penting atau tidak efektif dalam membantu masyarakat dan pemerintah sebagai pengacara perencana beriman. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-117" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><span>[118]</span></sup></a> Coase dan lain-lain seperti dia ingin perubahan pendekatan, untuk meletakkan beban bukti untuk efek positif pada pemerintah bahwa telah campur di pasar, dengan analisis biaya tindakan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-118" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><span>[119]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Sociology_of_law" id="Sociology_of_law"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhjqdRFFBvYmvUN0jYfRoOVxp49bmA" title="Sunting bagian: Sosiologi hukum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Sociology of law</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&usg=ALkJrhjqdRFFBvYmvUN0jYfRoOVxp49bmA" title="Sunting bagian: Sosiologi hukum"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sosiologi hukum</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_law&usg=ALkJrhiHOy9CSBUWh7yOFtR-ohFkor-DXA" title="Sosiologi hukum">Sociology of law</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_law&usg=ALkJrhiHOy9CSBUWh7yOFtR-ohFkor-DXA" title="Sosiologi hukum">Sosiologi hukum</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sociology of law is a diverse field of study that examines the interaction of law with society and overlaps with jurisprudence, economic analysis of law and more specialised subjects such as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology&usg=ALkJrhgdJYp88-ZrHkmT-rpbc2kxs-Gm5w" title="Kriminologi">criminology</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Jary-119" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Jary_119-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 120 <span>]</span></sup></a> The institutions of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction&usg=ALkJrhiQjfRzMiMnbKFYt4SDinwHzQVQwg" title="Konstruksi sosial">social construction</a> and legal frameworks are the relevant areas for the discipline's inquiry.</span> Sosiologi hukum adalah beragam bidang studi yang meneliti interaksi hukum dengan masyarakat dan tumpang tindih dengan yurisprudensi, analisis ekonomi hukum dan mata pelajaran yang lebih khusus seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology&usg=ALkJrhgdJYp88-ZrHkmT-rpbc2kxs-Gm5w" title="Kriminologi">kriminologi.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Jary-119" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-Jary_119-0" class="reference"><span>[120]</span></sup></a> The lembaga <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_construction&usg=ALkJrhiQjfRzMiMnbKFYt4SDinwHzQVQwg" title="Konstruksi sosial">sosial konstruksi</a> dan kerangka hukum yang relevan untuk wilayah disiplin dari penyelidikan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At first, legal theorists were suspicious of the discipline.</span> Pada awalnya, hukum theorists yang mencurigakan dari disiplin.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Kelsen attacked one of its founders, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Ehrlich&usg=ALkJrhhV4zpKJXWwDB7WDTTGzZKKclFt8A" title="Eugen Ehrlich">Eugen Ehrlich</a> , who sought to make distinct the differences between positive law, which lawyers learn and apply, and other forms of 'law' or social norms that regulate everyday life, generally preventing conflicts from reaching lawyers and courts. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-120" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><span>[</span> 121 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Kelsen menyerang salah satu pendiri, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Ehrlich&usg=ALkJrhhV4zpKJXWwDB7WDTTGzZKKclFt8A" title="Eugen Ehrlich">Eugen Ehrlich,</a> yang berusaha untuk membuat jelas perbedaan antara hukum positif, belajar dan pengacara yang berlaku, dan bentuk-bentuk lain dari 'hukum' atau norma sosial yang mengatur kehidupan sehari-hari, umumnya mencegah konflik sampai ke pengadilan dan pengacara . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-120" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><span>[121]</span></sup></a></span> </p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Weber_1917.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgHBDP9AHVic6bjCP9oz3l9MFmcXw" class="image" title="Max Weber dalam 1917 - Weber memulai karirnya sebagai seorang pengacara, dan dianggap sebagai salah satu pendiri dan sosiologi sosiologi hukum."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Max_Weber_1917.jpg/180px-Max_Weber_1917.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="105" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Weber_1917.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgHBDP9AHVic6bjCP9oz3l9MFmcXw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber&usg=ALkJrhg7vQQu-Dcp8I5vf9TYk_hIyMwwsA" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> in 1917 – Weber began his career as a lawyer, and is regarded as one of the founders of sociology and sociology of law.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber&usg=ALkJrhg7vQQu-Dcp8I5vf9TYk_hIyMwwsA" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> dalam 1917 - Weber memulai karirnya sebagai seorang pengacara, dan dianggap sebagai salah satu pendiri dan sosiologi sosiologi hukum.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Around 1900 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber&usg=ALkJrhg7vQQu-Dcp8I5vf9TYk_hIyMwwsA" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> defined his "scientific" approach to law, identifying the "legal rational form" as a type of domination, not attributable to people but to abstract norms. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-121" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><span>[</span> 122 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational-legal_authority&usg=ALkJrhj7GgxxRGBRBUIIiWBAG2VVDrgF2Q" title="Rasional-kewenangan hukum">Legal rationalism</a> was his term for a body of coherent and calculable law which formed a precondition for modern political developments and the modern bureaucratic state and developed in parallel with the growth of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism&usg=ALkJrhglx9Bo73m3mcl7X5WzObELWHrVog" title="Kapitalisme">capitalism</a> . <sup id="cite_ref-Jary_119-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Jary-119" title=""><span>[</span> 120 <span>]</span></a></sup> Another sociologist, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589mile_Durkheim&usg=ALkJrhi-z-es62sa_GwxfT0ktDOJg87gpw" title="Emile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> , wrote in <i>The Division of Labour in Society</i> that as society becomes more complex, the body of civil law concerned primarily with restitution and compensation grows at the expense of criminal laws and penal sanctions. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-122" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><span>[</span> 123 <span>]</span></sup></a> Other notable early legal sociologists included <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sinzheimer&usg=ALkJrhitH4x33mnw4uCsmMD2s7oqtbwHew" title="Hugo Sinzheimer">Hugo Sinzheimer</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Geiger&usg=ALkJrhiNdt8QZiwy1p8kMKSfbY4FY4T8Ig" title="Theodor Geiger">Theodor Geiger</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Gurvitch&usg=ALkJrhgnh6psXwMO0EzPEsymBWkEn5iidw" title="Georges Gurvitch">Georges Gurvitch</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Petra%25C5%25BCycki&usg=ALkJrhhgcSMbXpNqKuxO4R3n4AlqbCxTCg" title="Leon Petrażycki">Leon Petrażycki</a> in Europe, and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner&usg=ALkJrhiWuPxysrhG-ZE6ewqc3rRLVCTGAA" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a> in the US <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-123" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><span>[</span> 124 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sekitar 1900 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber&usg=ALkJrhg7vQQu-Dcp8I5vf9TYk_hIyMwwsA" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> ditetapkan-Nya "ilmiah" pendekatan hukum, mengidentifikasi "hukum rasional formulir" sebagai jenis dominasi, bukan disebabkan tetapi kepada orang-orang ke abstrak norma. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-121" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><span>[122]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational-legal_authority&usg=ALkJrhj7GgxxRGBRBUIIiWBAG2VVDrgF2Q" title="Rasional-kewenangan hukum">Hukum rasionalisme</a> adalah istilah nya untuk tubuh dan koheren dihitung hukum yang membentuk sebuah prasyarat untuk perkembangan politik modern dan birokrasi negara yang modern dan berkembang sejajar dengan perkembangan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism&usg=ALkJrhglx9Bo73m3mcl7X5WzObELWHrVog" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme.</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Jary_119-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-Jary-119" title=""><span>[120]</span></a></sup> sosiolog lain, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589mile_Durkheim&usg=ALkJrhi-z-es62sa_GwxfT0ktDOJg87gpw" title="Emile Durkheim">emile Durkheim,</a> menulis <i>di Divisi Tenaga Kerja dalam Masyarakat</i> sebagai masyarakat yang menjadi lebih kompleks, badan hukum perdata yang bersangkutan terutama dengan restitusi dan kompensasi tumbuh pada biaya hukum pidana dan sanksi hukuman. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-122" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><span>[123]</span></sup></a> Lain-lain terkemuka awal hukum sociologists termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sinzheimer&usg=ALkJrhitH4x33mnw4uCsmMD2s7oqtbwHew" title="Hugo Sinzheimer">Hugo Sinzheimer,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Geiger&usg=ALkJrhiNdt8QZiwy1p8kMKSfbY4FY4T8Ig" title="Theodor Geiger">Theodor Geiger,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Gurvitch&usg=ALkJrhgnh6psXwMO0EzPEsymBWkEn5iidw" title="Georges Gurvitch">Georges Gurvitch</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Petra%25C5%25BCycki&usg=ALkJrhhgcSMbXpNqKuxO4R3n4AlqbCxTCg" title="Leon Petrażycki">Leon Petrażycki</a> di Eropa, dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner&usg=ALkJrhiWuPxysrhG-ZE6ewqc3rRLVCTGAA" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a> di AS <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-123" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><span>[124]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Legal_institutions" id="Legal_institutions"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D19&usg=ALkJrhhot72k8IOmcmHGZQic3xFVYHzuLw" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum lembaga">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Legal institutions</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D19&usg=ALkJrhhot72k8IOmcmHGZQic3xFVYHzuLw" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum lembaga"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hukum lembaga</span></span> </h2><table class="toccolours" style="background: rgb(198, 219, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 25em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"It is a real unity of them all in one and the same person, made by covenant of every man with every man, in such manner as if every man should say to every man: I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou givest up, thy right to him, and authorise all his actions in like manner.</span> "Ini adalah kesatuan dari mereka semua dalam satu dan yang sama, perjanjian yang dibuat oleh setiap orang dengan setiap orang, dengan cara sedemikian seolah-olah setiap orang harus berkata kepada setiap orang: saya dan memberikan otorisasi atas kanan saya tentang diri saya kepada laki-laki ini, atau ini kumpulan manusia, pada kondisi ini, agar kamu memberi atas, kanan-Mu kepadanya, dan tindak segala tindakan demikianlah.</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: left;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Thomas Hobbes</b> , <i>Leviathan</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html&usg=ALkJrhjHZIsQ6TNETjBBxXgWMuTHESdjPg#CHAPTERXVII" class="external text" title="http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html # CHAPTERXVII" rel="nofollow">XVII</a></span> <b>Thomas Hobbes,</b> <i>Leviathan,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html&usg=ALkJrhjHZIsQ6TNETjBBxXgWMuTHESdjPg#CHAPTERXVII" class="external text" title="http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html # CHAPTERXVII" rel="nofollow">XVII</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law is less a body of static rules than a "dynamic process by which rules are constantly changed, created, and molded to fit particular situations." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-124" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><span>[</span> 125 <span>]</span></sup></a> Changes are continuously made by various institutions in a society.</span> Hukum yang kurang tubuh statis aturan dari sebuah "proses dinamis oleh aturan yang secara konstan berubah, dibuat, dan molded cocok untuk situasi tertentu." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-124" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><span>[125]</span></sup></a> Perubahan akan terus dilakukan oleh berbagai lembaga dalam masyarakat.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law's main institutions in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy&usg=ALkJrhjZ52Lup76Xasdw3m6wgWF77Wy7fQ" title="Demokrasi liberal">liberal democracies</a> are the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_judiciary&usg=ALkJrhiFAb4jHOJhOjXOVHjyv3zmt7rfkg" title="Independen peradilan" class="mw-redirect">independent judiciaries</a> , the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice&usg=ALkJrhg-tNGt09wI5N-qoak78XXv-nEIBg" title="Peradilan pidana">justice systems</a> , the representative legislatures or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament&usg=ALkJrhhWhFVshPqIfKOukPWMg7_rPMJ_hA" title="Parlemen">parliaments</a> , an <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability&usg=ALkJrhhDSPGZ16RsQ8UL30rSx4jL8I0LbQ" title="Akuntabilitas">accountable</a> executive, a competent and non-corrupt bureaucracy, a police force, a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military&usg=ALkJrhgvCQ37tb-p2yF6_apDpPjkhCBDpA" title="Kontrol sipil yang militer">civilian control of the military</a> and a robust legal profession ensuring people's access to justice and a pluralistic civil society—a term used to refer to the social institutions, communities and partnerships that form law's political basis. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-125" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><span>[</span> 126 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Lembaga hukum utama dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy&usg=ALkJrhjZ52Lup76Xasdw3m6wgWF77Wy7fQ" title="Demokrasi liberal">demokrasi liberal</a> yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_judiciary&usg=ALkJrhiFAb4jHOJhOjXOVHjyv3zmt7rfkg" title="Independen peradilan" class="mw-redirect">independen judiciaries,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice&usg=ALkJrhg-tNGt09wI5N-qoak78XXv-nEIBg" title="Peradilan pidana">keadilan, sistem</a> perwakilan legislatures atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament&usg=ALkJrhhWhFVshPqIfKOukPWMg7_rPMJ_hA" title="Parlemen">parlemen,</a> yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability&usg=ALkJrhhDSPGZ16RsQ8UL30rSx4jL8I0LbQ" title="Akuntabilitas">bertanggung jawab</a> eksekutif, yang tidak kompeten dan korup birokrasi, yang memaksa polisi, seorang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military&usg=ALkJrhgvCQ37tb-p2yF6_apDpPjkhCBDpA" title="Kontrol sipil yang militer">sipil kontrol militer</a> dan profesi hukum yang kuat untuk memastikan rakyat akses terhadap keadilan dan masyarakat madani pluralistic-istilah yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada lembaga sosial, masyarakat dan kemitraan yang membentuk undang-undang dasar politik. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-125" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><span>[126]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">John Locke, in his <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government&usg=ALkJrhhLFo7A1JDF22ktaheslsdOGYYC_Q" title="Dua Treatises Pemerintah"><i>Two Treatises of Government</i></a> , and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu&usg=ALkJrhgYU2v_FarlDMlJulYb4gmVnf_pPg" title="Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect">Baron de Montesquieu</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws&usg=ALkJrhg2I_x9EqW9TVwg5IVDlHL5XhqnfA" title="Roh Hukum"><i>The Spirit of the Laws</i></a> , advocated for a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers&usg=ALkJrhgZPn36Z8X3C5UNnkLAn2pQzcN8og" title="Pemisahan kekuasaan">separation of powers</a> between the political, legislature and executive bodies. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-126" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><span>[</span> 127 <span>]</span></sup></a> Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">state</a> , in contrast to the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy&usg=ALkJrhiBwjuXPiS-cDg7S42FCp3qANyofQ" title="Monarki mutlak">absolutist</a> theory of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes&usg=ALkJrhi6K0jEhd2LTbqW1iDlm8txwt3KXA" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> ' <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_%28book%29&usg=ALkJrhhZyfZYQcl_bl2p7Hpj00tReFXcVA" title="Raksasa (buku)"><i>Leviathan</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-H17-127" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-H17_127-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 128 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber&usg=ALkJrhg7vQQu-Dcp8I5vf9TYk_hIyMwwsA" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> and others reshaped thinking on the extension of state.</span> John Locke, dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government&usg=ALkJrhhLFo7A1JDF22ktaheslsdOGYYC_Q" title="Dua Treatises Pemerintah"><i>Dua Treatises Pemerintah,</i></a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu&usg=ALkJrhgYU2v_FarlDMlJulYb4gmVnf_pPg" title="Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect">Baron de Montesquieu</a> dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws&usg=ALkJrhg2I_x9EqW9TVwg5IVDlHL5XhqnfA" title="Roh Hukum"><i>Roh Hukum,</i></a> advocated untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers&usg=ALkJrhgZPn36Z8X3C5UNnkLAn2pQzcN8og" title="Pemisahan kekuasaan">pemisahan kekuasaan</a> antara politik, badan legislatif dan eksekutif. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-126" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><span>[127]</span></sup></a> prinsip mereka adalah orang yang tidak seharusnya dapat merebut semua kekuasaan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">negara,</a> dalam kontras dengan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy&usg=ALkJrhiBwjuXPiS-cDg7S42FCp3qANyofQ" title="Monarki mutlak">absolutist</a> teori <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes&usg=ALkJrhi6K0jEhd2LTbqW1iDlm8txwt3KXA" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes'</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_%28book%29&usg=ALkJrhhZyfZYQcl_bl2p7Hpj00tReFXcVA" title="Raksasa (buku)"><i>Leviathan.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-H17-127" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-H17_127-0" class="reference"><span>[128]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber&usg=ALkJrhg7vQQu-Dcp8I5vf9TYk_hIyMwwsA" title="Max Weber">Max Weber,</a> dan lain-lain reshaped pemikiran ekstensi negara.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Modern military, policing and bureaucratic power over ordinary citizens' daily lives pose special problems for accountability that earlier writers such as Locke or Montesquieu could not have foreseen.</span> Modern militer, dan birokrasi policing Kuasaatas biasa warga mengajukan kehidupan sehari-hari khusus untuk masalah akuntabilitas yang sebelumnya penulis seperti Locke atau Montesquieu tidak ada foreseen.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Modern international organisations tend to focus on the importance of rule of law and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_governance&usg=ALkJrhiDy_7KT5v9nXhI5vj6Lfzl4nhpNQ" title="Good governance">good governance</a> , while other authors explore the relation of rule of law and efficient governance in modern states. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-128" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><span>[</span> 129 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Modern organisasi internasional cenderung untuk memfokuskan tentang pentingnya supremasi hukum dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_governance&usg=ALkJrhiDy_7KT5v9nXhI5vj6Lfzl4nhpNQ" title="Good governance">pemerintahan yang baik,</a> sementara lainnya penulis mencari hubungan kepastian hukum dan efisien dalam pemerintahan negara modern. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-128" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><span>[129]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Judiciary" id="Judiciary"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhicwb4IvF_TZEnY8P9hh6r45VttNA" title="Sunting bagian: Judiciary">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Judiciary</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D20&usg=ALkJrhicwb4IvF_TZEnY8P9hh6r45VttNA" title="Sunting bagian: Judiciary"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kehakiman</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhhjG9IonJ29mbx5LQMZr6GrH5oFQg" title="Peradilan">Judiciary</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary&usg=ALkJrhhjG9IonJ29mbx5LQMZr6GrH5oFQg" title="Peradilan">Judiciary</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A judiciary is a number of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhh5KCtW_U5YzfDitHlJUNA0RxBcZA" title="Hakim">judges</a> mediating disputes to determine outcome.</span> J peradilan adalah sejumlah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhh5KCtW_U5YzfDitHlJUNA0RxBcZA" title="Hakim">hakim</a> mediasi sengketa untuk menentukan hasil.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most countries have systems of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhjL3sbzH_nqbeJFz0qpBel3Al64Iw" title="Banding">appeal</a> courts, answering up to a supreme legal authority.</span> Sebagian besar negara memiliki sistem <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhjL3sbzH_nqbeJFz0qpBel3Al64Iw" title="Banding">banding</a> pengadilan, answering sampai otoritas hukum tertinggi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the United States, this is the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhjMixAHoeh-MLM4Tv60pV76F84iMg" title="Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat">Supreme Court</a> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-129" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><span>[</span> 130 <span>]</span></sup></a> in Australia, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia&usg=ALkJrhhKPVVpVlne-j0C7-ElXz7iDQ8hvg" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> ; in the UK, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> ; <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-130" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><span>[</span> 131 <span>]</span></sup></a> in Germany, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverfassungsgericht&usg=ALkJrhgn5JUuAKw8iPYxC25bSeFTNyhYbg" title="Bundesverfassungsgericht" class="mw-redirect"><i>Bundesverfassungsgericht</i></a> ; in France, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_de_cassation_%28France%29&usg=ALkJrhjkUbag4abBC1qnm2-YAVIMlTvRlg" title="Cour de kasasi (Prancis)" class="mw-redirect"><i>Cour de Cassation</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-131" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><span>[</span> 132 <span>]</span></sup></a> For most European countries the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg can overrule national law, when EU law is relevant.</span> Di Amerika Serikat, ini adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhjMixAHoeh-MLM4Tv60pV76F84iMg" title="Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat">Mahkamah Agung;</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-129" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><span>[130]</span></sup></a> di Australia, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia&usg=ALkJrhhKPVVpVlne-j0C7-ElXz7iDQ8hvg" title="High Court of Australia">Pengadilan Tinggi;</a> di Inggris, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg" title="House of Lords">House of Lords;</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-130" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><span>[131]</span></sup></a> di Jerman, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverfassungsgericht&usg=ALkJrhgn5JUuAKw8iPYxC25bSeFTNyhYbg" title="Bundesverfassungsgericht" class="mw-redirect"><i>Bundesverfassungsgericht;</i></a> di Perancis, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_de_cassation_%28France%29&usg=ALkJrhjkUbag4abBC1qnm2-YAVIMlTvRlg" title="Cour de kasasi (Prancis)" class="mw-redirect"><i>Cour de kasasi.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-131" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><span>[132]</span></sup></a> Untuk sebagian besar negara-negara Eropa European Court of Justice di Luxemburg dapat mengesampingkan hukum nasional, ketika Uni Eropa hukum relevan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg allows citizens of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe&usg=ALkJrhhwkMsdJvwVQHNrgzsPg535vADNcw" title="Dari Dewan Eropa">Council of Europe</a> member states to bring cases relating to human rights issues before it. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-132" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><span>[</span> 133 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> European Court of Human Rights di Strasbourg memungkinkan warga <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe&usg=ALkJrhhwkMsdJvwVQHNrgzsPg535vADNcw" title="Dari Dewan Eropa">Dewan Eropa</a> menyatakan anggota untuk membawa kasus-kasus yang berkaitan dengan masalah hak asasi manusia sebelum. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-132" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><span>[133]</span></sup></a></span> </p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Public_hearing_at_the_ICJ.jpg&usg=ALkJrhg4U144n9kLGf1QhMcVN_-FmKietg" class="image" title="Hakim dari International Court of Justice di Hague"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Public_hearing_at_the_ICJ.jpg/180px-Public_hearing_at_the_ICJ.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Public_hearing_at_the_ICJ.jpg&usg=ALkJrhg4U144n9kLGf1QhMcVN_-FmKietg" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The judges of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague&usg=ALkJrhh8wqyhzY4LxotGfB3v5i-7MCo5Qg" title="The Hague">the Hague</a></span> Hakim dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice&usg=ALkJrhjqYfmnRQyjSHa6ZYzbalvitk4jIg" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague&usg=ALkJrhh8wqyhzY4LxotGfB3v5i-7MCo5Qg" title="The Hague">di Hague</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Some countries allow their highest judicial authority to over-rule legislation they determined as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality&usg=ALkJrhgyNQLP41tnmu51U2kVlxcTe-Rfcw" title="Undang-undang dasar">unconstitutional</a> .</span> Beberapa negara membolehkan mereka otoritas tertinggi peradilan ke atas-peraturan perundang-undangan mereka ditetapkan sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality&usg=ALkJrhgyNQLP41tnmu51U2kVlxcTe-Rfcw" title="Undang-undang dasar">inkonstitusionil.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade&usg=ALkJrhg9G0RC7jv6cBCW8YEV7BQLJOccjA" title="Kidang v. Wade"><i>Roe v. Wade</i></a> , the US Supreme Court overturned a Texas law which forbade the granting of assistance to women seeking <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion&usg=ALkJrhiWNzWDnnyPyFtwFNIzzxBUczBUNw" title="Aborsi">abortion</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-133" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><span>[</span> 134 <span>]</span></sup></a> The US's constitution's <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhiJRtB6mUbEAMGDXLl1liR3CoqGvQ" title="Keempatbelas Perubahan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">fourteenth amendment</a> was interpreted to give Americans a right to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy&usg=ALkJrhiPox-Yq6wa6ovlcYGuMizElBmywA" title="Privasi">privacy</a> , and thus a woman's <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-choice&usg=ALkJrhgoPTJOaYZUqqrdkzIguQ7mU8KYsg" title="Pro-pilihan">right to choose</a> abortion.</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade&usg=ALkJrhg9G0RC7jv6cBCW8YEV7BQLJOccjA" title="Kidang v. Wade"><i>ROE v. Wade,</i></a> the US Supreme Court overturned a Texas hukum yang melarang memberikan bantuan kepada perempuan mencari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion&usg=ALkJrhiWNzWDnnyPyFtwFNIzzxBUczBUNw" title="Aborsi">aborsi.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-133" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><span>[134]</span></sup></a> The US konstitusi dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&usg=ALkJrhiJRtB6mUbEAMGDXLl1liR3CoqGvQ" title="Keempatbelas Perubahan Konstitusi Amerika Serikat">keempatbelas amandemen</a> telah diinterpretasikan Amerika yang memberikan hak untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy&usg=ALkJrhiPox-Yq6wa6ovlcYGuMizElBmywA" title="Privasi">privasi,</a> dan dengan itu perempuan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-choice&usg=ALkJrhgoPTJOaYZUqqrdkzIguQ7mU8KYsg" title="Pro-pilihan">berhak memilih</a> aborsi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A judiciary is theoretically bound by the constitution, much as legislative bodies are.</span> J peradilan yang secara teoritis terikat oleh konstitusi, sebesar badan legislatif tersebut.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In most countries judges may only <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretivism_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhiJMNTcsQ9GlBzb0aCNilL0I3Pgew" title="Interpretivism (hukum)">interpret</a> the constitution and all other laws.</span> Di sebagian besar negara hakim hanya dapat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretivism_%28legal%29&usg=ALkJrhiJMNTcsQ9GlBzb0aCNilL0I3Pgew" title="Interpretivism (hukum)">menafsirkan</a> konstitusi dan semua undang-undang.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But in common law countries, where matters are not constitutional, the judiciary may also create law under the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_precedent&usg=ALkJrhge0oLsmQcD6xhOjRvEckGewNuuKg" title="Doktrin preseden" class="mw-redirect">doctrine of precedent</a> .</span> Tetapi dalam undang-undang negara, di mana hal-hal yang tidak konstitusional, yudikatif juga dapat membuat undang-undang di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_precedent&usg=ALkJrhge0oLsmQcD6xhOjRvEckGewNuuKg" title="Doktrin preseden" class="mw-redirect">doktrin preseden.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The UK, Finland and New Zealand assert the ideal of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty&usg=ALkJrhiMfblsIbvnJo56HLtvhBsbMS0-wg" title="Kedaulatan parlemen">parliamentary sovereignty</a> , whereby the unelected judiciary may not overturn law passed by a democratic legislature. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-134" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><span>[</span> 135 <span>]</span></sup></a> In <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state&usg=ALkJrhhLQXLWRm8EmiP4zRYfUCb3o_TCzw" title="Negara komunis">communist states</a> , such as China, the courts are often regarded as parts of the executive, or subservient to the legislature; governmental institutions and actors exert thus various forms of influence on the judiciary. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-135" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><span>[</span> 136 <span>]</span></sup></a> In Muslim countries, courts often examine whether state laws adhere to the Sharia: the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt&usg=ALkJrhgM1GnSYrGEim2OfAwB4rAtJEuHIw" title="Mahkamah Konstitusi Pengadilan Mesir">Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt</a> may invalidate such laws, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-136" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><span>[</span> 137 <span>]</span></sup></a> and in Iran the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Council&usg=ALkJrhgCT3VNpexcMi4v1sD7z9thpgZpug" title="Wali Council">Guardian Council</a> ensures the compatibility of the legislation with the "criteria of Islam". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-137" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><span>[</span> 138 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Inggris, Finlandia dan Selandia Baru menyatakan ideal dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty&usg=ALkJrhiMfblsIbvnJo56HLtvhBsbMS0-wg" title="Kedaulatan parlemen">kedaulatan parlemen,</a> di mana mungkin tidak unelected peradilan menjungkal disahkan oleh hukum yang demokratis legislatif. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-134" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><span>[135]</span></sup></a> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state&usg=ALkJrhhLQXLWRm8EmiP4zRYfUCb3o_TCzw" title="Negara komunis">negara komunis,</a> seperti Cina, pengadilan seringkali dianggap sebagai bagian dari eksekutif, atau tunduk ke badan legislatif, pemerintah dan lembaga-lembaga pelaku berusaha sehingga berbagai bentuk terhadap peradilan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-135" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><span>[136]</span></sup></a> Dalam negara-negara Muslim, sering pengadilan memeriksa apakah negara hukum sesuai dengan Syariah: the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt&usg=ALkJrhgM1GnSYrGEim2OfAwB4rAtJEuHIw" title="Mahkamah Konstitusi Pengadilan Mesir">Supreme Court of Mesir Konstitusi</a> dapat membatalkan hukum, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-136" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><span>[ 137]</span></sup></a> dan Iran di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Council&usg=ALkJrhgCT3VNpexcMi4v1sD7z9thpgZpug" title="Wali Council">Dewan Wali</a> memastikan kompatibilitas dengan perundang-undangan "kriteria Islam". <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-137" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><span>[138]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Legislature" id="Legislature"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhgaUx3wpPHtZa-qzf9J35Fem_1agg" title="Sunting bagian: legislatif">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Legislature</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D21&usg=ALkJrhgaUx3wpPHtZa-qzf9J35Fem_1agg" title="Sunting bagian: legislatif"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">legislatif</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiO0g-SWbZ5_fRLSVWsdPKdhU5_nQ" title="Legislatif">Legislature</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature&usg=ALkJrhiO0g-SWbZ5_fRLSVWsdPKdhU5_nQ" title="Legislatif">legislatif</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European-parliament-brussels-inside.JPG&usg=ALkJrhiZtqYo6alu5goeJXMsDUDeAE_6mA" class="image" title="Diperdebatkan di ruang dari Parlemen Eropa"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/European-parliament-brussels-inside.JPG/180px-European-parliament-brussels-inside.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="135" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European-parliament-brussels-inside.JPG&usg=ALkJrhiZtqYo6alu5goeJXMsDUDeAE_6mA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The debating chamber of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhg-WzKk6kQj0a_5bsuoX2M3mEG_Sw" title="Parlemen Eropa">European Parliament</a></span> Diperdebatkan di ruang dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhg-WzKk6kQj0a_5bsuoX2M3mEG_Sw" title="Parlemen Eropa">Parlemen Eropa</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Prominent examples of legislatures are the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhgoS0XGBJDB3aEtWlBoFtWdvsC_6A" title="Rumah Parlemen" class="mw-redirect">Houses of Parliament</a> in London, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress&usg=ALkJrhgB6v4yQhRvKUpKOcy1wBRNs5EP3Q" title="Kongres Amerika">Congress</a> in Washington DC, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag&usg=ALkJrhhWeBt7t8xIZWyIWjaqN3TujMQveA" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> in Berlin, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duma&usg=ALkJrhgtBWX9tk7TlYys2ZsSrDldiaqA-w" title="Duma">Duma</a> in Moscow, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy&usg=ALkJrhjpuJrPYc0w0RaDtbhUkrQ15PRi4g" title="Parlemen di Italia">Parlamento Italiano</a> in Rome and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France&usg=ALkJrhhuOHxmJEKrJyWJi8SReSUh1w7VVA" title="Majelis Nasional Perancis"><i>Assemblée nationale</i></a> in Paris.</span> Contoh legislatures menonjol adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhgoS0XGBJDB3aEtWlBoFtWdvsC_6A" title="Rumah Parlemen" class="mw-redirect">Rumah Parlemen</a> di London, pada <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress&usg=ALkJrhgB6v4yQhRvKUpKOcy1wBRNs5EP3Q" title="Kongres Amerika">Kongres</a> di Washington DC, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag&usg=ALkJrhhWeBt7t8xIZWyIWjaqN3TujMQveA" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> di Berlin, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duma&usg=ALkJrhgtBWX9tk7TlYys2ZsSrDldiaqA-w" title="Duma">Duma</a> di Moskow, yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy&usg=ALkJrhjpuJrPYc0w0RaDtbhUkrQ15PRi4g" title="Parlemen di Italia">Parlamento Italiano</a> di Roma dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France&usg=ALkJrhhuOHxmJEKrJyWJi8SReSUh1w7VVA" title="Majelis Nasional Perancis"><i>Assemblée nationale</i></a> di Paris.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out <i>their</i> wishes.</span> Dengan prinsip dari pemerintah mewakili suara masyarakat untuk politisi untuk melaksanakan keinginan <i>mereka.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although countries like Israel, Greece, Sweden and China are <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism&usg=ALkJrhjYmyYrKLhAiff91V_6wgK3o2Y1jA" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> , most countries are <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism&usg=ALkJrhipJhHAzjLpRCAtkcrMob5vuoTJFQ" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> , meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses.</span> Meskipun negara-negara seperti Israel, Yunani, Swedia dan Cina adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism&usg=ALkJrhjYmyYrKLhAiff91V_6wgK3o2Y1jA" title="Unicameralism">unicameral,</a> sebagian besar negara-negara yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism&usg=ALkJrhipJhHAzjLpRCAtkcrMob5vuoTJFQ" title="Bicameralism">terdiri daripada dua dewan,</a> yang berarti mereka telah ditunjuk secara terpisah dua rumah legislatif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the 'lower house' politicians are elected to represent smaller <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency&usg=ALkJrhgZqMaV2oMXtGwR39pkElwmbrAj9A" title="Konstituen">constituencies</a> .</span> Di 'rumah rendah' politisi yang dipilih untuk mewakili kecil <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency&usg=ALkJrhgZqMaV2oMXtGwR39pkElwmbrAj9A" title="Konstituen">constituencies.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The 'upper house' is usually elected to represent states in a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic&usg=ALkJrhgSW-TBINO-JTmLFEdOPZ3CLA0Ptw" title="Republik federal">federal</a> system (as in Australia, Germany or the United States) or different voting configuration in a unitary system (as in France).</span> The 'atas rumah' biasanya dipilih untuk mewakili negara di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic&usg=ALkJrhgSW-TBINO-JTmLFEdOPZ3CLA0Ptw" title="Republik federal">federal</a> system (seperti di Australia, Jerman atau Amerika Serikat) atau konfigurasi yang berbeda dalam voting unitary system (seperti di Perancis).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the UK the upper house is appointed by the government as a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg" title="House of Lords">house of review</a> .</span> Di Inggris di atas rumah yang ditunjuk oleh pemerintah sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords&usg=ALkJrhi7hGrxbJX3ZfjEdxahIXSopiG-Xg" title="House of Lords">rumah diperiksa.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One criticism of bicameral systems with two elected chambers is that the upper and lower houses may simply mirror one another.</span> Satu kritikan dari sistem terdiri daripada dua dewan dipilih dengan dua kamar yang lebih rendah di atas rumah dan dapat dengan mudah cermin satu sama lain.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The traditional justification of bicameralism is that an upper chamber acts as a house of review.</span> Tradisional pembenaran dari bicameralism adalah bahwa ruang atas bertindak sebagai rumah diperiksa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This can minimise arbitrariness and injustice in governmental action. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-138" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><span>[</span> 139 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Hal ini dapat meminimalkan kesembarangan dan ketidakadilan dalam tindakan pemerintah. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-138" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><span>[139]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To pass legislation, a majority of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhjCESoZS4txgjBh-ed0xiYinY-nMg" title="Anggota Parlemen" class="mw-redirect">Members of Parliament</a> must <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote&usg=ALkJrhh9oZtnMegEFP6Hax3_-nTd2ae9ow" title="Suara" class="mw-redirect">vote</a> for a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%28proposed_law%29&usg=ALkJrhhkRfN2gb_zbgxnCNIgscVqFUzg1w" title="Bill (undang-undang)">bill (proposed law)</a> in each house.</span> Melalui undang-undang, yang mayoritas <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhjCESoZS4txgjBh-ed0xiYinY-nMg" title="Anggota Parlemen" class="mw-redirect">Anggota Parlemen</a> harus <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote&usg=ALkJrhh9oZtnMegEFP6Hax3_-nTd2ae9ow" title="Suara" class="mw-redirect">memberikan suara</a> untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%28proposed_law%29&usg=ALkJrhhkRfN2gb_zbgxnCNIgscVqFUzg1w" title="Bill (undang-undang)">rancangan undang-undang (undang-undang)</a> di rumah masing-masing.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Normally there will be several readings and amendments proposed by the different political factions.</span> Biasanya akan ada beberapa pembacaan dan perubahan yang diusulkan oleh berbagai golongan politik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">If a country has an entrenched constitution, a special majority for changes to the constitution will be required, making changes to the law more difficult.</span> Jika suatu negara memiliki berurat konstitusi, khusus untuk mayoritas perubahan konstitusi akan diminta, untuk membuat perubahan hukum lebih sulit.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A government usually leads the process, which can be formed from <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhjCESoZS4txgjBh-ed0xiYinY-nMg" title="Anggota Parlemen" class="mw-redirect">Members of Parliament</a> (eg the UK or Germany).</span> J pemerintah biasanya lead proses, yang dapat dibentuk dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Parliament&usg=ALkJrhjCESoZS4txgjBh-ed0xiYinY-nMg" title="Anggota Parlemen" class="mw-redirect">Anggota Parlemen</a> (misalnya di Inggris atau Jerman).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">But in a presidential system, an executive appoints a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet&usg=ALkJrhjhT5E7dTg0Rs4_uWJWm4DbLAo4lQ" title="Kabinet">cabinet</a> to govern from his or her <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political&usg=ALkJrhjSEYioz0LwyzmkfReICvI4EVCyQQ" title="Politik" class="mw-redirect">political</a> allies whether or not they are elected (eg the United States or Brazil), and the legislature's role is reduced to either <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification&usg=ALkJrhiypC5viFt9ZHWCKbchmqZVzs1WDg" title="Ratifikasi">ratification</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto&usg=ALkJrhhpnohMmkO2vAThUryO9QbYY0M_AA" title="Memveto">veto</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-139" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><span>[</span> 140 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Tetapi dalam sistem presidensial, seorang eksekutif yang menunjuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet&usg=ALkJrhjhT5E7dTg0Rs4_uWJWm4DbLAo4lQ" title="Kabinet">kabinet</a> untuk memerintah dari nya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political&usg=ALkJrhjSEYioz0LwyzmkfReICvI4EVCyQQ" title="Politik" class="mw-redirect">politik</a> sekutunya apakah mereka tidak dipilih (misalnya Amerika Serikat atau Brazil), dan legislatif peran berkurang baik untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification&usg=ALkJrhiypC5viFt9ZHWCKbchmqZVzs1WDg" title="Ratifikasi">ratifikasi</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto&usg=ALkJrhhpnohMmkO2vAThUryO9QbYY0M_AA" title="Memveto">memveto.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-139" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><span>[140]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Executive" id="Executive"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D22&usg=ALkJrhiG7huIqBlkl-XsThX87XLOiZowjw" title="Sunting bagian: Eksekutif">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Executive</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D22&usg=ALkJrhiG7huIqBlkl-XsThX87XLOiZowjw" title="Sunting bagian: Eksekutif"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Eksekutif</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhjAg4WnIUfhbso0xArNPmuzZuo48A" title="Eksekutif (pemerintah)">Executive (government)</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhjAg4WnIUfhbso0xArNPmuzZuo48A" title="Eksekutif (pemerintah)">eksekutif (pemerintah)</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:33rdG8Leaders.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhxFE8bY_kR2gWuTpiE9ya85kdNHw" class="image" title="G8 adalah pertemuan yang terdiri dari perwakilan dari setiap negara dari eksekutif."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/180px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="113" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:33rdG8Leaders.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhxFE8bY_kR2gWuTpiE9ya85kdNHw" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8&usg=ALkJrhgZaQw3VtbmIb11WXLaxZZ811I6wg" title="G8">G8</a> meetings are composed of representatives of each country's executive branch.</span> The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8&usg=ALkJrhgZaQw3VtbmIb11WXLaxZZ811I6wg" title="G8">G8</a> pertemuan yang terdiri dari perwakilan dari setiap negara dari eksekutif.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The executive in a legal system serve as a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhgjjvSaYJn9okXcMDi9OCw09BGkwQ" title="Pemerintah">government</a> 's centre of political <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority&usg=ALkJrhgsDP4X1r_jk3fQ8KuwsrSrhxvevg" title="Kewenangan">authority</a> .</span> Eksekutif dalam sistem hukum yang berfungsi sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&usg=ALkJrhgjjvSaYJn9okXcMDi9OCw09BGkwQ" title="Pemerintah">pemerintah</a> 's pusat politik <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority&usg=ALkJrhgsDP4X1r_jk3fQ8KuwsrSrhxvevg" title="Kewenangan">kekuasaan.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system&usg=ALkJrhjg0uczcSiDmy7YaydhVL29429HEA" title="Parlemen sistem">parliamentary system</a> , as with Britain, Italy, Germany, India, and Japan, the executive is known as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet&usg=ALkJrhjhT5E7dTg0Rs4_uWJWm4DbLAo4lQ" title="Kabinet">cabinet</a> , and composed of members of the legislature.</span> Dalam <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system&usg=ALkJrhjg0uczcSiDmy7YaydhVL29429HEA" title="Parlemen sistem">sistem parlemen,</a> seperti dengan Inggris, Italia, Jerman, India, dan Jepang, yang dikenal sebagai eksekutif <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet&usg=ALkJrhjhT5E7dTg0Rs4_uWJWm4DbLAo4lQ" title="Kabinet">kabinet,</a> dan terdiri dari anggota legislatif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The executive is chosen by the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister&usg=ALkJrhj3JEF6Aj39JV7Vd1sAhfk_Tur5Og" title="Perdana Menteri" class="mw-redirect">Prime Minister</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor&usg=ALkJrhgWm7xnfmoVWD8hXTiuVdhAfawOvg" title="Rektor">Chancellor</a> , whoes office holds power under the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence&usg=ALkJrhiluJZ25UlD3Rt1av-oyzpe6N3eWA" title="Gerakan tidak keyakinan">confidence</a> of the legislature.</span> Eksekutif yang dipilih oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister&usg=ALkJrhj3JEF6Aj39JV7Vd1sAhfk_Tur5Og" title="Perdana Menteri" class="mw-redirect">Perdana Menteri</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor&usg=ALkJrhgWm7xnfmoVWD8hXTiuVdhAfawOvg" title="Rektor">Chancellor,</a> whoes kantor memegang kuasa di bawah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence&usg=ALkJrhiluJZ25UlD3Rt1av-oyzpe6N3eWA" title="Gerakan tidak keyakinan">keyakinan</a> dari legislatif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Because popular elections appoint political parties to govern, the leader of a party can change in between elections.</span> Karena populer Pilkada menunjuk partai politik untuk memerintah, pemimpin partai yang dapat mengubah di antara pemilu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state&usg=ALkJrhjIAUQrnli6l2Suo7GIfQsrbvczQg" title="Kepala negara">head of state</a> is apart from the executive, and he/she usually lacks formal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power&usg=ALkJrhjNxN-OtqaAFFY2_JLujAWFpKBp2A" title="Kuasa politik">political power</a> yet symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state&usg=ALkJrhjIAUQrnli6l2Suo7GIfQsrbvczQg" title="Kepala negara">Kepala negara</a> adalah terpisah dari eksekutif, dan ia biasanya tidak formal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power&usg=ALkJrhjNxN-OtqaAFFY2_JLujAWFpKBp2A" title="Kuasa politik">kuasa politik</a> namun secara simbolis enacts hukum dan bertindak sebagai wakil dari bangsa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Examples include the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhiX_oERvPS9XlvkoWDAlFOfgkj6dA" title="Presiden Jerman">German president</a> (appointed by the Parliament); the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhh3Xa36b_6xI-4cuOYkfMFJKDd0cQ" title="Ratu Inggris" class="mw-redirect">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> (a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary&usg=ALkJrhio2pckvJq6ZNYFSIo0hVt7nIuBBw" title="Turun temurun" class="mw-redirect">hereditary</a> title), and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Austria&usg=ALkJrhichxFwoDY2u3_NjGnSANwsWHkPDg" title="Presiden Austria">Austrian president</a> (elected by popular vote).</span> Contoh-contoh termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany&usg=ALkJrhiX_oERvPS9XlvkoWDAlFOfgkj6dA" title="Presiden Jerman">presiden Jerman</a> (ditunjuk oleh parlemen); yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhh3Xa36b_6xI-4cuOYkfMFJKDd0cQ" title="Ratu Inggris" class="mw-redirect">Ratu Inggris</a> (yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary&usg=ALkJrhio2pckvJq6ZNYFSIo0hVt7nIuBBw" title="Turun temurun" class="mw-redirect">turun temurun</a> judul), dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Austria&usg=ALkJrhichxFwoDY2u3_NjGnSANwsWHkPDg" title="Presiden Austria">presiden Austria</a> (dipilih oleh suara rakyat).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The other important model is the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system&usg=ALkJrhgDJOTaaHKVp7KDC8O4LqhwygbBaw" title="Presiden sistem">presidential system</a> , found in France, the US and Russia.</span> Model yang penting lainnya adalah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system&usg=ALkJrhgDJOTaaHKVp7KDC8O4LqhwygbBaw" title="Presiden sistem">sistem presidensial,</a> ditemukan di Perancis, Amerika Serikat dan Rusia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In presidential systems, the executive acts as both head of state and head of government, and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet.</span> Dalam sistem presidensial, yang bertindak sebagai eksekutif kedua kepala negara dan kepala pemerintahan, dan memiliki kekuasaan untuk menunjuk seorang unelected kabinet.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Under a presidential system, the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which is not accountable. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-140" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><span>[</span> 141 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sistem di bawah presiden, eksekutif adalah cabang terpisah dari legislatif yang tidak bertanggung jawab. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-140" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><span>[141]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although the role of the executive varies from country to country, usually it will propose the majority of legislation, and propose government agenda.</span> Walaupun peran eksekutif bervariasi dari satu negara ke negara, biasanya akan mengusulkan mayoritas undang-undang, dan pemerintah mengusulkan agenda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In presidential systems, the executive often has the power to veto legislation.</span> Dalam sistem presidensial, eksekutif sering mempunyai kuasa untuk memveto perundang-undangan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most executives in both systems are responsible for <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy&usg=ALkJrhjrRM8HaVPCCC3W3XLTBDhmVl562g" title="Politik luar negeri">foreign relations</a> , the military and police, and the bureaucracy. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhiyv90QfWubK1x6EfvwbgDkcPGhAA" title="Menteri (pemerintah)">Ministers</a> or other officials head a country's public offices, such as a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister&usg=ALkJrhjSig-0NJIE3A34_mnmQrzK45cEhg" title="Menteri Luar Negeri">foreign ministry</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_minister&usg=ALkJrhh3K1L2cctgkkmrnHpf7xzlAb503w" title="Interior menteri" class="mw-redirect">interior ministry</a> .</span> Sebagian besar eksekutif di kedua sistem bertanggung jawab untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy&usg=ALkJrhjrRM8HaVPCCC3W3XLTBDhmVl562g" title="Politik luar negeri">hubungan luar negeri,</a> militer dan polisi, dan birokrasi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_%28government%29&usg=ALkJrhiyv90QfWubK1x6EfvwbgDkcPGhAA" title="Menteri (pemerintah)">Menteri</a> atau pejabat kepala negara kantor publik, seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister&usg=ALkJrhjSig-0NJIE3A34_mnmQrzK45cEhg" title="Menteri Luar Negeri">kementerian luar negeri</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_minister&usg=ALkJrhh3K1L2cctgkkmrnHpf7xzlAb503w" title="Interior menteri" class="mw-redirect">interior pelayanannya.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The election of a different executive is therefore capable of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution&usg=ALkJrhiM0uz7-WKgl5H89jcnxmEzQeo0rw" title="Revolusi">revolutionising</a> an entire country's approach to government.</span> Pemilihan eksekutif yang berbeda karena itu mampu <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution&usg=ALkJrhiM0uz7-WKgl5H89jcnxmEzQeo0rw" title="Revolusi">revolutionising</a> seluruh negara pendekatan ke pemerintah.</span> </p><p><a name="Military_and_police" id="Military_and_police"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D23&usg=ALkJrhhqyYYPshh-b8tzQ9WuY2snl2FZ6w" title="Sunting bagian: Militer dan polisi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Military and police</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D23&usg=ALkJrhhqyYYPshh-b8tzQ9WuY2snl2FZ6w" title="Sunting bagian: Militer dan polisi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Militer dan polisi</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military&usg=ALkJrhil4u4L5lksx5ppkWvkDCCLn0PwFw" title="Militer">Military</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police&usg=ALkJrhgPOLehsireg1nTDmUUyjH9EKXCUQ" title="Polisi">Police</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military&usg=ALkJrhil4u4L5lksx5ppkWvkDCCLn0PwFw" title="Militer">Militer</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police&usg=ALkJrhgPOLehsireg1nTDmUUyjH9EKXCUQ" title="Polisi">Polisi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Customs_and_Border_Protection_officers.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgcUhPuQoQZfM9bTBYqh6LwluAGKA" class="image" title="U. S. Cukai dan Perlindungan Perbatasan petugas"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/US_Customs_and_Border_Protection_officers.jpg/180px-US_Customs_and_Border_Protection_officers.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="132" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Customs_and_Border_Protection_officers.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgcUhPuQoQZfM9bTBYqh6LwluAGKA" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection&usg=ALkJrhhHo7SPx1ta7hWRRd5H26DEhHWRfg" title="U. S. Cukai dan Perlindungan Perbatasan">US Customs and Border Protection</a> officers</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection&usg=ALkJrhhHo7SPx1ta7hWRRd5H26DEhHWRfg" title="U. S. Cukai dan Perlindungan Perbatasan">US Cukai dan Perlindungan Perbatasan</a> petugas</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While military organizations have existed as long as government itself, the idea of a standing police force is relatively modern concept. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_England&usg=ALkJrhirAohOZLgK3F6piU_zj7YEIqLvXQ" title="Medieval Inggris" class="mw-redirect">Mediæval England</a> 's system of traveling <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhgTaLVk3Glvb2kG58hjxU_fR-HgKA" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">criminal courts</a> , or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize_Court&usg=ALkJrhhCpN6OlnAUlx08yDmvFo4n1sKyjw" title="Assize Pengadilan">assizes</a> , used <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_trial&usg=ALkJrhgDgwFHbpuYnmKP1CIF8DDRX9Lp_A" title="Menunjukkan percobaan">show trials</a> and public executions to instill communities with fear to maintain control. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-141" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><span>[</span> 142 <span>]</span></sup></a> The first modern police were probably those in 17th century Paris, in the court of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France&usg=ALkJrhggO0NZ49xgGiV8jR-e6BAA8FGcRQ" title="Louis XIV dari Perancis">Louis XIV</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-142" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><span>[</span> 143 <span>]</span></sup></a> although the Paris Prefecture of Police claim they were the world's first uniformed policemen. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-143" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><span>[</span> 144 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Walaupun sudah ada organisasi militer selama pemerintah itu sendiri, ide yang berdiri polisi memaksa relatif konsep modern. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_England&usg=ALkJrhirAohOZLgK3F6piU_zj7YEIqLvXQ" title="Medieval Inggris" class="mw-redirect">Mediaeval Inggris'</a> s perjalanan sistem <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_court&usg=ALkJrhgTaLVk3Glvb2kG58hjxU_fR-HgKA" title="Pengadilan pidana" class="mw-redirect">pengadilan pidana,</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize_Court&usg=ALkJrhhCpN6OlnAUlx08yDmvFo4n1sKyjw" title="Assize Pengadilan">assizes,</a> digunakan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_trial&usg=ALkJrhgDgwFHbpuYnmKP1CIF8DDRX9Lp_A" title="Menunjukkan percobaan">persidangan menunjukkan</a> eksekusi ke publik dan masyarakat dengan menanamkan rasa takut untuk mempertahankan kontrol . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-141" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><span>[142]</span></sup></a> Yang pertama polisi modern yang mungkin orang-orang di abad ke-17 Paris, di pengadilan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France&usg=ALkJrhggO0NZ49xgGiV8jR-e6BAA8FGcRQ" title="Louis XIV dari Perancis">Louis XIV,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-142" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><span>[143]</span></sup></a> walaupun Prefektur Polisi Paris klaim mereka di dunia pertama berseragam polisi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-143" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><span>[144]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Weber famously argued that the state is that which controls the legitimate monopoly of the means of violence. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-mwp154-144" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-mwp154_144-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 145 <span>]</span></sup></a> The military and police carry out enforcement at the request of the government or the courts.</span> Baik sekali Weber berpendapat bahwa negara yang mengendalikan monopoli sah yang berarti kekerasan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-mwp154-144" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-mwp154_144-0" class="reference"><span>[145]</span></sup></a> yang militer dan polisi melakukan penegakan hukum atas permintaan pemerintah atau pengadilan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The term <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state&usg=ALkJrhg0LmP6hVkL6KtFeFfKaXqlJRYjpg" title="Negara gagal">failed state</a> refers to states that cannot implement or enforce policies; their police and military no longer control security and order and society moves into <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy&usg=ALkJrhjBDBSyBjjvm1_LZmmo0EgItbgtlA" title="Anarki">anarchy</a> , the absence of government. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-145" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><span>[</span> 146 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Istilah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state&usg=ALkJrhg0LmP6hVkL6KtFeFfKaXqlJRYjpg" title="Negara gagal">gagal negara</a> merujuk kepada negara-negara yang tidak dapat melaksanakan atau menerapkan kebijakan; mereka polisi dan militer tidak lagi kontrol keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat dan bergerak ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy&usg=ALkJrhjBDBSyBjjvm1_LZmmo0EgItbgtlA" title="Anarki">anarki,</a> tanpa pemerintah. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-145" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><span>[146]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Bureaucracy" id="Bureaucracy"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D24&usg=ALkJrhhhBRFag1krQdYx8AfKS7GceOSUjw" title="Sunting bagian: Birokrasi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bureaucracy</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D24&usg=ALkJrhhhBRFag1krQdYx8AfKS7GceOSUjw" title="Sunting bagian: Birokrasi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Birokrasi</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy&usg=ALkJrhj5uFzzW6PsfN1cQwFmuoRrpAdM7Q" title="Birokrasi">Bureaucracy</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy&usg=ALkJrhj5uFzzW6PsfN1cQwFmuoRrpAdM7Q" title="Birokrasi">Birokrasi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_Headquarters_2.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhcreGMadKrhlCr903ShVGNdhVE8Q" class="image" title="PBB 'New York pusat rumah PNS yang melayani dengan 192 negara anggota."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/UN_Headquarters_2.jpg/180px-UN_Headquarters_2.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_Headquarters_2.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhcreGMadKrhlCr903ShVGNdhVE8Q" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">United Nations</a> ' New York headquarters houses civil servants that serve its 192 member states.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations&usg=ALkJrhgOkRijp5pIAupSxutc3JVkKl6eFQ" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">PBB</a> 'New York pusat rumah PNS yang melayani dengan 192 negara anggota.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The etymology of "bureaucracy" derives from the French word for "office" ( <i>bureau</i> ) and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek&usg=ALkJrhja-QCD4r-YxwddRnM2cI879ROIdg" title="Yunani kuno">Ancient Greek</a> for word "power" ( <i>kratos</i> ). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-146" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><span>[</span> 147 <span>]</span></sup></a> Like the military and police, a legal system's government servants and bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive.</span> The etimologi dari "birokrasi" berasal dari kata Perancis untuk "kantor" <i>(kantor)</i> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek&usg=ALkJrhja-QCD4r-YxwddRnM2cI879ROIdg" title="Yunani kuno">Yunani Kuno</a> untuk kata "kuasa" <i>(kratos).</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-146" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><span>[147]</span></sup></a> Seperti militer dan polisi, sebuah sistem hukum dari pemerintah dan badan-hambaNya yang membentuk birokrasi dan melaksanakan arahan yang dikeluarkan oleh eksekutif.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One of the earliest references to the concept was made by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Melchior,_baron_von_Grimm&usg=ALkJrhjJUCx_KK7USvxDTIxjhYe-xkQf_Q" title="Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm" class="mw-redirect">Baron de Grimm</a> , a German author who lived in France.</span> Salah satu referensi awal dengan konsep yang dibuat oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Melchior,_baron_von_Grimm&usg=ALkJrhjJUCx_KK7USvxDTIxjhYe-xkQf_Q" title="Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm" class="mw-redirect">Baron de Grimm,</a> penulis Jerman yang tinggal di Prancis.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1765 he wrote,</span> Dalam 1765 ia menulis,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"The real spirit of the laws in France is that bureaucracy of which the late Monsieur de Gournay used to complain so greatly; here the offices, clerks, secretaries, inspectors and <i>intendants</i> are not appointed to benefit the public interest, indeed the public interest appears to have been established so that offices might exist." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-147" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><span>[</span> 148 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> "The real semangat undang-undang di Perancis adalah bahwa birokrasi yang akhir Monsieur de Gournay digunakan untuk mengeluh jadi sangat; disini kantor, clerks, Sekretaris, dan inspektur <i>intendants</i> tidak manfaat yang ditunjuk untuk kepentingan umum, memang untuk kepentingan umum muncul telah didirikan kantor sehingga mungkin ada. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-147" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><span>"[148]</span></sup></a></span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Cynicism over "officialdom" is still common, and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_enterprise&usg=ALkJrhj-xrBq7M1z_ujk38fJmcWYLueb7g" title="Perusahaan swasta" class="mw-redirect">private enterprise</a> motivated by <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximization_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhixfzpUkbyCRHDvXvtZdMM7hReuKw" title="Maksimalisasi (ekonomi)">profit</a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-148" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><span>[</span> 149 <span>]</span></sup></a> In fact private companies, especially large ones, also have bureaucracies. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-K367-149" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-K367_149-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 150 <span>]</span></sup></a> Negative perceptions of " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tape&usg=ALkJrhiQH5w9USq39eTR1trcu6rKsTfEEg" title="Burokrasi">red tape</a> " aside, public services such as schooling, health care, policing or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport&usg=ALkJrhgybUf6_zdwlFH4ch5cSpMoa-FwSg" title="Transportasi umum">public transport</a> are a crucial state function making public bureaucratic action the locus of government power. <sup id="cite_ref-K367_149-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-K367-149" title=""><span>[</span> 150 <span>]</span></a></sup> Writing in the early 20th century, Max Weber believed that a definitive feature of a developed state had come to be its bureaucratic support. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-mwp393-150" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-mwp393_150-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 151 <span>]</span></sup></a> Weber wrote that the typical characteristics of modern bureaucracy are that officials define its mission, the scope of work is bound by rules, management is composed of career experts, who manage top down, communicating through writing and binding public servants' discretion with rules. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-151" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><span>[</span> 152 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sinisme atas "kepegawaian" masih umum, dan pekerjaan umum hamba biasanya contrasted ke <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_enterprise&usg=ALkJrhj-xrBq7M1z_ujk38fJmcWYLueb7g" title="Perusahaan swasta" class="mw-redirect">perusahaan swasta</a> didorong oleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximization_%28economics%29&usg=ALkJrhixfzpUkbyCRHDvXvtZdMM7hReuKw" title="Maksimalisasi (ekonomi)">keuntungan.</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-148" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><span>[149]</span></sup></a> Bahkan perusahaan swasta, khususnya yang besar, juga ada bureaucracies. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-K367-149" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-K367_149-0" class="reference"><span>[150]</span></sup></a> persepsi negatif dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tape&usg=ALkJrhiQH5w9USq39eTR1trcu6rKsTfEEg" title="Burokrasi">"burokrasi</a> "samping, pelayanan publik seperti pendidikan, kesehatan, policing atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport&usg=ALkJrhgybUf6_zdwlFH4ch5cSpMoa-FwSg" title="Transportasi umum">transportasi umum</a> adalah fungsi penting negara membuat publik birokrasi tempat tindakan pemerintah yang berkuasa. <sup id="cite_ref-K367_149-1" class="reference"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-K367-149" title=""><span>[150]</span></a></sup> Menulis pada awal abad ke-20, Max Weber percaya bahwa fitur yang definitif negara berkembang telah datang untuk mendukung para birokrasi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-mwp393-150" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-mwp393_150-0" class="reference"><span>[151]</span></sup></a> Weber menulis bahwa ciri-ciri khas modern birokrasi adalah pejabat yang menetapkan misinya, lingkup kerja terikat oleh aturan, manajemen terdiri dari para pakar karir, yang mengatur atas bawah, berkomunikasi melalui tulisan dan mengikat publik hamba 'kebijaksanaan dengan aturan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-151" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><span>[152]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Legal_profession" id="Legal_profession"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D25&usg=ALkJrhiGF39LePiY6oXGVe7SpFpDjEtHRA" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum profesi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Legal profession</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D25&usg=ALkJrhiGF39LePiY6oXGVe7SpFpDjEtHRA" title="Sunting bagian: Hukum profesi"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Hukum profesi</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_profession&usg=ALkJrhhnYEv0o-Ot1hdEEq0A7bIal2GkgQ" title="Profesi hukum" class="mw-redirect">Legal profession</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_profession&usg=ALkJrhhnYEv0o-Ot1hdEEq0A7bIal2GkgQ" title="Profesi hukum" class="mw-redirect">Hukum profesi</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quentin_Massys_007.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgRVnsffDNmy-HiW7X8NSc90EXM5w" class="image" title="Sipil dalam sistem hukum seperti yang dari Perancis, Jerman, Italia, Spanyol dan Yunani, ada kategori yang berbeda dari notaris, yang dilatih secara hukum publik resmi, kompensasi oleh pihak-pihak untuk transaksi. [153] Ini adalah sebuah lukisan dari abad 16. seperti notaris oleh Flemish pelukis Quentin Massys."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Quentin_Massys_007.jpg/180px-Quentin_Massys_007.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="222" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quentin_Massys_007.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgRVnsffDNmy-HiW7X8NSc90EXM5w" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In civil law systems such as those of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Greece, there is a distinct category of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary&usg=ALkJrhgSDnxuK5Q_-QqT4GXbbODWyV5UIw" title="Hukum perdata notaris">notary</a> , a legally trained public official, compensated by the parties to a transaction. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-152" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><span>[</span> 153 <span>]</span></sup></a> This is a 16th century painting of such a notary by Flemish painter <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Massys&usg=ALkJrhhwJfiTNVdX91iXl3QHI-9JHbj2eA" title="Quentin Massys" class="mw-redirect">Quentin Massys</a> .</span> Sipil dalam sistem hukum seperti yang dari Perancis, Jerman, Italia, Spanyol dan Yunani, ada kategori yang berbeda dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary&usg=ALkJrhgSDnxuK5Q_-QqT4GXbbODWyV5UIw" title="Hukum perdata notaris">notaris,</a> yang dilatih secara hukum publik resmi, kompensasi oleh pihak-pihak untuk transaksi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-152" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><span>[153]</span></sup></a> Ini adalah sebuah lukisan dari abad 16. seperti notaris oleh Flemish pelukis <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Massys&usg=ALkJrhhwJfiTNVdX91iXl3QHI-9JHbj2eA" title="Quentin Massys" class="mw-redirect">Quentin Massys.</a></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A corollary of the rule of law is the existence of a legal profession sufficiently autonomous to be able to invoke the authority of the independent judiciary; the right to assistance of an <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister&usg=ALkJrhi8VFP4krdJRU91G0nA_9mITeWDnw" title="Advokat">advocate</a> in a court proceeding emanates from this corollary—in England the function of barrister or advocate is distinguished from legal counselor ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor&usg=ALkJrhgR3BbeubFoAyDZlogkdLcQ1g9CwA" title="Pengacara">solicitor</a> ). <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-153" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><span>[</span> 154 <span>]</span></sup></a> As the European Court of Human Rights has stated, the law should be adequately accessible to everyone and people should be able to foresee how the law affects them. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-154" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><span>[</span> 155 <span>]</span></sup></a> In order to maintain professionalism, the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_of_law&usg=ALkJrhg2iASFW5a4nM1qz-UPaY4-GPhjmA" title="Praktek hukum">practice of law</a> is typically overseen by either a government or independent regulating body such as a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_association&usg=ALkJrhhiVZHajBBC5QeKh1yqSQrziFQtGg" title="Bar asosiasi">bar association</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_council&usg=ALkJrhiqBXp9bXjh-Yt4j9TenWXifX906Q" title="Bar dewan">bar council</a> or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_society&usg=ALkJrhiVok87G6j08joHX0FRLW7oQONuBw" title="Hukum masyarakat">law society</a> .</span> J akibat wajar dari supremasi hukum adalah keberadaan hukum profesi cukup mandiri untuk dapat memohon kekuasaan kehakiman yang independen, hak untuk mendapatkan bantuan dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister&usg=ALkJrhi8VFP4krdJRU91G0nA_9mITeWDnw" title="Advokat">advokat</a> di pengadilan melanjutkan emanates ini di Inggris akibat wajar-fungsi advokat atau advokat adalah dibezakan dari konselor hukum <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor&usg=ALkJrhgR3BbeubFoAyDZlogkdLcQ1g9CwA" title="Pengacara">(pengacara).</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-153" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><span>[154]</span></sup></a> Sebagai Eropa Pengadilan HAM menyatakan, hukum harus cukup dapat diakses oleh semua orang dan masyarakat harus dapat meramalkan bagaimana hukum mempengaruhi mereka. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-154" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><span>[155]</span></sup></a> Dalam rangka untuk memelihara profesionalisme, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_of_law&usg=ALkJrhg2iASFW5a4nM1qz-UPaY4-GPhjmA" title="Praktek hukum">praktek hukum</a> biasanya overseen baik oleh pemerintah atau badan independen mengatur seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_association&usg=ALkJrhhiVZHajBBC5QeKh1yqSQrziFQtGg" title="Bar asosiasi">asosiasi bar,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_council&usg=ALkJrhiqBXp9bXjh-Yt4j9TenWXifX906Q" title="Bar dewan">bar dewan</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_society&usg=ALkJrhiVok87G6j08joHX0FRLW7oQONuBw" title="Hukum masyarakat">hukum masyarakat.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Modern lawyers achieve distinct professional identity through specified legal procedures (eg successfully passing a qualifying examination), are required by law to have a special qualification (a legal education earning the student a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws&usg=ALkJrhjm6BeMpN6gTQrLy8UAxsCDdrtC4Q" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> , a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law&usg=ALkJrhi3hU147_WwmEM4S7Ulxnk78lRfzQ" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">Bachelor of Civil Law</a> or a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor&usg=ALkJrhhokZnKYvuZZBbMUDyAypftPIy8qA" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree&usg=ALkJrhhFknuHj4d7490TYf4Z50jnqmO5HA" title="Gelar akademik">degree</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-155" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><span>[</span> 156 <span>]</span></sup></a> ), and are constituted in office by legal forms of appointment ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar&usg=ALkJrhgsMF6bJhAoYTHEHHAbRVgrcr_uFw" title="Masuk ke bar">being admitted to the bar</a> ).</span> Modern mencapai pengacara profesional berbeda identitas ditentukan melalui prosedur hukum (misalnya kualifikasi yang berhasil lulus ujian), diwajibkan oleh hukum untuk memiliki kualifikasi khusus (hukum pendidikan siswa yang mendapatkan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws&usg=ALkJrhjm6BeMpN6gTQrLy8UAxsCDdrtC4Q" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws,</a> seorang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law&usg=ALkJrhi3hU147_WwmEM4S7Ulxnk78lRfzQ" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">Sarjana Hukum dari Sipil</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor&usg=ALkJrhhokZnKYvuZZBbMUDyAypftPIy8qA" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Dokter</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree&usg=ALkJrhhFknuHj4d7490TYf4Z50jnqmO5HA" title="Gelar akademik">gelar</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-155" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><span>[156]),</span></sup></a> dan dilantik oleh kantor hukum dalam bentuk perjanjian <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar&usg=ALkJrhgsMF6bJhAoYTHEHHAbRVgrcr_uFw" title="Masuk ke bar">(yang mengakui ke bar).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most Muslim countries have developed similar rules about legal education and the legal profession, but some of them still allow lawyers with training in traditional Islamic law to practice law before personal status law courts. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-156" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><span>[</span> 157 <span>]</span></sup></a> In China and other developing countries there are not enough law-trained people to staff the existing judicial systems, and, accordingly, formal standards are more relaxed. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-157" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><span>[</span> 158 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sebagian besar negara-negara Muslim telah mengembangkan peraturan serupa tentang pendidikan hukum dan profesi hukum, namun beberapa di antaranya masih membolehkan pengacara dengan pelatihan tradisional Islam hukum untuk praktek hukum sebelum status hukum pengadilan pribadi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-156" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><span>[157]</span></sup></a> Dalam Cina dan negara-negara berkembang tidak cukup hukum-melatih orang untuk staf yang ada sistem peradilan, dan yang sesuai, standar resmi yang lebih santai. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-157" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><span>[158]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Once accredited, a lawyer will often work in a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm&usg=ALkJrhg5aCOVJPmjmr3uA1m0Q_dsPmSghA" title="Hukum">law firm</a> , in a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiKM8KRN29hQ7C67ucrTfIsw70ZoQ" title="Chambers (hukum)">chambers</a> as a sole practitioner, in a government post or in a private corporation as an internal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsel&usg=ALkJrhhV8D6B5q5lJRqxkqIMx09OSt2idw" title="Pengacara">counsel</a> .</span> Diakreditasi sekali, seorang pengacara akan sering bekerja di sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm&usg=ALkJrhg5aCOVJPmjmr3uA1m0Q_dsPmSghA" title="Hukum">firma hukum,</a> dalam sebuah <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiKM8KRN29hQ7C67ucrTfIsw70ZoQ" title="Chambers (hukum)">kamar</a> sebagai satu-satunya praktisi, pemerintah dalam pos atau di perusahaan swasta sebagai internal <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsel&usg=ALkJrhhV8D6B5q5lJRqxkqIMx09OSt2idw" title="Pengacara">pengacara.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In addition a lawyer may become a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_research&usg=ALkJrhhVk7Z8otpta-MDehJFQxrBp0NY0A" title="Penelitian hukum">legal researcher</a> who provides on-demand legal research through a library, a commercial service or through freelance work.</span> Selain itu dapat menjadi seorang pengacara <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_research&usg=ALkJrhhVk7Z8otpta-MDehJFQxrBp0NY0A" title="Penelitian hukum">hukum peneliti</a> yang menyediakan sesuai permintaan hukum melalui penelitian perpustakaan, layanan komersial atau melalui kerja freelance.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many people trained in law put their skills to use outside the legal field entirely.</span> Banyak orang terlatih dalam menempatkan hukum untuk menggunakan keterampilan di luar bidang hukum secara keseluruhan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Significant to the practice of law in the common law tradition is the legal research to determine the current state of the law.</span> Penting untuk praktek hukum dalam hukum umum adalah tradisi hukum penelitian untuk menentukan saat itu hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This usually entails exploring <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_report&usg=ALkJrhgM2fNRng2Lu8LftADr7yuencXZhQ" title="Hukum lapor">case-law reports</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_periodical&usg=ALkJrhjuTLsusMpnB3fYfeH4AVUVaHLpZw" title="Majalah hukum">legal periodicals</a> and legislation.</span> Ini biasanya entails menjelajahi <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_report&usg=ALkJrhgM2fNRng2Lu8LftADr7yuencXZhQ" title="Hukum lapor">kasus hukum laporan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_periodical&usg=ALkJrhjuTLsusMpnB3fYfeH4AVUVaHLpZw" title="Majalah hukum">berkala hukum</a> dan perundang-undangan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Law practice also involves drafting documents such as court <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleading&usg=ALkJrhhM4nVsrrN8qG9E__8z_eVVgg0cFA" title="Pembelaan">pleadings</a> , persuasive <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiiuunRhA3jDfCcvZ8MZ6PMz1OeYQ" title="Singkat (hukum)">briefs</a> , contracts, or <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgE8Z4aXJFZUhER_qZzYzKewlsq8Q" title="Apakah (hukum)">wills</a> and trusts.</span> Praktik hukum juga melibatkan rancangan dokumen seperti pengadilan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleading&usg=ALkJrhhM4nVsrrN8qG9E__8z_eVVgg0cFA" title="Pembelaan">pleadings,</a> persuasif <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhiiuunRhA3jDfCcvZ8MZ6PMz1OeYQ" title="Singkat (hukum)">celana,</a> kontrak, atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhgE8Z4aXJFZUhER_qZzYzKewlsq8Q" title="Apakah (hukum)">kehendak</a> dan kepercayaan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Negotiation and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution&usg=ALkJrhgidupU1neq8EBBPVScn3KZFwXlPw" title="Sengketa">dispute resolution</a> skills (including <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution&usg=ALkJrhgFo4T_syVLRaruXFdCTo10Zndtdw" title="Alternatif penyelesaian sengketa">ADR</a> techniques) are also important to legal practice, depending on the field. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-158" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><span>[</span> 159 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Negosiasi dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution&usg=ALkJrhgidupU1neq8EBBPVScn3KZFwXlPw" title="Sengketa">sengketa</a> keterampilan (termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution&usg=ALkJrhgFo4T_syVLRaruXFdCTo10Zndtdw" title="Alternatif penyelesaian sengketa">ADR</a> teknik) juga penting untuk praktek hukum, tergantung di lapangan. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-158" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><span>[159]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Civil_society" id="Civil_society"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D26&usg=ALkJrhgb92HGh4Y-P3n43bNi1De7LW4FTA" title="Sunting bagian: masyarakat sipil">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Civil society</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D26&usg=ALkJrhgb92HGh4Y-P3n43bNi1De7LW4FTA" title="Sunting bagian: masyarakat sipil"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Masyarakat sipil</span></span> </h3><dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Main article: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society&usg=ALkJrhh6WBIPhlm3F1vF8c-Vbdxim30uIA" title="Masyarakat madani">Civil society</a></i></span> <i>Artikel utama: <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society&usg=ALkJrhh6WBIPhlm3F1vF8c-Vbdxim30uIA" title="Masyarakat madani">Masyarakat sipil</a></i></span> </div></dd></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1963_march_on_washington.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj_E4kdbbEI-rJhcoLWNQIuusM27g" class="image" title="J Maret di Washington DC selama Gerakan Hak Sipil Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1963"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/1963_march_on_washington.jpg/180px-1963_march_on_washington.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="121" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1963_march_on_washington.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj_E4kdbbEI-rJhcoLWNQIuusM27g" class="internal" title="Memperbesar"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A march in Washington DC during the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_%281955%25E2%2580%25931968%29&usg=ALkJrhgH40iUbzXAqH7obIdEhBOWZJ6EZg" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)">US Civil Rights Movement</a> in 1963</span> J Maret di Washington DC selama <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_%281955%25E2%2580%25931968%29&usg=ALkJrhgH40iUbzXAqH7obIdEhBOWZJ6EZg" title="African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)">Gerakan Hak Sipil Amerika Serikat</a> pada tahun 1963</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The modern concept of "civil society" dates back to Locke. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-159" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><span>[</span> 160 <span>]</span></sup></a> He saw civil society as people who have "a common established law and judicature to <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhjL3sbzH_nqbeJFz0qpBel3Al64Iw" title="Banding">appeal</a> to, with authority to decide controversies between them." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-160" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><span>[</span> 161 <span>]</span></sup></a> German philosopher <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel&usg=ALkJrhhFhVRa1eVKUCftNWnPGlBfCrLoFA" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> also distinguished the "state" from "civil society" ( <i>Zivilgesellschaft</i> ) in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right&usg=ALkJrhjADvHxC_ggRU3Wg_HXc84g3VUC3A" title="Elemen-elemen Filosofi Tepat"><i>Elements of the Philosophy of Right</i></a> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-161" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><span>[</span> 162 <span>]</span></sup></a> Hegel believed that <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society&usg=ALkJrhh6WBIPhlm3F1vF8c-Vbdxim30uIA" title="Masyarakat madani">civil society</a> and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">state</a> were polar opposites, within the scheme of his dialectic theory of history. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-162" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><span>[</span> 163 <span>]</span></sup></a> Civil society is necessarily a source of law, by being the basis from which people form opinions and lobby for what they believe law should be.</span> Modern konsep "masyarakat madani" tanggal kembali ke Locke. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-159" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><span>[160]</span></sup></a> Ia melihat masyarakat sipil sebagai orang yang memiliki "umum ditetapkan hukum dan kehakiman untuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal&usg=ALkJrhjL3sbzH_nqbeJFz0qpBel3Al64Iw" title="Banding">menarik,</a> dengan kewenangan untuk memutuskan kontroversi di antara mereka." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-160" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><span>[161]</span></sup></a> filsuf Jerman <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel&usg=ALkJrhhFhVRa1eVKUCftNWnPGlBfCrLoFA" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> juga terkenal dengan "negara" dari "masyarakat sipil" <i>(Zivilgesellschaft)</i> di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right&usg=ALkJrhjADvHxC_ggRU3Wg_HXc84g3VUC3A" title="Elemen-elemen Filosofi Tepat"><i>Elemen dari Filosofi kanan.</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-161" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><span>[162]</span></sup></a> Hegel percaya bahwa <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society&usg=ALkJrhh6WBIPhlm3F1vF8c-Vbdxim30uIA" title="Masyarakat madani">masyarakat sipil</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State&usg=ALkJrhhavNwPYaANwqS6D11bGY8HAF2GgA" title="Menyatakan">negara</a> adalah polar opposites, dalam skema of his dialectic teori sejarah. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-162" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><span>[163]</span></sup></a> masyarakat sipil yang selalu menjadi sumber hukum, karena dasar dari orang-orang yang membentuk opini dan lobi untuk apa yang mereka harus percaya hukum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As Australian barrister and author <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson_QC&usg=ALkJrhjTTyV_yoKd2qOC2tUg2iGjlgnerA" title="Geoffrey Robertson QC" class="mw-redirect">Geoffrey Robertson QC</a> wrote of international law,</span> Australia sebagai pengacara dan penulis <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson_QC&usg=ALkJrhjTTyV_yoKd2qOC2tUg2iGjlgnerA" title="Geoffrey Robertson QC" class="mw-redirect">Geoffrey Robertson QC</a> wrote hukum internasional,</span> </p><blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"one of its primary modern sources is found in the responses of ordinary men and women, and of the non-governmental organizations which many of them support, to the human rights abuses they see on the television screen in their living rooms." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-163" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><span>[</span> 164 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> "salah satu sumber utama modern ditemukan di tanggapan biasa dari laki-laki dan perempuan, dan dari organisasi non-pemerintah yang banyak dari mereka mendukung, dengan HAM yang mereka lihat pada layar televisi mereka tinggal di kamar." <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-163" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><span>[164 ]</span></sup></a></span> </p></blockquote><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech&usg=ALkJrhjHv4xhwN_5RdBU5X1eLtn-did_pA" title="Kebebasan berbicara">Freedom of speech</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_association&usg=ALkJrhgfqRsB6DSWtAV5lvxQL38Vb7_0Fw" title="Kebebasan berserikat">freedom of association</a> and many other individual rights allow people to gather, discuss, criticise and hold to account their governments, from which the basis of a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_democracy&usg=ALkJrhimcqL4b2Q_xr_ffHR8Z2KSsK0EWQ" title="Konsultatif demokrasi">deliberative democracy</a> is formed.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech&usg=ALkJrhjHv4xhwN_5RdBU5X1eLtn-did_pA" title="Kebebasan berbicara">Kebebasan berbicara,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_association&usg=ALkJrhgfqRsB6DSWtAV5lvxQL38Vb7_0Fw" title="Kebebasan berserikat">kebebasan berserikat</a> dan hak-hak individu lainnya mengizinkan orang untuk berkumpul, mendiskusikan, criticise dan mereka terus ke rekening pemerintah, yang menjadi dasar dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_democracy&usg=ALkJrhimcqL4b2Q_xr_ffHR8Z2KSsK0EWQ" title="Konsultatif demokrasi">demokrasi konsultatif</a> yang dibentuk.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The more people are involved with, concerned by and capable of changing how political power is exercised over their lives, the more acceptable and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_%28political%29&usg=ALkJrhiqrkiv6Ukjf-5Gy2P82EVXY5fgNw" title="Legitimasi (politik)">legitimate</a> the law becomes to the people.</span> Semakin banyak orang yang terlibat dengan, dan oleh yang bersangkutan mampu mengubah cara politik kekuasaan dilaksanakan atas kehidupan mereka, yang lebih dapat diterima dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_%28political%29&usg=ALkJrhiqrkiv6Ukjf-5Gy2P82EVXY5fgNw" title="Legitimasi (politik)">sah</a> menjadi undang-undang kepada masyarakat.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most familiar institutions of civil society include economic markets, profit-oriented firms, families, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union&usg=ALkJrhgwYndJKkMGjgJ6YDYlDvC9jwjF8A" title="Serikat buruh">trade unions</a> , hospitals, universities, schools, charities, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogers&usg=ALkJrhhljiJJ2vkp_Kdw9TMsN316PjHSTg" title="Cogers">debating clubs</a> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations&usg=ALkJrhiIfn_WiCmZ3HB-v9zU_9Z-UZBBgQ" title="LSM-LSM" class="mw-redirect">non-governmental organisations</a> , neighbourhouds, churches and religious associations. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-164" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><span>[</span> 165 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Yang paling akrab institusi masyarakat sipil termasuk ekonomi pasar, berorientasi laba perusahaan, keluarga, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union&usg=ALkJrhgwYndJKkMGjgJ6YDYlDvC9jwjF8A" title="Serikat buruh">serikat pekerja,</a> rumah sakit, perguruan tinggi, sekolah, amal, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogers&usg=ALkJrhhljiJJ2vkp_Kdw9TMsN316PjHSTg" title="Cogers">diperdebatkan klub,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations&usg=ALkJrhiIfn_WiCmZ3HB-v9zU_9Z-UZBBgQ" title="LSM-LSM" class="mw-redirect">organisasi non-pemerintah,</a> neighbourhouds, gereja dan agama asosiasi. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_note-164" title=""><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><span>[165]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Notes" id="Notes"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D27&usg=ALkJrhhj7b9krsccraXBThAHfTHY8Bpvlg" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLaw%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D27&usg=ALkJrhhj7b9krsccraXBThAHfTHY8Bpvlg" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan"><span class="editsection">[Sunting]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Catatan</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Luban, <i>Law's Blindfold</i> , 23</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Luban, <i>Hukum dari mata,</i> 23</span> </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> From <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English&usg=ALkJrhj8jn5fw9eg__xaHqyN1yHmhiPw2g" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>lagu</i> "something laid down or fixed"; <i>legal</i> comes from <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>legalis</i> , from <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translating_%2522law%2522_to_other_European_languages&usg=ALkJrhhiqEPsgHK1x36nl-upuDuElJtbgg" title="Translating "hukum" untuk bahasa Eropa lainnya"><i>lex</i></a> "law", "statute" ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php%3Fsearch%3Dlaw%26searchmode%3Dnone&usg=ALkJrhggxh8CcEjuI5b-H9Y9VYryLmkIhQ" class="external text" title="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=law&searchmode=none" rel="nofollow">Law</a> , Online Etymology Dictionary; <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legal&usg=ALkJrhi6kkT51dVicFCi2R7McEGFDXll4g" class="external text" title="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legal" rel="nofollow">Legal</a> , Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-1" title=""><b>^</b></a> Dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English&usg=ALkJrhj8jn5fw9eg__xaHqyN1yHmhiPw2g" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>lagu</i> "sesuatu yang diletakkan bawah atau tetap"; <i>hukum</i> berasal dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin&usg=ALkJrhhahTvyCVpALiA_dDvoCxyH5lyg-Q" title="Latin">bahasa Latin</a> <i>legalis,</i> dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translating_%2522law%2522_to_other_European_languages&usg=ALkJrhhiqEPsgHK1x36nl-upuDuElJtbgg" title="Translating "hukum" untuk bahasa Eropa lainnya"><i>lex</i></a> "hukum", "dasar" <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php%3Fsearch%3Dlaw%26searchmode%3Dnone&usg=ALkJrhggxh8CcEjuI5b-H9Y9VYryLmkIhQ" class="external text" title="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=law&searchmode=none" rel="nofollow">(Hukum,</a> Online Etymology Dictionary; <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legal&usg=ALkJrhi6kkT51dVicFCi2R7McEGFDXll4g" class="external text" title="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legal" rel="nofollow">Hukum,</a> Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary)</span> </li><li id="cite_note-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> Robertson, <i>Crimes against humanity</i> , 90; see jurisprudence for extensive debate on what law is; in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law&usg=ALkJrhh6oJ1OxcPnb_6m1OinY6YnBOb4AA" title="Konsep yang Hukum"><i>The Concept of Law</i></a> Hart argued law is a "system of rules" (Campbell, <i>The Contribution of Legal Studies</i> , 184); Austin said law was "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction" (Bix, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/&usg=ALkJrhjyrYgzZ8_OYIyak8cAE4JZef3haA#3" class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/ # 3" rel="nofollow">John Austin</a> ); Dworkin describes law as an "interpretive concept" to achieve <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice&usg=ALkJrhgONODnToKKDxlYLLgMmigpUGWsDA" title="Keadilan">justice</a> (Dworkin, <i>Law's Empire</i> , 410); and Raz argues law is an "authority" to mediate people's interests (Raz, <i>The Authority of Law</i> , 3–36).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-2" title=""><b>^</b></a> Robertson, <i>kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan,</i> 90; Yurisprudensi untuk melihat luas perdebatan tentang apa hukum adalah; <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law&usg=ALkJrhh6oJ1OxcPnb_6m1OinY6YnBOb4AA" title="Konsep yang Hukum"><i>di Konsep Hukum</i></a> Hart argumentasi hukum adalah sebuah sistem aturan "(Campbell, <i>The Kontribusi dari Studi Hukum,</i> 184); Austin berkata hukum telah "perintah yang berdaulat, didukung oleh sebuah ancaman sanksi" (BIX, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/&usg=ALkJrhjyrYgzZ8_OYIyak8cAE4JZef3haA#3" class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/ # 3" rel="nofollow">John Austin);</a> Dworkin menjelaskan hukum sebagai "interpretif konsep" untuk mencapai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice&usg=ALkJrhgONODnToKKDxlYLLgMmigpUGWsDA" title="Keadilan">keadilan</a> (Dworkin, <i>Law's Empire,</i> 410); dan Raz berpendapat hukum adalah " kewenangan "untuk kepentingan rakyat di tengah-tengah (Raz, <i>The Authority of Law,</i> 3-36).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-3" title=""><b>^</b></a> nb this translation reads, "it is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens" (Aristotle, <i>Politics</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Politics_%28Aristotle%29/Book_3&usg=ALkJrhhpJ-VEUTGa9yV3CrSDQeGI-10znA#3:16" class="extiw" title="s: Politik (Aristotle) / Buku 3">3.16</a> ).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-3" title=""><b>^</b></a> Nb ini terjemahan membaca, "adalah lebih tepat bahwa hukum dari pemerintah harus ada salah satu warga negara" (Aristotle, <i>Politik</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Politics_%28Aristotle%29/Book_3&usg=ALkJrhhpJ-VEUTGa9yV3CrSDQeGI-10znA#3:16" class="extiw" title="s: Politik (Aristotle) / Buku 3">3,16).</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-4"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> The original French is: "La loi, dans un grand souci d'égalité, interdit aux riches comme aux pauvres de coucher sous les ponts, de mendier dans les rues et de voler du pain" (France, <i>The Red Lily</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.online-literature.com/anatole-france/red-lily/8/&usg=ALkJrhgbgxggnTrPuQu_tWNejWHn5OWb-Q" class="external text" title="http://www.online-literature.com/anatole-france/red-lily/8/" rel="nofollow">Chapter VII</a> ).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-4" title=""><b>^</b></a> Yang asli Perancis adalah: "La loi, dans un grand souci d'égalité, interdit aux kekayaan comme aux pauvres de coucher sous les ponts, dari mendier dans les rues et de voler du sakit" (Perancis, <i>The Red Lily,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.online-literature.com/anatole-france/red-lily/8/&usg=ALkJrhgbgxggnTrPuQu_tWNejWHn5OWb-Q" class="external text" title="http://www.online-literature.com/anatole-france/red-lily/8/" rel="nofollow">Bab VII</a> ).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-5"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-5" title=""><b>^</b></a> Although many scholars argue that "the boundaries between public and private law are becoming blurred", and that this distinction has become mere "folklore" (Bergkamp, <i>Liability and Environment</i> , 1–2).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-5" title=""><b>^</b></a> Meskipun banyak cendekiawan memperdebatkan bahwa "batas antara publik dan swasta hukum menjadi kabur", dan bahwa perbedaan ini telah menjadi sekedar "cerita rakyat" (Bergkamp, <i>Kewajiban dan Lingkungan,</i> 1-2).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> Eg in England these seven subjects, with EU law substituted for international law, make up a "qualifying law degree".</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-6" title=""><b>^</b></a> Eg di Inggris ini tujuh mata pelajaran, digantikan dengan hukum Uni Eropa untuk hukum internasional, make up a kualifikasi sarjana hukum ".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For criticism, see <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Birks&usg=ALkJrhjXzyLhxx61ejHo1WeA8dfjBH_rVA" title="Peter Birks">Peter Birks</a> ' poignant comments attached to a previous version of the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles1/birks1.html&usg=ALkJrhg0tD-r3hRJJl0MjwFPppyILqBuBA#appendix" class="external text" title="http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles1/birks1.html # Lampiran" rel="nofollow">Notice to Law Schools</a> .</span> Untuk kritik, lihat <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Birks&usg=ALkJrhjXzyLhxx61ejHo1WeA8dfjBH_rVA" title="Peter Birks">Petrus Birks'</a> komentar pedas terpasang ke versi sebelumnya dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles1/birks1.html&usg=ALkJrhg0tD-r3hRJJl0MjwFPppyILqBuBA#appendix" class="external text" title="http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles1/birks1.html # Lampiran" rel="nofollow">Pemberitahuan ke Sekolah.</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-7"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm&usg=ALkJrhjaRpVwlXmGTA7BrlwtV9bWKOKEdg" class="external text" title="http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm" rel="nofollow">History of the UN</a> , United Nations. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill&usg=ALkJrhiPO_X-MmQdL5p9U-762mkmtgcmkw" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> ( <i>The Hinge of Fate</i> , 719) comments on the League of Nations' failure: "It was wrong to say that the League failed. It was rather the member states who had failed the League."</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-7" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm&usg=ALkJrhjaRpVwlXmGTA7BrlwtV9bWKOKEdg" class="external text" title="http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm" rel="nofollow">Sejarah PBB,</a> Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill&usg=ALkJrhiPO_X-MmQdL5p9U-762mkmtgcmkw" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> <i>(The Fate of bersendi,</i> 719) komentar di League of Nations' kegagalan: "Ini adalah salah untuk mengatakan bahwa UEFA gagal. Ia bukan anggota negara-negara yang telah gagal di Liga . "</span> </li><li id="cite_note-8"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> The prevailing manner of enforcing international law is still essentially "self help"; that is the reaction by states to alleged breaches of international obligations by other states (Robertson, <i>Crimes against Humanity</i> , 90; Schermers-Blokker, <i>International Institutional Law</i> , 900–901).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-8" title=""><b>^</b></a> Yang berlaku dengan cara menegakkan hukum internasional yang masih dasarnya "self help", yang merupakan reaksi oleh negara untuk dugaan pelanggaran kewajiban internasional oleh negara-negara lain (Robertson, <i>Kejahatan terhadap Kemanusiaan,</i> 90; Schermers-Blokker, <i>International Institutional Hukum,</i> 900 -- 901).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-9"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-9" title=""><b>^</b></a> Petersmann, <i>The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System</i> , 32</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-9" title=""><b>^</b></a> Petersmann, <i>The GATT / WTO Sistem Penyelesaian Sengketa,</i> 32</span> </li><li id="cite_note-10"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-10" title=""><b>^</b></a> Redfem, <i>International Commercial Arbitration</i> , 68–69</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-10" title=""><b>^</b></a> Redfem, <i>International Commercial Arbitration,</i> 68-69</span> </li><li id="cite_note-11"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-11" title=""><b>^</b></a> Schermers–Blokker, <i>International Institutional Law</i> , 943</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-11" title=""><b>^</b></a> Schermers-Blokker, <i>International Institutional Law,</i> 943</span> </li><li id="cite_note-12"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-12" title=""><b>^</b></a> See the fundamental <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:HTML" class="external text" title="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:HTML" rel="nofollow">C-26/62 <i>Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen</i></a> , and <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61964J0006:EN:HTML" class="external text" title="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61964J0006:EN:HTML" rel="nofollow"><i>Flaminio Costa v. ENEL</i></a> decisions of the European Court.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-12" title=""><b>^</b></a> Lihat mendasar <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:HTML" class="external text" title="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61962J0026:EN:HTML" rel="nofollow">C-26/62 <i>Van Gend id Loos ayat Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen,</i></a> dan <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61964J0006:EN:HTML" class="external text" title="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61964J0006:EN:HTML" rel="nofollow"><i>Kosta Flaminio ayat ENEL</i></a> keputusan dari Pengadilan Eropa.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-13"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-13" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington&usg=ALkJrhj5kzSp8zjDXclybTRpLp3GoTcUNA" title="V. Entick Carrington" class="mw-redirect"><i>Entick v. Carrington</i></a> (1765) 19 Howell's State Trials 1030; [1765] <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/KB/1765/J98.html&usg=ALkJrhiWfT4Ik41SR9UMIqnJQkd0OaWGOQ" class="external text" title="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/KB/1765/J98.html" rel="nofollow">95 ER 807</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-13" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entick_v._Carrington&usg=ALkJrhj5kzSp8zjDXclybTRpLp3GoTcUNA" title="V. Entick Carrington" class="mw-redirect"><i>Carrington Entick ayat</i></a> (1765) Howell dari 19 Negara trials 1030; [1765] <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/KB/1765/J98.html&usg=ALkJrhiWfT4Ik41SR9UMIqnJQkd0OaWGOQ" class="external text" title="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/KB/1765/J98.html" rel="nofollow">95 ER 807</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-14"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-14" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm&usg=ALkJrhi4BVGuIFDCeeI-maaVjsj4wU_jAA" class="external text" title="http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm" rel="nofollow">Entick v. Carrington</a> ". <i>19 Howell’s State Trials 1029 (1765)</i> . <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ" title="Amerika Serikat">USA</a> : Constitution Society.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-14" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm&usg=ALkJrhi4BVGuIFDCeeI-maaVjsj4wU_jAA" class="external text" title="http://www.constitution.org/trials/entick/entick_v_carrington.htm" rel="nofollow">"Entick ayat Carrington".</a> <i>Howell dari 19 Negara persidangan 1029 (1765).</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&usg=ALkJrhge5UN07xthqyMzX8d1tbfk1JqZcQ" title="Amerika Serikat">USA:</a> Masyarakat konstitusi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Retrieved on 2008-11-13.</span> Retrieved on 2008/11/13.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-15"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-15" title=""><b>^</b></a> Locke, <i>The Second Treatise</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin,_Extent,_and_End_of_Civil_Government&usg=ALkJrhj_nFWOw7eWScfC0IHgXohaluk6hA#2:9" class="extiw" title="s: Dua Treatises Pemerintah / The Second risalah Pemerintah: An Essay Mengenai True Origin, Luas, dan Akhir dari Sipil Pemerintah">Chapter 9, section 124</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-15" title=""><b>^</b></a> Locke, <i>The Second mendalam,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin,_Extent,_and_End_of_Civil_Government&usg=ALkJrhj_nFWOw7eWScfC0IHgXohaluk6hA#2:9" class="extiw" title="s: Dua Treatises Pemerintah / The Second risalah Pemerintah: An Essay Mengenai True Origin, Luas, dan Akhir dari Sipil Pemerintah">Bab 9, bagian 124</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Tamanaha, <i>On the Rule of Law</i> , 47</span> * Tamanaha, <i>Pada Rule of Law,</i> 47</span> </li><li id="cite_note-A75-16"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-A75_16-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Auby, <i>Administrative Law in France</i> , 75</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-A75_16-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Auby, <i>Administrasi Hukum di Perancis,</i> 75</span> </li><li id="cite_note-17"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-17" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare,_Marquis_of_Beccaria&usg=ALkJrhgldNyDELv0I2XPBKooYe8wIKe0-g" title="Cesare, Marquis dari Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a> 's seminal treatise of 1763–1764 is titled <i>On Crimes and Punishments</i> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene&usg=ALkJrhg8PJYe-JZCc7VrePCZ82HLzBI-Iw" title="Dei delitti e delle pene"><i>Dei delitti e delle pene</i></a> ).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-17" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare,_Marquis_of_Beccaria&usg=ALkJrhgldNyDELv0I2XPBKooYe8wIKe0-g" title="Cesare, Marquis dari Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a> 's mani mendalam dari 1763-1764 adalah berjudul <i>Pada Kejahatan dan hukuman <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_delitti_e_delle_pene&usg=ALkJrhg8PJYe-JZCc7VrePCZ82HLzBI-Iw" title="Dei delitti e delle pene">(Dei delitti e delle pene).</a></i></span> </li><li id="cite_note-W2-18"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-W2_18-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-W2_18-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Brody, Acker and Logan, <i>Criminal Law</i> , 2; Wilson, <i>Criminal Law</i> , 2</span> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-W2_18-0" title="">A</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-W2_18-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Brody, dan Logan Acker, <i>Hukum Pidana,</i> 2; Wilson, <i>Hukum Pidana,</i> 2</span> </li><li id="cite_note-Br2-19"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Br2_19-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Brody, Acker and Logan, <i>Criminal Law</i> , 2</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Br2_19-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Brody, dan Logan Acker, <i>Hukum Pidana,</i> 2</span> </li><li id="cite_note-20"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-20" title=""><b>^</b></a> See eg Brody, Acker and Logan, <i>Criminal Law</i> , 205 about <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_v._California&usg=ALkJrhi0sLnSyAzyOxSzPIThAjKO2Jd12A" title="Robinson ayat California"><i>Robinson v. California</i></a> , 370 US 660 (1962).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-20" title=""><b>^</b></a> Lihat misalnya Brody, dan Logan Acker, <i>Hukum Pidana,</i> sekitar 205 <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_v._California&usg=ALkJrhi0sLnSyAzyOxSzPIThAjKO2Jd12A" title="Robinson ayat California"><i>Robinson v. California,</i></a> 370 US 660 (1962).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-21"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-21" title=""><b>^</b></a> See eg Feinman, <i>Law 111</i> , 260–261 about <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell_v._Texas&usg=ALkJrhi925xklCmyv-zzFw7DLKoOcSRJlg" title="Powell v. Texas"><i>Powell v. Texas</i></a> , 392 US 514 (1968).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-21" title=""><b>^</b></a> Lihat misalnya Feinman, <i>Hukum 111,</i> 260-261 tentang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell_v._Texas&usg=ALkJrhi925xklCmyv-zzFw7DLKoOcSRJlg" title="Powell v. Texas"><i>Powell v. Texas,</i></a> 392 US 514 (1968).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-22"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-22" title=""><b>^</b></a> Dörmann, Doswald-Beck and Kolb, <i>Elements of War Crimes</i> , 491</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-22" title=""><b>^</b></a> Dörmann, Doswald-Beck dan Kolb, <i>Elemen dari Kejahatan Perang,</i> 491</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Kaiser, <i>Leistungsstörungen</i> , 333</span> * Kaiser, <i>Leistungsstörungen,</i> 333</span> </li><li id="cite_note-23"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-23" title=""><b>^</b></a> About <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_v._Dudley_and_Stephens&usg=ALkJrhi3Q4O5SZcHvlwNU4Q3rlrPBuEKRA" title="Regina ayat Dudley dan Stephens" class="mw-redirect"><i>Regina v. Dudley and Stephens</i></a> [1884] <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html&usg=ALkJrhi7oRlAvrZAIodsGDTSp7rrja8ycA" class="external text" title="http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html" rel="nofollow">14 QBD 273 DC</a> , see Simpson, <i>Cannibalism and the Common Law</i> , 212–217, 229–237</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-23" title=""><b>^</b></a> Tentang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_v._Dudley_and_Stephens&usg=ALkJrhi3Q4O5SZcHvlwNU4Q3rlrPBuEKRA" title="Regina ayat Dudley dan Stephens" class="mw-redirect"><i>Regina ayat dan Dudley Stephens</i></a> [1884] <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html&usg=ALkJrhi7oRlAvrZAIodsGDTSp7rrja8ycA" class="external text" title="http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html" rel="nofollow">14 QBD 273 DC,</a> lihat Simpson, <i>kanibalisme dan Common Law,</i> 212-217, 229-237</span> </li><li id="cite_note-24"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-24" title=""><b>^</b></a> Pelser, <i>Criminal Legislation</i> , 198</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-24" title=""><b>^</b></a> Pelser, <i>Kriminal Legislasi,</i> 198</span> </li><li id="cite_note-25"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-25" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html&usg=ALkJrhgt6xz9lEDHW5BMKajxuj0uCtrnlg" class="external text" title="http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html" rel="nofollow">The States Parties to the Rome Statute</a> , International Criminal Court</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-25" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html&usg=ALkJrhgt6xz9lEDHW5BMKajxuj0uCtrnlg" class="external text" title="http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html" rel="nofollow">The States Parties dengan Statuta Roma,</a> Mahkamah Pidana Internasional</span> </li><li id="cite_note-26"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-26" title=""><b>^</b></a> Wenberg, <i>Pacta Sunt Servanda</i> , 775</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-26" title=""><b>^</b></a> Wenberg, <i>Pacta Sunt Servanda,</i> 775</span> </li><li id="cite_note-CCSBCE-27"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-CCSBCE_27-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> About <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_r9321042.html&usg=ALkJrhjJRNaeO_x-hUCOKDJ_-Q56HricvA" class="external text" title="http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_r9321042.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation&usg=ALkJrhheVoO7536Zooxu-G6Euur5FafYPg" title="Kasus sitiran">[1893] 1 QB 256</a> , and the element of consideration, see Beale and Tallon, <i>Contract Law</i> , 142–143</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-CCSBCE_27-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Tentang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_r9321042.html&usg=ALkJrhjJRNaeO_x-hUCOKDJ_-Q56HricvA" class="external text" title="http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_r9321042.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Carlill ayat karbol Smoke Ball Perusahaan</i></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation&usg=ALkJrhheVoO7536Zooxu-G6Euur5FafYPg" title="Kasus sitiran">[1893] 1 QB 256,</a> dan unsur pertimbangan, dan melihat Beale Tallon, <i>Kontrak Hukum,</i> 142-143</span> </li><li id="cite_note-28"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-28" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Austotel v. Franklins</i> (1989) 16 NSWLR 582</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-28" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Austotel ayat Franklins</i> (1989) 16 NSWLR 582</span> </li><li id="cite_note-29"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-29" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg In Germany, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html&usg=ALkJrhhTkrPt5fG_2nMnX76fa0ZrNiF86Q" class="external text" title="http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html" rel="nofollow">§ 311 Abs.</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-29" title=""><b>^</b></a> Di Jerman misalnya, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html&usg=ALkJrhhTkrPt5fG_2nMnX76fa0ZrNiF86Q" class="external text" title="http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html" rel="nofollow">§ 311 Abs.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html&usg=ALkJrhhTkrPt5fG_2nMnX76fa0ZrNiF86Q" class="external text" title="http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html" rel="nofollow">II</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhi1GbuyDqTVWtjwJ4vf3vzTWO-ROw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">BGB</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html&usg=ALkJrhhTkrPt5fG_2nMnX76fa0ZrNiF86Q" class="external text" title="http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html" rel="nofollow">II</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhi1GbuyDqTVWtjwJ4vf3vzTWO-ROw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">BGB</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-30"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-30" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html&usg=ALkJrhhaV2PS-9CMTEpONcAX_RSuc6k4qg" class="external text" title="http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html" rel="nofollow">§ 105 Abs.</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-30" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html&usg=ALkJrhhaV2PS-9CMTEpONcAX_RSuc6k4qg" class="external text" title="http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html" rel="nofollow">§ 105 Abs.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html&usg=ALkJrhhaV2PS-9CMTEpONcAX_RSuc6k4qg" class="external text" title="http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html" rel="nofollow">II</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhi1GbuyDqTVWtjwJ4vf3vzTWO-ROw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">BGB</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html&usg=ALkJrhhaV2PS-9CMTEpONcAX_RSuc6k4qg" class="external text" title="http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html" rel="nofollow">II</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&usg=ALkJrhi1GbuyDqTVWtjwJ4vf3vzTWO-ROw" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">BGB</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-31"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-31" title=""><b>^</b></a> Smith, <i>The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law</i> , 1037</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-31" title=""><b>^</b></a> Smith, <i>The Unjust Struktur Enrichment Hukum,</i> 1037</span> </li><li id="cite_note-32"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-32" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_v._Stone&usg=ALkJrhi3DTPJq5ntfEGxDUCIXK2CSeOSoA" title="Bolton vs Stone"><i>Bolton v. Stone</i></a> [1951] AC 850</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-32" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_v._Stone&usg=ALkJrhi3DTPJq5ntfEGxDUCIXK2CSeOSoA" title="Bolton vs Stone"><i>Bolton ayat Stone</i></a> [1951] AC 850</span> </li><li id="cite_note-DvS-33"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <i><sup><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-DvS_33-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-DvS_33-1" title="">b</a></b></sup> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v._Stevenson&usg=ALkJrhi-AXEdbeZYg8j2x5U5BKDHJBk4zQ" title="Donoghue v. Stevenson" class="mw-redirect">Donoghue v. Stevenson</a></i> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation&usg=ALkJrhheVoO7536Zooxu-G6Euur5FafYPg#England_and_Wales" title="Kasus sitiran">[1932] AC 532, 1932 SC (HL) 31, [1932] All ER Rep 1</a> ).</span> ^ <i><sup><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-DvS_33-0" title="">A</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-DvS_33-1" title="">b</a></b></sup> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v._Stevenson&usg=ALkJrhi-AXEdbeZYg8j2x5U5BKDHJBk4zQ" title="Donoghue v. Stevenson" class="mw-redirect">Donoghue ayat Stevenson</a></i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation&usg=ALkJrhheVoO7536Zooxu-G6Euur5FafYPg#England_and_Wales" title="Kasus sitiran">([1932] AC 532, 1932 SC (HL) 31, [1932] Semua ER Rep 1).</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">See the original text of the case in <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm&usg=ALkJrhh3O_lgmi4qVFn0f1RE0QDx9sj2qA" class="external text" title="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm" rel="nofollow">UK Law Online</a> .</span> Melihat teks yang asli dari kasus di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm&usg=ALkJrhh3O_lgmi4qVFn0f1RE0QDx9sj2qA" class="external text" title="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm" rel="nofollow">Inggris Hukum Online.</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-34"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-34" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v._Stevenson&usg=ALkJrhi-AXEdbeZYg8j2x5U5BKDHJBk4zQ" title="Donoghue v. Stevenson" class="mw-redirect"><i>Donoghue v. Stevenson</i></a> [1932] AC 532, 580</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-34" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v._Stevenson&usg=ALkJrhi-AXEdbeZYg8j2x5U5BKDHJBk4zQ" title="Donoghue v. Stevenson" class="mw-redirect"><i>Donoghue ayat Stevenson</i></a> [1932] AC 532, 580</span> </li><li id="cite_note-Sturges-35"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <i><sup><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Sturges_35-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Sturges_35-1" title="">b</a></b></sup> Sturges v. Bridgman</i> (1879) 11 Ch D 852</span> ^ <i><sup><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Sturges_35-0" title="">A</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Sturges_35-1" title="">b</a></b></sup> Sturges ayat Bridgman</i> (1879) 11 Ch D 852</span> </li><li id="cite_note-36"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-36" title=""><b>^</b></a> eg concerning a British politician and the Iraq War, <i><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Galloway&usg=ALkJrhjYGwkBRsZxX_SfSyoPdUYsNk8hmA" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a> v.</i></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-36" title=""><b>^</b></a> Misalnya tentang seorang politikus Inggris dan Perang Irak, <i><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Galloway&usg=ALkJrhjYGwkBRsZxX_SfSyoPdUYsNk8hmA" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a> ayat</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Telegraph Group Ltd</i> [2004] EWHC 2786</span> <i>Telegrap Group Ltd</i> [2004] EWHC 2786</span> </li><li id="cite_note-37"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-37" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_Co._v._Amalgamated_Society_of_Railway_Servants&usg=ALkJrhgACPLECZ06Phw-wC-cAESGkmuEhg" title="Taff Vale Railway Co ayat bercampur Masyarakat dari Kereta hamba"><i>Taff Vale Railway Co. v. Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants</i></a> [1901] AC 426</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-37" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_Co._v._Amalgamated_Society_of_Railway_Servants&usg=ALkJrhgACPLECZ06Phw-wC-cAESGkmuEhg" title="Taff Vale Railway Co ayat bercampur Masyarakat dari Kereta hamba"><i>Taff Vale Railway Co ayat bercampur Masyarakat dari Kereta hamba</i></a> [1901] AC 426</span> </li><li id="cite_note-38"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-38" title=""><b>^</b></a> In the UK, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_%28Consolidation%29_Act_1992&usg=ALkJrhi9hwGfZlGdMbdN6aCnqC5Nqp2pzA" title="Perdagangan dan Perburuhan Hubungan Union (Konsolidasi) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a> ; cf in the US, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act&usg=ALkJrhijDxWtXXXHLj22r-FCRQjt-jLazA" title="Hubungan UU Tenaga Kerja Nasional">National Labor Relations Act</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-38" title=""><b>^</b></a> Di Inggris, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_%28Consolidation%29_Act_1992&usg=ALkJrhi9hwGfZlGdMbdN6aCnqC5Nqp2pzA" title="Perdagangan dan Perburuhan Hubungan Union (Konsolidasi) Act 1992">Perdagangan dan Perburuhan Hubungan Union (Konsolidasi) Act 1992,</a> petikan di Amerika Serikat, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act&usg=ALkJrhijDxWtXXXHLj22r-FCRQjt-jLazA" title="Hubungan UU Tenaga Kerja Nasional">Undang-undang Hubungan Tenaga Kerja Nasional</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-39"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-39" title=""><b>^</b></a> Harris, <i>The Bubble Act</i> , 610-627</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-39" title=""><b>^</b></a> Harris, <i>The Bubble Act,</i> 610-627</span> </li><li id="cite_note-40"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-40" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970424/hunter01.htm&usg=ALkJrhhROeqwjjwDFJXnHYAyNVaFpogOcg" class="external text" title="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970424/hunter01.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>Hunter v. Canary Wharf Ltd.</i> (1997) 2 AllER 426</a> ".</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-40" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970424/hunter01.htm&usg=ALkJrhhROeqwjjwDFJXnHYAyNVaFpogOcg" class="external text" title="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970424/hunter01.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>"Hunter ayat Canary Wharf Ltd</i> (1997) 2 AllER 426".</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-41"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-41" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Armory v. Delamirie</i> (1722) 93 ER 664, 1 Strange 505</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-41" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Armory ayat Delamirie</i> (1722) 93 ER 664, 1 Strange 505</span> </li><li id="cite_note-42"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-42" title=""><b>^</b></a> Matthews, <i>The Man of Property</i> , 251–274</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-42" title=""><b>^</b></a> Matthews, <i>The Man of Property,</i> 251-274</span> </li><li id="cite_note-43"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-43" title=""><b>^</b></a> Savigny, <i>Das Recht des Besitzes</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/bigpage/%2522235083_00000057%2522&usg=ALkJrhippqiQEcp_qTvzHrgihRiu01Aprw" class="external text" title="http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/bigpage/% 22% 22235083_00000057" rel="nofollow">25</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-43" title=""><b>^</b></a> Savigny, <i>Das Recht des Besitzes,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/bigpage/%2522235083_00000057%2522&usg=ALkJrhippqiQEcp_qTvzHrgihRiu01Aprw" class="external text" title="http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/bigpage/% 22% 22235083_00000057" rel="nofollow">25</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-44"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-44" title=""><b>^</b></a> Locke, <i>Second Treatise on Civil Government</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin,_Extent,_and_End_of_Civil_Government&usg=ALkJrhj_nFWOw7eWScfC0IHgXohaluk6hA#Chap._IX._Of_the_Ends_of_Political_Society_and_Government." class="external text" title="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin% 2C_Extent% 2C_and_End_of_Civil_Government # Chap._IX._Of_the_Ends_of_Political_Society_and_Government." rel="nofollow">Chapter 9, section 123</a> .</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-44" title=""><b>^</b></a> Locke, <i>Kedua risalah Sipil Pemerintah,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin,_Extent,_and_End_of_Civil_Government&usg=ALkJrhj_nFWOw7eWScfC0IHgXohaluk6hA#Chap._IX._Of_the_Ends_of_Political_Society_and_Government." class="external text" title="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin% 2C_Extent% 2C_and_End_of_Civil_Government # Chap._IX._Of_the_Ends_of_Political_Society_and_Government." rel="nofollow">Bab 9, bagian 123.</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-45"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-45" title=""><b>^</b></a> McGhee, <i>Snell's Equity</i> , 7</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-45" title=""><b>^</b></a> McGhee, <i>Snell's Equity,</i> 7</span> </li><li id="cite_note-46"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-46" title=""><b>^</b></a> cf <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_and_West_Building_Society_v._Mothew&usg=ALkJrhhyWWZUCKsiPloYiGs3iqAUiTPl1g" title="Bristol dan Barat Bangunan Masyarakat ayat Mothew"><i>Bristol and West Building Society v. Mothew</i></a> [1998] Ch 1</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-46" title=""><b>^</b></a> Cf <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_and_West_Building_Society_v._Mothew&usg=ALkJrhhyWWZUCKsiPloYiGs3iqAUiTPl1g" title="Bristol dan Barat Bangunan Masyarakat ayat Mothew"><i>Bristol dan Barat Bangunan Masyarakat ayat Mothew</i></a> [1998] 1 Ch</span> </li><li id="cite_note-47"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-47" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keech_v._Sandford&usg=ALkJrhhCyY7h2NvjQhkt8_x1MjvOmpYXuA" title="Keech v. Sandford" class="mw-redirect"><i>Keech v. Sandford</i></a> (1726) Sel Cas.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-47" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keech_v._Sandford&usg=ALkJrhhCyY7h2NvjQhkt8_x1MjvOmpYXuA" title="Keech v. Sandford" class="mw-redirect"><i>Keech v. Sandford</i></a> (1726) Cas Sel.</span> Ch.61 </li><li id="cite_note-48"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-48" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Keech v. Sandford</i> (1726) Sel Cas.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-48" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Keech v. Sandford</i> (1726) Cas Sel.</span> Ch.61 </li><li id="cite_note-49"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-49" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Nestle v. National Westminster Bank plc</i> [1993] 1 WLR 1260</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-49" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Nestle ayat Nasional Westminster Bank plc</i> [1993] 1 WLR 1260</span> </li><li id="cite_note-50"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-50" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/documents/downloads/guide_to_treaty_of_lisbon.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhxeLGY3I6QEGwBaINGoSVqm16anw" class="external text" title="http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/documents/downloads/guide_to_treaty_of_lisbon.pdf" rel="nofollow">A Guide to the Treaty of Lisbon</a> , The Law Society</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-50" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/documents/downloads/guide_to_treaty_of_lisbon.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhxeLGY3I6QEGwBaINGoSVqm16anw" class="external text" title="http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/documents/downloads/guide_to_treaty_of_lisbon.pdf" rel="nofollow">A Guide to the Treaty of Lisbon,</a> Hukum Masyarakat</span> </li><li id="cite_note-51"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-51" title=""><b>^</b></a> Berle, <i>Modern Corporation and Private Property</i></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-51" title=""><b>^</b></a> Berle, <i>Modern Corporation dan Swasta Properti</i></span> </li><li id="cite_note-52"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-52" title=""><b>^</b></a> WIPO, <i>Intellectual Property</i> , 3</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-52" title=""><b>^</b></a> WIPO, <i>Kekayaan Intelektual,</i> 3</span> </li><li id="cite_note-53"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-53" title=""><b>^</b></a> Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined; the numerous <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_transplants&usg=ALkJrhjJ9cjTQLUUDdm8flQAdbrJmwLHaA" title="Hukum transplantasi" class="mw-redirect">legal transplants</a> , typical of modern law, result in the sharing by modern legal systems of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law (Mattei, <i>Comparative Law and Economics</i> , 71)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-53" title=""><b>^</b></a> Modern cendekiawan memperdebatkan bahwa perbedaan penting ini telah makin menurun; berbagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_transplants&usg=ALkJrhjJ9cjTQLUUDdm8flQAdbrJmwLHaA" title="Hukum transplantasi" class="mw-redirect">hukum transplantasi,</a> tipikal modern hukum, menyebabkan berbagi oleh sistem hukum modern yang banyak fitur khas tradisional dianggap baik dari hukum umum atau hukum perdata (Mattei, <i>Komparatif Hukum dan Ekonomi,</i> 71)</span> </li><li id="cite_note-54"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-54" title=""><b>^</b></a> Civil law jurisdictions recognise custom as "the other source of law"; hence, scholars tend to divide the civil law into the broad categories of "written law" ( <i>ius scriptum</i> ) or legislation, and "unwritten law" ( <i>ius non scriptum</i> ) or custom.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-54" title=""><b>^</b></a> Sipil mengakui jurisdiksi hukum adat sebagai "sumber hukum lainnya"; dengan itu, cendekiawan cenderung membagi hukum perdata ke dalam kategori umum "ditulis hukum" <i>(ius scriptum)</i> atau undang-undang, dan "tdk dituliskan hukum" <i>(ius non scriptum)</i> atau kustom.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Yet they tend to dismiss custom as being of slight importance compared to legislation (Georgiadis, <i>General Principles of Civil Law</i> , 19; Washofsky, <i>Taking Precedent Seriously</i> , 7).</span> Namun mereka cenderung mengabaikan adat sebagai kepentingan yang sedikit dibandingkan dengan undang-undang (Georgiadis, <i>General Principles of Civil Hukum,</i> 19; Washofsky, <i>Mengambil preseden Seriously,</i> 7).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-55"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-55" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Comparative Study of Private Law</i> , 18</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-55" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Komparatif Studi Hukum Swasta,</i> 18</span> </li><li id="cite_note-56"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-56" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Comparative Study of Private Law</i> , 21</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-56" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Komparatif Studi Hukum Swasta,</i> 21</span> </li><li id="cite_note-57"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-57" title=""><b>^</b></a> Stein, <i>Roman Law in European History</i> , 32</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-57" title=""><b>^</b></a> Stein, <i>Roman Sejarah Hukum di Eropa,</i> 32</span> </li><li id="cite_note-58"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-58" title=""><b>^</b></a> Stein, <i>Roman Law in European History</i> , 35</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-58" title=""><b>^</b></a> Stein, <i>Roman Sejarah Hukum di Eropa,</i> 35</span> </li><li id="cite_note-59"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-59" title=""><b>^</b></a> Stein, <i>Roman Law in European History</i> , 43</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-59" title=""><b>^</b></a> Stein, <i>Roman Sejarah Hukum di Eropa,</i> 43</span> </li><li id="cite_note-name-60"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-name_60-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Badr, <i>Islamic Law</i> , 187–198 [196–8]</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-name_60-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Badar, <i>Hukum Islam,</i> 187-198 [196-8]</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Makdisi, <i>The Islamic Origins</i> , 1635–1739</span> * Makdisi, <i>The Islamic Origin,</i> 1635-1739</span> </li><li id="cite_note-61"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-61" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hatzis, <i>The Short-Lived Influence of the Napoleonic Civil Code in Greece</i> , 253–263</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-61" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hatzis, <i>The Short-Lived Pengaruh dari Napoleonic Civil Code di Yunani,</i> 253-263</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Demirgüç-Kunt -Levine, <i>Financial Structures and Economic Growth</i> , 204</span> * Demirgüç-Kunt-Levine, <i>Keuangan Struktur dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi,</i> 204</span> </li><li id="cite_note-62"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-62" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html" class="external text" title="https: / / www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html" rel="nofollow">The World Factbook — Field Listing – Legal system</a> , CIA</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-62" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html" class="external text" title="https: / / www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html" rel="nofollow">The World Factbook - Field Listing - Hukum sistem,</a> CIA</span> </li><li id="cite_note-Makdisi-63"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Makdisi_63-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Makdisi_63-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Makdisi, <i>The Islamic Origins</i> , 1635–1739</span> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Makdisi_63-0" title="">A</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Makdisi_63-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Makdisi, <i>The Islamic Origin,</i> 1635-1739</span> </li><li id="cite_note-64"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-64" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html&usg=ALkJrhhY2PJMSy1xAn049UsreLk7zmzw-Q" class="external text" title="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html" rel="nofollow">Magna Carta</a> , Fordham University</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-64" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html&usg=ALkJrhhY2PJMSy1xAn049UsreLk7zmzw-Q" class="external text" title="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html" rel="nofollow">Magna Carta,</a> Fordham University</span> </li><li id="cite_note-65"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-65" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Comparative Study of Private Law</i> , 4</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-65" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Komparatif Studi Hukum Pribadi,</i> 4</span> </li><li id="cite_note-66"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-66" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Comparative Study of Private Law</i> , 3</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-66" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Komparatif Studi Hukum Swasta,</i> 3</span> </li><li id="cite_note-67"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-67" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Gee v. Pritchard</i> (1818) 2 Swans.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-67" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>Gee ayat Pritchard</i> (1818) 2 Swans.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">402, 414</span> 402, 414</span> </li><li id="cite_note-68"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-68" title=""><b>^</b></a> Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk1ch1.htm&usg=ALkJrhhS0gCizDbwq9Cw6B67YC_U9Q6hEw" class="external text" title="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk1ch1.htm" rel="nofollow">Book the First – Chapter the First</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-68" title=""><b>^</b></a> Blackstone, komentar tentang Hukum Inggris, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk1ch1.htm&usg=ALkJrhhS0gCizDbwq9Cw6B67YC_U9Q6hEw" class="external text" title="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk1ch1.htm" rel="nofollow">Buku Pertama - Bab Pertama</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-69"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-69" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Comparative Study of Private Law</i> , 17</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-69" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gordley-von Mehren, <i>Komparatif Studi Hukum Swasta,</i> 17</span> </li><li id="cite_note-70"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-70" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i> , 159</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-70" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>tradisi Hukum Dunia,</i> 159</span> </li><li id="cite_note-71"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-71" title=""><b>^</b></a> Badr, <i>Islamic Law</i> , 187–198 [196–8]</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-71" title=""><b>^</b></a> Badar, <i>Hukum Islam,</i> 187-198 [196-8]</span> </li><li id="cite_note-AA-72"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-AA_72-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Anderson, <i>Law Reform in the Middle East</i> , 43</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-AA_72-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Anderson, <i>Reformasi Hukum di Timur Tengah,</i> 43</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Giannoulatos, <i>Islam</i> , 274–275</span> * Giannoulatos, <i>Islam,</i> 274-275</span> </li><li id="cite_note-73"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-73" title=""><b>^</b></a> Sherif, <i>Constitutions of Arab Countries</i> , 157–158</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-73" title=""><b>^</b></a> Sheriff, <i>Konstitusi dari Negara-negara Arab,</i> 157-158</span> </li><li id="cite_note-Jurist-74"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Jurist_74-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm&usg=ALkJrhh_DALTSncTKDdMUTErKCPEGZAw4g" class="external text" title="http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm" rel="nofollow">Saudi Arabia</a> , Jurist</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Jurist_74-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm&usg=ALkJrhh_DALTSncTKDdMUTErKCPEGZAw4g" class="external text" title="http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm" rel="nofollow">Arab Saudi,</a> Jurist</span> </li><li id="cite_note-75"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-75" title=""><b>^</b></a> Akhlagi, <i>Iranian Commercial Law</i> , 127</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-75" title=""><b>^</b></a> Akhlagi, <i>Iran Commercial Law,</i> 127</span> </li><li id="cite_note-H1-76"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-H1_76-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hallaq, <i>The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law</i> , 1</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-H1_76-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hallaq, <i>The Origin dan Evolution of Islamic Law,</i> 1</span> </li><li id="cite_note-77"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-77" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFTh.C3.A9odorid.C3.A9s">Théodoridés.</cite></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-77" title=""><b>^</b></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFTh.C3.A9odorid.C3.A9s">Théodoridés.</cite></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFTh.C3.A9odorid.C3.A9s">"law". <i>Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</i> .</cite></span> <cite style="font-style: normal;" class="book" id="CITEREFTh.C3.A9odorid.C3.A9s">"hukum". <i>Ensiklopedi dari Arkeologi dari Mesir Kuno.</i></cite></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = info% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = bookitem & rft.btitle = hukum & rft.atitle = Encyclopedia of + + + yang Arkeologi + of + + Mesir Kuno & rft.aulast = Th% C3% A9odorid% C3% A9s & rft.au = Th% C3% A9odorid% C3% A9s & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Hukum"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* VerSteeg, <i>Law in ancient Egypt</i></span> * VerSteeg, <i>Hukum di Mesir kuno</i></span> </li><li id="cite_note-78"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-78" title=""><b>^</b></a> Richardson, <i>Hammurabi's Laws</i> , 11</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-78" title=""><b>^</b></a> Richardson, <i>Hammurabi dari Undang-Undang,</i> 11</span> </li><li id="cite_note-79"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-79" title=""><b>^</b></a> Kelly, <i>A Short History of Western Legal Theory</i> , 5–6</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-79" title=""><b>^</b></a> Kelly, <i>A Short History of Western Legal Theory,</i> 5-6</span> </li><li id="cite_note-80"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-80" title=""><b>^</b></a> Ober, <i>The Nature of Athenian Democracy</i> , 121</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-80" title=""><b>^</b></a> Ober, <i>The Nature of Athenian Demokrasi,</i> 121</span> </li><li id="cite_note-81"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-81" title=""><b>^</b></a> Kelly, <i>A Short History of Western Legal Theory</i> , 39</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-81" title=""><b>^</b></a> Kelly, <i>A Short History of Western Legal Theory,</i> 39</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Stein, <i>Roman Law in European History</i> , 1</span> * Stein, <i>Roman Sejarah Hukum di Eropa,</i> 1</span> </li><li id="cite_note-St107-82"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-St107_82-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law worldwide.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-St107_82-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Sebagai sebuah sistem hukum, undang-undang Roma telah mempengaruhi perkembangan hukum di seluruh dunia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It also forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe, and has played an important role in the creation of the idea of a common European culture (Stein, <i>Roman Law in European History</i> , 2, 104–107).</span> Hal ini juga membentuk dasar bagi sebagian besar hukum kode negara-negara benua Eropa, dan telah memainkan peran penting dalam penciptaan ide umum dari budaya Eropa (Stein, <i>Roman Sejarah Hukum di Eropa,</i> 2, 104-107).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-83"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-83" title=""><b>^</b></a> Sealey-Hooley, <i>Commercial Law</i> , 14</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-83" title=""><b>^</b></a> Sealey-Hooley, <i>Commercial Law,</i> 14</span> </li><li id="cite_note-84"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-84" title=""><b>^</b></a> Mattei, <i>Comparative Law and Economics</i> , 71</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-84" title=""><b>^</b></a> Mattei, <i>Komparatif Hukum dan Ekonomi,</i> 71</span> </li><li id="cite_note-Badr-85"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Badr_85-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Badr, <i>Islamic Law</i> , 187–198</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Badr_85-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Badar, <i>Hukum Islam,</i> 187-198</span> </li><li id="cite_note-Gamal-86"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Gamal_86-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Justice Gamal Moursi Badr argues that Islamic law may "be called a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer&usg=ALkJrhhoFIamc2PuNbBte5GSphPk77U7Bg" title="Pengacara">lawyer</a> 's law if common law is a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhh5KCtW_U5YzfDitHlJUNA0RxBcZA" title="Hakim">judge</a> 's law"(Badr, <i>Islamic Law</i> , 187–198, El-Gamal, <i>Islamic Finance</i> , 16).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Gamal_86-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Keadilan Gamal Moursi Badar bahwa hukum Islam Mei "dipanggil seorang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer&usg=ALkJrhhoFIamc2PuNbBte5GSphPk77U7Bg" title="Pengacara">pengacara</a> 's hukum jika hukum umum adalah seorang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge&usg=ALkJrhh5KCtW_U5YzfDitHlJUNA0RxBcZA" title="Hakim">hakim'</a> s hukum" (Badar, <i>Hukum Islam,</i> 187-198, El-Gamal, <i>Islamic Finance,</i> 16).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-87"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-87" title=""><b>^</b></a> The "royal English contract protected by the action of debt is identified with the Islamic <i>Aqd</i> , the English <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize_of_novel_disseisin&usg=ALkJrhhvSq_zbvhlmJdckSr75feSwjMFmQ" title="Assize dari novel disseisin">assize of novel disseisin</a> is identified with the Islamic <i>Istihqaq</i> , and the English jury is identified with the Islamic <i>Lafif</i> ".</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-87" title=""><b>^</b></a> The "kerajaan Inggris kontrak dilindungi oleh tindakan utang dikenalpasti dengan Islam <i>Aqd,</i> bahasa Inggris <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize_of_novel_disseisin&usg=ALkJrhhvSq_zbvhlmJdckSr75feSwjMFmQ" title="Assize dari novel disseisin">assize dari novel disseisin</a> dikenalpasti dengan <i>Istihqaq</i> Islam, Bahasa Inggris dan juri dikenalpasti dengan Islam <i>Lafif".</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other parallels include "the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_method&usg=ALkJrhjbjINDjlKyPmfqrByZ8QMDT_TO6g" title="Metode pendidikan" class="mw-redirect">scholastic method</a> , the license to teach" ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijazah&usg=ALkJrhgQquj2jMuU72Vy2TKKrFLBG0ZQ3w" title="Ijazah"><i>Ijazah</i></a> ), the " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school&usg=ALkJrhjo1dOd1FeKYqjsfl3piRyLmXAe7Q" title="Hukum sekolah">law schools</a> known as <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Court&usg=ALkJrhiCHqMO3MpF5KlgQTSTbvpQhRYz1w" title="Inns dari Pengadilan">Inns of Court</a> in England and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah&usg=ALkJrhj2zX1GwNfR_39nZGDixVrIT5l4Yg" title="Madrasah"><i>Madrasas</i></a> in Islam", and the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhMkGqj6CQwhLzV7u83TjZTuRPC7w" title="Badan (hukum)">agency</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala&usg=ALkJrhhWzLbDKSLDnxbQY0FxL4Sjigso7Q" title="Hawala"><i>Hawala</i></a> ) and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">trust law</a> ( <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf&usg=ALkJrhjdttOsTfYXnnTvI7UBEJg69AzLtQ" title="Waqf"><i>Waqf</i></a> ) (Gaudiosi, <i>The Influence of the Islamic Law</i> , 1231–1261; Makdisi, <i>The Islamic Origins</i> , 1635–1739).</span> Lainnya termasuk parallels "di <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_method&usg=ALkJrhjbjINDjlKyPmfqrByZ8QMDT_TO6g" title="Metode pendidikan" class="mw-redirect">sekolah metode,</a> lisensi untuk mengajar" <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijazah&usg=ALkJrhgQquj2jMuU72Vy2TKKrFLBG0ZQ3w" title="Ijazah"><i>(Ijazah),</i></a> yang <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school&usg=ALkJrhjo1dOd1FeKYqjsfl3piRyLmXAe7Q" title="Hukum sekolah">"sekolah hukum</a> yang dikenal sebagai <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Court&usg=ALkJrhiCHqMO3MpF5KlgQTSTbvpQhRYz1w" title="Inns dari Pengadilan">Inns of Court</a> di Inggris dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah&usg=ALkJrhj2zX1GwNfR_39nZGDixVrIT5l4Yg" title="Madrasah"><i>Madrasas</i></a> dalam Islam", dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_%28law%29&usg=ALkJrhhMkGqj6CQwhLzV7u83TjZTuRPC7w" title="Badan (hukum)">badan</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala&usg=ALkJrhhWzLbDKSLDnxbQY0FxL4Sjigso7Q" title="Hawala"><i>(Hawala)</i></a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law&usg=ALkJrhgACXOJkTcVIit4uW0XO6BemqoYBA" title="Hukum kepercayaan">kepercayaan hukum</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf&usg=ALkJrhjdttOsTfYXnnTvI7UBEJg69AzLtQ" title="Waqf"><i>(Waqf)</i></a> (Gaudiosi, <i>The pengaruh Islam Hukum,</i> 1231-1261; Makdisi, <i>The Origin Islam,</i> 1635-1739).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-88"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-88" title=""><b>^</b></a> For discussion of the composition and dating of these sources, see Olivelle, <i>Manu's Code of Law</i> , 18-25.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-88" title=""><b>^</b></a> Untuk pembahasan komposisi dan kencan dari sumber ini, lihat Olivelle, <i>Manu's Code of Law,</i> 18-25.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-89"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-89" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i> , 276</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-89" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>tradisi Hukum Dunia,</i> 276</span> </li><li id="cite_note-90"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-90" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i> , 273</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-90" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>tradisi Hukum Dunia,</i> 273</span> </li><li id="cite_note-91"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-91" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i> , 287</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-91" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>tradisi Hukum Dunia,</i> 287</span> </li><li id="cite_note-92"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-92" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i> , 304</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-92" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>tradisi Hukum Dunia,</i> 304</span> </li><li id="cite_note-93"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-93" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i> , 305</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-93" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>tradisi Hukum Dunia,</i> 305</span> </li><li id="cite_note-94"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-94" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i> , 307</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-94" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>tradisi Hukum Dunia,</i> 307</span> </li><li id="cite_note-95"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-95" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i> , 309</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-95" title=""><b>^</b></a> Glenn, <i>tradisi Hukum Dunia,</i> 309</span> </li><li id="cite_note-96"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-96" title=""><b>^</b></a> Farah, <i>Five Years of China WTO Membership</i> , 263–304</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-96" title=""><b>^</b></a> Farah, <i>lima tahun dari Cina Keanggotaan WTO,</i> 263-304</span> </li><li id="cite_note-97"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-97" title=""><b>^</b></a> Rousseau, <i>The Social Contract</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/r/rousseau/jean_jacques/r864s/book2.html&usg=ALkJrhhzdZmoZTk2c3gx8LP2dbzlvtPLNA#section16" class="external text" title="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/r/rousseau/jean_jacques/r864s/book2.html # section16" rel="nofollow">Book II: Chapter 6 (Law)</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-97" title=""><b>^</b></a> Rousseau, <i>The Social Contract,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/r/rousseau/jean_jacques/r864s/book2.html&usg=ALkJrhhzdZmoZTk2c3gx8LP2dbzlvtPLNA#section16" class="external text" title="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/r/rousseau/jean_jacques/r864s/book2.html # section16" rel="nofollow">Buku II: Bab 6 (UU)</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-jap-98"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-jap_98-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bix, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/&usg=ALkJrhjyrYgzZ8_OYIyak8cAE4JZef3haA#3" class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/ # 3" rel="nofollow">John Austin</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-jap_98-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> BIX, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/&usg=ALkJrhjyrYgzZ8_OYIyak8cAE4JZef3haA#3" class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/ # 3" rel="nofollow">John Austin</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-99"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-99" title=""><b>^</b></a> Roeber, <i>What the Law Requires</i> , 887</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-99" title=""><b>^</b></a> Roeber, <i>Apa Hukum Membutuhkan,</i> 887</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Stone, <i>Human Law and Human Justice</i> , 14, 51</span> * Batu, <i>Manusia Manusia Hukum dan Keadilan,</i> 14, 51</span> </li><li id="cite_note-100"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-100" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Berolzheimer&usg=ALkJrhgLfMcPuCa9SRy8e9TcWdyWAbanzw" title="Fritz Berolzheimer">Fritz Berolzheimer</a> , <i>The World's Legal Philosophies</i> , 115–116</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-100" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Berolzheimer&usg=ALkJrhgLfMcPuCa9SRy8e9TcWdyWAbanzw" title="Fritz Berolzheimer">Fritz Berolzheimer,</a> <i>Dunia Hukum filosofi,</i> 115-116</span> </li><li id="cite_note-101"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-101" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant&usg=ALkJrhhm6-KGTGCB-4qsB-UcYoVmnAACSw" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant, Immanuel</a> , <i>Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</i> , 42 (par. 434)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-101" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant&usg=ALkJrhhm6-KGTGCB-4qsB-UcYoVmnAACSw" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant, Immanuel,</a> <i>dasar dari metafisika dari Akhlak,</i> 42 (par. 434)</span> </li><li id="cite_note-102"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-102" title=""><b>^</b></a> Green, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/&usg=ALkJrhh1IXXzD0VzYJnjJvMDqQtDGhFWVw" class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/" rel="nofollow">Legal Positivism</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-102" title=""><b>^</b></a> Green, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/&usg=ALkJrhh1IXXzD0VzYJnjJvMDqQtDGhFWVw" class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/" rel="nofollow">Hukum positivisme</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-103"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-103" title=""><b>^</b></a> Nietzsche, <i>Zur Genealogie der Moral</i> , Second Essay, 11</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-103" title=""><b>^</b></a> Nietzsche, <i>Zur Genealogie der Moral,</i> Essay Kedua, 11</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Kazantzakis, <i>Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law</i> , 97–98</span> Kazantzakis, <i>Friedrich Nietzsche dan Filosofi UU,</i> 97-98</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Linarelli, <i>Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral</i> , 23–26</span> * Linarelli, <i>Nietzsche di Hukum's Cathedral,</i> 23-26</span> </li><li id="cite_note-104"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-104" title=""><b>^</b></a> Marmor, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/&usg=ALkJrhhkZy_kbIcTwRw5I2bTg_aZlnfNqg" class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/" rel="nofollow">The Pure Theory of Law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-104" title=""><b>^</b></a> Marmor, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/&usg=ALkJrhhkZy_kbIcTwRw5I2bTg_aZlnfNqg" class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/" rel="nofollow">yang Teori Hukum Murni</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-105"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-105" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bielefeldt, <i>Carl Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism</i> , 25–26</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-105" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bielefeldt, <i>Carl Schmitt dari Critique dari liberalisme,</i> 25-26</span> </li><li id="cite_note-F171-106"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-F171_106-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Finn, <i>Constitutions in Crisis</i> , 170–171</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-F171_106-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Finn, <i>Konstitusi dalam Krisis,</i> 170-171</span> </li><li id="cite_note-107"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-107" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bayles, <i>Hart's Legal Philosophy</i> , 21</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-107" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bayles, <i>Hart's Legal Philosophy,</i> 21</span> </li><li id="cite_note-108"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-108" title=""><b>^</b></a> Dworkin, <i>Law's Empire</i> , 410</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-108" title=""><b>^</b></a> Dworkin, <i>Law's Empire,</i> 410</span> </li><li id="cite_note-jra-109"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-jra_109-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Raz, <i>The Authority of Law</i> , 3–36</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-jra_109-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Raz, <i>The Authority of Law,</i> 3-36</span> </li><li id="cite_note-110"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-110" title=""><b>^</b></a> Raz, <i>The Authority of Law</i> , 37 etc.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-110" title=""><b>^</b></a> Raz, <i>The Authority of Law,</i> 37 dll</span> </li><li id="cite_note-111"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-111" title=""><b>^</b></a> According to Malloy ( <i>Law and Economics</i> , 114), Smith established "a classical liberal philosophy that made individuals the key referential sign while acknowledging that we live not alone but in community with others".</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-111" title=""><b>^</b></a> Menurut Malloy <i>(Hukum dan Ekonomi,</i> 114), Smith mendirikan "sebuah filosofi liberal klasik yang membuat setiap individu tombol tanda sambil mengakui bahwa kita tidak sendirian tapi hidup dalam masyarakat dengan yang lain".</span> </li><li id="cite_note-112"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-112" title=""><b>^</b></a> Jakoby, <i>Economic Ideas and the Labour Market</i> , 53</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-112" title=""><b>^</b></a> Jakoby, <i>Ideas Ekonomi dan Pasar Tenaga Kerja,</i> 53</span> </li><li id="cite_note-113"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-113" title=""><b>^</b></a> " <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/&usg=ALkJrhgwCL6vCPPlCEzJgafhYH5fTDJb3Q" class="external text" title="http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/" rel="nofollow">The Becker-Posner Blog</a> ".</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-113" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/&usg=ALkJrhgwCL6vCPPlCEzJgafhYH5fTDJb3Q" class="external text" title="http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/" rel="nofollow">"The Becker-Posner Blog".</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Retrieved on 2007-02-03.</span> Retrieved on 2007/02/03.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-114"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-114" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>The Nature of the Firm</i> , 386–405</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-114" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>The Nature of the Firm,</i> 386-405</span> </li><li id="cite_note-115"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-115" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>The Problem of Social Cost</i> , 1–44</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-115" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>Masalah Sosial Biaya,</i> 1-44</span> </li><li id="cite_note-116"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-116" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>The Problem of Social Cost</i> , IV, 7</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-116" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>Masalah Sosial Biaya,</i> IV, 7</span> </li><li id="cite_note-117"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-117" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>The Problem of Social Cost</i> , V, 9</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-117" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>Masalah Sosial Biaya,</i> V, 9</span> </li><li id="cite_note-118"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-118" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>The Problem of Social Cost</i> , VIII, 23</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-118" title=""><b>^</b></a> Coase, <i>Masalah Sosial Biaya,</i> VIII, 23</span> </li><li id="cite_note-Jary-119"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Jary_119-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Jary_119-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Jary, <i>Collins Dictionary of Sociology</i> , 636</span> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Jary_119-0" title="">A</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-Jary_119-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Jary, <i>Collins Kamus Sosiologi,</i> 636</span> </li><li id="cite_note-120"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-120" title=""><b>^</b></a> Rottleuthner, <i>La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne</i> , 109</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-120" title=""><b>^</b></a> Rottleuthner, <i>La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne,</i> 109</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Rottleuthner, <i>Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts</i> , 521</span> * Rottleuthner, <i>Rechtstheoritische masalah Sociologie der des Rechts,</i> 521</span> </li><li id="cite_note-121"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-121" title=""><b>^</b></a> Rheinstein, <i>Max Weber on Law and Economy in Society</i> , 336</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-121" title=""><b>^</b></a> Rheinstein, <i>Max Weber Hukum dan Ekonomi di Masyarakat,</i> 336</span> </li><li id="cite_note-122"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-122" title=""><b>^</b></a> Johnson, <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology, 156</i></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-122" title=""><b>^</b></a> Johnson, <i>The Blackwell Kamus Sosiologi, 156</i></span> </li><li id="cite_note-123"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-123" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gurvitch, <i>Sociology of Law</i> , 142</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-123" title=""><b>^</b></a> Gurvitch, <i>Sosiologi Hukum,</i> 142</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Papachristou, <i>Sociology of Law</i> , 81–82</span> * Papachristou, <i>Sosiologi Hukum,</i> 81-82</span> </li><li id="cite_note-124"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-124" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hamilton and Spiro, <i>The Dynamics of Law</i> , 3</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-124" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hamilton dan Spiro, <i>Dinamika Hukum,</i> 3</span> </li><li id="cite_note-125"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-125" title=""><b>^</b></a> Jakobs, <i>Pursuing Equal Opportunities</i> , 5–6</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-125" title=""><b>^</b></a> Jakobs, <i>mengejar Equal Opportunities,</i> 5-6</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Karkatsoulis, <i>The State in Transition</i> , 275 etc.</span> * Karkatsoulis, <i>Negara dalam Transisi,</i> 275 dll</span> </li><li id="cite_note-126"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-126" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu&usg=ALkJrhg7eL5abttiNYPwK4cC6jOewRvPWg" title="Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect">Montesquieu</a> , <i>The Spirit of Laws</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_11.htm&usg=ALkJrhirarZ03RKKaOHpePPOYt8PaHbDmA#006" class="external text" title="http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_11.htm # 006" rel="nofollow">Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-126" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu&usg=ALkJrhg7eL5abttiNYPwK4cC6jOewRvPWg" title="Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect">Montesquieu,</a> <i>The Spirit of Laws,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_11.htm&usg=ALkJrhirarZ03RKKaOHpePPOYt8PaHbDmA#006" class="external text" title="http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_11.htm # 006" rel="nofollow">Buku XI: Dari mana Menetapkan Undang-Undang Politik Liberty, yang berkaitan dengan konstitusi, Chapters 6-7</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-H17-127"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-H17_127-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Thomas Hobbes, <i>Leviathan</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html&usg=ALkJrhjHZIsQ6TNETjBBxXgWMuTHESdjPg#CHAPTERXVII" class="external text" title="http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html # CHAPTERXVII" rel="nofollow">XVII</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-H17_127-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Thomas Hobbes, <i>Leviathan,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html&usg=ALkJrhjHZIsQ6TNETjBBxXgWMuTHESdjPg#CHAPTERXVII" class="external text" title="http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html # CHAPTERXVII" rel="nofollow">XVII</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-128"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-128" title=""><b>^</b></a> Curtin–Wessel, <i>Good Governance</i> , 73</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-128" title=""><b>^</b></a> Curtin-Wessel, <i>Good Governance,</i> 73</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Fukuyama, <i>State-Building</i> , 132</span> * Fukuyama, <i>State-Building,</i> 132</span> </li><li id="cite_note-129"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-129" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf&usg=ALkJrhge1TwL5z7cL5rKBidtMCWFNs6E4w" class="external text" title="http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf" rel="nofollow">A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court</a> , Supreme Court of the United States</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-129" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf&usg=ALkJrhge1TwL5z7cL5rKBidtMCWFNs6E4w" class="external text" title="http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf" rel="nofollow">A Brief Overview dari Mahkamah Agung,</a> Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat</span> </li><li id="cite_note-130"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-130" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf&usg=ALkJrhge1TwL5z7cL5rKBidtMCWFNs6E4w" class="external text" title="http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf" rel="nofollow">House of Lords Judgements</a> , House of Lords</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-130" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf&usg=ALkJrhge1TwL5z7cL5rKBidtMCWFNs6E4w" class="external text" title="http://www.supremecourtus.gov/about/briefoverview.pdf" rel="nofollow">House of Lords Judgements,</a> House of Lords</span> </li><li id="cite_note-131"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-131" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen.html&usg=ALkJrhgpZYYFVJC0D5Jtpa5RtD2sKmDluw" class="external text" title="http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen.html" rel="nofollow">Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts</a> , Bundesverfassungsgericht</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-131" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen.html&usg=ALkJrhgpZYYFVJC0D5Jtpa5RtD2sKmDluw" class="external text" title="http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen.html" rel="nofollow">Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts,</a> Bundesverfassungsgericht</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/&usg=ALkJrhj3GxRxvE5WcOtHqDEnZ7-S7M7fBQ" class="external text" title="http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/" rel="nofollow">Jurisprudence, publications, documentation</a> , Cour de cassation</span> * <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/&usg=ALkJrhj3GxRxvE5WcOtHqDEnZ7-S7M7fBQ" class="external text" title="http://www.courdecassation.fr/jurisprudence_publications_documentation_2/" rel="nofollow">Fikih, publikasi, dokumentasi,</a> Cour de kasasi</span> </li><li id="cite_note-132"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-132" title=""><b>^</b></a> Goldhaber, <i>European Court of Human Rights</i> , 1–2</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-132" title=""><b>^</b></a> Goldhaber, <i>Eropa, Pengadilan HAM,</i> 1-2</span> </li><li id="cite_note-133"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-133" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade&usg=ALkJrhg9G0RC7jv6cBCW8YEV7BQLJOccjA" title="Kidang v. Wade"><i>Roe v. Wade</i></a> (1973) <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl%3Fnavby%3DCASE%26court%3DUS%26vol%3D410%26page%3D113&usg=ALkJrhj-oYV14jNvN1DZnziHyIcs8WrX_Q" class="external text" title="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=410&page=113" rel="nofollow">410 US 113</a> Retrieved <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007&usg=ALkJrhjNZAoXkVyqRhCT9rDe6XLzoQBh4w" title="2007">2007</a> - <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_26&usg=ALkJrhicdBFxKX4U2GWLlgtcDeYt2exx5w" title="26 Januari">01-26</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-133" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade&usg=ALkJrhg9G0RC7jv6cBCW8YEV7BQLJOccjA" title="Kidang v. Wade"><i>ROE v. Wade</i></a> (1973) <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl%3Fnavby%3DCASE%26court%3DUS%26vol%3D410%26page%3D113&usg=ALkJrhj-oYV14jNvN1DZnziHyIcs8WrX_Q" class="external text" title="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=410&page=113" rel="nofollow">410 US 113</a> Diperoleh <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007&usg=ALkJrhjNZAoXkVyqRhCT9rDe6XLzoQBh4w" title="2007">2007</a> - <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_26&usg=ALkJrhicdBFxKX4U2GWLlgtcDeYt2exx5w" title="26 Januari">01/26</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-134"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-134" title=""><b>^</b></a> Dicey, <i>Law of the Constitution</i> , 37–82</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-134" title=""><b>^</b></a> Dicey, <i>Hukum Konstitusi,</i> 37-82</span> </li><li id="cite_note-135"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-135" title=""><b>^</b></a> Eg, the court president is a political appointee (Jensen–Heller, <i>Introduction</i> , 11–12).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-135" title=""><b>^</b></a> Eg, pengadilan presiden adalah politik appointee (Jensen-Heller, <i>Perkenalan,</i> 11/12).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">About the notion of "judicial independence" in China, see Findlay, <i>Judiciary in the PRC</i> , 282–284</span> Tentang gagasan "independensi peradilan" di Cina, lihat Findlay, <i>Kehakiman di RRC,</i> 282-284</span> </li><li id="cite_note-136"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-136" title=""><b>^</b></a> Sherif, <i>Constitutions of Arab Countries</i> , 158</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-136" title=""><b>^</b></a> Sheriff, <i>Konstitusi dari Negara-negara Arab,</i> 158</span> </li><li id="cite_note-137"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-137" title=""><b>^</b></a> Rasekh, <i>Islamism and Republicanism</i> , 115–116</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-137" title=""><b>^</b></a> Rasekh, <i>Islamism dan Republicanism,</i> 115-116</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Sherif, <i>Constitutions of Arab Countries</i> , 158</span> * Sheriff, <i>Konstitusi dari Negara-negara Arab,</i> 158</span> </li><li id="cite_note-138"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-138" title=""><b>^</b></a> Riker, <i>The Justification of Bicameralism</i> , 101</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-138" title=""><b>^</b></a> Riker, <i>The Justification of Bicameralism,</i> 101</span> </li><li id="cite_note-139"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-139" title=""><b>^</b></a> About "cabinet accountability" in both presidential and parliamentary systems, see Shugart–Haggard, <i>Presidential Systems</i> , 67 etc.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-139" title=""><b>^</b></a> Tentang "kabinet akuntabilitas" di kedua presiden dan parlemen sistem, lihat Shugart-payah, <i>Presiden Sistem,</i> 67 dll</span> </li><li id="cite_note-140"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-140" title=""><b>^</b></a> Haggard, <i>Presidents, Parliaments and Policy</i> , 71</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-140" title=""><b>^</b></a> Payah, <i>Presiden, Parlemen dan Kebijakan,</i> 71</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Olson, <i>The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe</i> , 7</span> * Olson, <i>The New Parlemen di Timur Tengah dan Eropa,</i> 7</span> </li><li id="cite_note-141"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-141" title=""><b>^</b></a> See, eg <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberville_v._Savage&usg=ALkJrhhW7ZBHXDxiUnUSJgS8T3q3eYa17g" title="V. Tuberville Savage" class="mw-redirect"><i>Tuberville v. Savage</i></a> (1669), 1 Mod.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-141" title=""><b>^</b></a> Lihat, misalnya <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberville_v._Savage&usg=ALkJrhhW7ZBHXDxiUnUSJgS8T3q3eYa17g" title="V. Tuberville Savage" class="mw-redirect"><i>Tuberville v. Savage</i></a> (1669), 1 Mod.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Rep. 3, 86 Eng.</span> Rep 3, 86 Eng.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Rep. 684, where a knight said in a threatening tone to a layman, "If it were not assize time, I would not take such language from you."</span> Rep 684, di mana knight berkata dalam sebuah nada mengancam kepada orang awam, "Jika tidak assize waktu, saya tidak mengambil bahasa seperti itu dari anda."</span> </li><li id="cite_note-142"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-142" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219522" class="external text" title="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219522" rel="nofollow">History of Police Forces</a> , History.com Encyclopedia</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-142" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219522" class="external text" title="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219522" rel="nofollow">Sejarah Polisi Forces,</a> History.com Ensiklopedi</span> </li><li id="cite_note-143"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-143" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm&usg=ALkJrhg_YwTyeK8bdQUtfanZ1jA5-Q5cgg" class="external text" title="http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm" rel="nofollow">Des Sergents de Ville et Gardiens de la Paix à la Police de Proximité</a> , La Préfecture de Police</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-143" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm&usg=ALkJrhg_YwTyeK8bdQUtfanZ1jA5-Q5cgg" class="external text" title="http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm" rel="nofollow">Des Sergents de Ville Gardiens et de la Paix à la Polisi dari Proximité,</a> La de Prefektur Polisi</span> </li><li id="cite_note-mwp154-144"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-mwp154_144-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Weber, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation&usg=ALkJrhjg3aJDfhvs1ginhTcC6XF40Q9zNQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" rel="nofollow">Politics as a Vocation</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-mwp154_144-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Weber, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation&usg=ALkJrhjg3aJDfhvs1ginhTcC6XF40Q9zNQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" rel="nofollow">Politik sebagai panggilan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* Weber, <i>The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation</i> , 154</span> * Weber, <i>The Theory of Sosial Ekonomi Organisation,</i> 154</span> </li><li id="cite_note-145"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-145" title=""><b>^</b></a> In these cases sovereignty is eroded, and often warlords acquire excessive powers (Fukuyama, <i>State-Building</i> , 166–167).</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-145" title=""><b>^</b></a> Dalam kasus ini adalah kedaulatan eroded, dan sering warlords memperoleh kekuasaan berlebihan (Fukuyama, <i>State-Building,</i> 166-167).</span> </li><li id="cite_note-146"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-146" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php%3Fsearch%3Dbureaucracy%26searchmode&usg=ALkJrhibtItV2uXJHKOBcRBIHKpQRey1cw" class="external text" title="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bureaucracy&searchmode" rel="nofollow">Bureaucracy</a> , Online Etymology Dictionary</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-146" title=""><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php%3Fsearch%3Dbureaucracy%26searchmode&usg=ALkJrhibtItV2uXJHKOBcRBIHKpQRey1cw" class="external text" title="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bureaucracy&searchmode" rel="nofollow">Birokrasi,</a> Online Etymology Dictionary</span> </li><li id="cite_note-147"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-147" title=""><b>^</b></a> Albrow, <i>Bureaucracy</i> , 16</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-147" title=""><b>^</b></a> Albrow, <i>Birokrasi,</i> 16</span> </li><li id="cite_note-148"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-148" title=""><b>^</b></a> Mises, <i>Bureaucracy</i> , II, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp&usg=ALkJrhjFM-xO0UxrJNgOM5pXDm9n533EKA" class="external text" title="http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp" rel="nofollow">Bureaucratic Management</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-148" title=""><b>^</b></a> Mises, <i>Birokrasi,</i> II, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp&usg=ALkJrhjFM-xO0UxrJNgOM5pXDm9n533EKA" class="external text" title="http://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp" rel="nofollow">birokrasi Manajemen</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-K367-149"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-K367_149-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-K367_149-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Kettl, <i>Public Bureaucracies</i> , 367</span> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-K367_149-0" title="">A</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-K367_149-1" title="">b</a></b></i></sup> Kettl, <i>Public Bureaucracies,</i> 367</span> </li><li id="cite_note-mwp393-150"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-mwp393_150-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Weber, <i>Economy and Society</i> , I, 393</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-mwp393_150-0" title=""><b>^</b></a> Weber, <i>Ekonomi dan Masyarakat,</i> I, 393</span> </li><li id="cite_note-151"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-151" title=""><b>^</b></a> Kettl, <i>Public Bureaucracies</i> , 371</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-151" title=""><b>^</b></a> Kettl, <i>Public Bureaucracies,</i> 371</span> </li><li id="cite_note-152"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-152" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hazard–Dondi, <i>Legal Ethics</i> , 22</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-152" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bahaya-Dondi, <i>Hukum Etika,</i> 22</span> </li><li id="cite_note-153"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-153" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hazard–Dondi, <i>Legal Ethics</i> , 1</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-153" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bahaya-Dondi, <i>Hukum Etika,</i> 1</span> </li><li id="cite_note-154"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-154" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>The Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom</i> [1979] <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html&usg=ALkJrhi4uppzMehsWZIYJbafzP-hVQhxjw" class="external text" title="http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html" rel="nofollow">ECHR 1 at 49</a> Case no.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-154" title=""><b>^</b></a> <i>The Sunday Times v. United Kingdom</i> [1979] <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html&usg=ALkJrhi4uppzMehsWZIYJbafzP-hVQhxjw" class="external text" title="http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html" rel="nofollow">ECHR 1 pada 49</a> kasus no.</span> 6538/74 </li><li id="cite_note-155"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-155" title=""><b>^</b></a> Higher academic degrees may also be pursued.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-155" title=""><b>^</b></a> Tinggi derajat akademik juga dapat dikejar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Examples include a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws&usg=ALkJrhhzm1zajHyCMMTWjX1FmePeZqrqJA" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws</a> , a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMaster_of_Legal_Studies%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjZ2fSrk53bHzB0Lo2bo2IBV7jpKQ" class="new" title="Master of Legal Studies (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Master of Legal Studies</a> or a <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws&usg=ALkJrhgcT4RGiaBObRO25LjyH_MJn2IERA" title="Dokter dari Undang-Undang">Doctor of Laws</a> .</span> Contoh-contoh termasuk <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws&usg=ALkJrhhzm1zajHyCMMTWjX1FmePeZqrqJA" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws,</a> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMaster_of_Legal_Studies%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjZ2fSrk53bHzB0Lo2bo2IBV7jpKQ" class="new" title="Master of Legal Studies (halaman tidak ditemukan)">Master of Legal Studies</a> atau <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws&usg=ALkJrhgcT4RGiaBObRO25LjyH_MJn2IERA" title="Dokter dari Undang-Undang">Doktor dari Undang-Undang.</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-156"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-156" title=""><b>^</b></a> Ahamd, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.macalester.edu/%7Eahmad/Lawyers.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhomdrlwkI9sWGBryhReIiR06EpxQ" class="external text" title="http://www.macalester.edu/ ~ ahmad / Lawyers.pdf" rel="nofollow">Lawyers: Islamic Law</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-156" title=""><b>^</b></a> Ahamd, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.macalester.edu/%7Eahmad/Lawyers.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhomdrlwkI9sWGBryhReIiR06EpxQ" class="external text" title="http://www.macalester.edu/ ~ ahmad / Lawyers.pdf" rel="nofollow">Lawyers: Hukum Islam</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-157"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-157" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hazard–Dondi, <i>Legal Ethics</i> , 22–23</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-157" title=""><b>^</b></a> Bahaya-Dondi, <i>Hukum Etika,</i> 22-23</span> </li><li id="cite_note-158"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-158" title=""><b>^</b></a> Fine, <i>The Globalisation of Legal Education</i> , 364</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-158" title=""><b>^</b></a> Fine, <i>The Globalisasi dari Hukum Pendidikan,</i> 364</span> </li><li id="cite_note-159"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-159" title=""><b>^</b></a> Warren, <i>Civil Society</i> , 3–4</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-159" title=""><b>^</b></a> Warren, <i>Masyarakat Sipil,</i> 3-4</span> </li><li id="cite_note-160"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-160" title=""><b>^</b></a> Locke, <i>Second Treatise</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin,_Extent,_and_End_of_Civil_Government&usg=ALkJrhj_nFWOw7eWScfC0IHgXohaluk6hA#Chap._VII._Of_Political_or_Civil_Society." class="external text" title="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin% 2C_Extent% 2C_and_End_of_Civil_Government # Chap._VII._Of_Political_or_Civil_Society." rel="nofollow">Chapter 7, section 87</a></span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-160" title=""><b>^</b></a> Locke, <i>risalah Kedua,</i> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin,_Extent,_and_End_of_Civil_Government&usg=ALkJrhj_nFWOw7eWScfC0IHgXohaluk6hA#Chap._VII._Of_Political_or_Civil_Society." class="external text" title="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government/The_Second_Treatise_of_Government:_An_Essay_Concerning_the_True_Origin% 2C_Extent% 2C_and_End_of_Civil_Government # Chap._VII._Of_Political_or_Civil_Society." rel="nofollow">Bab 7, pasal 87</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-161"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-161" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hegel, <i>Elements of the Philosophy of Right</i> , 3, II, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prcivils.htm&usg=ALkJrhhMAHhbnJfFCU2kswhiNNUbzyhEVA" class="external text" title="http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prcivils.htm" rel="nofollow">182</a> ; Karkatsoulis, <i>The State in Transition</i> , 277–278</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-161" title=""><b>^</b></a> Hegel, <i>Elemen dari Filosofi Kanan,</i> 3, II, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prcivils.htm&usg=ALkJrhhMAHhbnJfFCU2kswhiNNUbzyhEVA" class="external text" title="http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prcivils.htm" rel="nofollow">182;</a> Karkatsoulis, <i>Negara dalam Transisi,</i> 277-278</span> </li><li id="cite_note-162"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-162" title=""><b>^</b></a> The dipole state–civil society is reproduced in the theories of <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu&usg=ALkJrhg7eL5abttiNYPwK4cC6jOewRvPWg" title="Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect">Montesquieu</a> and <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville&usg=ALkJrhgaRJmX0jyK4QKc5NJxK0HDByNZhA" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> as well (Pelczynski, <i>The State and Civil Society</i> , 1–13; Warren, <i>Civil Society</i> , 5–9)</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-162" title=""><b>^</b></a> The dipole negara-masyarakat sipil adalah ulang pada teori dari <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu&usg=ALkJrhg7eL5abttiNYPwK4cC6jOewRvPWg" title="Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect">Montesquieu</a> dan <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville&usg=ALkJrhgaRJmX0jyK4QKc5NJxK0HDByNZhA" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> juga <i>(Pelczynski, Negara dan Masyarakat Sipil,</i> 1-13; <i>Warren, Masyarakat Sipil,</i> 5-9)</span> </li><li id="cite_note-163"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-163" title=""><b>^</b></a> Robertson, <i>Crimes Against Humanity</i> , 98–99</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-163" title=""><b>^</b></a> Robertson, <i>Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan,</i> 98-99</span> </li><li id="cite_note-164"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-164" title=""><b>^</b></a> There is no clear legal definition of the civil society, and of the institutions it includes.</span> <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law&usg=ALkJrhj2qwo5u6MgFNtx2BEoI__peC_2ww#cite_ref-164" title=""><b>^</b></a> Tidak ada definisi yang jelas hukum masyarakat madani, dan lembaga-lembaga yang terdiri.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most of the institutions and bodies who try to give a list of institutions (such as the <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee&usg=ALkJrhgNDZwKys-G51fuGRgYjfADzShs6g" title="Eropa Komite Ekonomi dan Sosial" class="mw-redirect">European Economic and Social Committee</a> ) exclude the political parties.</span> Sebagian besar dari lembaga dan badan-badan yang berusaha memberikan daftar lembaga (seperti <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee&usg=ALkJrhgNDZwKys-G51fuGRgYjfADzShs6g" title="Eropa Komite Ekonomi dan Sosial" class="mw-redirect">Eropa Komite Ekonomi dan Sosial)</a> mengecualikan partai politik.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For further information, see Jakobs, <i>Pursuing Equal Opportunities</i> , 5–6; Kaldor–Anheier–Glasius, <i>Global Civil Society</i> , <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf&usg=ALkJrhgkePd3BnzRK7STObbUTr6ZCIDaEQ" class="external text" title="http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>passim</i></a> (PDF); Karkatsoulis, <i>The State in Transition</i> , 282–283.</span> Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat Jakobs, <i>mengejar Equal Opportunities,</i> 5-6; Kaldor-Anheier-Glasius, <i>Global Masyarakat Sipil, <a href="http://64.233.189.101/translate_c?hl=en&sl=en&tl=id&u=http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf&usg=ALkJrhgkePd3BnzRK7STObbUTr6ZCIDaEQ" class="external text" title="http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf" rel="nofollow">passim</a></i> (PDF); Karkatsoulis, <i>Negara dalam Transisi,</i> 282-283.</span> </li></ol></div><p><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><br /></span></p><p><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><br /></span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Pertanyaan Buruhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01329082089280992583noreply@blogger.com0